% Year 1989; there are 249 entries. @article{Abri1989, author = {D. Abriola and E. Achterberg and M. Davidson and M. Debray and M.~C. Etchegoyen and N. Fazzini and J.~F. Niello and A.~M.~J. Ferrero and A. Filevich and M.~C. Galia and R. Garavaglia and Bermudez. Garcia G and R.~T. Gettar and S. Gil and H. Grahmann and H. Huck and A. Jech and A.~J. Kreiner and A.~O. Macchiavelli and J.~F. Magallanes and E. Maqueda and G. Marti and A.~J. Pacheco and M.~L. Percz and C. Pomar and M. Ramirez and M. Scassera}, title = {Examination of nuclear measurement conditions in cold fusion experiments}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {265}, year = {1989}, pages = {355--360}, keywords = {Experimental, gamma, neutron, res-}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {They find levels of gamma and neutron radiation 1/1000 of those of FPH.} } @article{Albe1989, author = {D. Alber and O. Boebel and C. Schwarz and H. Duwe and D. Hilscher and H. Homeyer and U. Jahnke and B. Spellmeyer}, title = {Search for neutrons from cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Z. Phys. A: At. Nucl.}, volume = {333}, year = {1989}, pages = {319--320}, keywords = {Experimental, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {07/1989}, annote = {Attempt to repeat FPH and Jones+'s experiments: no neutrons.} } @article{Alex1989, author = {K.~F. Alexander}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Wissensch. Fortschr.}, volume = {39}, year = {1989}, pages = {225--228}, note = {In German}, keywords = {Review}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {An early review of the CNF affair, with a few good references and acid comments. A criticises the superficiality of FPH's paper and states that Nature would not accept it (Nature does not say this), and deplores the lack of control experiments with normal water. Jones et al's paper fares much better with Alexander and he quotes earlier work of the Jones group, on muon catalysis and the piezo-effect (see Van Siclen and Jones 1986). } } @article{Andr1989, author = {R. Andreani}, title = {La fusione 'fredda' ("'Cold' fusion")}, journal = {Energ. Nucl. (Rome)}, volume = {6}, year = {1989}, pages = {8.}, note = {In Italian}, keywords = {Discussion, no refs.}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {04/1989}, annote = {Written in April 1989, this is just a short outline of cold fusion, concluding that nothing is certain yet, confirmation is needed, and that Walling, also from Utah, has some interesting remarks on the subject.} } @article{Apak1989, author = {R. Apak}, title = {Conformism in chemistry and the results}, journal = {Kim. Sanayi}, volume = {31}, number = {157-8}, year = {1989}, pages = {41--52}, note = {In Turkish, Engl. abstr.}, keywords = {Discussion}, annote = {The abstract says that there is some conformism in chemistry, in the sense of adherence to prevalent theory, even in the face of new observations. A case in point is, among others, the cold fusion story.} } @article{Apos1989, author = {M. Apostol and I.~A. Dorobantu}, title = {On a competition between solid state and nuclear scale energies. A possible theoretical approach to cold fusion in palladium and other transitional elements}, journal = {Rev. Roum. Phys.}, volume = {34}, year = {1989}, pages = {233--239}, keywords = {Theory, res0}, annote = {The authors present some qualitative arguments, not long after the FPH-89 announcement, on the nature of hydrogen (deuterium) in Pd and suggest a possible mechanism for reactions with nuclear scale energies, albeit (as it turns out) at rather low rates. The idea is that the electrons freed from the hydrogen atom as it enters the Pd then occupy d holes in the lattice, where they might act to accelerate protons (deuterons). The scenario makes cold fusion improbable, but not impossible, the authors write, and may even attain sizeable rates, depending on the (unknown) fusion cross sections in the Pd.} } @article{Arat1989, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang}, title = {Achievement of intense 'cold fusion' reaction}, journal = {Kaku Yugo Kenkyu}, volume = {62}, year = {1989}, pages = {398--411}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Experimental, on-off efect, electrolysis, palladium, neutrons, heat, res+}, annote = {Under conditions of intense charge and discharge of deuterium into/out of palladium, intense neutron emission due to cold fusion was observed. This was called the on-off effect. A large inner pressure of deuterium is a necessary condition for the cold fusion reaction. A large amount of excess heat produced during electrolysis was not, however, due to a nuclear reaction but due to the heat of reaction and the explosive exhaust of the D "into and out of" the Pd.} } @article{Aris1989, author = {N.~R. Arista and A. Gras-Marti and R.~A. Baragiola}, title = {Screening effects in nuclear fusion of hydrogen isotopes in dense media}, journal = {Phys. Rev. A: Gen. Phys.}, volume = {40}, year = {1989}, pages = {6873--6878}, keywords = {Theory, screening, res0}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {12/1989}, annote = {Calculation of fusion rates of hydrogen isotopes embedded in a uniform electron gas, and in the inhomogeneous medium given by a solid matrix. In both cases, the screening due to the electron background can help overcome coulomb repulsion. Results are similar to those of Koonin and Nauenberg (Nature 339) and cannot account for reported cold fusion rates in PdD. But temperature is found to be an important parameter and might encourage experiments along this line. See also Fujita for a similar idea.} } @article{Arms1989a, author = {R.~D. Armstrong and E.~A. Charles and I. Fells and L. Molyneux and M. Todd}, title = {Some aspects of thermal energy generation during the electrolysis of D2O using a palladium cathode}, journal = {Electrochim. Acta}, volume = {34}, year = {1989}, pages = {1319--1322}, keywords = {Experimental, heat, electrolysis, res-}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {Constant-flow calorimetry measurements showed no excess heat.} } @article{Arms1989b, author = {R.~D. Armstrong and E.~A. Charles and I. Fells and L. Molyneux and M. Todd}, title = {A long-term calorimetric study of the electrolysis of D2O using palladium cube cathodes}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {272}, year = {1989}, pages = {293--297}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, palladium, heat, res-}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {Very careful work with good controls on the errors; no heat was found, that was not expected from non-nuclear processes. Also, an analysis of FPH's heat results showed that they, too, lie well within the experimental error limits and require no nonconventional explanations.} } @article{Augu1989a, author = {J. Augustynski}, title = {Commentaire: Pourquoi les experiences de 'fusion froide' de deuterium sont-elles si difficiles a reproduire}, journal = {Chimia}, volume = {43}, year = {1989}, pages = {99--100}, note = {In French}, keywords = {Discussion, lithium, res-}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {04/1989}, annote = {Looked at FPH's conditions. Discuss possible role of the Pt anode: it will dissolve to some extent and some Pt will then deposit on the Pd, perhaps inhibiting the surface reaction D+D->D2, just as thiourea does, and thus increasing the force driving D into the lattice. Incorporation of Li in Pd is also considered, e.g. the known compound PdLiD(0.7), or PdLi(0.06). This may occur either because of a raised electrode overpotential due to the inhibition, or there may be underpotential deposition of Li+. Questions such as how the presence in the lattice of Li might affect deuteron interaction, or possible fusion reactions involving Li, such as Li+d->(4)He+heat, will be examined in a future publication.} } @article{Augu1989b, author = {J. Augustynski and M. Ulmann and J. Liu}, title = {Electrochemical measurements on palladium cathodes in LiOD/D2O solutions related to the 'cold fusion experiments'}, journal = {Chimia}, volume = {43}, year = {1989}, pages = {355--357}, keywords = {Experimental, surface deposition, electrolysis, res0}, submitted = {11/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {The current/voltage behaviour of Pd electrodes polarized in an electrolysis cell in the title electrolyte was strongly affected by the impurity codeposition at the cathode. Pt, Pb and Zn have been detected on the surface after electrolysis. All cause changes of the i/E relationship, and Zn increases electrode potential, making possible Li deposition and LiD2 formation; some deposits inhibit the surface reaction D+D->D2. Lastly, there is some speculation that Li might take part in nuclear reactions in the presence of strong electric fields. Is it significant, the authors ask, that Kainthla et al (Electrochim. Acta 34 (1989) 1315) add NaCN, a known strong complexing agent for Zn++, to their electrolyte?} } @article{Badu1989, author = {G. Badurek and H. Rauch and E. Seidl}, title = {Search for cold fusion in palladium-deuterium and titanium-deuterium}, journal = {Kerntechnik}, volume = {54}, year = {1989}, pages = {178--182}, keywords = {Experimental, neutrons, gamma, gas phase, res-}, submitted = {07/1989}, annote = {Repeated the two sorts of experiments, using four independent detection systems to detect neutrons and gamma radiation. An upper limit of 3.6*10**(-23)/s was found for D+D--> (3)He+n per pair. The paper also throws doubt on the Frascati claims; their neutron background is unusually low, and their claim that Ti releases its deuterium upon reaching room temperature is incorrect.} } @article{Bale1989, author = {R. Balescu}, title = {Some like it cool}, journal = {Phys. Mag.}, volume = {11}, year = {1989}, pages = {3--18}, note = {In French}, keywords = {Review.}, annote = {A review of the work of FPH, Jones+ and Scaramuzzi+.} } @article{Balej1989, author = {J. Balej and J. Divisek}, title = {Energy balance of D2O electrolysis with a palladium cathode. Part I. Theoretical relations}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {278}, year = {1989}, pages = {85--98}, keywords = {Experimental, theory, calorimetry, res0}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {01/1990}, annote = {Anyone who intends to do calorimetry of D2O electrolysis must read this. The authors develop, in an extremely pedantic and fussy manner, reaction enthalpies for a widish range of operating temperatures. Nothing seems to have been left out, and the large (enthalpy of the overall electrolysis reaction) is mixed with the small (e.g. heat of evaporation of water), and even non-unity current efficiencies are considered - something these authors are experts at, since their daily bread is the economic electrolysis of water to produce hydrogen. In the thermodynamic tradition, however, only the overall process is considered, and local effects are ignored. See Part II under Divisek et al.} } @article{Bali1989, author = {R. Balian and J.~P. Blaizot and P. Bonche}, title = {Cold fusion in a dense electron gas}, journal = {J. Phys. (France)}, volume = {50}, year = {1989}, pages = {2307--2311}, keywords = {Theory, screening, res-}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {The authors calculate the Coulomb penetration factor for two deuterons immersed in a dense electron gas, using the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. They find that electronic densities orders of magnitude larger than those which could be expected in metallic palladium are required in order to bring the cold fusion rate to an observable value, or screening lengths down to 0.1A.} } @article{Bana1989, author = {J. Banas and M. Ciechanowski and M. Dulinski and A. Kreft and J. Molenda and K. Morstin and A. Stoklosa and J. Wozniak}, title = {Geophysical aspects of cold nuclear fusion in condensed matter}, journal = {Nucl. Geophys.}, volume = {3}, year = {1989}, pages = {321--322}, keywords = {Experimental, Jones style, neutrons, gamma, cps, cosmic influx, res-}, submitted = {07/1989}, annote = {An attempt to reproduce FPH's and Jones+' results. Nothing was found, but cosmic radiation was found to cause background fluctuations. There were large variations in the background, so this must be continuously monitored.} } @article{Bata1989, author = {E. Batalla and E.~G. Zwartz and B.~A. Judd}, title = {In-situ X-ray diffraction of palladium cathodes in electrolytic cells}, journal = {Solid State Commun.}, volume = {71}, year = {1989}, pages = {805--807}, keywords = {Experimental, crystallography, polemic, res-}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {Question: can high current densities during electrolysis of D2O at Pd lead to higher than normal charging (x in PdD(x)), and thus cause deuterons to occupy tetrahedral crystal sites, giving tighter packing? In normal beta-phase PdD(x), d-d distances are 2.8 A, but in tetrahedral packing, this would be reduced to 2.2. X-ray diffraction during charging with H and D, showed the change from the low-H alpha-phase to the high-H beta-phase but none beyond that, so the answer is no tetrahedral packing. In fact, this is more or less irrelevant, since even 2.2 A is a lot more than e.g. 0.74 A, the d-d distance in D2 gas, which is not enough, either, to allow fusion.} } @article{Baur1989, author = {A. Baurichter and W. Eyrich and M. Frank and H. Goehr and W. Kreische and H. Ortner and B. Roeseler and C.~A. Schiller and G. Weeske and W. Witthun}, title = {Search for cold fusion in palladium}, journal = {Z. Phys. B: Condens. Matter}, volume = {76}, year = {1989}, pages = {1--2}, keywords = {Experimental, neutrons, gamma, res-}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {07/1989}, annote = {Neutron and gamma spectroscopy found nothing but background; reserve judgement.} } @article{Beck1989, author = {E.~W. Becker}, title = {Triple collision reaction of deuterons as a possible explanation of cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Naturwiss.}, volume = {76}, year = {1989}, pages = {214.}, keywords = {Theory, lithium, res+}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {05/1989}, annote = {Tries to find a suitable radiationless nuclear reaction to conform with FPH's results. Suggests that clusters of (D3e2)+ ---> Li(6)*, which then decays to He(4) + D or something. The heavy product particles also would conserve momentum, which is not the case for other plausible reactions.} } @article{Behr1989, author = {R. Behrisch and W. Moeller and J. Roth and B.~M.~U. Scherzer}, title = {Search for fusion reactions between deuterium atoms implanted into titanium}, journal = {Nucl. Fusion}, volume = {29}, year = {1989}, pages = {1187--1190}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti foil, ion beam, protons, res-}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {07/1989}, annote = {Deuterium was implanted into Ti foil at room temperature, 55 micrograms of D3+ was implanted and produced a layer of TiD2, 8 microns thick. A large- area proton detector was placed just next to this for 30 h, and detected only the normal background.} } @article{Bened1989, author = {G. Benedek and P.~F. Bortignon}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion: viewpoints of solid-state physics}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. D}, volume = {11}, year = {1989}, pages = {1227--1235}, keywords = {Discussion, screening, res+}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {08/1989}, annote = {Discussion of some of the possible electronic mechanisms that may explain CNF. As usual, localised electron screening is invoked but is not found sufficient - the d-d distance is still too large. The authors admit that dielectric arguments should not apply at such small scales but then say that they might, anyway. Lastly, they speculate that of a cluster of deuterons, if one were missing, this would amount to a negative hole with a large mass, which could be a sufficient coulombic screen.} } @article{Benes1989, author = {C.~J. Benesh and J.~P. Vary}, title = {Fusion rates of squeezed and screened hydrogenic nuclei}, journal = {Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys.}, volume = {40}, year = {1989}, pages = {R495--R496}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {08/1989}, annote = {Calculated the barrier penetration factor for H-like ions confined in a potential well as a function of the equilibrium separation and screening length of the medium. There was no agreement with reported high fusion rates; deuterons would have get much closer than is plausible.} } @article{Benet1989, author = {B.~A. Benetskii and A.~V. Klyachko and A.~I. Rozantsev}, title = {An attempt to observe cold thermonuclear fusion in a condensed medium}, note = {Originally in: Kratk. Soobshch. Fiz. (1989)(6) 58, in Russian}, journal = {Sov. Phys. - Lebedev Inst. Rep.}, year = {1989}, number = {6}, pages = {75--78}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, gas, pressure, heat, res-}, submitted = {05/1989}, annote = {A 200 mm long Pd tube of 2.5 mm diameter and wall thickness 0.1 mm was sealed at one end and D2 gas at 12-14 atm applied to the other, while the tube was electrically heated to 300-400 deg. A total of 10**23 D atoms passed through the tube wall in the course of the experiment. A scintillation counter using stilbene detected the neutrons. None were observed.} } @article{Benn1989, author = {S.~M. Bennington and R.~S. Sokhi and P.~R. Stonadge and D.~K. Ross and M.~J. Benham and T.~D. Beynon and P. Whithey and I.~R. Harris and J.~P.~G. Farr}, title = {A search for the emission of x-rays from electrolytically charged palladium-deuterium}, journal = {Electrochim. Acta}, volume = {34}, year = {1989}, pages = {1323--1326}, keywords = {Experimental, x-rays, res-}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {State that x-rays should be produced by high-energy charged particles slowing down in condensed matter. They found none.} } @article{Berk1989, author = {A.~R. Berkem}, title = {Nuclear fusion. Hot fusion - cold fusion}, journal = {Kim. Sanayi}, volume = {31}, year = {1989}, pages = {7--19}, note = {In Turkish}, keywords = {Review, no references.}, annote = {A longish review, a short time after Mar-89. Although no references are given, Fleischmann and Pons are mentioned. Background on fusion reactions is provided, with examples like p-p fusion, the carbon cycle, thermal fusion of d-d and d-t type etc. Then cold fusion is discussed, and F\&P's setup described.} } @article{Bert1989, author = {A. Bertin and M. Bruschi and M. Capponi and S. {De Castro} and U. Marconi and C. Moroni and M. Piccinini and N. Semprini-Cesari and A. Trombini and A. Vitale and A. Zoccoli and S.~E. Jones and J.~B. Czirr and G.~L. Jensen and E.~P. Palmer}, title = {Experimental evidence of cold nuclear fusion in a measurement under the Gran Sasso Massif}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A}, volume = {101}, year = {1989}, pages = {997--1004}, keywords = {Experimental, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {A repeat of Jones+'s experiment but under the Grand Sasso massiv, under low-cosmic background conditions, using two simultaneous neutron detectors: one to measure at the cell, the other, at some distance away, to monitor the background; both being proton-recoil liquid scintillators which enable the workers to distinguish neutrons from gamma radiation. When gamma radiation is not excluded, no significant neutron signals are obtained; gamma discrimination, however, does produce some neutron emission, with a peak at the 2.5 MeV expected from the d+d-->(3)He+n reaction. After some corrections, the neutron flux is comparable with that detected by Jones+. The experiment thus confirms the Jones+ result, suggests that the electrochemical charging of Ti with D plays a role in this, and suggests that discrimination against gamma radiation is useful.} } @article{Bhat1989, author = {J.~K. Bhattacharjee and L. Satpathy and Y.~R. Waghmare}, title = {A possible mechanism of cold fusion}, journal = {Pramana}, volume = {32}, year = {1989}, pages = {L841--L844}, keywords = {Theory, screening, res+, no FPH/Jones refs.}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {Invokes screening of deuterons from each other by electrons with enhanced effective masses. Seems to assume that deuterium stays as atoms in the metal lattice, not as deuterons.} } @article{Blag1989, author = {S. Blagus and M. Bogovac and D. Hodko and M. Krcmar and D. Miljanic and P. Tomas and M. Vajic and M. Vukovic}, title = {Search for neutron production during heavy water electrolysis on palladium electrodes}, journal = {Z. Phys. A: At. Nucl.}, volume = {333}, year = {1989}, pages = {321--322}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {07/1989}, annote = {Found that the upper limit on neutron production is $10{-5}$ that of FPH, and also less than Jones+'s results. Scintillation detectors were used, regularly calibrated and checked for stability. There was an apparent neutron peak in the expected region; however, this was present also when the electrolysis was turned off and the Pd electrode taken out. Long-time difference spectra showed only background noise. After electrolysis, x-ray fluorescence showed that Pt had been deposited on the Pd.} } @article{Blas1989, author = {J.~P. Blaser and O. Haas and C. Ptitjean and C. Barbero and W. Bertl and K. Lou and M. Mathias and P. Baumann and H. Daniel and J. Hartmann and E. Hechtl and P. Ackerbauer and P. Kammel and A. Scrinzi and H. Zmeskal and T. Kozlowski and R. Kipfer and H. Baur and P. Signer and R. Wieler}, title = {Experimental investigation of cold fusion phenomena in palladium}, journal = {Chimia}, volume = {43}, year = {1989}, pages = {262--268}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, excess heat, neutrons, gamma, tritium, helium, mass spec, res-}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {A team from 5 different institutes in Germany, Austria and Switzerland carried out electrolysis and calorimetry of D2O and H2O, using closed cells, while monitoring for neutrons (single detector), gamma radiation, tritium and helium (these by mass spec). During two months, no excess heat was found, no neutrons or gammas; tritium was not possible to separate from enrichment effects; mass spec sensitivity for (4)He is not sufficient while the high sensitivity for (3)He was of no avail, as all such counts could be almost precisely accounted for by tritium entering the Pd. Surface analysis showed a monolayer on the Pd of Zn, Pb and Hg but these did not prevent hydrogen/deuterium from entering the Pd: a loading of 0.85-0.95 was achieved in both cases.} } @article{Bott1989, author = {F. Botter and J. Bouchez and J. Collot and E. Kajfasz and B. Lefievre and E. Lesquoy and A. Stutz and S. Tistchenko and S. Zylberajch}, title = {Search for emission of neutrons from a palladium-deuterium system}, journal = {Phys. Lett. B}, volume = {232}, year = {1989}, pages = {536--538}, keywords = {Experimental, gas phase, Pd black, heat, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {08/1989}, published = {12/1989}, annote = {Palladium black was used here, to facilitate absorption of H or D. The Pd was put into a stainless tube and exposed to H2 or D2 gas under various pressures. At various stages: during absorption of H or D; during desorption; static conditions with gas at 1 or 3 bar, and passing through phase changes as a result of H or D absorption; temperature and neutron flux were measured. Out of 25 cycles of 197 hours each, runs with D2 emitted 29 neutrons, runs with H2 18. These levels are several orders of magnitude below the results of De Ninno et al, with Ti.} } @article{Bres1989, author = {T. Bressani and E. {Del Giudice} and G. Preparata}, title = {First steps toward an understanding of 'cold' nuclear fusion}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital Fis. A}, volume = {101}, year = {1989}, pages = {845--849}, keywords = {Theory, collective effects, p-d fusion, 4He, res+}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {05/1989}, annote = {Theoretical. Takes as a fact that cold fusion takes place, and tries to find an explanation of it, in terms of lattice effects in Ti and Pd, and why cold fusion might differ from fusion in vacuum. The authors have, for some years, been considering collective interactions in the solid state, through the quantised electromagnetic field, and claim some success in other areas, such as lasers and high-T superconductors. They find that coherent oscillation of electrons around deuterons can indeed enhance fusion rates by 50-60 orders of magnitude and, what is more, that the particular fusion reaction is not expected to be that occurring in vacuum but solely that leading to (4)He plus energy, accounting for FPH's heat-without-neutrons; it can also accommodate the Jones+ results. Lastly, the authors suggest that the reaction p+d will also be enhanced.} } @article{Bria1989, author = {J.-P. Briand and J. Dewynck and P. Chevallier and J.~L. Bobin}, title = {Cold fusion: an alternative diagnostic}, journal = {Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A}, volume = {285}, year = {1989}, pages = {547--548}, keywords = {Experimental, x-rays, res-}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {12/1989}, annote = {A new diagnostic for CNF in Pd targets, using the x-rays that would be emitted during the slowing down of p fusion products in the target, was carried out. This is fairly easy to measure. So far, negative results.} } @article{Brid1989, author = {M. E. Bridge and D. R. Lloyd amd J. M. D. Coey}, title = {Cold fusion ideas}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {340}, year = {1989}, pages = {105--106}, published = {07/1989}, keywords = {Polemic, res-}, annote = {Points out that, due to the different resistivities of electrolytes in normal and heavy water, the substitution of normal water might produce different heats, without showing that CNF took place in heavy water. Also, mass spectrometers might be cheated into apparently giving evidence for tritium, while in fact, species such as D2H+ and D3+ might be giving the signals.} } @article{Broe1989, author = {M.~M. Broer and L.~C. Feldman and A.~C.~W.~P. James and J.~S. Kraus and R.~S. Raghavan}, title = {Search for neutrons from deuterium-deuterium nuclear reactions in electrochemically charged Palladium}, journal = {Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys.}, volume = {40}, year = {1989}, pages = {R1559--R1562}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, neutrons, res0}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {10/1989}, annote = {A four-week electrochemical experiment with Pd wire and rods, annealed under nitrogen at 900 degC for 1h, the rods cast from powder under argon and rolled. A single neutron detector was used and found a fusion rate less than 1/5 of that of Jones+.} } @article{Brus1989, author = {L. Bruschi and M. Santini and G. Torzo and G. Nardelli}, title = {Search for neutron emission from a deuterium-titanium system}, journal = {Europhys. Lett.}, volume = {10}, year = {1989}, pages = {303--308}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, gas phase, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {10/1989}, annote = {Examined a Ti-D system at temperatures between 77-1100 K, emulating the De Ninno et al experiments, but here also monitoring the D-loading of the Ti by accounting for lost D2 gas (pressure drops). They achieved a loading of 1.65 and, at all loadings, observed no neutron emission.} } @article{Burr1989, author = {A. Burrows}, title = {Enhancement of cold fusion in metal 'hydrides' by screening of proton and deuteron charges}, journal = {Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter}, volume = {40}, year = {1989}, pages = {3405--3408}, keywords = {Theory, screening, res0}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {08/1989}, annote = {Calculates the screening length Ds required to make cnf possible at the claimed rates, given the lattice parameters in PdD(x), which impart an energy of 0.1-1 eV to the deuterons. At low x, where the diffusion coefficient at 300K of deuterons is $10^{-6}$ cm$^2$/s, Ds is about 0.5 A, which gives a fusion rate of about $10^{-100}$/pair/s. However, in the highly charged beta phase (x>0.7 or so) deuteron diffusion is much slower, reducing Ds but it is not clear by how much. To get values such as claimed by FPH ($10^{-19}$, inferred from their excess heat claims), Ds would have to be 0.03 A. Burrows leaves open the question how this can be achieved.} } @article{Buss1989, author = {R.~W. Bussard}, title = {Virtual-state internal nuclear fusion in metal lattices}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {231--236}, keywords = {Theory, chain reaction, optimum loading, res0}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {Theory predicts that the cold fusion rate is a maximum at a loading less than the maximum; this can explain some of the observation, and has a bearing on branching ratios. There is also a suggestion of a sort of chain reaction involving generated tritium and deuterium but this - if it can happen - would destroy the palladium and would thus not offer any hope of practical use.} } @article{Butl1989, author = {M.~A. Butler and D.~S. Ginley and J.~E. Schirber and R.~I. Ewing}, title = {High-sensitivity search for neutrons during electrochemical reactions}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {388--390}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {A redundant neutron detector with 3 independent channels was used, with an overall efficiency of 9.2\% and a background of 10 counts/h. While spurious signals indicative of neutrons occurred at one channel at a time, no real n events (i.e. on all channels) were recorded for a wide variety of conditions.} } @article{Camp1989, author = {R.~B. Campbell and L.~J. Perkins}, title = {A study of 'cold fusion' in deuterated titanium subjected to high-current densities}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {383--387}, keywords = {Experimental, nonequilibrium, Ti, electric current, res-}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {Since the cold fusion electrochemists have made much of the actual current densities employed (which does not impress the mainstream electrochemists), the authors here take pre-deuterated titanium (TiD(x), x = 0.9) and simply pass electric current through it, comparing the resulting (ohmic) heat with that in plain Ti hydride. Two different current densities gave no heat beyond ohmic, and no neutrons.} } @article{Cape1989, author = {V. Capek}, title = {Tunnelling efficiency and the problem of cold fusion}, journal = {Czech. J. Phys. B}, volume = {39}, year = {1989}, pages = {793--795}, keywords = {Theory, discusssion, res+}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {07/1989}, annote = {Argue, irrespective of the final outcome of the CNF debate, that there is a theoretical possibility of a tunnelling mechanism which exists in solids but not in vacuum, to allow CNF. Previous work by the author and elementary QM lead, via coupling to "the bath" (the crystal environment, which differs from a vacuum) to tunnelling rates many orders of magnitude higher than in vacuum. Some simplifying assumptions were made and some of these, when eliminated, might suppress the fusion rates. More work needed.} } @article{Card2009a, Author = {Cardone, F. and Mignani, R. and Petrucci, A.}, Title = {Piezonuclear decay of thorium}, Journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, Year = {2009}, Volume = {373}, Number = {22}, Pages = {1956--1958}, annote = {* A solution of "Th$^{228}$" (not stated which compound) is exposed to ultrasound. The 4 control solutions not exposed showed 3 alpha events, while 8 sonicated solutions showed only 3, or half the number per lot. Also the thorium concentration in the sonicated solutions was halved on average. A nuclear process due to collapsing bubbles, much faster than the natural decay of Th (1.9 years) is proposed, not producing alpha radiation. This is of interest to nuclear physicists, as it may point to a way to eliminate radioactive waste quickly.} } @article{Card2009b, Author = {Cardone, F. and Mignani, R. and Petrucci, A.}, Title = {Reply to "Comment on 'Piezonuclear decay of thorium' [Phys. Lett. A 373 (2009) 1956]" [Phys. Lett. A 373 (2009) 3795]}, Journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, Year = {2009}, Volume = {373}, Pages = {3797--3800}, annote = {* Reply to the Comment by Ericsson et al (Eric2009), rejecting the criticisms. The t-test is not appropriate and in fact results in a value of 0.06, not 0.26, the CR39 detector was indeed inside the chamber, and the Swedish authors are not familiar with the field.} } @article{Carp1989, author = {J.~M. Carpenter}, title = {Cold fusion: what's going on?}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {338}, year = {1989}, pages = {711.}, keywords = {Discussion, polemic}, published = {04/1989}, annote = {JMC was a referee of Jones+'s paper, and was invited by the editor to comment publically on the paper. He warns that cosmic ray neutrons must be eliminated from neutron measurements, or at least recognised. Their intensity is about the same as that reported for CNF, and there can be peaks at the energy 2.45 MeV. Suggests that going underground by two or three metres should reduce the qcosmic ray problem by an order of magnitude.} } @article{Chat1989, author = {L. Chatterjee}, title = {More on cold fusion}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {342}, year = {1989}, pages = {232.}, keywords = {Discussion, res0}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {Chatterjee discusses the possibility of cosmic muons causing the small flux of neutrons in cold fusion results such as those of Jones et al 1989. At the time of writing, there was little evidence of neutrons from electrolysis cells placed in a flux of muons, and control experiments are needed.} } @article{Chem1989, author = {M. Chemla and J. Chevalet and R. Bury}, title = {Heat evolution involved with the electrochemical discharge of hydrogen and deuterium on palladium}, note = {In French, Engl. summary}, journal = {C. R. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2}, volume = {309}, year = {1989}, pages = {987--993}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, calorimetry, res-}, annote = {A slightly shorter French version of the other paper by these authors, in J. Electroanal. Chem. 277 (1990) 93. Same results.} } @article{Chid1989, author = {R. Chidambaram and V.~C. Sahni}, title = {Materials issues in the so-called 'cold fusion' experiments}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {58}, year = {1989}, pages = {597--598}, keywords = {Discussion, loading, res-}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {A very good, clear discussion of the thermodynamics of H/D loading of Pd. Absorption of H2/D2 by Pd is exothermic and absorption of nascent H/D, as generated by electrolysis (if that is indeed what goes into the Pd) can be expected to be even more so. The authors state that this can fully account for the heat measured by FPH. One might wonder why, then, this is not seen every time but - as long as you have good thermodynamic parameters - you can't argue with thermodynamics.} } @article{Chri1989, author = {O.~B. Christensen and P.~D. Ditlevsen and K.~W. Jacobsen and P. Stoltze and O.~H. Nielsen and J.~K. N{\o}rskov}, title = {H-H interactions in Pd}, journal = {Phys. Rev. B}, volume = {40}, year = {1989}, pages = {1993--1996}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {07/1989}, annote = {Calculation of H-H interaction (H = any isotope) concludes that there can be no cold fusion. High loadings, e.g. tetrahedral occupancy, requires very high pressures.} } @article{Chu1989, author = {C.~W. Chu and Y.~Y. Xue and R.~L. Meng and P.~H. Hor and Z.~J. Huang and L. Gao}, title = {Search for the proposed cold fusion of D in Pd}, journal = {Mod. Phys. Lett. B}, volume = {3}, year = {1989}, pages = {753--760}, keywords = {Experimental, calorimetry, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {07/1989}, annote = {An electrolysis experiment. A Bonner-sphere n-detector was used. Thermal effects were measured by the difference between the cell and a reference cell in which cold fusion should not take place. No neutrons and no anomalous heat effects were found.} } @article{Cohe1989a, author = {J.~S. Cohen and J.~D. Davies}, title = {Is cold fusion hot?}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {342}, year = {1989}, pages = {487--488}, keywords = {Discussion, fracto}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {An in-depth discussion of the fracto-theory of CNF, with good references.} } @article{Cohe1989b, author = {J.~S. Cohen and J.~D. Davies}, title = {The cold fusion family}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {338}, year = {1989}, pages = {705--707}, keywords = {Discussion:muon catalysis, M{\"o}ssbauer, branching ratios}, published = {04/1989}, annote = {A clear outline of possible fusion reactions, muon catalysis, cosmic rays, "Moessbauer fusion", branching ratios. This commentary is also (I think) the first to refer to the Klyuev et al paper of 1986, which reported neutron emission from cracks in mechanically bombarded LiD crystals; the authors call what happens there "microscopically hot fusion".} } @article{Cott1989, author = {W.~N. Cottingham and D.~A. Greenwood}, title = {The fusion rate of a confined deuteron pair}, journal = {J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part Phys.}, volume = {15}, year = {1989}, pages = {L157--L161}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {08/1989}, annote = {Reaction rate for a d-d pair confined in a harmonic potential for a range of confinement parameters r0 from 0.1 to 1.0 Angstrom. For reactions to be observable, and without a new nuclear reaction, r0 must be < 0.2 A.} } @article{Cran1989, author = {L. Cranberg}, title = {Cold fusion doubts and controls (title given by section editor)}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {309}, year = {1989}, pages = {515.}, keywords = {Discussion}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {Throws doubts on radiation and tritium from FPH, and even on some suggested control experiments.} } @article{Crib1989, author = {M. Cribier and M. Spiro and J. Favier}, title = {Conventional sources of fast neutrons in cold fusion experiments}, journal = {Phys. Lett. B}, volume = {228}, year = {1989}, pages = {163--166}, keywords = {Discussion, suggestion}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {A source of n is the dissociation of D by alpha particles from naturally occurring radioisotopes such as U and Th, present as impurities in most materials. These decay to radon, which is not removed from Pd or Ti simply by heating, and will perhaps desorb under electrolysis and cause neutron emission by alpha particles' reaction with the D2O in the electrolyte. The electrolyte should be gas flushed to prevent this artifact. Some preliminary calculations show that about 50000 Bq of impurities are needed, or three times this if the reaction takes place inside the metal, for Jones+ neutron levels. This is a little high. Adsorbed radon on the metal surface, however, might help. Look out for this effect if you are measuring cold fusion neutrons.} } @article{Crow1989, author = {B.~J.~B. Crowley}, title = {Nuclear fusion in high density matter.}, journal = {Nucl. Fusion}, volume = {29}, year = {1989}, pages = {2199--2216}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {12/1989}, annote = {H is believed to exist in hydrides as atomic ions. If many such ions can be made to congegrate on a single site, fusion might occur. This is the approach taken here, considering deuterons as a dense plasma. This ends with a fusion rate equation. In order to produce Jones+ rates, a density of 500g/cm**3 is needed. The conclusion is that cold fusion is unlikely; but C speculates on localised fusion or transient nonequilibrium causes. He notes, however, that attempts at corroboration indicate that there may be nothing to explain. He then discusses the implications of his calculations for possible fusion processes taking place inside planets and certain types of stars. C also makes the suggestion that p-d fusion, rather than d-d, should be looked for, as it is favoured.} } @article{Cunn1989, author = {V.~J. Cunnane and R.~A. Scannell and D.~J. Schiffrin}, title = {H2 + O2 recombination in non-isothermal, non-adiabatic electrochemical calorimetry of water electrolysis in an undivided cell}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {269}, year = {1989}, pages = {163--179}, keywords = {Experimental, calorimetry, res-}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {This very careful piece of work examines the question of whether there is significant recombination of electrolytically generated hydrogen/deuterium and oxygen in a FPH-type cell, i.e. undivided and open in the sense that the evolved gases escape the system. The method is to measure the enthalpy of water electrolysis as the difference between the electrical energy input and the heat arising in the cell, using platinum electrodes and light water electrolyte + 0.1M LiOH in a cell otherwise similar to that of FPH, except that it is contained in a Dewar flask and the heat measurements are performed rather more carefully, but still - as done by FPH - essentially by noting the temperature at a point in the cell, at steady state. Together with some calibrations and comparisons using heating elements, this permits the calculation of reaction enthalpy to within about +- 3\%; this is presumably somewhat better than in the FPH experiment, where no such great care was taken. The result is that the enthalpies come out about right within the stated error, so that no significant recombination takes place. The inference is reasonable that this also held for the FPH system. At high current densities (> about 300 mA/cm$^2$) the deviations are rather larger due to evaporation and gas heating effects increasing the error, but the effect is in the direction opposite to that which would indicate recombination. Although in the FPH case, there was palladium exposed to the gases (not the case here), the results rule out the possibility that the excess heat claimed by FPH could be due to the recombination reaction. It is pointed out, however, that possible errors in the heat balance can become quite large if less care is taken with the measurements than here.} } @article{Dala1989, author = {F. Dalard and M. Ulman and J. Augustynski and P. Selvam}, title = {Electrochemical incorporation of lithium into palladium from aprotic electrolytes}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {270}, year = {1989}, pages = {445--450}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, lithium}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {10/1989}, annote = {Li is sometimes claimed to be associated with CNF. So, at what potentials does Li+ get deposited on Pd? They used 1M LiClO4 in acetonitrile plus propylene carbonate, as well as in a solid polymer. They reached, at rather negative potentials, a surface loading of 1 at\% Li in the Pd, which is not much. It is feasible that in FPH's experiments a surface layer of a few microns incorporates Li and this might change the electrochemical behaviour of the Pd.} } @article{Davi1989, author = {L. Davis}, title = {Cold fusion: a learning curve?}, journal = {Australian Physicist}, volume = {26}, year = {1989}, pages = {219--220}, keywords = {Discussion}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {An early discussion of cold fusion in the general context of fusion and energy generation. The three possible d-d fusion reactions producing, resp., (3)He, T and (4)He, as well as the p-d reaction, are given and discussed. The rest of the paper is then a report of the Australian AINSE colloquium on May 19, attended by 91 scientists, including such heavies as theoretical chemist Noel Hush and metal hydride expert Alan Oates. The delegates disagree, some plan experiments. Davis has a theory and hints at its publication elsewhere.} } @article{Davy1989, author = {A. S. Davydov}, title = {Possible interpretation of cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Ukr. Fiz. Zh.}, note = {In Russian}, volume = {34}, year = {1989}, pages = {1295--1297}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {09/1989}, keywords = {Discussion, superconductivity, muons, res0}, annote = {Davydov here presents some general thoughts on CNF, one month after its announcement. He describes d-d fusion and mentions the problems it will have at low temperatures, stating that it requires at least 3 keV to surmount the Coulomb barrier. The possible connection with superconductity is given a mention; while neither pure Pd nor pure D is superconducting, PdD can be, at below 11K. He also mentions the boson state and its possible implication. So, if CNF be real, the crystal state must play a role to promote faster deuterons, or their mobility in the lattice, and their penetration of each other's Coulomb barriers.} } @article{Deak1989, author = {M.~R. Deakin and J.~D. Fox and K.~W. Kemper and E.~G. Myers and W.~N. Shelton and J.~G. Skofronick}, title = {Search for cold fusion using x-ray detection}, journal = {Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys}, volume = {40}, year = {1989}, pages = {R1851--R1853}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, x-rays, res-}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {On the theoretical likelihood that the dominant cnf reaction at room temperature is the d+d-->t+p one, these authors attempted to measure x-rays arising from the fast protons released. They achieved electrolytic loading of 0.8 D per Pd (using Pd foil), and detected no x-rays above background. This limits the fusion rate to $< 1.6 \times 10^{-20}/s$.} } @article{Dell1989, author = {B. Delley}, title = {Effect of electronic screening on cold-nuclear-fusion rates}, journal = {Europhys. Lett.}, volume = {10}, year = {1989}, pages = {347--352}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {10/1989}, annote = {Theoretical calculation of electronic binding energy for H2, LiH and d in PdD(x). Screening can (1) enhance fusion rates and (2) decrease the electronic binding; the two effects work against each other, and no cold fusion is expected.} } @article{Dema1989, author = {F. Demanins and M. Graziani and J. Kaspar and S. Modesti and F. Raicich and R. Rosei and F. Tommasini and A. Trovarelli}, title = {Search for the neutron production in niobium deuteride}, journal = {Solid State Commun.}, volume = {71}, year = {1989}, pages = {559--561}, keywords = {Experimental, Nb, gas phase, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {08/1989}, annote = {Niobium also absorbs hydrogen and deuterium, and has similar problems as Ti with it - it needs appropriate pretreatment. Here, Nb powder was variously treated: exposed to 1 Mpa D2 gas and slowly heated. No D2 was absorbed until a temp. of 650K was reached. This could be driven out again by heating at 750K, and this, when cooled down again, readily absorbs D2 even at room temp. Measured n spectrum with a p-recoil scintillation detector of variously pre- treated Nb powder, and found an upper neutron emission rate of $7 \times 10^{-25}$, both for D2 and H2 gas. This rules out cold fusion.} } @article{Deni1989a, author = {A. {De Ninno} and A. Frattolillo and G. Lollobattista and L. Martinis and M. Martone and L. Mori and S. Podda and F. Scaramuzzi}, title = {Emission of neutrons as a consequence of titanium-deuterium interaction}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A}, volume = {101}, year = {1989}, pages = {841--843}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, gas phase, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {05/1989}, annote = {Neutrons observed, without electrolysis. Ti shavings in a stainless steel cell were put under pressured D2 up to 50 atm, the temperature reduced to that of liquid nitrogen, and the N2 topped up occasionally, each time presumably bringing down the temperature. The authors claim that a bunch of neutrons are emitted after each such topping up - well above the background - and conclude that nonequlibrium conditions are required for cold fusion, but not electrolysis.} } @article{Deni1989b, author = {A. {De Ninno} and A. Frattolillo and G. Lollobattista and L. Martinis and M. Martone and L. Mori and S. Podda and F. Scaramuzzi}, title = {Evidence of emission of neutrons from a titanium-deuterium system}, journal = {Europhys. Lett.}, volume = {9}, year = {1989}, pages = {221--224}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, gas phase, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {This looks very much like the authors' paper in Nuovo Cimento etc, Deni1989a, with the same figures and results.} } @article{Deni1989c, author = {A. {De Ninno} and A. Frattolillo and G. Lollobattista and L. Martinis and M. Martone and L. Mori and S. Podda and F. Scaramuzzi}, title = {Emission of neutrons from a deuterium-titanium system}, journal = {Energ. Nucl. (Rome)}, volume = {6}, year = {1989}, pages = {9--11}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, gas phase, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {04/1989}, annote = {Two experiments, in which Ti was placed under high pressure D, produced neutrons. This shows that electrolysis is not needed, and that nonequilibrium conditions are essential. A single BF3 neutron counter, placed 20 cm from the experimental cell, was used. D2 pressure and temperature were varied.} } @article{Derj1989, author = {B.~V. Derjaguin and A.~G. Lipson and V.~A. Kluev and D.~M. Sakov and Yu.~P. Toporov}, title = {Titanium fracture yields neutrons?}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {341}, year = {1989}, pages = {492.}, keywords = {Experimental, fracto, res+}, published = {10/1989}, annote = {This is the same team as Klyuev et al (1986), spelled a little differently (by themselves). Here, they put Ti chips into a ball mill with 6 mm steel balls, D2O, deuterated "polypropilenium" and LiD in various combinations. Where Ti was not in contact with deuterated compounds, no neutrons were observed but in mixtures with D, neutrons up to 6-7 times the background were measured. The authors speculate that either at high D loadings in Ti, the D's can approach sufficiently closely to fuse or - in line with their earlier 1986 paper - that it is fractofusion. The first of these two has been fairly well ruled out by several physics theory papers showing that, in a metal deuteride, D-D distances are in fact greater than in liquid D2.} } @article{Divi1989, author = {J. Divisek and L. F{\"u}rst and J. Balej}, title = {Energy balance of D2O electrolysis with a palladium cathode. Part II. Experimental results}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {278}, year = {1989}, pages = {99--117}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, calorimetry, res-}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {01/1990}, annote = {A careful reenactment of FPH's experiments, with divided and undivided cells, and better calorimetry, making use of the relations developed in Part I (Balej and Divisek). Whether using H2O or D2O, the heat measured is within 0.5\% the same as predicted from thermodynamics. Inititally in the undivided cell, some of the evolved deuterium gas recombined with evolved oxygen at the Pd electrode; as this becomes loaded with D, however, this recombination reaction decreased, eventually to zero upon reaching a loading of PdD(x), x = 0.7-0.8. After long electrolysis (270 h), however, appreciable Pt deposits were found on the Pd electrode (from corrosion of the Pt anode, also found by Williams et al), which again catalysed recombination in an undivided cell. An interesting aspect of this work is the method of obtaining D-loading of the Pd. The evolved deuterium gas was monitored and compared with the expected amount from the known current. The deficit was thus that part that went into PdD, and corresponded to a pure beta-phase with x = 0.70 and 0.77 in two separate experiments (divided cells, thus no recombination). They also performed surface x-ray analysis on the Pd, before and after 270 h of electrolysis, and found quite significant amounts of platinum, copper, lead and oxygen accumulated, while carbon decreased. This was confirmed by another analysis technique.} } @article{Dudu1989, author = {D. Dudu and M. Molea and I. Pascalau and I. Piticu and I. Vata}, title = {Nuclear effects in the electrolysis of heavy water}, journal = {Rev. Roum. Phys.}, volume = {34}, year = {1989}, pages = {229--232}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, Ti, neutrons, res-}, annote = {Measured neutron flux on Pd and Ti cathodes in LiCl acidified to pH 1.5 by HCl, at currents of 0.1--1.5 A. The cathodes were a cyclinder of Ti, 10*20 mm, or a 16 g ellipsoid (lump?) of Pd. Cell temperatures were 20-90 degC. An NE-213 liquid scintillator neutron detector was used with pulse shape discrimination, and shielded with paraffin and Pb. Alternate background and cell measurements were taken for 3000-5000 s at a time (background by replacing the cell with a dummy). From the detection of $95 \pm 35$ (Ti) and $167 \pm 46$ neutrons over resp. 660 and 1125 h, the maximum cold fusion rates of around $10^{-23}$ fus/pair/s were calculated.} } @article{Duro1989, author = {J.~J.~G. Durocher and D.~M. Gallop and C.~B. Kwok and M.~S. Mathur and J.~K. Mayer and J.~S.~C. McKee and A. Mirzai and G.~R. Smith and Y.~H. Yeo}, title = {A search for evidence of cold fusion in the direct implantation of palladium and indium with deuterium}, journal = {Can. J. Phys.}, volume = {67}, year = {1989}, pages = {624--631}, keywords = {Experimental, ion beam, In, res-}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {In order to emulate the Utah experiments, but without D2O, they used a 30/60 keV beam of D2+ (cf. Beuhler et al) to implant D into indium. The initial surprise upon observing neutrons faded when they calculated that this could be fully accounted for by the beam energy - it was warm fusion, as the implanted D itself is the target.} } @article{Eber1989, author = {V. Eberhard and W. Heeringa and H.~O. Klages and R. Maschuw and G. V{\"o}lker and B. Zeitnitz}, title = {Neutron limits from gas-loaded titanium-deuterium systems}, journal = {Z. Phys. A: At. Nucl.}, volume = {334}, year = {1989}, pages = {357--358}, keywords = {Experimental, gas phase, Ti, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {08/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {Ti sponge and shavings were brought in to contact with D gas at various pressures up to about 70 bar and temps. and neutrons measured (4 separate liquid scintillation counters). Nothing found.} } @article{Ebert1989, author = {K. Ebert}, title = {Elektrochemisch induzierte Fusion von Deuterium}, note = {In German}, journal = {Nachr. Chem. Tech. Lab.}, volume = {37}, year = {1989}, pages = {470.}, published = {05/1989}, keywords = {Comment}, annote = {An early report of cold fusion, based on the seminal publication of Fleischmann and Pons (1989). The author states that it became obvious that this was not an April fool joke, but was meant seriously. He then discusses the problems with the claims. He concludes that skepticism is warranted, but that there is no doubt about the authors' integrity, and reminds the readers of the time, 50 years ago, when Hahn and Stra{\ss}mann discovered nuclear fission, which was not immediately understood by others.} } @article{Ehrl1989, author = {A.~C. Ehrlich and D.~J. Gillespie and G.~N. Kamm}, title = {A search for neutrons in single-phase palladium-deuterium}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {529--531}, keywords = {Experimental, gas phase, electrolysis, Pd, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {08/1989}, published = {12/1989}, annote = {A Pd rod is charged to relatively high D levels without passing through the 2-phase region of this system. This is done by a combination of high-temp- high-pressure initial charging, followed by electrolytic charging, to a final loading of 0.88. Low temperature thermal cycling, and room temperature slow discharge of D yielded no neutrons. Data collected during rapid discharge of D are statistically unconvincing but weakly suggestive of some possible neutron production.} } @article{Elbe1989, author = {B. Elbek}, title = {Kold fusion?}, note = {In Danish}, journal = {Gamma (Copenhagen)}, volume = {76}, year = {1989}, pages = {19--21}, keywords = {Comment, experimental, neutrons, res-}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {An early report of FPH's results, and a report of their own results of neutron measurements under several different conditions (electrolysis, heating and pressure), which gave nothing beyond cosmic background. The conclusion is sceptical but leaves the question open.} } @article{Ewin1989, author = {R.~I. Ewing and M.~A. Butler and J.~E. Schirber and D.~S. Ginley}, title = {Negative results and positive artifacts observed in a comprehensive search for neutrons from 'cold fusion'}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {404--407}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, gas phase, Pd, Ti, res-}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {A search for neutrons using both electrochemical and gas pressure loading was conducted in an underground lab using 3 highly sensitive neutron detectors. Any n emission would be detected simultaneously in all 3 in a known proportion. Individual detectors occasionally emitted groups of counts mimicking both continuous and burst emission. These were identified as artifacts. The use of simultaneous detection on several detectors is thus essential for exclusion of such artifacts.} } @article{Fall1989, author = {S.~H. Faller and R.~W. Holloway and S.~C. Lee}, title = {Investigation of cold fusion in heavy water}, journal = {J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.}, volume = {137}, year = {1989}, pages = {9--16}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, tritium, gamma, res-}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {08/1989}, annote = {Did an electrolysis experiment using a Pd cathode and an Fe anode, in a 50-cm long cell at 4 degC, and checked for gamma radiation and tritium in the electrolyte. The electrolyte was D2O with added NaOH; later, a small amount (50 mg) of LiC(2) was added to produce LiOD. Although FPH claim a tritium/deuterium separation factor of 1, it is known to be > 1. In this experiment, electrolyte aliquots removed showed rising tritium levels with electrolysis time, which could lead one to suspect a cold fusion reaction; however, what with D2O losses, the total tritium level in the electrolyte went down. A reasonable separation factor of 1.5 can account for the tritium levels. No gamma emission that cannot be accounted for by natural background was found. The authors conclude with the comment that FPH's gamma results are doubtful until more details of the background and the detector configuration are given.} } @article{Fehn1989, author = {T. Fehn and C.~A. Schiller}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion and electrochemical measuring techniques}, journal = {Chem.-Tech. (Heidelberg)}, volume = {18}, year = {1989}, pages = {72, 75, 77--78}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, neutrons, res-}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {Attempt to reproduce, at Erlangen, the CNF experiments of FPH, using the same conditions, but using better equipment (triple neutron detector, separation and measurement of gases) under a multidisciplinary study. The aims were (1) to detect radiation, (2) establish the conditions for reproducibility, (3) to protect the scientists from the experiment. Results so far are negative but the study goes on.} } @article{Feng1989, author = {S. Feng}, title = {Enhancement of cold fusion rate by electron polarization in palladium deuterium solid}, journal = {Solid State Commun.}, volume = {72}, year = {1989}, pages = {205--209}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {10/1989}, annote = {Again a theoretical attempt to overcome the coulomb repulsion: invokes dielectric screening and solid state effects which might enhance tunnelling to about E-40; Not enough to explain CNF but there are still some uncertainties.} } @article{Fish1989, author = {R.~S. Fishman and G.~D. Mahan}, title = {Binding of charged particles in lattice defects}, journal = {Phys. Rev. B40}, year = {1989}, pages = {11493--11495}, keywords = {Theory, res0}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {12/1989}, annote = {Calculate the interaction between two positively charged particles in the presence of a spherical lattice defect with uniform electron density, using the jellium model, WKB method, and assuming a background charge density that neutralises the conduction electrons. If cold fusion occurs, it is unlikely that binding of deuterons in lattice defects is responsible.} } @article{Flei1989a, author = {M. Fleischmann and S. Pons and M. Hawkins}, title = {Electrochemically induced nuclear fusion of deuterium.}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {261}, year = {1989}, pages = {301--308}, note = {See Erratum in ibid 263 (1989) 187.}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, calorimetry, neutrons, tritium, helium, res+}, submitted = {03/1989}, published = {04/1989}, annote = {One of the two original articles that started all the trouble; the "FPH" paper. The authors, using rather simple equipment (too simple, some would say), electrolysed heavy water (D2O) containing LiOD at Pd electrodes of various geometries, measuring the temperature at intervals, gamma radiation and neutrons. They found gammas, neutrons and excess heat (i.e. above that expected from chemical reactions). The erratum (263 (1989) 187--188) is two pages of corrections to the original FPH paper in the same journal, starting with the omission of Hawkins from the author list. For this reason, that earlier paper should have the same three authors as this one when cited. The other errors appear to be errors of detail, and do not basically alter the claims.} } @article{Flei1989b, author = {M. Fleischmann and S. Pons and M. Hawkins and R. J. Hoffman}, title = {Measurements of gamma-rays from cold fusion}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {339}, year = {1989}, pages = {667}, keywords = {Polemic}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {Polemic in answer to polemic of Petrasso, Nature 339 (1989) 183. FPHH claim that Petrasso+ base their polemic on a graph shown on TV and that their gamma spectrum shows in fact a peak at 2.496 MeV, not seen in the background. They admit that the peak at 2.22 MeV, expected from the nuclear reaction they postulate, is obliterated by the Compton peak due to thorium decay. They can't interpret the one at 2.496, though. This is a bit besides the point, since they (FPH) did originally claim the peak at 2.22 MeV and did claim that it is evidence for CNF.} } @article{Fowl1989, author = {W.~A. Fowler}, title = {Cold fusion results still unexplained}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {339}, year = {1989}, pages = {345.}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {To try to explain the heat/neutron imbalance of FPH's results, Fowler calculates the rate of the reaction d + d --> (4)He + $e^+ e^-$. It turns out to have a rate lower than a factor of 100 than the reaction d + d --> (4)He + gamma, which is known to have a rate $10^{-7}$ lower than the branches giving (3)He or T. Therefore, the above reaction cannot explain the results.} } @article{Fuji1989, author = {S. Fujita}, title = {On the feasibility of nuclear fusion in fcc metals}, journal = {Phys. Status Solidi B}, volume = {156}, year = {1989}, pages = {K17--K21}, keywords = {Discussion}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {The host crystal creates an ideal environment for very close D-D encounters if the coulomb barrier is overcome, because of preferred migration channels in fcc crystals - in other words, deuterons are not free to move anywhere in palladium, but are restricted to narrow channels. Higher temperatures will therefore favour cold fusion. Compare Arista et al, also focussing on the matrix inhomogeneities and arriving at a similar conclusion.} } @article{Gai1989, author = {M. Gai and S.~L. Rugari and R.~H. France and B.~J. Lund and Z. Zhao and A.~J. Davenport and H.~S. Isaacs and K.~G. Lynn}, title = {Upper limits on neutron and gamma-ray emission from cold fusion}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {340}, year = {1989}, pages = {29--34}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, gas phase, Ti, neutrons, gamma, res-}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {07/1989}, annote = {Set up a variety of electrochemical cells as well as experiments in which Ti was deuterided at high pressure, and measured gamma and neutron flux. Neutron fluxes were at least a factor 50 less than that of Jones+, and $10^6$ smaller than FPH's. A significant fraction of such events are accounted for by cosmic rays.} } @article{Ghos1989, author = {S.~K. Ghosh and H.~K. Sadhukhan and A.~K. Dhara}, title = {A theory of cold nuclear fusion in deuterium-loaded palladium}, journal = {Pramana}, volume = {33}, year = {1989}, pages = {L339--L342}, keywords = {Theory, screening, jellium model, res+}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {08/1989}, annote = {These Indian workers propose an early theory to explain cold fusion. They state at the outset that tunnelling is not the answer. Instead, they focus on the deuterons (which are bosons) formed by deuterium in the metal lattice, and having large amplitudes. The jellium model is then applied. Enhanced screening is the result of all this, and thus enhanced fusion rates. Thus there is no need for enhanced-mass electrons, as supposed by others.} } @article{Gill1989, author = {D.~J. Gillespie and G.~N. Kamm and A.~C. Ehrlich and P.~L. Mart}, title = {A search for anomalies in the palladium-deuterium system}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {526--528}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, neutrons, calorimetry, res-}, submitted = {08/1989}, published = {12/1989}, annote = {Charged a polycrytalline Pd rod with D up to 0.81 D/Pd, while monitoring electrical resistivity, sample dimensions, cell temperature and neutrons. Various charging rates were used to provoke anomalous behaviour but none such was observed.} } @article{Gitt1989, author = {J. Gittus and J. Bockris}, title = {Explanations of cold fusion}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {339}, year = {1989}, pages = {105}, keywords = {Discussion, polemic}, published = {05/1989}, annote = {Suggest that prior accumulation of H in Pd could prevent the absorption of D by Pd during electrolysis in heavy water, and that this could explain why some cells do not work. They also suggest that when D is absorbed, it tends to segregate in cracks and grain boundaries and when it reaches a high enough level, CNF starts. This would explain the induction period. The solution to the problem of prior contamination is to remove the interstitial hydrogen, as well as other impurities.} } @article{Goed1989, author = {J. A. Goedkoop}, title = {Koude kernfusie in de vaste stof? (Cold nuclear fusion in solids?)}, journal = {Energiespektrum}, volume = {13}, year = {1989}, pages = {156--162}, note = {In Dutch}, keywords = {Review}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {A competent early review of cold fusion, written in June 1989. It contains some useful background information about d-d fusion reactions, thermodynamics of PdDx, electrochemistry and palladium hydride structure. It also points to the theoretical work that appeared subsequently, towards explaining the effect, if any. The possibility of the (4)He branch, which some consider might lead simply to heat dissipated in the Pd lattice, is mentioned, as well as the fracto theory, with the doubt expressed, that the postulated charge separation is sustainable in the hydride as in LiD; this later became one of the strong arguments against fractofusion.} } @article{Gold1989, author = {V.~I. Goldanskii and F.~I. Dalidchik}, title = {Mechanism of solid-state fusion}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {342}, year = {1989}, pages = {231.}, keywords = {Discussion}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {In the search for a possible mechanism for cold fusion of D in Pd, the authors dismiss coulombic screening effects in the lattice, and tunnelling. An increase in the (local) density and effective mass of lattice electrons could, together with lattice deformation, cause a local minimum in the potential barrier and form a quasi-stationary complex, leading to "resonance transparency". This could increase the natural fusion rate by a factor of $10^9$. Another possiblity is that a deuteron could somehow aquire about 10 keV of energy, which could happen during lattice cracking, as found by Soviet workers (Klyuev et al).} } @article{Golu1989a, author = {P.~I. Golubnichii and V.~A. Kurakin and A.~D. Filonenko and V.~A. Tsarev and A.~A. Tsarik}, title = {Possible mechanism of cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR}, volume = {307}, year = {1989}, pages = {99--101}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Discussion, fracto}, annote = {Not much more than a restatement of the Klyuev et al paper of 1986; i.e. allows the possibility of dd fusion by acceleration of deuterons in electric fields formed by cracks.} } @article{Golu1989b, author = {P.~I. Golubnichii and V.~A. Kurakin and A.~D. Filonenko and V.~A. Tsarev and A.~A. Tsarik}, title = {A possible mechanism for cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Sov. Phys. - Lebedev Inst.}, year = {1989}, number = {6}, pages = {72--74}, note = {Orig. in Kratk. Soobshch. Fiz. (1989)(6) 56. (In Russian)}, keywords = {Theory, fracto, res+}, submitted = {04/1989}, annote = {Examines one of the possible mechanisms, viz: that of microcracks arising from phase changes during hydrogenation, leading to deuteron acceleration (i.e. the 1986 Lipson et al suggestion). High concentration of H(or D) in the metal, high diffusion coefficient of H in the metal at room temperature, efficiency of hydrolytic hydrogenation, strong increase of the specific volume of the metal at the moment of hydride formation at critical H concentrations and formation of micropores, all are favourable for fusion. The crack formation is accompanied by mechanoemission effects, i.e. pulsed acoustic emission, emission of neutrons with energies $\ge 10^5$ eV and electromagnetic gamma-, x- and radiofrequency radiation. The neutron flux can be attained if deuterons can be accelerated to 380 eV. Seems to be a restatement of their other paper in Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR.} } @article{Gree1989, author = {T. Greenland}, title = {Numbers off an envelope}, journal = {Physics World}, volume = {2}, year = {1989}, pages = {16--17}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, published = {05/1989}, annote = {Some rough calculations of screening parameters and effective electron masses to enable the claimed fusion rates of Jones+, FPH (neutrons) and FPH (excess heat). Results look unlikely.} } @article{Gryz1989, author = {M. Gryzinski}, title = {Cold fusion: what's going on?}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {338}, year = {1989}, pages = {712.}, keywords = {Discussion, theory, res+}, published = {04/1989}, annote = {Ties in CNF with his own studies of the H(2)+ molecule - i.e. two protons plus one electron. This forms what he calls a collapsing molecule and this phenomenon could aid the tunnelling needed for CNF.} } @article{Gu1989, author = {A.~G. Gu and R.~K.~F. Teng and M.~S. Miller and W.~J. Sprouse}, title = {Preliminary experimental study on cold fusion using deuterium gas and deuterium plasma in the presence of palladium}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {248--250}, keywords = {Experimental, gas phase, Pd, ion beam, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {Deuterium at liquid nitrogen temperature, in contact with Pd, was warmed up to room temp., and neutrons were observed above background. Then, Pd was bombarded with a 1 keV deuterium beam, producing neutrons well above the background; a beam of N ions (as a check) did not. Also, the deuterium beam did not have sufficient energy to expect it to produce fusion.} } @article{Hajd1989, author = {W. Hajdas and S. Kistryn and J. Lang and J. Sromicki and B. Jenny and P. Wachter}, title = {Search for cold fusion events}, journal = {Solid State Commun.}, volume = {72}, year = {1989}, pages = {309--313}, keywords = {Experimental, LaNi5 alloy, gas phase, neutrons, gammas, res-}, submitted = {08/1989}, published = {10/1989}, annote = {If we assume (as we must) an about 50:50 branching ratio for fusion, i.e. that we should get about half tritium and half helium-4, then 1W of excess heat corresponds to $10^{12}$ neutrons. Neutrons, then, are a much more sensitive measure of fusion. But FPH only found in the region of $10^4$. Hajdas et al repeated FPH's experiment, and did one of their own, in which they exposed LaNi5 to D2 gas at 12 bar, 150 degC. This alloy absorbs 6 atoms of hydrogen per unit, and crumbles into a powder upon doing so. Neutrons and gammas were measured with a low background. Results: nothing found.} } @article{Harg1989, author = {C. Hargitai}, title = {Considerations on cold nuclear fusion in palladium}, journal = {J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.}, volume = {137}, year = {1989}, pages = {17--22}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {08/1989}, annote = {The author attacks the coulombic repulsion of deuterons in PdD(x) by way of dielectric screening. PdD(x) may have a dielectric constant of 20 or so and - if screening still operates at the small interatomic distances needed for d-d fusion to happen, this might explain it. Skeptics will say that if it doesn't, it won't.} } @article{Hass1989, author = {A.~B. Hassam and A.~N. Dharamsi}, title = {Deuterium molecule in the presence of electronic charge concentrations: implications for cold fusion}, journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, volume = {40}, year = {1989}, pages = {6689--6691}, keywords = {Theory, res0}, submitted = {08/1989}, published = {12/1989}, annote = {Could it be that, if a D2+ pair straddles an "ambient localized negative charge concentration" in the PdD(x) lattice, that this would contraction of the D-D bond distance, sufficient to make cold fusion possible? The authors use the Born-Oppenheimer approximation to find out and, depending on the negative charge, reductions by a factor of 3-5 (enough to cause Jones+ rates) and even 10 (enough for FPH rates) are possible in principle. More work is required. Prior (unpublished?) work of Koonin is cited.} } @article{Heni1989, author = {Z. Henis and S. Eliezer and A. Zigler}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion rates in condensed matter: a phenomenological analysis}, journal = {J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys.}, volume = {15}, year = {1989}, pages = {L219--L223}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {10/1989}, annote = {Estimate fusion rates by tailoring a screened Yukawa potential with a harmonic potential. The parameters required for the claimed cold fusion rates lie far outside those holding in Pd, so cold fusion is unlikely.} } @article{Hiet1989, author = {M. Hietschold}, title = {Electric field control for cold nuclear fusion? - a suggestion}, journal = {Wiss. Z. TU Karl-Marx-Stadt}, volume = {31}, year = {1989}, pages = {635--636}, keywords = {Proposal, theory}, submitted = {04/1989}, annote = {It is hypothesised that trapping of deuterons at the Pd surface or in lattice interstitial positions, combined with high local fields might activate d's to fuse. This might be helped by the external application of electric fields. Two designs, involving thin Pd films separated from the main Pd electrode by a thin insulating film, are shown, to facilitate this.} } @article{Horan1989a, author = {G. Horanyi}, title = {Open questions concerning the Fleischmann-Pons experiment}, journal = {Magy. Kem. Fol}, volume = {95}, year = {1989}, pages = {140--143}, note = {In Hungarian}, keywords = {Discussion}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {04/1989}, annote = {An early paper, written when the ink on FPH(89) was not yet dry. I quote only from the English abstract at the end. Problems of the interpretation of the FPH experiment are discussed, in particular the overpotential (I recognise in the text the juxtaposition of 0.8 eV and $10^{26}$ atm). H says that the theoretical foundations of cold fusion are questionable, as is the calorimetric evidence, without more information about the possibility of the recombination of D2 with O2, evolved from the cell.} } @article{Horan1989b, author = {G. Horanyi}, title = {Some doubts about the occurrence of electrochemically induced nuclear fusion of deuterium}, journal = {Electrochim. Acta}, volume = {34}, year = {1989}, pages = {889--890}, keywords = {Critical comments}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {Two aspects of the FPH-89 are dealt with critically. There are problems with the theoretical foundation, such as the relationship between overpotential (the stated 0.8 V) and chemical potential (the famous $10^{26}$ atm "pressure"); and problems with the experiment, such as the too easy assumption of a nuclear reaction as the source of the excess energy, and the possibility - or, as the author believes, the inevitability - of recombination of D2 and O2 in the cell. Thus there are strong doubts.} } @article{Horan1989c, author = {G. Horanyi}, title = {Some basic electrochemistry and the cold nuclear fusion of deuterium}, journal = {J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett.}, volume = {137}, year = {1989}, pages = {23--28}, keywords = {Critical discussion}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {08/1989}, annote = {Claims that the authors of CNF claim that the flow of current is necessary for CNF, having to do with the resultant overpotential and thus the effective D-compression (I don't think FPH or Jones+ claim this). A "strict" analysis of kinetic and equilibrium relationships is undertaken and shows that we should reject the astronomic pressures stated by FPH. This humble bibliographer suggests that Horanyi is using the wrong reaction for a start (in the alkaline medium used, it is D2O, not D+, which is reduced) and that the 0.8 V --> $10^{26}$ atm issue is in any case controversial, but not settled.} } @article{Horo1989, author = {C.~J. Horowitz}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion in metallic hydrogen and normal metals}, journal = {Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys.}, volume = {40}, year = {1989}, pages = {R1555--R1558}, keywords = {Theory, astronomical connection, pd fusion}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {10/1989}, annote = {The rate of pd fusion in metallic hydrogen at Jupiter's core was calculated as $10^{-50}$ pairs/s. In metals, the width of the fusion barrier must be reduced to 0.1 {\AA}ngstrom to get $10^{-25}$, and if achieved, the branching ratios will be different from hot fusion ratios. Horowitz also points out that the reaction p+d-->(3)He+gamma would be favoured and suggests that it be given attention. See also Schwinger on this point.} } @article{Huan1989, author = {Z. Huang}, title = {A possible explanation of the room temperature nuclear fusion}, journal = {J. Beijing Normal Univ.}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, year = {1989}, pages = {43--44}, keywords = {Discussion, res+}, annote = {The author puts forth an idea to explain how cold fusion can take place in the Pd lattice even though the available energies appear too low. He proposes the existence of a sublattice formed by the deuterons after a long loading period. The motion of an oscillating sublattice has soliton solutions, which could concentrate the energies of $10^4 \dots 10^6$ particles on a few members. This has been dealt with theoretically and will be published elsewhere.} } @article{Ikey1989, author = {M. Ikeya and H. Miyamaru}, title = {Chemical heat production of palladium electrode electrolytically charged with deuterium and hydrogen}, journal = {Chem. Express.}, volume = {4}, year = {1989}, pages = {563--566}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, decomposition, neutrons, tritium, res-}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {D- or H-charged Pd-sputtered Pd plates, having been wiped in air with acetone and then bent, heated up to 280 deg., presumably from the reaction of D or H with the keto-group to give the alcohol. There were some neutrons apparently observed during electrolytic loading, but were due to water vapour. No tritium was found. Cold fusion need not be invoked.} } @article{Irvi1989, author = {J.~M. Irvine and S. Riley}, title = {Cold fusion doubts and controls}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {339}, year = {1989}, pages = {515}, keywords = {Discussion, cosmology, res-}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {Using results from Big Bang cosmology theory, the authors work out that, to achieve the claimed excess heat, deuterium would need to be packed at $10^7$ mol/cm$^3$, and conclude the excess heat resides in the reports only.} } @article{Jack1989, author = {J.~C. Jackson}, title = {Cold fusion results still unexplained.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {339}, year = {1989}, pages = {345}, keywords = {Suggestion, chain reaction}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {Proposes that the energy release is not due to fusion of deuterons but a chain reaction involving radiative capture, by Pd nuclei, of neutrons produced by photodisintegration of deuterons. Neutrons weakly bound to protons in d are transferred to Pd nuclei: n + (104)Pd --> (105)Pd + gamma. The gammas will knock more neutrons off deuterons. Detailed maths will be needed but J suspects that the cross sections will bring the chain close to being self-sustaining. This scheme would explain the heat/neutron anomaly of FPH. J suggests electrochemical experiments with Be, which can also undergo photochemical reactions.} } @article{John1989, author = {K.~H. Johnson and D.~P. Clougherty}, title = {Hydrogen-hydrogen/deuterium-deuterium bonding in palladium and the superconducting/electrochemical properties of PdHx/PdDx}, journal = {Mod. Phys. Lett. B}, volume = {3}, year = {1989}, pages = {795--803}, keywords = {Theory, superconductivity connection}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {07/1989}, annote = {Propose a common quantum chemical origin of superconductivity and CNF, based on Jahn-Teller coupling. Calculations show that a fusion rate of up to $5 \times 10^{-24}$ fus/pair/s can be achieved, close to the Jones+ levels. The effect can also explain the heat observed by FPH as a chemical phenomenon, not due to fusion.} } @article{Jone1989, author = {S.~E. Jones and E.~P. Palmer and J.~B. Czirr and D.~L. Decker and G.~L. Jensen and J.~M. Thorne and S.~F. Taylor and J. Rafelski}, title = {Observation of cold nuclear fusion in condensed matter}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {338}, year = {1989}, pages = {737--740}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, Ti, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {04/1989}, annote = {One of the two original articles that started it all. This one started with the thought that, since there is naturally occurring He(3) in the Earth, there may be cold fusion happening under geological conditions. The authors attempted therefore to reproduce, in the lab, those conditions most likely to lead to CNF. They used exotic soups to do it. The article is very unsensational; only neutrons were measured and the rate of CNF deduced from the measurements is only a small fraction of that claimed by FPH.} } @article{Jorg1989, author = {C.~K. J{\o}rgensen}, title = {Scenarios for nuclear fusion in palladium-deuterium alloys at ambient temperatures}, journal = {Chimia}, volume = {43}, year = {1989}, pages = {142--143}, keywords = {Discussion}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {05/1989}, annote = {A hand-waving look, in the light of quantum mechanics, at possible cold fusion scenarios (i.e. explanations): 1. if deuterons are to collide at all, it is most likely to occur at the octahedral sites in the PdD; 2. lithium might be incorporated into the Pd, and the reaction Li+d->2(4)He might explain the neutron/heat imbalance; 3. there may be weakly interacting heavy particles (WIMPs) involved; there are not likely to be any in the palladium, because of its recent chemical treatment, but the heavy water or the LiOD might introduce them, and WIMPs might catalyse cold fusion.} } @article{Kain1989a, author = {R.~C. Kainthla and O. Velev and L. Kaba and G.~H. Lin and N.~J.~C. Packham and M. Szklarczyk and J. Wass and J.~O.~M. Bockris}, title = {Sporadic observation of the Fleischmann-Pons heat effect}, journal = {Electrochim. Acta}, volume = {34}, year = {1989}, pages = {1315--1318}, keywords = {Experimental, res+}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {3 out of 10 cells produced some excess heat, the other 7 precisely what one expects from classical thermodynamics.} } @article{Kain1989b, author = {R.~C. Kainthla and M. Szklarczyk and L. Kaba and G.~H. Lin and O. Velev and N.~J.~C. Packham and J.~C. Wass and J.~O.~M. Bockris}, title = {Eight chemical explanations of the Fleischmann-Pons effect}, journal = {J. Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {14}, year = {1989}, pages = {771--775}, keywords = {Discusssion, res+}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {(Once again, Hawkins is forgotten) An attempt to explain the results by conventional chemical means. Exposure of the top of the Pd electrode to the evolved D2/O2 mixture? This seems to reduce to the question of how fast the deuterium in the Pd can come out and burn with O2; an assumed diffusion coefficient of D in PdDx of about $10^{-6}$ cm$^2$/s (a bit high maybe but all the better) shows that this can't produce enough heat. Neither can recombi- nation of D2 with O2 in the gas phase, nor at the immersed Pd surface. The alpha-beta PdDx transition will not - thermodynamically - either (but how about transients?). Pd deuteride formation cannot produce the heat, up to loadings of 6. Pauling suggests redissociation into Pd and D2 but this, too, cannot work - and in any case, the deuteride seems to be very stable. How about Li deposition? This would consume energy. Stress release, as the Pd expands? Not enough. So: none of these candidates pass the test, in the authors' opinion. One should mention that Kreysa proves the reverse. A weakness in this paper is that all calculated heats are assumed to be released over a 50-hour period and this does not allow short-term highs - although the argument about the diffusion limitation does answer this in part.} } @article{Kamm1989, author = {G.~N. Kamm and A.~C. Ehrlich and D.~J. Gillespie and W.~J. Powers}, title = {Search for neutrons from a titanium-deuterium system}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {401--403}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, gas phase, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {Ti sponge was charged under high-pressure D2. The TiD was taken on thermal excursions between 77K and room temp. while monitoring for neutrons; no significant neutrons were found.} } @article{Karas1989, author = {A.~I. Karasevskii and D.~V. Matyushov and A.~V. Gorodyskii}, title = {Possibility of the nuclear reaction between deuterium nuclei in electron shells of metal ions}, journal = {Ukr. Khim. Zh. (Russ. Ed.)}, volume = {55}, year = {1989}, pages = {1036--1039}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Theory, res0}, annote = {Use the Thomas-Fermi statistical model to prove that DD fusion (to both T and He) can take place if the two D's meet within the electron shells of ions forming a metal. Highly localised electron clouds between deuterons are invoked. No definite conclusions appear to be given.} } @article{Kash1989, author = {E. Kashy and W. Bauer and Y. Chen and A. Galonsky and J. Gaudiello and M. Maier and D.~J. Morrissey and R.~A. Pelak and M.~B. Tsang and J. Yurkon}, title = {Search for neutron emission from deuterium-loaded palladium}, journal = {Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys.}, volume = {40}, year = {1989}, pages = {1--2}, keywords = {Experimental, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {07/1989}, annote = {Neutrons and gammas < $10^{-6}$ FPH's levels, ie nothing.} } @article{Kedd1989, author = {M. Keddam}, title = {Some comments on the calorimetric aspects of the electrochemical 'cold fusion' by M. Fleischmann and S. Pons}, journal = {Electrochim. Acta}, volume = {34}, year = {1989}, pages = {995--997}, keywords = {Critical comments, res-}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {07/1989}, annote = {The author believes that there is a problem with the energy balance in the paper by F\&P-89. The total input power must be calculated (at constant current) by integration of the voltage with time; the electrolyte resistance is not known to great accuracy; bubbles will affect this. Recombination and water evaporation are mentioned and, finally, that there should have been a control using light water. So, there is not sufficient accuracy to make the claims by F\&P reasonable.} } @article{Kond1989, author = {J. Kondo}, title = {Cold fusion in metals}, journal = {J. Phys. Soc. Japan}, volume = {58}, year = {1989}, pages = {1869--1870}, keywords = {Theory, jellium model, res0}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {Presents a simple electrons-in-jellium model for calculating fusion rates. Applying this to D2 and dd(mu), produces the known fusion rates within an order of magnitude. He then applies the model to deuterons in metals, and arrives at a screening length (d-d distance) of 0.12 A which gives a cold fusion rate of $10^{-30}$/pair/s; reducing the length to 0.064 results in $10^{-19}$ as claimed by FPH. Kondo does not say why we should reduce it, though, and the 0.12 A is an order-of-magnitude result. Other workers have found 0.3 A to be enough. Kondo concludes that either rate is, in any case, not enough to cause appreciable heating effects.} } @article{Kont1989, author = {D. K. Kontturi and H. Pajari and G. Sundholm and M.Lindstr{\"o}m}, title = {S{\"a}hk{\"o}kemiallisesti indusoitu fuusio (Electrochemically induced fusion)}, journal = {Kem.-Kemi}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {610--612}, note = {In Finnish}, keywords = {Review, res0}, annote = {A short review, a few months after Mar-89, outlining some of the problems. The conclusion is that the phenomenon probably exists but there is no proof as yet.} } @article{Koon1989, author = {S.~E. Koonin and M. Nauenberg}, title = {Calculated fusion rates in isotopic hydrogen molecules}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {339}, year = {1989}, pages = {690--691}, keywords = {Theory, screening, res-}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {Looks at the possibility that electrons, like muons, could catalyse fusion but concludes that they would need to be 5-10 times their mass.} } @article{Kosy1989, author = {A.~A. Kosyakhkov and V.~S. Triletskii and V.~T. Cherepin and S.~M. Chichkan}, title = {Detection helium-3 and tritium formed during ion-plasma saturation of titanium with deuterium}, journal = {Soviet JETP}, volume = {49}, year = {1989}, pages = {744--747}, keywords = {Experimental, ion beam, Ti, helium, tritium, mass spec, res+}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {They detected helium-3 and tritium, at a Ti target shot at with an ion beam of deuterium with an energy up to 9 keV. Mass spectroscopy was used for the detection. This humble commentator does not feel great confidence in the results, which consist of tiny pimples on the mass specs, at $\times 100$ magnification.} } @article{Kova1989, author = {E.~P. Koval'chuk and O.~N. Romaniv and Yu.~A. Pazderskii and E.~M. Aksiment'eva and Yu.~I. Babei and A.~E. Koval'chuk}, title = {Electrochemically stimulated radiation by metals}, journal = {Fiz.-Khim. Mekh. Mater.}, volume = {25}, year = {1989}, pages = {119--120}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, Ni, Fe, electrolysis, beta, res+}, annote = {Electrolysis of D2O at Ni and Fe; 20-40 events/sec were observed with D2O, none with H2O. "Events" were apparently beta emissions, said to come from the reaction n --> e+e- (my strong guess is that they had no neutron detectors). No details are given as to background, etc.} } @article{Krey1989, author = {G. Kreysa and G. Marx and W. Plieth}, title = {A critical analysis of electrochemical nuclear fusion experiments}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {266}, year = {1989}, pages = {437--450}, keywords = {Discussion, res-}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {07/1989}, annote = {A demolition job. } } @article{Kumar1989, author = {N. Kumar}, title = {Cold fusion: is there a solid state effect?}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {58}, year = {1989}, pages = {833--835}, keywords = {Discussion, suggestion}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {08/1989}, annote = {Looks at the possibility of d-d pair fusion in metals and rejects it on theoretical grounds, but suggests a closer look at fracto-work.} } @article{Kuss1989, author = {H.~M. Kuss}, title = {Die elektrochemische Kernfusion bleibt unbewiesen! (Electrochemical nuclear fusion still unproven!)}, journal = {Chem. Labor Betr.}, volume = {40}, year = {1989}, pages = {353--358}, note = {In German}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {Critical review, inspired by the meeting of about 250 delegates at the Dechema Institute in Frankfurt, Germany, on May 18, 1989. The article sums up what has gone before this meeting, and quotes the summary by Prof. Vielstich: 1. No measured neutron count so far lies clearly above the background; 2. gamma measurements were not sufficiently well resolved to allow distinction from the (214)Bi natural radiation; 3. tritium findings are within the range of impurities in D2O; 4. no calorimetry has so far included recombination of D2 with O2. Kreysa confirmed the heat criticism; can explain even the famous melting of the FPH electrode, by conventional means. Fractofusion is mentioned.} } @article{Kuzm1989, author = {E. Kuzmann and M. Varsanyi and L. Korecz and A. Vertes and T. Masumoto and F. Deak and A. Kiss and L. Kiss}, title = {Investigation on the possibility of cold nuclear fusion in Fe-Zr amorphous alloy}, journal = {J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.}, volume = {137}, year = {1989}, pages = {243--250}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Fe-Zr alloy, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {08/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {Used Moessbauer, neutron and gamma spectroscopy on Fe90Zr10 amorphous ribbon, which has a high H-absorbing ability. The alloy was deuterated electrolytically in a solution of sulphuric acid and sodium sulphate in D2O. Neutrons were detected by two independent detectors and noise was carefully excluded also for gamma detection. A loading of 1 D per metal atom was achieved. The background-corrected neutron spectrum fluctuates around zero; Moessbauer results also have a non-nuclear explanation. The authors comment finally that the use of thin ribbon may have prevented cold fusion in this case.} } @article{Lam1989, author = {P.~K. Lam and R. Yu}, title = {Comment on 'Cold fusion: How close can deuterium atoms get inside palladium?'}, journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, volume = {63}, year = {1989}, pages = {1895.}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {10/1989}, annote = {A correction of the paper by Sun and Tomanek, in which a distance of 0.93 {\AA}ngstrom was calculated; Lam and Yu calculate something more like 1.7, varying a little with orientation. Thus it is even less likely that fusion will occur, which Sun and Tomanek had already ruled out.} } @article{Lang1989a, author = {K. Langanke and H.~J. Assenbaum and C. Rolfs}, title = {Screening corrections in cold deuterium fusion rates}, journal = {Z. Phys. A: At. Nucl.}, volume = {333}, year = {1989}, pages = {317--318}, keywords = {Theory, screening, res0}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {07/1989}, annote = {Recalculation of expected fusion rates; screening of deuterons from each other by electrons increases the fusion rate by several orders of magnitude, depending on the effective mass of the electrons. About 5 or 8 times, respec- tively, would make the results of Jones+ or FPH, resp., possible. This paper is similar to that of Koonin et al.} } @article{Lang1989b, author = {K. Langanke}, title = {Potential of a deuterium molecule trapped in an external field of screened point charges with fcc-symmetry}, journal = {Mod. Phys. Lett. B}, volume = {3}, year = {1989}, pages = {1031--1038}, keywords = {Theory, screening, res-}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {Calculated the potential between 2 d, within the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, using the Monte-Carlo technique. No significant deviation was found from D2.} } @article{Lee1989, author = {A.~R. Lee and T.~M. Kalotas}, title = {On the feasibility of cold fusion}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A}, volume = {102}, year = {1989}, pages = {1177--1180}, keywords = {Theory, collective effects, res0}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {10/1989}, annote = {Despite the journal, an Australian contribution. Estimation of fusion rates of deuterons trapped in Pd lattice, where deuterons oscillate, instead of - as in vacuum - moving around freely; this might change the fusion rate and collective effects must be considered. As in other theoretical studies, claimed cold fusion rates can be achieved by overcoming coulombic screening. The authors suggest that this might happen by localisation of the electronic charges in the lattice, and do not dismiss the possibility of cold fusion.} } @article{Legg1989a, author = {A.~J. Leggett and G. Baym}, title = {Exact upper bounds on barrier penetration probabilities in many-body systems: application to 'cold fusion'}, journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, volume = {63}, year = {1989}, pages = {191--194}, keywords = {Theory, tunnelling, res-}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {07/1989}, annote = {The allowed rate of tunnelling of deuterons is far too small to be consistent with inferred rates of fusion. Calculations give an upper limit for dd fusion of $2\times 10^{-31}$/cm$^3$, and $3\times 10^{-20}$/cm$^3$ for dp.} } @article{Legg1989b, author = {A.~J. Leggett and G. Baym}, title = {Can solid-state effects enhance the cold-fusion rate?}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {340}, year = {1989}, pages = {45--46}, keywords = {Theory, Born-Oppenheimer, res-}, published = {07/1989}, annote = {Using the Born-Oppenheimer approach, these authors arrive at the consequence that, if the d-d repulsion were somehow overcome, then alpha particles, too, would be tightly bound to the palladium; they are not, and this counts against cold fusion. An upper limit of $10^{-50}$/s/pair is calculated.} } @article{Lewi1989, author = {N.~S. Lewis and C.~A. Barnes and M.~J. Heben and A. Kumar and S.~R. Lunt and G.~E. McManis and G.~M. Miskelly and R.~M. Penner and M.~J. Sailor and P.~G. Santangelo and G.~A. Shreve and B.~J. Tufts and M.~G. Youngquist and R.~W. Kavanagh and S.~E. Kellogg and R.~B. Vogelaar and T.~R. Wang and R. Kondrat and R. New}, title = {Searches for low-temperature nuclear fusion of deuterium in palladium}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {340}, year = {1989}, pages = {525--530}, keywords = {Experimental, various, res-}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {08/1989}, annote = {Tried a variety of conditions. No excess heat, no radiation, T or He.} } @article{Lewin1989, author = {J.~D. Lewins}, title = {The fusion trail goes cold}, journal = {Nucl. Eng. (Inst. Nucl. Eng.)}, volume = {30}, year = {1989}, pages = {181--182}, keywords = {Discusssion, no refs.}, annote = {Lewins looks at the phenomenon of CNF; it raised public interest partly because here was a development by chemists in a physical area, and there was a press conference. Lewins seemed not to know about the FPH-89 paper in J. Electroanal. Chem., only noting the abortive paper in Nature (which the authors withdrew). Lewins allows himself some sarcasm, and recounts the stories of N-rays and polywater, as well as the Paneth \& Peters work of 1926 and ends with some philosophising about what science is.} } @article{Lind1989, author = {D. Lindley}, title = {Does commercial pressure make for bad science?}, journal = {The World \& I,}, year = {1989}, number = {November issue}, pages = {513--525}, keywords = {Comment}, annote = {DL examines the title question, in the light of claims by 'cold fusion' workers that they cannot divulge information because of patent considerations. Lindley shows that in the roughly contemporary case of high temperature superconductivity, "scientists filed for patents and got on with their work". The difference, he concludes, is that HTSC is a proven phenomenon while CNF is not and is increasingly doubted by the majority. Commercial pressure, then, is not a barrier to good science.} } @article{Lips1989a, author = {A.~G. Lipson and V.~A. Klyuev and B.~V. Deryagin and Yu.~P. Toporov and D.~M. Sakov}, title = {Anomalous beta activity of products of mechanical working of a titanium-deuterated material}, journal = {Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett.}, note = {Orig. in: Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 15 (1989) 88, in Russian}, volume = {15}, number = {10}, year = {1989}, pages = {783--784}, keywords = {Experimental, fracto, Ti, ball mill, tritium, res+, no FPH/Jones refs.}, submitted = {08/1989}, published = {10/1989}, annote = {The fractofusion team put Ti and D2O, as well as deuterated polypropylene into a ball mill and vibrated it at 50 Hz, amplitude 5 mm. As a control, copper pieces were vibrated instead of Ti. Tritium was looked for by its beta emission. After milling, the barrels were opened and samples removed for analysis. The Ti samples showed more tritium (i.e. beta emission) than the controls.} } @article{Lips1989b, author = {A.~G. Lipson and V.~A. Klyuev and Yu.~P. Toporov and B.~V. Deryagin and D.~M. Sakov}, title = {Deuterium-deuterium fusion initiation by friction in the system titanium-deuterated polymer}, note = {In Russian}, journal = {Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz.}, volume = {15}, number = {17}, submitted = {06/1989}, year = {1989}, pages = {26--29}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, fracto-, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {Friction was applied to Ti in solutions of (C2D4)x polymers in D2O and observed a substantial excess of neutrons above the background, amounting to 0.3 events/s. This is similar to their earlier ball mill paper.} } @article{Lips1989c, author = {A.~G. Lipson and A.~G. Sakov and V.~A. Klyuev and B.~V. Deryagin and Yu.~P. Toporov}, title = {Neutron emission during the mechanical treatment of titanium in the presence of deuterated substances}, journal = {JETP}, volume = {49}, year = {1989}, pages = {675--678}, note = {Orig. in: Pis'ma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 49 (1989) 588, in Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, vibromill, fracto-, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {Vibrational dispersion of Ti shavings in 10\% D2O and/or 4-5\% (D3CD=CD2)x (i.e. low polymer) produced neutrons. Freezing increased the count but this decreased again later, confirming the micro-crack theory. This paper seems to be very similar to their paper in Nature. The neutron rate was 0.3/s measured, or 5-6 times the background, or 10-30 n/s (presumably due to detector attenuation). There is no mention how Ti metal in contact with D2O should produce the deuteride.} } @article{Liu1989, author = {F. Liu and B.~K. Rao and S.~N. Khanna and P. Jena}, title = {Nature of short range interaction between deuterium atoms in palladium}, journal = {Solid State Commun.}, volume = {72}, year = {1989}, pages = {891--894}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {12/1989}, annote = {How close can two deuteriums get in PdD(x)? Are there maybe other metal hydrides in which they can get closer and make CNF more likely and cheaper? Both the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, and the Hartree-Fock method are used, and in all cases, nothing special which might favour cold fusion is found. As also found by others, the D-D distance in PdD(x) is greater than that in D2 gas.} } @article{Lo1989, author = {S.~Y. Lo}, title = {Enhancement of nuclear fusion in a strongly coupled cold plasma}, journal = {Mod. Phys. Lett. B}, volume = {3}, year = {1989}, pages = {1207--1211}, keywords = {Discussion, res+}, submitted = {04/1989}, annote = {Conditions in a metal deuteride are those of dense coupled plasmas (coupled in the sense that the charges interact). Lo looks at the possibility of d-d fusion enhancement as a result of this environment and concludes that the observations of P\&F are feasible.} } @article{Lohr1989, author = {L.~L. Lohr}, title = {Electronic structure of palladium clusters: implications for cold fusion}, journal = {J. Phys. Chem.}, volume = {93}, year = {1989}, pages = {4697--4698}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {An ab initio calculation, saying "no" to CNF.} } @article{Lomo1989, author = {O.~I. Lomovskii and A.~F. Eremin and V.~V. Boldyrev}, title = {Isotope heat effect in reactions with libreration of hydrogen on palladium catalytic particles}, journal = {Russ. Doklady}, note = {Orig. in: Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR Fiz. Khim. 309 (1989) 879, in Russian}, volume = {309}, year = {1989}, pages = {957--959}, keywords = {Discussion, res+}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {12/1989}, annote = {Palladium is a catalyst for the oxidation of formaldehyde by Cu++ in an aqueous solution: 2CH2O + Cu++ --(Pd)-> Cu + H2 + 2HCOO- + 2H2O. A mechanism for this reaction is proposed. The role of the Pd is the transport of electrons from site to site, to facilitate the intermediate reactions. When H2O was replaced by D2O, calorimetry showed some heat effects that are not simply explained by the thermodynamics of the reaction, and may have connection with cold fusion.} } @article{Mari1989, author = {M. Marinelli and G. Morpurgo and S. Vitale and G.~L. Olcese}, title = {Heat release from deuterated titanium-iron (TiFe) or lanthanum-nickel (LaNi5) on exposure to the air}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A}, volume = {102}, year = {1989}, pages = {959--961}, keywords = {Experimental, alloy, La/Ni, heat, x-rays, res-}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {The title compounds, heavily deuterated and in contact with Pd or Ni, sometimes become red hot on exposure to air. Thus, ignition (i.e. reoxidation of D by recombination with O2) may have caused the heat bursts in PFH's PdD, presumed to have been partially exposed to the air. While they were at it, the authors placed x-ray plates in the containers of the metals and pressurised D2; no x-rays were recorded.} } @article{Math1989, author = {C.~K. Mathews and G. Periaswami and K.~C. Srinivas and T. Gnanasekaran and S.~R. Babu and C. Ramesh and B. Thiyagarajan}, title = {On the possibility of nuclear fusion by the electrolysis of heavy water}, journal = {Indian J. Technol.}, volume = {27}, year = {1989}, pages = {229--231}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, Ti, electrolysis, heat, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {05/1989}, annote = {Using D2O, they get twice the excess heat they get with H2O. This excess heat is much more than would seem to correspond to the neutron flux. A bit of a rush job (actually a Rapid Communication) - they do neutron measurements with a Ti cathode, and heat with Pd. They more or less suggest that the reaction is D + D --> (4)He but instead of the usual gamma as the other product they suggest an excited state for the Pd lattice. How long can such excitement last? They promise to look for the He in future work.} } @article{Matsu1989, author = {T. Matsumoto}, title = {'Nattoh' model for cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {532--534}, keywords = {Theory, nattoh, res+}, submitted = {08/1989}, published = {12/1989}, annote = {A hypothetical model, the Nattoh model, is proposed to answer the questions that arise from cold fusion experiments. The model proposes the formation of a small cluster of deuterons and examines the feasibility of many-body fusion reactions. The gamma radiation spectrum, heat production, neutron emission and fusion products are discussed.} } @article{Mazi1989a, author = {R.~K. Mazitov}, title = {On the detection of cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Koord. Khim.}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, year = {1989}, pages = {1294--1295}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Discussion, radiation detection, polemic}, submitted = {05/1989}, annote = {Writing at about t = 2 months into the cold fusion affair, Mazitov makes three points about radiation detection: 1. If there be fusion, there will be primary emissions (neutrons, gammas, protons and (3,4)He and T nuclei), as well as secondaries (the above plus beta particles) from the interaction of primaries with cell materials, such as the metal hydride itself. He calculates that a neutron peak can reasonably be expected at about the energy Jones+(89) found, although with largish uncertainties. 2. The radiation background level will often be very unstable, thus confounding the measurements at these very low levels, due to radon, which is everywhere. 3. Past experiments, conducted in basements, may have had high radon levels and widely fluctuating background. His prescription is to have exactly the same physical arrangement of the cell during background and cold fusion measurement; to ensure a stable atmosphere around the cell cum detector to ensure constant radon levels; to keep the cell physically constant throughout the experiment (no dropping D2O level etc) to minimise changes in the interactions of primaries with the cell.} } @article{Mazi1989b, author = {R.~K. Mazitov}, title = {Possibility of nuclear transformation in chemical reactions}, journal = {Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR}, volume = {307}, year = {1989}, pages = {1158--1160}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Discussion}, annote = {Discusses conditions under which CNF might take place, such as close approach of two D's, changes in the electronic structure of the D, "heavy" electrons and interactions of the D with the environment. Suggests the use of alloys of rare earth metals and actinides, because heavy fermions would exist in these, and might facilitate cold fusion.} } @article{McCe1989, author = {A.~J. McCevoy and C.~T.~D. O'Sullivan}, title = {Cold fusion: what's going on?}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {338}, year = {1989}, pages = {711--712}, keywords = {Discussion, suggestion}, published = {04/1989}, annote = {Point out that muons can increase the fusion rate, and that there may be muons in the cosmic radiation, especially at higher altitudes, e.g. at Salt Lake City. They suggest more experiments on metal hydrides with muons.} } @article{Mebr1989, author = {T. Mebrahtu and J.~F. Rodriguez and M.~E. Bothwell and I.~F. Cheng and D.~R. Lawson and J.~R. McBride and C.~R. Martin and M.~P. Soriaga}, title = {Observations on the surface composition of palladium cathodes after D2O electrolysis in LiOD solutions}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {267}, year = {1989}, pages = {351--357}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, Auger electron, surface, res0}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {08/1989}, annote = {Focusses on the irreproducibility of CNF: might this be due to surface states? Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) was used to look at surface elements. Pure Pd itself had, besides Pd, the impurities S, C and O; heat treatment reduced but did not eliminate these, and added Si, presumably out of the metal bulk. After 7 days of electrolysis, AES no longer showed Pd. Impurities have evidently covered it completely. C, Si and O peaks are larger, S has vanished along with the Pd. This is useful information to all who think they purify their Pd by simple heating.} } @article{Min1989, author = {D.~P. Min}, title = {Computation of the cold fusion rate}, note = {In Korean, Engl. abstr.}, journal = {Sae Mulli}, volume = {29}, year = {1989}, pages = {233--234}, keywords = {Calculation, theory, res0}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {04/1989}, annote = {Compute the maximum expected fusion rate. It turns out comparable to that of the experimental "conjecture" as long as the deuteron may gain about 100 eV of kinetic energy in the Pd metal.} } @article{Mint1989, author = {J.~W. Mintmire and B.~I. Dunlap and D.~W. Brenner and R.~C. Mowrey and H.~D. Ladouceur and P.~P. Schmidt and C.~T. White and W.~E. O'Grady}, title = {Chemical forces associated with deuterium confinement in palladium}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {138}, year = {1989}, pages = {51--54}, keywords = {Discussion, res-}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {Evidence is that D-D distance in PdD(x) is larger than in D2 gas, repulsion greater than even in solid H at 4K. So: no go! This is one of several papers that try to judge the likelihood of CNF by looking simply at D-D interaction in the PdD(x) lattice, as if the only role of Pd is that of squeezing D's together (which FPH try to suggest with their figure of $10^{26}$ atm chemical potential). Pd evidently does not do this, the 0.3 A required for claimed fusion rates cannot be attained.} } @article{Misk1989, author = {G.~M. Miskelly and M.~J. Heben and A. Kumar and R.~M. Penner and M.~J. Sailor and N.~S. Lewis}, title = {Analysis of the published calorimetric evidence for electrochemical fusion of deuterium in palladium}, journal = {Science}, volume = {246}, year = {1989}, pages = {793--796}, keywords = {Analysis, res-}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {Critical analysis of published data and report of their own results. The authors point to some error sources, and conclude that all can be accounted for without invoking CNF.} } @article{Mizu1989, author = {T. Mizuno and T. Akimoto and N. Sato}, title = {Neutron evolution from annealed palladium cathode in LiOD-D2O solution}, journal = {Denki Kagaku}, volume = {57}, year = {1989}, pages = {742--743}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {07/1989}, annote = {Observed a neutron flux peak at about 2.5 MeV, using annealed Pd. The neutron rate converts to about $10^{-23}$ fusions/s. A single NE213 n-detector with rise-time gamma discrimination was used, and lead shielding. There was a definite peak at 2.5 MeV during electrolysis, but not later, when electrolysis was "ceased".} } @article{Morr1989, author = {D. Morrison}, title = {A view from CERN}, journal = {Physics World}, volume = {2}, year = {1989}, pages = {17.}, keywords = {Discussion, early announcement}, published = {05/1989}, annote = {There were some seminars at CERN in the early days of cold fusion, with Jones and Fleischmann attending. DM reports. Mentions, among other things, that although the d-d distance in a metal lattice is greater than that in D2 gas (0.74 A), it is still possible that during electrochemical charging, they move closer together. He suggests experiments with other metals such as V or Nb.} } @article{Muel1989, author = {D. Mueller and L.~R. Grisham}, title = {Nuclear reactions products that would appear if substantial cold fusion occurred}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {379--382}, keywords = {Discussion, res-}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {Lists a large number of possible nuclear reaction that might be occurring in the PdD(x) phase but none agrees with the heat claimed by PFH. Any energy output must be accompanied by nuclear reaction products, of the order of $10^{13}$/s. The elementary property of the alpha-particle at the d+d threshold is that it decays into 3He or T (the old branching ratio question).} } @article{Norde1989, author = {D.~J.~R. Nordemann}, title = {Cold fusion and geophysics: the current situation}, journal = {Mineracao Metalurgia}, volume = {53}, year = {1989}, pages = {51.}, note = {In Portuguese}, keywords = {Review, suggestion}, annote = {A wrap-up of the cold fusion story at the time of writing, around the middle of 1989, commenting on the FPH paper and that of Cribier+ only. The usual interest and doubt is expressed, as well as an explanation of the suspect fusion reactions. Nordemann goes further, however, and takes up a suggestion of Cribier et al, that the neutrons may arise from collisions between alpha particles and deuterium; the alphas could come from natural heavy isotopes (U, Th, Rn) present in the palladium as impurities. Nordemann looks at Rn, one of whose decay products is (214)Po, which decays to give off an alpha particle with an energy of 7.68 MeV, sufficient to cause the reaction D + (4)He --> H + n + (4)He; i.e. the alpha or (4)He is not itself changed. Nordemann suggests that Pd may accumulate radon gas in sufficient quantity to let this happen. Radon is ubiquitous, being a product of uranium decay, and U is everywhere. The process could explain the erratic results obtained by various researchers, and Nordemann ironically suggests that some workers, who state that heat pretreatment of the palladium is to be avoided, do so in order not to drive out the radon... He concludes, however, with the thought that the subject is still important, and if a fusion reaction is indeed behind the positive results, this could have implications not only for our energy future but also for geophysical phenomena such as vulcanism, seismic activity and continental origin. SE Jones would agree.} } @article{Nordl1989, author = {P. Nordlander and J.~K. N{\o}rskov and F. Besenbacher and S.~M. Myers}, title = {Multiple deuterium occupancy of vacancies in Pd and related metals}, journal = {Phys. Rev. B}, volume = {40}, year = {1989}, pages = {1990--1992}, keywords = {Discussion, theory, res-}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {07/1989}, annote = {If cold fusion happens, then there should appear charged particles and neutrons, and these might cause crystal vacancies in the metal, leading to nucleation of dense D plasmas. The team use their "effective medium" theory to calculate energies of vacancy trapping for various transition metals. In Mo, Cu, Ni and Fe there is strong D-D repulsion, while it is weak in Nb and Pd. D-D spacing in Pd is down to 3.5 au, closer than the 5.2 au of octahedral occupancy - but not enough for cold fusion.} } @article{Ohas1989, author = {H. Ohashi and T. Morozumi}, title = {Decoding of thermal data in Fleischmann and Pons paper}, journal = {J. Nucl. Sci. Technol.}, volume = {26}, year = {1989}, pages = {729--732}, keywords = {Analysis, res-}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {07/1989}, annote = {As Kreysa (1989) did, the authors take a close look at FPH's heat analysis and find it wanting - as well as their experiment. The possibilities of recombination, or burning of palladium deuteride all could explain the large excess heats claimed. So recombination should be prevented in future experiments, and there should be some signs of nuclear reactions, to convince the world that a nuclear reaction is taking place. Some of these points appear now to be answered by the FPH-90 paper.} } @article{Ohms1989, author = {D. Ohms and D. Rahner and K. Wiesener}, title = {Kernfusion in einer Elektrolysezelle? (Nuclear fusion in an electrolysis cell?)}, journal = {Mitteilungsblatt - Chem. Ges. DDR}, volume = {36}, year = {1989}, pages = {151--153}, note = {In German}, keywords = {Review, experimental, electrolysis, Pd, calorimetry, neutrons, res0}, annote = {Review with 6 references. The early work of Paneth \& Peters is mentioned. They then examine critically the calorimetry of F\&P, naming local pH changes, evaporation, gas evolution and heats of loading into the Pd, as error sources, as well as recombination. The D{\"o}bereiner cigarette lighter gets a mention. The authors also did their own experiment, an electrolysis both with heavy and light water, measuring the heat balance and neutrons. No excess heat was found, nor neutrons above the noise level, setting the upper limit of the fusion rate about 4 orders of magnitude below that claimed by F\&P.} } @article{Ohta1989, author = {T. Ohta}, title = {Is cold fusion possible? A proposal of the concept of "surfusion"}, journal = {Hyomen Kagaku}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, year = {1989}, pages = {896--900}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Review}, submitted = {08/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {A review with 6 references, mentioning the history (so far), neutrons, fusion in the lattice, explaining fractofusion and "surfusion", considered to be the result of the deformed potential field at the electrode/electrolyte interface. Finally, a "triode" for surfusion is proposed.} } @article{Oka1989a, author = {Y. Oka and S. Koshizuka and S. Kondo}, title = {Electrochemically induced deuterium-tritium fusion power reactor - preliminary design of a reactor system.}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {260--262}, keywords = {Design, instrumental}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {Conceptual design, using a double-tube cell to maximise electrode area.} } @article{Oka1989b, author = {Y. Oka and S. Koshizuka and S. Kondo}, title = {D2O-fueled fusion power reactor using electrochemically induced deuterium-deuterium D-Dn, D-Dp and deuterium-tritium reactions - preliminary design of a reactor system}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {263--267}, keywords = {Design, CNF reactor}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {A 1000 MW reactor design is presented.} } @article{Pack1989, author = {N.~J.~C. Packham and K.~L. Wolf and J.~C. Wass and R.~C. Kainthla and J.~O.~M. Bockris}, title = {Production of tritium from D2O electrolysis at a palladium cathode}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {270}, year = {1989}, pages = {451--458}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, tritium, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {08/1989}, published = {10/1989}, annote = {State that emission of nuclear particles would be better evidence of cold fusion that heat. They find tritium but no neutrons.} } @article{Park1989, author = {Y.~W. Park and C.~O. Yoon and M.~Y. Yoon and J.~C. Kim}, title = {The observation of 2.2 MeV gamma-rays in an electrochemical cell}, journal = {Sae Mulli}, volume = {29}, year = {1989}, pages = {231--232}, note = {In Korean}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, Ti, neutrons, gammas, res0}, annote = {Repeated the CNF experiment, electrolysing at Pd (30 x 30 x 1 mm plate) and Ti (8mm long 4mm rod), measuring neutrons and a gamma spectrum. 11 neutrons were counted in 2 hours, and the gamma spectrum had a peak at 2.2 MeV, just like PFH-89. More work is needed to show that these results come from a fusion reaction.} } @article{Parm1989, author = {R.~H. Parmenter and W. E. {Lamb Jr}}, title = {Cold fusion in metals}, journal = {Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA}, volume = {86}, year = {1989}, pages = {8614--8616}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {The jellium model of a metal containing deuterons is considered, including the Pd example. The Thomas-Fermi method, and the WBK (Wentzel-Brillouin- -Kramers) approximation lead to a fusion rate first of $10^{-33}$/s; then, after a few arguments about conduction electrons and the double-positive charge of a deuteron pair, to $10^{-30}$/s, in agreement with Kondo, who also used the jellium model. This is still 6-7 orders of magnitude lower than reported by Jones+ but closer than the D2 rate of $10^{-100}$ or so. There is some discussion of the possible reasons for the disagreement with the result of Legget and Baym ($10^{-47}$/s), involving the approximations used.} } @article{Parmi1989, author = {F. Parmigiani and P.~G. Sona}, title = {Theoretical considerations on the cold nuclear fusion in condensed matter}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. D}, volume = {11}, year = {1989}, pages = {913--919}, keywords = {Discussion}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {If $x > 1$ in PdD(x), pseudomesic D-molecule groups might form, giving rise to heavy electrons (up to 20 times normal) and enhanced fusion is then possible. The authors admit that this is not highly likely.} } @article{Paul1989, author = {L. Pauling}, title = {Explanations of cold fusion}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {339}, year = {1989}, pages = {105.}, keywords = {Discussion, suggestion}, published = {05/1989}, annote = {Based on his own work going right back to 1938, Pauling suggests that higher deuteride, probably PdD2, is formed due to electrolysis pressure of D, and that this decomposes during the later stages of electrolysis, giving off heat - and possibly causing the melt-down FPH reported. He also suggests that PdD2 is more stable than PdH2, and PdT3 even more so.} } @article{Perf1989, author = {P. Perfetti and F. Cilloco and R. Felici and M. Capozi and A. Ippoliti}, title = {Neutron emission under particular nonequilibrium conditions from palladium and titanium electrolytically charged with deuterium}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. D}, volume = {11}, year = {1989}, pages = {921--926}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, Ti, neutrons, res+}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {Report neutron emission. Used electrolysis. Speculate that it might be nonequilibrium conditions that induce fusion, perhaps the transition from the alpha- to the beta phase of PdD. To test this, they warmed up the D-charged Pd wire by passing 10A through it for 1 min. It warmed up to somewhere around 100 degC. Every time, neutrons were observed with a time delay of about 2 min. The same happened with Ti wire.} } @article{Pero1989, author = {P. Peroni}, title = {Cold fusion: what's going on?}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {338}, year = {1989}, pages = {711.}, keywords = {Polemic}, published = {04/1989}, annote = {One of several Letters commenting on the then fresh cold fusion news. Peroni states that, according to Oppenheimer \& Phillips (1935), low-energy dd fusion might not lead to the expected neutrons, since these may be captured, so only protons would be emitted. Thus, the low neutron flux observed is consistent with expectations. Note that the Letter is signed "Peroni Paolo", but I am informed that this is the formal Italian way of presenting a name, second name first.} } @article{Pete1989, author = {P. Petelenz}, title = {Hypothetical D-D bound states in solid palladium}, journal = {Acta Phys. Polon. A}, volume = {75}, year = {1989}, pages = {929--933}, keywords = {Theory. res0}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {In theory, CNF might go if only D-D pairs are held close enough for long enough. But analysis shows they are even further apart than in D2 gas. But P. speculates that double-positive Schottky vacancies exist in the Pd crystal lattice, attracting deuterons, so that possibly two of them can move in together and be close enough for CNF. Maybe.} } @article{Petr1989, author = {C. Petrillo and F. Sacchetti}, title = {A possible mechanism for bulk cold fusion in transition metal hydrides}, journal = {Europhys. Lett.}, volume = {10}, year = {1989}, pages = {15--18}, keywords = {Discussion, suggestion}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {Fusion rates can be enhanced by extra energy coming from the alpha-beta transition observed in such other hydrides as those of Nb and Ta.} } @article{Petr1989a, author = {R.~D. Petrasso and X. Chen and K.~W. Wenzel and R.~R. Parker and C.~K. Li and C. Fiore}, title = {Problems with the gamma-ray spectrum in the Fleischmann et al experiments}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {339}, year = {1989}, pages = {183--185}, keywords = {Polemic}, published = {05/1989}, annote = {The authors were about the first to point out that that famous spectrum was unlikely. FPH show a peak at 2.22 MeV and attribute it to the fusion reaction n + d --> d + gamma. Petrasso+ here point out that it not only has the wrong shape (it should be wider) but lacks the proximity of the Compton effect, which should be distorting the peak.} } @article{Petr1989b, author = {R.~D. Petrasso and X. Chen and K.~W. Wenzel and R.~R. Parker and C.~K. Li and C. Fiore}, title = {Measurement of gamma-ray from cold fusion}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {339}, year = {1989}, pages = {667--669}, keywords = {Polemic}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {Answer to FPH's answer to Petrasso+'s polemic in Nature 339 (1989) 183. They correctly point out that FPH originally did attribute their (incorrect) 2.22 MeV peak to the nuclear reaction.} } @article{Pica1989, author = {L.~E. Picasso}, title = {Fusione: Fredda o calda? (Fusion; cold or hot?)}, journal = {Accaio Inoss.}, volume = {56}, number = {2}, year = {1989}, pages = {5}, note = {In Italian}, keywords = {Discussion, no refs.}, annote = {Early short review in "Stainless Steel" journal. Conventional fusion is discussed, then muon fusion, and cold. After a brief period, with some dozens of apparent verifications around the world, we are now (probably middle 1989) in a period of doubt and reassessment.} } @article{Pori1989, author = {N. Porile}, title = {Cold fusion as the subject of a final exam in honors general chemistry}, journal = {J. Chem. Educ.}, volume = {66}, year = {1989}, pages = {932--933}, keywords = {Discussion, exam question}, annote = {Told to prepare for electrochemistry, crystal structure and nuclear chemistry, students at Purdue University were given an exam with cold nuclear fusion as the topic, then just become public. The questions were a thorough going-over of the subject; in fact, many researchers might benefit by asking themselves just these questions.} } @article{Prel1989, author = {M.~A. Prelas}, title = {Advanced energy conversion methods for cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {240--242}, keywords = {Discussion, use of cold fusion}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {Discusses several possibilities for how to produce energy from cold fusion, if this proves a real phenomenon. The basis of these speculations is that cold fusion might give off charged particles which can be made to produce photons. The article develops various themes for how to use these in practice, including the production of chemicals by irradiation.} } @article{Prem1989, author = {F. Premuda}, title = {Cold fusion: what's going on?}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {338}, year = {1989}, pages = {712.}, keywords = {Discussion, suggestion}, published = {04/1989}, annote = {Suggests a way to explain the paradox of so much heat and so little radiation as observed by FPH. He hypothesises that there are regions in the Pd where the density of deuterons is high, allowing fusion. The particles produced there will not escape the high-density regions, having a very small mean free path within these regions. So you get a lot of heat but little particle radiation.} } @article{Pric1989, author = {P.~B. Price and S.~W. Barwick and W.~T. Williams and J.~D. Porter}, title = {Search for energetic-charged-particle emission from deuterated Ti and Pd foils}, journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, volume = {63}, year = {1989}, pages = {1926--1929}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, Ti, gas phase, cps, res-}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {10/1989}, annote = {Pd and Ti foils of 0.23 mm thickness were cleaned in aqua regia and exposed to D2 at 1 bar, 550 degC for 3 hours. This should be enough, given the diffusion coefficients of D in the metals, to load them fully. Careful monitoring of particle emissions showed nothing.} } @article{Rabi1989, author = {M. Rabinowitz}, title = {A theoretical framework for cold fusion mechanisms}, journal = {EPRI J.}, note = {Reprinted in IEEE Power Eng. Rev., (Nov-89) 8--10}, number = {Jul/Aug}, year = {1989}, pages = {42--44}, keywords = {Discussion}, published = {07/1989}, annote = {The four essential ingredients for sustained controlled nuclear fusion are tunnelling probability, collision frequency, fusion probability and sustaining the reaction. These factors are examined. Tunnelling can be enhanced in a metal deuteride matrix; collision frequencies can be higher by many orders of magnitude in such a lattice, than outside it, due to decreased degrees of freedom (particles confined to two dimensions, or even one). R does some calculations and concludes that cold fusion rates such as reported are within the realms of theory.} } @article{Ragh1989, author = {M. Ragheb and G.~H. Miley}, title = {On the possibility of deuteron disintegration in electrochemically compressed deuterium ion (D+) in a palladium cathode}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {243--247}, keywords = {Theory, OP}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {Invoke the Oppenheimer-Phillips theory of 1935 to explain that deuterium compression in Pd can lead to cold fusion, or what they call deuteron disintegration, in collision with another deuteron, palladium, lithium or other nuclei. They say that the process is characterised by the deuteron's disintegration and may even be called fission rather than fusion. Such a process would explain the production of tritium and no helium, of PFH, i.e the anomalous branching ratio. Other nuclei than deuterons might be doing a similar thing, like (9)Be.} } @article{Raja1989, author = {S.~R. Rajagopalan}, title = {Cold fusion produces more tritium than neutrons}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {58}, year = {1989}, pages = {1059--1062}, keywords = {Discussion}, published = {10/1989}, annote = {Comments on the BARC cold fusion measurements of Iyengar and others. In many of these, neutrons were found, up to about $10^6$/s, coming in bursts. Tritium was also carefully monitored, taking account of enrichment effects. Tritium was observed beyond these effects, at much higher levels than the neutron flux. This seems to support the assumption of an aneutronic process taking place. BARC experiments with Ti also showed neutrons and tritium, which was found to be localised in hot spots in the Ti. Rajagopalan suggests that the FPH results can be explained without invoking an unknown nuclear reaction. He claims that "it is now known" that in metal lattices, the branching ratio for dd fusion favours tritium production by a factor of $10^8$ over that for neutrons. So $10^4$ neutrons should be accompanied by $10^{12}$ tritium atoms. Calculation of the heat expected from FPH's electrodes then gets within about 50\% of FPH's results, not bad when taking into account gas emission and fusion rate fluctuations. Thus the reaction giving (4)He need not be invoked. Rajagopalan states that papers should provide more details of electrode size and conditions, and tritium as well as He analysis is essential. R concludes with a rudimentary theory of what is happening, being either crack formation and fractofusion, or the transmutation of the metal (Pd or Ti) by neutrons (see Jackson, Nature 339 (1989) 345).} } @article{Rand1989, author = {J. {Rand McNally Jr.}}, title = {On the possibility of a nuclear mass-energy resonance in deuterium + deuterium reactions at low energy}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {237--239}, keywords = {Discussion, theory, res+}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {Previously published work by the same author, 1985, is invoked to possibly explain cold fusion; i.e. mass-energy resonance.} } @article{Rang1989, author = {S.~K. Rangarajan}, title = {Electrochemically induced cold fusion? A commentary}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {58}, year = {1989}, pages = {598--599}, keywords = {Discussion}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {One of the foremost electrochemists names some problems that require settling: 1. the mechanism of H+/D+ reduction at the electrode; does this perhaps change with current density, is there perhaps trace metal codeposition, different at different cd's, with possible effects on absorption of H/D? 2. The design of the experiments, e.g. should current or potential be controlled? This relates to the dimensionality effects suspected by some (but debunked by Williams et al) and the role of lattice defects and grain boundaries. 3. The part played by the Pd lattice itself. E.g. the possibility of locally high effective electronic density and the cross-section for radiation (possibly) generated. R. suggests that the "cold rush" - even if it turns out hopeless - will be remembered for the hope it engendered while it lasted.} } @article{Ratk1989, author = {S.~K. Ratkje and B. Hafskjold}, title = {Local heat effects by electrolysis of heavy water}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {273}, year = {1989}, pages = {269--273}, keywords = {Analysis, excess heat}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {An analysis in principle of heat effects, separately for the two electrodes. Involved thermodynamics of the partial reactions, the electro- chemical Peltier effect, as well as Joule heating were considered. The conclusion is that there should be cooling at both electrodes and that no conclusions about the bulk nature of any phenomenon can be drawn from point heat measurements in the cell. This analysis does not take into account the fact that in FPH's cell, there was undoubtedly partial recombination of the electrochemically generated deuterium and oxygen and the probably bursty nature of such a reaction in the cell.} } @article{Rich1989, author = {P.~M. Richards}, title = {Molecular-dynamics investigation of deuteron separation in PdD1.1}, journal = {Phys. Rev. B}, volume = {40}, year = {1989}, pages = {7966--7968}, keywords = {Theory, loading, res-}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {10/1989}, annote = {How close can two D+'s get? Although electrolysis or D2 gas under pressure won't get us higher than PdD, ion implantation can go to PdD1.2. A loading of 1.1 was assumed in a MD simulation and nothing closer than 0.8 {\AA}ngstroms was found - not good enough, no CNF.} } @article{Roes1989, author = {O.~E. R{\"o}ssler and J. Becker and M. Hoffmann and W. Nadler}, title = {Fermi gas like hypothesis for Fleischmann-Pons experiments.}, journal = {Z. Naturforsch. A}, volume = {44}, year = {1989}, pages = {329}, keywords = {Theory, suggestion}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {04/1989}, annote = {Pauli repulsion, which is stronger than Coulomb repulsion, is absent in a gas of bosons. Coulomb repulsion is absent in a gas of fermions whose two Fermi seas are at a low relative temperature. To explain Fleischmann-Pons (1989) cold fusion, it would suffice to assume that the deuterium nuclei dissolved in the palladium crystal, which are spin-1 bosons, nevertheless show an absence of Coulomb repulsion the Fermi (1957) way. This can be achieved by postulating that the bosons are delocalised in the Bloch fashion (1985), and that at the same time the properties of a cold Fermi gas apply to the constituent fermions (the protons and neutrons) that make up these composite bosons. A testable implication is submitted: by applying a strong magnetic field in conjunction with an RF source (NMR technique), it would be possible to align the spins of the bosons. Hereby these composite bosons will become 'doubly polarised' (1988) since both subspins are equal. This would suddenly introduce Pauli repulsion amongst all the constituent subparticles, the protons and neutrons. The cold fusion should therefore come to a virtual stop immediately.} } @article{Roge1989a, author = {V.~C. Rogers and G.~M. Sandquist}, title = {Isotopic hydrogen fusion in metals}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {254--259}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, neutrons, res0}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {Did an electrolysis experiment, found neutrons at 2.45 MeV, but this cannot account for heat found by others. Discuss branching ratios and the possibility of unknown chemical or nuclear reactions.} } @article{Roge1989b, author = {V.~C. Rogers and G.~M. Sandquist and K.~K. Nielson}, title = {Deuterium concentration and cold fusion rate distributions in palladium}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {523--525}, keywords = {Discussion, suggestions}, submitted = {08/1989}, published = {12/1989}, annote = {Addresses several interesting problems, such as the conditions under which cold fusion might happen; how we might get T/He branching ratio other than 1 (the T might react with deuterons and thus never appear); other possible nuclear reactions; possible chemical reactions to explain the effects (they conclude there aren't any); and suggest that the palladium should be cast and not mechanically worked in order to prevent grain defects, to which deuterons might migrate and become D2.} } @article{Rose1989, author = {G. Rosen}, title = {Deuterium nuclear fusion at room temperature: a pertinent inequality on barrier penetration}, journal = {J. Chem. Phys.}, volume = {91}, year = {1989}, pages = {4415--4416}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {10/1989}, annote = {Theoretical work: the WKB barrier penetration formula is used to see whether fusion might be enhanced by the D2 (or D2+) being caged in holes in a metallic lattice. Due to an increase in the associated potential energy up to 10eV for linear molecular vibrations in the lattice - as opposed to vacuum - fusion rates up to $10^{-20}$/pair/s or so, are allowed, says Rosen.} } @article{Ross1989, author = {K. Ross and S. Bennington}, title = {Solid state fusion (?)}, journal = {Physics World}, volume = {2}, year = {1989}, pages = {15--16}, keywords = {Discussion}, published = {05/1989}, annote = {General, good description of the hot reports on cnf, and discussion of the problems these raise.} } @article{Ruso1989, author = {V.~D. Rusov and T.~N. Zelentsova and M.~Yu. Semenov and I.~V. Radin and Yu.~F. Babikova}, title = {Fast neutron recording by dielectric track detectors in a palladium-deuterated -tritiated water system in an electrolytic cell}, journal = {Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz.}, volume = {15}, number = {19}, year = {1989}, pages = {9--13}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, alloy, electrolysis, neutrons, res0}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {10/1989}, annote = {Used a 50:50 mix of D2O and T2O, a "corrugated" alloy (Pd 72, Ag 25, Au 3) electrode, 10 mA/cm$^2$ and "200 V" cell voltage (no electrolyte!). A polymer track detector (CR-39) ($1-5\times 10^{-4}$ track/n sensitivity) was used to detect the integrated neutron flux from possible cold fusion of light nuclei. Some rare high-energy ($>10$ MeV) neutrons ($8\pm 4$/s) were found.} } @article{Ruzi1989, author = {D.~N. Ruzic and K. Schatz and P.~L. Nguyen}, title = {A novel apparatus to investigate the possibility of plasma-assisted cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {251--253}, keywords = {Discussion, suggestion}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {Suggest an alternative to electrochemistry for producing CNF, by using a plasma discharge in a D2 gas and a Pd cathode. No results as yet.} } @article{Sanc1989, author = {C. Sanchez and J. Sevilla and B. Escarpizo and F.~J. Fernandez and J. Canizares}, title = {Nuclear products detection during electrolysis of heavy water with titanium and platinum electrodes}, journal = {Solid State Commun.}, volume = {71}, year = {1989}, pages = {1039--143}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, Pd, electrolysis, neutrons, gammas, tritium, res+}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {12/1989}, annote = {Detected gamma radiation, neutrons, as well as tritium, consistent with a d+d nuclear fusion reaction. The paper is particularly interesting in that it correlates a gamma burst with a subsequent rise in the tritium level, and provides a control in the form of a cell not evincing gamma (or neutron) bursts; such a cell kept a constant tritium level. This seems to rule out electrolytic tritium enrichment as a "source" of T. Further, the authors are aware of the slow diffusion of T out of the Ti and this is consistent with the slow build-up of T in the electrolyte during some hours after the gamma burst.} } @article{Sant1989a, author = {K.~S.~V. Santhanam and J. Ragarajan and O.~N. Braganza and S.~K. Haram and N.~M. Limaye and K.~C. Mandal}, title = {Electrochemically initiated cold fusion of deuterium}, journal = {Indian J. Technol.}, volume = {27}, year = {1989}, pages = {175--177}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, Pd, electrolysis, excess heat, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {04/1989}, annote = {Electrolysed a solution of NaCl in D2O at Ti and Pd electrodes and find excess heat; the input power happens to account for Joule heating of the cell, so that the cold fusion reaction alone powers the electrolysis, which therefore is free. All this was measured using a thermistor at the cathode and a few assumptions about heat capacities, heat conduction and cooling losses. A BF3 counter in front of the electrode showed a 48\% increase over the background in one experiment, 8\% in another, while a liquid scintillation counter showed an 18\% higher than background for neutrons and gammas together. The authors admit that more careful emission measurements are needed but concur with FPH that a non-emitting nuclear reaction is occurring in their cells.} } @article{Sant1989b, author = {K.~S.~V. Santhanam and J. Rangarajan and K.~C. Mandal and S.~K. Haram}, title = {Excess enthalpy during electrolysis of D2O}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {58}, year = {1989}, pages = {1139--1141}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, electrolysis, excess heat, res+}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {10/1989}, annote = {These authors did some electrolysis experiments with a Ti electrode in an open cell in a dewar flask, and measured the temperature. Preliminary cyclic voltammetry showed that there are differences between the characteristics for heavy and light water; there was no desorption peak in the case of D2O. From calibrations, the temperature changes in the cell attributable to the various partial processes (heat of electrolysis, adsorption of D2, recombination of D2 with O2) were calculated. These calculations cannot explain the heat effects observed.} } @article{Sast1989, author = {K.~S.~R. Sastry}, title = {Fusion reaction}, journal = {Science}, volume = {244}, year = {1989}, pages = {904.}, keywords = {Comment}, annote = {A technical comment on energies in (3)He and deuterium, in response to an article of Pool in Science (see Section 3).} } @article{Schi1989, author = {J.~E. Schirber and M.~A. Butler and D.~S. Ginley and R.~I. Ewing}, title = {Search for cold fusion in high-pressure deuterium-loaded titanium and palladium metal and deuteride}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {397--400}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, Pd, gas phase, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {Various Ti and Pd samples were put under high-pressure (>=2.4 kbar) D2 and temperature cycling. Underground high-sensitivity (9.2\%) neutron monitoring (background: 10 counts/h) showed nothing in excess of background.} } @article{Schn1989, author = {J.~H. Schneider}, title = {How a rectangular potential in Schroedinger's equation could explain some experimental results on cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {377--378}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {Theoretical calculations of the transmission coefficient for barrier penetration in d-d fusion, appear to show that it's possible.} } @article{Scho1989, author = {W. Schommers and C. Politis}, title = {Cold fusion in condensed matter: is a theoretical description in terms of usual solid state physics possible?}, journal = {Mod. Phys. Lett. B}, volume = {3}, year = {1989}, pages = {597--604}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {05/1989}, annote = {Estimated interaction potentials of two deuterium atoms can explain cold fusion results, on the basis of the physics of liquids. The model used is that of a Pd-D alloy of charged particles in a uniform background of negative charge, and pseudopotential theory leads to the possibility of cold fusion. It can also explain, by conventional means, the discrepancy between excess heat and the missing neutrons, because each fusion delivers, as well as the energy of fusion, a large amount of kinetic energy.} } @article{Schr1989, author = {G. Schrieder and H. Wipf and A. Richter}, title = {Search for cold nuclear fusion in palladium-deuterium}, journal = {Z. Phys. B: Condens. Matter}, volume = {76}, year = {1989}, pages = {141--142}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, cps, res-}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {08/1989}, annote = {Equal probabilities for the two fusion reactions: d+d-->t+p, d+d->(3)He+n are assumed. Therefore, protons should be detected. The authors used electrolysis as did FPH, using Pd foil, and very sensitive proton detection. Mylar foil stopped other particles. The sensitivity was 5 times greater than needed to detect the neutron flux level (as protons) claimed by FPH. Nothing was found.} } @article{Schu1989a, author = {J.~W. Schultze and U. K{\"o}nig and A. Hochfeld and C. {Van Calker} and W. Kies}, title = {Electrochemically induced nuclear fusion in a solid?}, journal = {Nachr. Chem., Tech. Lab.}, volume = {37}, year = {1989}, pages = {707--719}, note = {In German}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {The original article which - slightly expanded and translated into English - was later published in Electrochim. Acta, Schu1989b.} } @article{Schu1989b, author = {J.~W. Schultze and U. K{\"o}nig and A. Hochfeld and C. {Van Calker} and W. Kies}, title = {Prospects and problems of electrochemically induced cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Electrochim. Acta}, volume = {34}, year = {1989}, pages = {1289--1313}, keywords = {Review}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {Translated (and expanded) from the earlier German article. This is an excellent review of just about all aspects of CNF, as well as a good source of further references (the Paneth reference /3/ is incorrect, the Vol. no. of Naturwiss. should be 14, not 43). The authors remain carefully neutral.} } @article{Seit1989, author = {R. Seitz}, title = {Fusion in from the cold?}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {339}, year = {1989}, pages = {185}, published = {05/1989}, keywords = {Comment, suggestion}, annote = {Suggests that under electrolysis conditions, where a current is flowing, there may be high-x PdD(x) patches in the Pd, which are not normally seen, because they are unstable. Seitz says that at high x, the distinction between these deuterides and metallic D may be small. Then suggests that lumps of deuterons, capturing delocalised electrons to become deuterium molecules, could release 1MJ/mol of heat, possibly explaining FPH's melt-down. Also, Li may lower the melting point of Pd. So the heat comes from plain old chemistry, not fusion. Also quotes the 1986 Klyuev paper} } @article{Shan1989, author = {G. Shani and C. Cohen and A. Grayevsky and A. Brokman}, title = {Evidence for a background neutron enhanced fusion in deuterium absorbed palladium}, journal = {Solid State Commun.}, volume = {72}, year = {1989}, pages = {53--57}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, gas phase, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {08/1989}, published = {10/1989}, annote = {This shows that neutrons will enhance natural fusion rates. Thus, a 2.5 MeV neutron peak is emitted from a Pd-D system in a high-background lab but not in a "clean" one. Compressed D2 gas shows the same effect. Pd was charged with D from the gas phase at 3 kg/cm$^2$. Within 2 hours, the pressure had dropped, indicating absorption to PdD0.6. This was then sealed into a stainless tube under the same pressure of D2 and placed near a counter. Under high-level neutron background (0.05 count/s/cm$^2$) a 2.5 MeV peak is seen (difference between the sample and pure Pd), but at low levels (0.0002 counts/s/cm$^2$), nothing.} } @article{Shap1989, author = {V.~L. Shapovalov}, title = {Test for additional heat evolution in electrolysis of heavy water with palladium cathode}, journal = {JETP}, volume = {50}, year = {1989}, pages = {117--119}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, excess heat, res-}, published = {08/1989}, annote = {Closed-system calorimetry, using both heavy and light water, with LiOD/LiOH. 7 cells with D2O, 10 with H2O were run. Results are rather close, with an "sd of 0.2\%" (presumably in temperature). After allowing for differences in heat capacities between heavy and light water, temperature increases match within experimental error; i.e. no excess heat found.} } @article{Shaw1989, author = {G.~L. Shaw and M. Shin and R.~W. Bland and L. Fonda and H.~S. Matis and H.~G. Pugh and R. Slansky}, title = {Scenario for cold fusion by free quark catalysis}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A}, volume = {102}, year = {1989}, pages = {1441--1447}, keywords = {Theory, anti-diquarks}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {Small numbers of free stable Q anti-diquarks with electric charge -4/3 and mass of a few GeV and short-range repulsion with hadrons catalyze d fusion much more effectively than muons. These Q might be left over from the Big Bang. About 100 would be required in a FPH-type cell, to explain FPH's heat claims. The reaction channel 4He + Q dominates. Bursts of neutrons are predicted with a 3-body energy spectrum instead of peaking at 2.45 MeV. Independently of these findings, Q-catalysis is attractive in that it could provide large power production, if this kind of matter can be found and accumulated (aye, there's the rub).} } @article{Shih1989, author = {A.~A. Shihab-Eldin and J.~O. Rasmussen and M. Justice and M.~A. Stoyer}, title = { Cold fusion: effects of possible narrow nuclear resonance}, journal = {Mod. Phys. Lett. B}, volume = {3}, year = {1989}, pages = {965--969}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {08/1989}, annote = {Looks at the possibility of the effect of an as yet unknown narrow resonance of (4)He on d-d fusion. Theory does not exclude the possibility, and does not exclude a skewed branching ratio for the usual two reactions assumed, either. The resonance with (4)He would release electrons, which would end up as heat and not much else. Some of this theory is supported by known astrophysics.} } @article{Shim1989, author = {I. Shimamura}, title = {Intramolecular nuclear fusion in hydrogen-isotope molecules}, journal = {Prog. Theor. Phys.}, volume = {82}, year = {1989}, pages = {304--314}, keywords = {Theory}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {08/1989}, annote = {Theoretical. Starts by referring to muon catalysed fusion, then poses the question of what fusion rates for neutral molecules HH, DD, HD etc might be, as well as the charged ions HH+, DD+, HD+ etc, if their internuclear distance were reduced somehow by an enhanced effective electron mass m(eff) in a crystal lattice, without assuming how this enhancement might take place. The Born-Oppenheimer approximation is used, but the calculations are done with high accuracy, compared with the usual treatments. For the above-named species, calculated fusion rates for m(eff)=1 come out different by 6-15 orders of magnitude (OOM) from previously published values. The charged ions all have fusion rates smaller that the neutrals, by about 13 orders of magnitude. In order to reach the Jones+ fusion rate of $10^{-23}$/s, an m(eff) of 5.6 is needed for DD+, but HD+ would give a higher rate by about 1 OOM. Shimamura concludes that although the mechanism of cold fusion is not known at present, his calcu- lations suggest looking for gamma emission from p+d fusion.} } @article{Sinh1989, author = {B. Sinha and Y.~P. Viyogi and S. Chattopadhyaya and M.~R.~D. Mazumdar and G.~S.~N. Murthy and G. Muthukrishnan and T. Bandyopadhyaya and M.~D. Trivedi and D. Ghosh and D.~K. Srivastava and P. Sen}, title = {Observations of neutron bursts in electrolysis of heavy water}, journal = {Indian J. Technol.}, volume = {27}, year = {1989}, pages = {275--277}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, Pd, electrolysis, excess heat, neutrons, gammas, res-}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {Observed 4 aperiodic 5-minute bursts of neutrons at Ti and Pd during electrolysis of D2O containing NaCl. A single neutron counter was used and the cells shielded with Pb bricks to minimise background. No gamma emission was detected and no excess heat.} } @article{Siod1989, author = {R.~E. Sioda}, title = {Heat effects during room-temperature electrolysis of deuterium oxide}, journal = {Bull. Electrochem.}, volume = {5}, year = {1989}, pages = {902--904}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, excess heat, res0}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {12/1989}, annote = {This is simple open-cell calorimetry of a cell in which heavy water is electrolysed at platinum electrodes. Resistor heating is used to measure Newton's cooling rate parameter, which remains constant; nevertheless, under electrolysis some heat, corresponding to about 8\% power, is unaccounted for, possibly due to gas evolution or electrochemical side reactions.} } @article{Slan1989, author = {Z. Slanina}, title = {Towards molecular-thermodynamic aspects of postulated Pd/D low-temperature nuclear fusion: a useful example of a failure of the conventional translation partition function}, journal = {Thermochim. Acta}, volume = {156}, year = {1989}, pages = {285--290}, keywords = {Theory}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {12/1989}, annote = {A study of the partition function of translation in a cubical box of very small dimensions. As the box is assumed smaller and smaller, there appear deviations from the conventional macroscopic partition function. This was applied to H isotopes in cubic cells of Pd, and the kinetic energy of such particles is enhanced. This higher kinetic energy should be considered in theoretical work on cold fusion.} } @article{Spei1989, author = {B. Speiser and A. Rieker}, title = {Energy from electrochemically induced nuclear fusion?}, journal = {Nachr. Chem. Tech. Lab.}, volume = {37}, year = {1989}, pages = {616--618}, note = {In German}, keywords = {Comment}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {An early discussion of cold fusion, from a pair of electrochemists. FPH's calorimetry results are put under the microscope and found wanting; the errors in the excess heat measurements are much larger than desirable - although this is not the same as the calorimetry errors (my comment). There is some discussion of the $10^{27}$ atm figure in FPH, and somewhat simplified arguments reject this, as well. The paper has some good references to the "Paneth and Peters" affair of 1926/7.} } @article{Stac1989, author = {W.~M. {Stacey Jr}}, title = {Reactor prospects of muon-catalyzed fusion of deuterium and tritium concentrated in transition metals}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {268--278}, keywords = {Comment, suggestion}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {Conjectures that muons are responsible for CNF, and goes from there, suggesting a muon-catalyzed reactor, the muons coming from an accelerator (cosmic muons are not enough).} } @article{Sun1989, author = {Z. Sun and D. Tomanek}, title = {Cold fusion: how close can deuterium atoms come inside palladium?}, journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, volume = {63}, year = {1989}, pages = {59--61}, keywords = {Comment}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {07/1989}, annote = {Even at high D loadings, D's are further apart than as D2 gas. Thus, fusion is improbable.} } @article{Sund1989, author = {B.~U.~R. Sundqvist and P. H{\aa}kansson and A. Hedin and R.~V. Bucur and B. Johansson and R. W{\"a}ppling}, title = {On the observation of charged particles in cold fusion}, journal = {Phys. Scr.}, volume = {40}, year = {1989}, pages = {303--306}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, cps, res-}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {With the aim of confirming or rejecting CNF claims, the authors tried to detect charged particles, which should be emitted. Pd foil was electrolytically charged with D, up to the expected 0.7 per Pd, and a charged particle detector placed close to the electrode. This would also pick up alpha particles from the reaction d + (6)Li --> 2 (4)He + energy. The background level was 1/10 that of the Jones+ experiments; there were no deviations from this level.} } @article{Szal1989, author = {K. Szalewicz and J.~D. Morgan III and H.~J. Monkhurst}, title = {Fusion rates for hydrogen isotopic molecules of relevance for 'cold fusion'}, journal = {Phys. Rev. A: Gen. Phys.}, volume = {40}, year = {1989}, pages = {2824--2827}, keywords = {Theory}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {A theoretical study of room temperature fusion, asking the questions\\ 1. how close must deuterons get for the claimed fusion rates to occur?\\ 2. under such conditions, what would be the rates of other possible reactions?\ 3. how do the fusion rates depend on vibrational excitation?\\ The reactions considered are:\\ 1. d + d --> (3)He (0.82 MeV) + n (2.45 MeV)\\ 2. d + d --> t (1.01 MeV) + p (3.02 MeV)\\ 3. p + d --> (3)He (5 keV) + gamma (5.4 MeV)\\ 4. d + d --> (4)He (76 keV) + gamma (23.8 MeV)\\ 5. d + t --> (4)He (3.5 MeV) + n (14.1 MeV)\\ of which (1) and (2) are those that have been assumed by most workers. Accurate calculations are performed within the adiabatic approximation, of fusion rates for various vibrational states of the D2, HD, HT and DT molecules. It is known that the natural fusion rate of D2 ($10^{-64}$/s) is enhanced by a 75 orders of magnitude, if the electrons around the nuclei are replaced by muons, with 207 times the mass of electrons. So the study seeks to find the required mass of a hypothetical particle of charge -1, which - when replacing the normal electrons - would enhance fusion by the required factor to explain the claimed rates of $10^{-19}$/s/pair (FPH) or the more modest $10^{-23}$/s/pair (Jones+). The model appears to work, reproducing known fusion rates reasonably well, and showing that an electron mass m of about 5 is sufficient to enhance fusion rates to FPH levels. They then use another model to calculate the dependence of fusion rates on the vibrational excitation level of a fusing pair, and again, this can enhance these rates, especially in cooperation with larger electronic masses. The significance of vibrationally excited states is that FPH and Jones claim that an essential feature of cold fusion is that the system is in a nonequilibrium state. The paper then goes on to look at the possibility that the p+d reaction (3) could explain FPH's excess heat results, which are out by a 7-10 orders of magnitude compared to the neutron level expected from reactions (1) and (2) usually assumed. However, the theoretical rates of reaction (3) is only comparable to these two, and the relative rate would depend on a high concentration of protons in the palladium; this is unlikely, since D2O is used - even though some enrichment might take place on H- and D-absorption during charging. So the calculation is still short of a heat explanation by some 6 orders of magnitude, even if all gamma radiation were converted to heat. The results however suggest an experiment using 50:50 D2O:H2O (I take it they mean 50:50 p:d in the palladium after charging), and looking for the 5.4 MeV gamma radiation.\\ Lastly, the authors examine the possibility of some crystal parameters providing the energy for a fusion reaction, in a manner similar to the Moessbauer effect: for several technical reasons, such an effect is not likely to do the job. The conclusion is that theory points only to rather unlikely conditions for a plausible cold fusion reaction.} } @article{Takah1989a, author = {A. Takahashi}, title = {Opening possibility of deuteron-catalyzed cascade fusion channel in PdD under D2O electrolysis}, journal = {J. Nucl. Sci. Technol.}, volume = {26}, year = {1989}, pages = {558--560}, keywords = {Suggestion}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {05/1989}, annote = {Suggests that under the conditions of cold fusion in PdD, the predominant reactions would be d+d-->(4)He* and (4)He*+d-->(6)Li*-->(4)He+d+23.8MeV. This cascade would explain the FPH results, giving fusion rates of up to $10^{-13}$ f/s per D atom.} } @article{Takah1989b, author = {Y. Takahashi}, title = {Present status and future problems of cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Kagaku Kogaku}, volume = {53}, year = {1989}, pages = {608--609}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Discussion}, annote = {Chem. Abstr. 111:122093 (1989) says "Discussion with 3 references".} } @article{Takah1989c, author = {Y. Takahashi}, title = {Room temperature nuclear fusion}, journal = {Gendai Kagaku}, volume = {223}, year = {1989}, pages = {48--54}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {Review, with no references of the FPH, Jones+ and Menlove experiments, as well as the non-electrochemical Italian work.} } @article{Takat1989, author = {N. Takata and H. Kaneko and K. Nozaki and K. Sakuta and M. Tanimoto}, title = {A preliminary attempt to measure neutrons from cold fusion}, journal = {Denshi Gijutsu Kenkyusho Iho}, volume = {53}, year = {1989}, pages = {1438--1447}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, neutrons, res-}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {Electrolysis experiment. A neutron detector near the cell was matched by another 6 m away, both of the (3)He type. Loadings of Pd with D of 0.79, 0.83 and even 1.2 were achieved with various electrolytes but in none of these were any neutron emissions observed. The upper limit for neutrons was $10^{-25}$/pair/s or 2 orders of magnitude smaller than Jones+.} } @article{Take1989, author = {T. Takeda and T. Takizuka}, title = {Fractofusion mechanism}, journal = {J. Phys. Soc. Jpn}, volume = {58}, year = {1989}, pages = {3073--3076}, keywords = {Theory.}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {Fractofusion can explain observed fusion rates. The authors also seem to suggest (unless I misunderstand) that the accelerated deuterons, apart from fusing, release energy (kinetic, one assumes) about $10^8$ times that released by the fusion itself - thereby seeming to explain excess heat found by some people. This is wrong, since this would be part of the non-nuclear energy balance for the electrolysis/crack formation etc. They conclude that if CNF is fractofusion, it is not of practical use.} } @article{Tani1989, author = {R. Taniguchi and T. Yamamoto and S. Irie}, title = {Detection of charged particles emitted by electrolytically induced cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Jap. J. Appl. Phys.}, volume = {28}, year = {1989}, pages = {L2021--L2023}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, cps, res+}, submitted = {08/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {Point out three problems with neutron detection: \begin{enumerate} \item low detection efficiency; \item low signal/noise ratio, due to large determination volume \item problems of neutron/gammma discrimination. \end{enumerate} Charged particles might be a better bet. They used a favourable geometry and a charged-particle detector with high efficiency and low background sensitivity, as well as to gammas. The electrode was a thin foil at the cell bottom, with the detector just underneath. Out of 30 runs with D2O, or about 3900 hours total, 6 runs showed proton counting rates of up to 100 times those in plain H2O. These rates did not commence until after 6-12 days (!), although the electrodes were only 10 microns thick and presumably would be fully loaded long before this. The authors do not draw firm conclusions; the spectra are not clear, protons may have been slowed down.} } @article{Tayl1989, author = {K. Tayler}, title = {Fusion of 1947?}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {339}, year = {1989}, pages = {346}, keywords = {Remark}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {Refers to a 1947 paper by Lord Rayleigh who allowed ionised O, N and H in a discharge tube to impinge on metal wires (among them Pd) and measured a "surprising amount of energy" as a result. This was commented on in 1957 by Burgess and Robb. I doubt that this has much to do with anything but read the papers and draw your own conclusions.} } @article{Tima1989, author = {S.~F. Timashev}, title = {Possible mechanisms for nuclear-chemical transformations in a palladium matrix during heavy water electrolysis}, journal = {Russ. J. Phys. Chem.}, note = {Orig. in: Zh. Fiz. Khim 63 (1989) 2283 (in Russian)}, volume = {63}, year = {1989}, pages = {1258--1259}, keywords = {Comment, suggestion, bineutron}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {A description of what might be happening inside PdD(x). The possibility of a bineutron, formed from electron capture capture of a deuteron, reacting with a deuteron, is discussed. This would release neutrinos and neutrons.} } @article{Toma1989, author = {P. Tomas and S. Blagus and M. Bogovac and D. Hodko and M. Krcmar and D. Miljanic and V. Pravdic and D. Rendic and M. Vajic and M. Vukovic}, title = {Deuterium nuclear fusion in metals at room temperature}, journal = {Fizika Zagreb}, volume = {21}, year = {1989}, pages = {209--214}, keywords = {Experimental, Pt, electrolysis, neutrons, surface analysis, res-}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {Starts with an interesting historical introduction on cosmic ray mesons and discussions of 1947 and thereafter. This team tried to reproduce the FPH electrolysis experiment. X-ray fluorescence after long electrolysis showed Pt deposition of the Pd. A (6)Li-glass scintillation (NE 912) counter was used to used to detect neutrons. The experiment took place in an underground lab, and no neutrons above the low background were seen. The authors promise results from tritium analysis of both the electrolyte and palladium, as well as from proton measurements, to be done.} } @article{Turn1989, author = {L. Turner}, title = {Thoughts unbottled by cold fusion}, journal = {Physics Today}, year = {1989}, number = {September}, pages = {142.}, keywords = {Comment, suggestion}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {Turner muses that a possible effect, that has been missed by such theorists as Van Siclen and Jones, or Koonin and Nauenberg, is the enhanced transmission of deuterons through the Coulomb barrier because of resonances on the atomic scale. With deuterons in the interstitial sites of the Pd lattice, a diffusing deuteron may have a de Broglie wave length that permits resonance in the wells formed between the ascending walls of neighbouring Coulomb barriers. This adds another factor to any theories of cold fusion, which so far have focussed on two-body (d-d) interaction. Turner does not develop the argument here but suggests it to future theorists.} } @article{Vaid1989a, author = {S.~N. Vaidya and Y.~S. Mayya}, title = {The role of combined electron-deuteron screening in deuteron-deuteron fusion in metals}, journal = {Pramana}, volume = {33}, year = {1989}, pages = {L343--L346}, keywords = {Theory, screening, res+}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {08/1989}, annote = {The resident electrons and introduced deuterons in combination can cause sufficient screening to cause cold fusion rates found experimentally.} } @article{Vaid1989b, author = {S.~N. Vaidya and Y.~S. Mayya}, title = {Theory of screening-enhanced D-D fusion in metals.}, journal = {Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2 Lett.}, volume = {28}, year = {1989}, pages = {2258--2260}, keywords = {Theory, res0}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {12/1989}, annote = {WKB treatment. The enhancement in d-d fusion rates in metals brought about by the combined screening of electrostatic interactions by the conduction electrons and mobile deuterons, is investigated using the jellium model. It is assumed that under electrolytic conditions, deuterium exists as itinerant deuterons in metals such as palladium. The authors derive an expression for the screening constant treating electrons as fermions and deuterons as bosons. The screening by charged bosons is a novel concept and is found to be sensitively dependent upon the temperature. E.g., at 150K, a fusion rate of about $10^{-21}$ /pair/s is calculated, although the smaller mobile deuteron fraction at this temperature might work against this. The d-d fusion rate is found to increase substantially when the electron-deuteron screening of the Coulomb barrier is incorporated. The authors give a figure for the diffusion coefficient of D in Pd at 300K of $10^{-6}$ cm$^2$/s, without a reference.} } @article{Vaim1989, author = {L.~A. Vaiman and A.~N. Valiev and A.~Ya. Ketko and E.~V. Kiseleva and B.~G. Skorodumov and V.~G. Ulanov and I.~O. Yatsevich}, title = {Observation of reactions in cold fusion during sorption or desorption of deuterium from palladium from the gas phase}, journal = {Izv. Akad. Nauk UzSSR, Ser. Fiz.-Mat. Nauk}, year = {1989}, number = {6}, pages = {62--63}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, gas phase, cps, neutrons, res-, no FPH/Jones refs.}, submitted = {09/1989}, annote = {A possibility was considered of observing cold nuclear fusion during the absorption or desorption of D2 in Pd from the gaseous phase. Pd black was electrodeposited on a thin Pd plate. The plate was situated in vacuum in a duralumin chamber. At the chamber window, there was an Si detector (thickness 100 microns) coupled through an amplifier to an amplitude analyzer. Its purpose was to detect the energy spectrum of p from the interaction d+d-> p+t. The spectrometric device was calibrated with the help of a (242)Am alpha-particle source. This made it possible to measure the spectra at 0-3 MeV. The peak of p from the above mentioned interaction was expected at about 3 MeV. The background was about 6 counts, which were distributed in 40 channels of the analyzer. The measurements were based on 10-min exposures after the application of the D2 gas into the chamber at a pressure of 1.5 atm. No differences from the background value were obsd. in 12 exposures. The 2nd expt. was aimed at a possible detection of n from the interaction d+d->n +(3)He. In this case, the chamber was situated in the SNM-18 ring-shaped source. The processes of the Pd satn. with D2 up to highly concd. beta-phase with its subsequent desorption did not result in cold nuclear fusion.} } @article{Vase1989, author = {M. Vaselli and M.~A. Harith and V. Palleschi and G. Salvetti and D.~P. Singh}, title = {Screening effect of impurities in metals: a possible explanation of the process of cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. D}, volume = {11}, year = {1989}, pages = {927--932}, keywords = {Theory}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {After dismissing theories that rely on high effective electron mass for coulombic screening of deuterons, the authors invoke the presence of the electrons around the deuterons for screening effects, and arrive (without any rigorous theory) at a possible fusion enhancement in a metal lattice by this effect. The word "impurity" in the title refers to the impurity of H or D in the metal.} } @article{Wada1989, author = {N. Wada and K. Nishizawa}, title = {Nuclear fusion in solid}, journal = {Jap. J. Appl. Phys.}, volume = {28}, year = {1989}, pages = {L2017--L2020}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, gas phase, discharge, neutrons, res+}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {Pd rods were "well soaked" with D2 gas in closed glass bulbs, and stimulated with a high-voltage discharge between the rods. This brought forth neutron bursts $2\times 10^4$ higher than background, but not with Pd rods soaked with H2. No neutrons were emitted during the soaking. The authors theorise that heating due the discharge causes local bubble nucleation in the Pd, with locally high D concentration and thus fusion.} } @article{Wall1989, author = {C. Walling and J. Simons}, title = {Two innocent chemists look at cold fusion}, journal = {J. Phys. Chem.}, volume = {93}, year = {1989}, pages = {4693--4697}, keywords = {Discussion, res+}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {An explanation of why it's possible. They work out that He, but few neutrons, should be produced.} } @article{Wang1989, author = {X.~W. Wang and S.~G. Louie and M.~L. Cohen}, title = {Hydrogen interactions in PdHn ($1 \le n \le 4$)}, journal = {Phys. Rev. B}, volume = {40}, year = {1989}, pages = {5822--5825}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {Use local-density approximation with the Hedin-Lundqvist form of the exchange-correlation potential to calculate the named interactions. The total energy of absorption of hydrogen into the Pd hydride is also wanted. The Born- Oppenheimer approximation is used. As a comparison, calculations are first done for the beta phase, where H is in the octahedral sites; this works. All phases other than the beta phase (PdH) are unstable and in all, H-H distances are much greater than in H2 gas. So no hope for cold fusion.} } @article{Wenz1989, author = {H. Wenzl}, title = {Fruitless experiments to prove 'cold nuclear fusion'}, journal = {Phys. Bl.}, volume = {45}, year = {1989}, pages = {408--409}, note = {In German}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {10/1989}, annote = {Negative polemic on FPH's paper. It gives a graphic diagram of fusion rates, comparing different processes on an order-of-magnitudes scale. So far, attempts to reproduce the FPH effect have been unsuccessful. Wenzl notes that the term "cold fusion" has in the past been applied to muon-catalysed fusion.} } @article{Werl1989, author = {H. Werle and G. Fieg and J. Lebkuecher and M. Moeschke}, title = {Trials to induce neutron emission from a titanium-deuterium system}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {391--396}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, gas phase, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {An attempt to reproduce the Frascati experiments, using a highly sensitive (10\%) thermal neutron monitor and two different degassed Ti samples. During the 20-day experiment, the neutron emission from these Ti-D systems was $<$1.7 (first 8 days) and 0.6 n/s (last 12 days), averaged over 100-minute intervals.} } @article{Will1989, author = {D.~E. Williams and D.~J.~S. Findlay and D.~H. Craston and M.~R. Sene and M. Bailey and S. Croft and B.~W. Hooton and C.~P. Jones and A.~R.~J. Kucernak and J.~A. Mason and R.~I. Taylor}, title = {Upper bounds on 'cold fusion' in electrolytic cells}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {342}, year = {1989}, pages = {375--384}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, heat, neutrons, tritium, res-}, submitted = {08/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {Perhaps the most thorough piece of work in this field. They used three different calorimetric designs, three different neutron meters, an accurate gamma meter and accurate analysis of the electrode composition at the end of the experiment, including tritium. To avoid the problem of cosmic radiation background variation with time and place, they swapped the electrolytically active cells (i.e. with current on) with inactive cells at 5-min intervals in the radiation-measuring gear, and measured the difference between the two. They found nothing. They did, however, find noise from neutron counters, cosmic radiation variation and calorimetry errors which could easily have mislead others into assuming positive results. Another factor that varied - and could mislead - was the tritium enrichment, due to the electrolysis. A little smugly they conclude that future work on 'cold fusion' ought to observe the same standards of experimentation set in this work, before making claims.} } @article{Wiln1989, author = {B. Wilner}, title = {No new fusion under the sun}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {339}, year = {1989}, pages = {180.}, keywords = {Comment, Tandberg and Wilner}, annote = {Bertil Wilner, the son of T. Wilner, who worked together with Tandberg, who was inspired by the (short-lived) results of Paneth and Peters in 1926, reporting the production of new helium from electrolysis of water at a palladium cathode. Paneth and Peters soon withdrew their claim, having discovered the source of the helium (ambient), but Tandberg, assisted by Wilner, experimented for years in the 1930's in their Swedish Electrolux laboratory, mostly trying to compress deuterium by strong electric currents passed through loaded palladium. This never succeeded either, but was an attempt at (fairly) cold fusion, some decades before F\&P or Jones.} } @article{Wu1989, author = {C.~K. Wu and Y.~T. Yao and C.~W. Wang and E.~K. Lin}, title = {Experimental observation of lack of room temperature fusion between palladium and heavy water}, journal = {Hua Hsueh}, volume = {47}, number = {2}, year = {1989}, pages = {139--141}, note = {In Chinese}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, calorimetry, gamma, res-}, annote = {The authors did an early verification experiment, using KHSO4 in D2O as electrolyte, with a current of 50 mA/cm$^2$. Gamma emissions were detected with NaI. The abstracter cannot read the Chinese but the title says that they found nothing.} } @article{Yagi1989a, author = {M. Yagi and Y. Shiokawa and S. Suzuki and M. Hara and I. Satoh and K. Masumoto and T. Mitsugashira}, title = {Measurement of neutron emission from a titanium-deuterium system}, journal = {J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.}, volume = {137}, year = {1989}, pages = {411--420}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, gas phase, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {12/1989}, annote = {A high-resolution liquid scintillation detector was used to detect neutrons from D(d,n)3He fusion on or in Ti metal or sponge, and a mixture of Ti powder and trapped D2 at about 1 atm. 11 samples were subjected to a wide variety of conditions, including temperature changes from that of liquid N2 to 350 deg. There were observed "two types of neutron emission": those from samples cooled down to liq. N2 and back up to room temp, and from those warmed up to 350 degC and back down. "Possibly the n emission reactions are closely related to to the D trapped in the surface of Ti metal"; emissions were at the customary 3 sigma level from the single detector.} } @article{Yagi1989b, author = {M. Yagi and T. Mitsugashira and I. Satoh and M. Hara and Y. Shiokawa and K. Inoue and K. Masumoto and S. Suzuki}, title = {Measurement of neutron emission from a SiO2-D2 system}, journal = {J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett.}, volume = {137}, year = {1989}, pages = {421--429}, keywords = {Experimental, quartz, gas phase, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {12/1989}, annote = {During previous experiments with the Ti-D system, where that team observed neutron emission, they became aware of neutron emission from quartz-D interaction; quartz was used for the ampoule for the experiment. Here, various forms of quartz were tried, such as crushed quartz glass, sands, glass wool, anhydrous silica and silica gel. D2 gas was adsorbed onto the samples at -196 degC and generally, between $10^{-5}$ and $10^{-6}$ mol(D2)/g(sample) was adsorbed. The neutron detector, calibrated as having a 0.13\% efficiency, then detected neutron emissions similar to those for the Ti-D system, about 3 times the background. Emissions from blank samples were negligible.} } @article{Yan1989, author = {X. Yan and S. Tsai and S. Guo and Z. Zhang}, title = {Room temperature deuterium-deuterium fusion reaction rate - a strong--coupling plasma model}, journal = {Chin. Phys. Lett.}, volume = {6}, year = {1989}, pages = {343--346}, keywords = {Theory, res0}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {08/1989}, annote = {Consider only the deuterons in palladium or titanium, as a dense plasma. The authors then use the Thomas-Fermi approximation and the WKB method, to solve for fusion rates at various plasma densities. Their results show a weak temperature dependence. Fusion rates as claimed would require plasma densities as high as $10^{25}$ deuterons/cm$^3$, which is about 2-3 orders of magnitude denser than in PdD. The authors say that "due to various reasons, such as the D-Pd correlation effects, Pd vacancies and non-equilibrium conditions, etc., the regions which has higher local density will give much more pronounced fusion rate" - which hedges their bets.} } @article{Yano1989, author = {M. Yanokura and M. Minami and S. Yamagata and S. Nakabayashi and M. Aratani and A. Kira and I. Tanihata}, title = {An approach to the cold fusion through hydrogen isotopes analysis by the heavy ion Rutherford scattering}, journal = {Chem. Lett.}, year = {1989}, pages = {2197--2200}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, surface analysis, loading.}, submitted = {08/1989}, published = {12/1989}, annote = {Used argon ion beam analysis to find loading factor x in PdD(x) profiles of deuterium in Pd under some different conditions of loading. One group of electrodes (dimensions not given) were etched in sulphuric acid before electrolysis and another group was heated in vacuo, the cooled in the presence of 1 atm D2, before electrolysis. Some were kept in D2O after loading, some were exposed to a vacuum, some to air. Loadings of up to 1.5 were achieved; in vacuum or air, these decreased to about 0.7 near the surface; those kept in D2O lost less. The authors conclude that it is difficult to monitor loading during electrolysis but OK to do it afterwards. In a preliminary note (to be published) they mention that no neutrons, tritium or He-3 were found.} } @article{Yaro1989a, author = {M.~A. Yaroslavskii}, title = {Possible mechanism for the initiation of nuclear reactions during temperature changes and phase transitions in condensed materials}, journal = {Sov. Phys. Dokl.}, volume = {34}, year = {1989}, pages = {813--814}, keywords = {Theory, suggestion, biofusion}, note = {Orig. in Akad. Nauk SSSR 308 (1989) 95--97, in Russian}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {"Propose a mechanism for n-emission during cooling and heating of heavy water solutions of some salts, from liquid nitrogen to complete melting. Some experiments were done in September 1988. After correction for the efficiency of the neutron detectors (8 SN17 in parallel), the results indicate neutron bursts of 300 counts/s, with the intrinsic background at about 1/s, most prominently during melting. Y has a theory: numerous microcracks formed due to thermal stresses become ellipsoidal pores by diffusion at their vertices, in a matter of minutes. These pores, in the dielectric medium with its frozen-in electric field yield energies up to tens of keV, sufficient for fusion reactions. Of special interest to the author is 'the distinct possibility, following from these results, of controlled nuclear reactions in living organisms'".} } @article{Yaro1989b, author = {M.~A. Yaroslavskii}, title = {Nuclear reactions induced by temperature changes and phase transitions in solids}, journal = {Sov. Phys. Dokl.}, volume = {34}, number = {7}, year = {1989}, pages = {648--649}, keywords = {Experimental, fracto-, neutrons, D2O and chalk, res+}, note = {Orig. in Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 307 (1989) 600--601, in Russian}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {07/1989}, annote = {This appears to be a report preliminary to their later paper in the same journal (submitted 8 days later), describing neutron detection from frozen mixtures of D2O and "natural chalk". The mixture was brought down to liquid nitrogen temperature and slowly warmed up. Neutrons were detected by two parallel SI13H counters. Intense neutron emissions and pulses trains of up to several 100 microseconds long, containing about 1000 pulses, were detected, as well as short 10-30 mics packets of 10-100 pulses. Upon freezing, the same was observed as upon warming up. One intense pulse was observed upon melting of the sample. In another experiment, 7 cm$^3$ D2O were mixed with 0.125 cm$^3$ pentane and this, upon warming, emitted tens of pulses per s until completely melted. The author estimates that a pulse train emitted $10^6$ neutrons. Thus, for the first time, nuclear reactions were observed as a result of changes in temperature, due to phase transitions. The reaction is assumed to be d+d --> (3)He + n. Note that this paper was originally communicated in 1986 in Proc. 10th All-Union Jubilee Symp. on the Mechanical Emission and Mechanical Chemistry of Solids, Rostov-on-Don., and submitted to Doklady in '89.} } @article{Yoshih1989, author = {K. Yoshihara and T. Sekine and T. Braun}, title = {An attempt to detect fracto-fusion during microwave irradiation of D2O loaded silica gel}, journal = {J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.}, volume = {137}, year = {1989}, pages = {333--339}, keywords = {Experimental, silica, D2O, microwave, neutrons, tritium, res-}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {Dried silica gel was charged with D2O and then irradiated with microwave, in order to cause small explosions and, hopefully, sufficient compression of deuterium to cause it to fuse. Also, fracto-fusion might do the trick. A single BF3 neutron detector was used. No differences from background were observed; neither did tritium levels deviate from those before the treatment. Thus no fusion took place here, but this does not exclude the fracto-fusion phenomenon in other experiments.} } @article{Zak1989, author = {J. Zak}, title = {Low-temperature fusion of light nuclei in the Fleischmann-Pons reaction}, journal = {Inz. Apar. Chem.}, volume = {28(5)}, year = {1989}, pages = {3--4}, note = {In Polish}, keywords = {Discussion}, annote = {"A discussion with 3 refs is given on radiation obsd during an electrolysis of D2O with Pd cathode. The properties of D in the crystal lattice of Pd are described. The possibility of electrochem-induced cold fusion is discussed" (Cited from Chem. Abstr. 113:30258 (1990)). From the issue number, I take it this came out in May 1989.} } @article{Zakh1989, author = {V.~P. Zakharova and G.~A. Kotel'nikov}, title = {To the question of cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Atom. Tekh. za Rubez.}, volume = {9}, year = {1989}, pages = {28--31}, keywords = {Comment}, note = {In Russian}, annote = {A lengthy report of the cold fusion affair, evidently written at about the end of April (this commentator cannot find a publication date), judging from the reference list. The FPH work is described, along with the problems it raises such as branching ratios. The authors note the rush to reproduce cold fusion, all over the world but that unambiguous confirmation has not been obtained.} } @article{Zele1989, author = {V.~V. Zelentsov}, title = {New but quite forgotten matters}, journal = {Koord. Khim.}, volume = {19}, year = {1989}, pages = {1296.}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Comment}, annote = {Submitted on April 27, 1989, this is a report of the paper by Fleischmann and Pons (and Hawkins). As with the ceramic superconductivity sensation, cold fusion led to many labs around the world trying to reproduce the results; At the Kharkov Physico-technical Institute, cold fusion was confirmed; they found tritium and helium (3) by deuterium ion implantation into Pd at -130 to -150 degC (no further details given). Z calls Fleischmann the erstwhile Czech scientist. He then goes on to point out that this sensation is not new, and describes the work of Paneth and Peters of 1926 (Z's only reference). Paneth apparently left for Britain in 1933, returned to Germany in 1953 but apparently never returned to his cold fusion work of the '20's. Z then muses that Nature does not distinguish between physics and chemistry, and so the future of scientific endeavour lies in a unified approach.} } @article{Zhu1989, author = {S.~B. Zhu and J. Lee and G.~W. Robinson}, title = {Kinetic energy imbalance in inhomogeneous materials}, journal = {Chem. Phys. Lett}, volume = {161}, year = {1989}, pages = {249--252}, keywords = {Theory, molecular dynamic computations, res+}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {The authors focus on the relative momentum of the Pd and D atoms in PdDx. Molecular dynamic simulations are used, in two dimensions, for PdD, and show that barrier penetration is feasible and could enhance cold fusion rates by many orders of magnitude.} } @article{Zieg1989, author = {J.~F. Ziegler and T.~H. Zabel and J.~J. Cuomo and V.~A. Brusic and G.~S. Gargill IV and E.~J. O'Sullivan and A.~D. Marwick}, title = {Electrochemical experiments in cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, volume = {62}, year = {1989}, pages = {2929--2832}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, cp's, gamma, neutron monitors, x-ray, diffraction, res-}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {Charged particles in the energy range 1-3 MeV are easier to detect than neutrons, and the background is lower. A silicon SSB barrier detector was used, placed right next to the Pd electrode in an electrolysis. Personel gamma and neutron detectors were also placed next to the cell. X-ray diffraction was used to detect the time needed to form the beta-phase of PdD(x), x>0.6, Highest fusion rates inferred from the results are about 1/100 those claimed by Jones+ and thus about $10^{-6}$ lower than FPH's.} } @article{Zuqi1989, author = {H. Zuqia}, title = {A possible explanation of the room temperature nuclear fusion}, journal = {Beijing Shifan Daxue Xuebao. Ziran Kexueban}, volume = {2}, year = {1989}, pages = {43--44}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {04/1989}, annote = {Proposes that the absorbed deuterium forms a sublattice in the palladium, and because of the nonequilibrium due to electrolysis, the deuterons in this lattice could be oscillating energetically. Zuqia invokes nonlinear coupling, solitons, cooperative effects, Toda lattices, and arrives at the possibility of some fusion happening. More is to be reported later.} }