% Year 1990; there are 320 entries. @article{Abel1990, author = {G.~C. Abell and L.~K. Matson and R.~H. Steinmeyer and R.~C. Bowman Jr and B.~M. Oliver}, title = {Helium release from aged palladium tritide}, journal = {Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter}, volume = {41}, year = {1990}, pages = {1220--1223}, keywords = {Experimental, helium mobility in metal, res0}, submitted = {10/1989}, published = {01/1990}, annote = {Tritium decays by beta emission and forms He; so if you let PdT(x) stand, you accumulate He in the Pd. An interesting question for cold fusion people looking for He, where should they look for it? In the solution or gas outside the Pd, or inside? In other words, how fast does any He come out? These authors examine this and find that, for small He "loadings" (<0.5 He/Pd), the He is practically not released, and that temperatures exceeding 1300 K are needed to drive it out.} } @article{Aber1990, author = {D. Aberdam and M. Avenier and G. Bagieu and J. Bouchez and J.~F. Cavaignac and J. Collot and R. Durand and R. Faure and J. Favier and E. Kajfasz and D.~H. Koang and B. Lefievre and E. Lesquoy and H. Pessard and A. Rouault and J.~P. Senateur and A. Stutz and F. Weiss}, title = {Limits on neutron emission following deuterium absorption into palladium and titanium}, journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, volume = {65}, year = {1990}, pages = {1196--1199}, keywords = {Experimental, neutron detector, res-}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {This group has a new type of neutron detector which will detect any neutron with an energy > 1MeV and allows discrimination against Compton electron background. This was used in an underground lab, where the neutron background was a low 1.7 n/day. Both electrochemical and pressurization cold fusion experiments were done, closely following the example of FPH, Jones+ and De Ninno+. In some of the electrochemical runs, the currents were abruptly changed several times, to test for dynamical effects. Dynamical effects were also attempted with the gas absorption runs (up to 60 bars), by temperature changes between that of liquid N2 and 950 degC, both fast and slowly. In all cases, something like 1E-26 n/pair/s was measured as an upper limit, or a factor of 100 below Jones et al's results. No bursts were observed.} } @article{AbuT1990a, author = {A.~F. AbuTaha}, title = {Cold fusion - the heat mechanism}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {345--349}, keywords = {Theory, lattice stress, res0}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {The author's thesis is that the palladium, and not the deuterium, is the source of the "excess heat" measured by some workers. The deuterium causes strain build-up in the metal, and at some point this is released by crack formation and propagation, which also generates sufficient heat to explain all. As in simple metal tensile tests, in which crack formation causes a rise in temperature, this effect can account for the heat observed by FPH. The effect cannot be used to generate power.} } @article{AbuT1990b, author = {A.~F. AbuTaha}, title = {Cold fusion - engineering perspectives}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {391--396}, keywords = {Theory, lattice stress, res0}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {AbuTaha further develops his theory that 'cold fusion' is not fusion, but the release of embrittlement energies, i.e. of energy stored after crack formation. Crack propagation can then suddenly or over a time period release large amounts of energy, up to the FPH claim of 4 MJ/cm**3 in metals such as Pd and Ti or Ni. This can explain all, including the FPH melt-down (AbuTaha describes an explosive event, due to hydrogen embrittlement, observed in the early 1970's). He clearly believes that this phenomenon can be used, but we must learn to control and optimise it.} } @article{Adle1990, author = {P.~N. Adler and R.~L. Schulte and H. Margolin}, title = {Deuterium surface segregation in titanium alloys}, journal = {Metall. Trans.}, volume = {21A}, year = {1990}, pages = {2003--2007}, keywords = {Polemic discussion, res0}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {Deuterium enrichment in the near-surface region, kinetics of segregation, and factors contributing to it, are discussed. Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) showed that there is in fact spotwise enrichment (segregation) at the surface of alpha-phase TiD but not in beta-phase ditto. Some of the deuterium may be trapped at surface defects without deuteride formation. } } @article{Aiel1990, author = {S. Aiello and Filippo. De E and G. Lanzano and Nigro. Lo S and A. Pagano}, title = {Nuclear fusion experiment in palladium charged by deuterium gas}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {115--119}, keywords = {Experimental, gas phase, titanium, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {02/1990}, published = {08/1990}, annote = {The team performed an experiment similar to that of the De Ninno team, with palladium instead of titanium under pressurised D2 with various temperature cycling programs. An NE-213 detector measured neutrons with gamma discrimination, a BaF2 detector measured gamma emission and charged particles were measured by a silicon surface barrier detector. Nothing significant was found. The authors state, however, that the expected cold fusion rate of about 1E-23 fusions/s/pair would give signals well below their apparatus' ability to detect them.} } @article{Alba1990, author = {D. Albagli and R. Ballinger and V. Cammarata and X. Chen and R.~M. Crooks and C. Fiore and M.~P.~J. Gaudreau and I. Hwang and C.~K. Li and P. Linsay and S.~C. Luckhardt and R.~R. Parker and R.~D. Petrasso and M.~O. Schloh and K.~W. Wenzel and M.~S. Wrighton}, title = {Measurement and analysis of neutron and gamma-ray emission rates, other fusion products, and power in electrochemical cells having Pd cathodes}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {133--148}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, 4He, mass spec, neutrons, heat, res-}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {An experiment, in which the Pd cathodes, electrolyte and effluent gases were analysed for fusion products. The claim that (4)He is a major product was examined by means of MS. Constant temperature calorimetry measurements was done, and neutrons and gammas counted; tritium was monitored and surface x-ray spectroscopy at the Pd done. The MS results (from a very high- resolution MS instrument) did show a (4)He peak, but it showed the same peak for the ambient laboratory air. There were no results to support cold fusion. The authors make some comments on cold fusion claims, pointing to experimental difficulties. For example, the FPH(89) excess heat can indeed be conceived in terms of a chemical reaction (as also pointed out by Kreysa). Alba1990} } @article{Albe1990, author = {M.~A. Alberg and L. Wilets and J.~J. Rehr and . Mustre}, title = {Upper limits to fusion rates of isotopic hydrogen molecules in palladium}, journal = {Phys. Rev. C}, volume = {41}, year = {1990}, pages = {2544--2547}, keywords = {Theoretical, res-}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {06/1990}, annote = {Calculation, using the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, of fusion rates of H2 (H being any given hydrogen isotope) molecules in PdH. Find that fusion rates are enhanced over those for H2 gas but the rates are still 10-20 orders of magnitude lower (at ca. 1E-33/pair/s) than claimed.} } @article{Alek1990, author = {R. Aleksan and M. Avenier and G. Bagieu and J. Bouchez and J.~F. Cavaignac and J. Collot and M.~C. Cousinou and Y. Declais and Y. Dufour and R. Durand and R. Faure and J. Favier and E. Kajfasz and Kerret. De H and D.~H. Koang and B. Lefievre and E. Lesquoy and J. Mallet and E. Nagy and M. Obolensky and H. Pessard and F. Pierre and A. Stutz and J.~P. W{\"u}thrick}, title = {Limits on electrochemically induced fusion of deuterium by neutron flux measurements}, journal = {Phys. Lett. B}, volume = {234}, year = {1990}, pages = {389--394}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {10/1989}, published = {01/1990}, annote = {Attempted to reproduce cold fusion by electrolysis of D2O. A very sensitive neutron detector ((6)Li doped organic liquid scintillator NE320) was used to detect neutrons. An upper limit of about 50 n/s was obtained, which is 30 times smaller than that claimed by FPH, and less than that of Jones+.} } @article{Ales1990, author = {A. Alessandrello and E. Bellotti and C. Cattadori and C. Antonione and G. Bianchi and S. Rondinini and S. Torchio and E. Fiorini and A. Guiliani and S. Ragazzi and L. Zanotti and C. Gatti}, title = {Search for cold fusion induced by electrolysis in palladium}, journal = {Il Nuovo Cimento A}, volume = {103}, year = {1990}, pages = {1617--1638}, keywords = {Experimental, gamma, neutrons, helium, tritium, fracto, gas phase, res-}, submitted = {07/1990}, published = {11/1990}, annote = {The aim was here to search for signals from d-p and d-d fusion during the electrolysis at palladium, as well as to possibly induce fusion by mechanically straining the electrode, so as to initiate crack formation. Gamma, neutron, helium and tritium emissions were all monitored as well as heat, in a low-background environment, under the Gran Sasso massif. Heat effects were measured by means of several thermocouples in the cells, with resistor calibration. Four radiation detectors were used: two (3)He detectors, one NaI detector and one intrinsic Ge diode, with appropriate shielding and calibrations. In none of the experiments, radiation emissions beyond the background, were detected. The upper limit then becomes around 6 orders of magnitude lower than the fusion rates claimed by FPH. Mechanical strain - i.e. microcracks - made no difference. Tritium analysis showed only the normal electrolytic enrichment. No helium was found, and no excess heat outside error limits. This extensive experiment does not support cold fusion.} } @article{Alta1990, author = {M.~V. Altaiskii and S.~N. Artekha and B.~I. Barts and V.~G. Bar'yakhtar and S.~S. Moiseev}, title = {Fluctuational enhancement of quantum mechanical and wave barrier penetrability and some physical consequences}, journal = {Vopr. Atom. Nauk. Tekh. Ser.: Fiz. Radiats. Povr. Radiats. Mater.}, volume = {52}, number = {1}, year = {1990}, pages = {78--80}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Theory, fluctuations, res+}, submitted = {12/1989}, annote = {Both the present authors and Koonin have suggested that it is not the mean physical states in the metal hydride lattice, that set the cold fusion rate, but the fluctuations in all lattice parameters, including the Coulomb barrier to a close d-d approach. In analogy with the Debye-Valera factor of solid state theory, such a factor is expected here, and it can lead to greatly enhanced rates of cold fusion. Some mathematical theory indicates that for a d-d distance >= 0.2A, i.e. $r \ge ra=n^{-1/3}$, n = electron gas density, there is effective attraction between the d's. Finally, fluctuations might also be used deliberately to enhance fusion rates in crystals.} } @article{Angh1990, author = {S. Anghaie and P. Froelich and H.~J. Monkhorst}, title = {On fusion/fission chain reactions in the Fleischmann-Pons 'cold fusion' experiment}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {500--506}, keywords = {Theory, fission and fusion}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {05/1990}, annote = {Suggest that the explanation of cold fusion rates may lie in fission/fusion chain reactions involving deuterons, 6Li and 7Li as consumables; protons, tritons, neutrons and 3He as intermediates and 4He and Be as products. Starting with some rather shaky (but non-essential) electrochemical arguments, leading to enormous concentrations of deuterons and Li+ ions at the Pd surface, the team suggests that weak fusion sets a chain reaction going, that could just be self-sustaining. Several possible chains are discussed. Criticality cannot, however, be achieved. Heat production without particle or tritium emission can be explained by this mechanism. 4He is produced, and the authors suggest that people who find excess heat should look for 4He.} } @article{Anto1990, author = {A.~V. Antonov and B.~A. Benetskii and V.~B. Ginodman and L.~N. Zherikhina and A.~V. Klyachko and E.~S. Konobeevskii and M.~V. Mordovskoi and V.~I. Popov and A.~I. Rozantsev and A.~M. Tskhovrebov}, title = {An attempt to observe cold thermonuclear fusion during the electrolysis of heavy water}, journal = {Sov. Phys. Lebedev Inst. Rep.}, year = {1990}, number = {5}, pages = {52--56}, note = {Orig. in: Kratk. Soobshch. Fiz. (1990)(5) 38.}, keywords = {Experimental, neutrons, electrolysis, palladium, res-}, submitted = {03/1990}, annote = {Not simply neutron emission is needed to confirm cold fusion, but n emission with the correct spectrum; notably, a peak at 2.5 MeV. Two electrolysis cells were used. In one, 1 g of Pd plate of 5 cm**2 area was the cathode in an electrolyte of D2O + 30\% D2SO4, and a current of 20-300 mA; in the other a 7g Pd plate of the same size in D2O + 7\% LiOD and a current of 2A. Neutrons were measured from scintillation of a stilbene crystal plus zero- crossing gamma discrimination and gamma background correction. In both cases, electrolysis was performed for one hour with the cell in the detector space, and for one hour with the cell well away from it, alternating thus for 58 and 90 hours, respectively. Nothing significant was detected. The addition of a BF3 detector to stretch neutron bursts and prevent saturation still did not produce evidence of cold fusion.} } @article{Arat1990a, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang}, title = {Achievement of intense 'cold' fusion reaction}, journal = {Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B}, volume = {66}, year = {1990}, pages = {1-6}, keywords = {Experimental, palladium, electrolysis, pressure, heat, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {12/1989}, annote = {(Direct citation from the abstract:) A Pd cathode of large size was activated by repeating intensive absorption and explosive exhaust of D compulsively due to the powerful on-off effect to induce intense mobility and a huge inner pressure of D within the Pd cathode. This characteristic played a role in achieving cold fusion. A considerable number of neutrons far beyond the background level, sometimes reaching >= 10**8 n/s, were detected. The phenomena were observed 10 times in one month, and the period was 30 min for the shortest and 40 h for the longest. The total number of neutrons generated was estimated to be $10^{13}$ for 40 hours at the maximum, and it would be difficult to consider other any process than the nuclear fusion by D-D reaction. The large amount of excess heat produced during electrolysis was not due to unobserved nuclear fusion proposed by FPH (1989) but due to reaction heat produced by the intense absorption and explosive exhaust of the D into and out of the Pd. The Pd cathodes used by all other researchers were far smaller than the present one. This is likely the reason why the new on-off effect phenomenon and the generation of intense cold fusion was not found so far.} } @article{Arat1990b, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang}, title = {'Cold' fusion caused by a weak 'on-off effect'}, journal = {Proc. Japan Acad. Ser. B}, volume = {66}, year = {1990}, pages = {33--36}, keywords = {Experimental, on-off effect, electrolysis, palladium, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {02/1990}, published = {02/1990}, annote = {If the temperature build-up in palladium under deuteration is high, a temperature can be reached where an explosive release of deuterium occurs; this is called the strong on-off effect, and A\&Z ascribe a cold fusion reaction to it. In this paper they state that the "weak" on-off effect, where decomposition occurs at lower temperatures, also causes cold fusion. Neutron detection appeared to coincide with on-off effects. } } @article{Arat1990c, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang}, title = {Corroborating evidence for 'cold' fusion reaction}, journal = {Proc. Japan Acad. Ser. B}, volume = {66}, year = {1990}, pages = {110--115}, keywords = {Experimental, on-off effect, electrolysis, palladium, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {06/1990}, annote = {In previous work, the authors had found intense neutron emissions when the powerful "on-off" effect is active. This happens when the cell, under electrolysis, reaches temperatures up to 110 degC (the "on" effect), and then goes into the "off" effect. If it goes "off" without reaching this high temperature, the authors speak of a weak on-off effect, and consider it important for cold fusion. Here, they used nickel, spray coated thinly with palladium. A paraffin block changed neutrons into thermal neutrons and detected these with a BF3 counter. This, they say, is a reliable way to detect fusion neutrons. Comparisons of neutron patterns over long times, with those from the background and from a (252)Cf source, showed that cold fusion did occur, both on palladium and palladium-coated nickel.} } @article{Arat1990d, author = {Y. Arata and Y.-C. Zhang }, title = {Achievement of an intense cold fusion reaction}, note = {But see: "Corrigendum", FT 19 (1991) 196}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {95--102}, submitted = {02/1990}, published = {08/1990}, keywords = {Discussion, suggestions}, annote = {This paper proposes the conditions necessary for achieving cold fusion (more or less) controllably. These are: a large Pd electrode must be used, and the current periodically switched on and off. The team has previously described their "on-off" effect. In this, deuterium must be forced quickly into the Pd, and quickly exhausted by switching the current off. Quick loading and release of deuterium causes internal high temperatures and pressures of up to 5000 atm, and the authors on several occasions have observed large neutron events of up to 1E13 n per event. Several experiments are described. Titanium is not suitable, as it does not absorb deuterium to a sufficient depth. The authors measured the heat exchange and there was no excess heat; all heat released (about 50\% of Joule heating) could be accounted for by chemical reactions. The authors do not believe in excess heat, calculating from their neutron emissions that this could only be expected to reach about 0.1 mW. They also assume standard physics (e.g. 1:1 branching ratio) for the fusion reaction. In some cases, the electrode reached a temperature of 110 degC, at which deuterium is released spontaneously and copiously; an automatic on-off effect. Explosions and ignition phenomena were also observed. The authors do not, unfortunately, make clear whether the large neutron events are associated with current switching or spontaneous on-off events. The conclusion is that this effect reconciles the differences between successful and failed cold fusion experiments; that long electrolysis times are besides the point; and that the use of small Pd electrodes is "a fatal mistake". The recipe: use a large electrode, charge it for 2-3 days to oversaturate it, turn off the current for a few hours, polish the cathode, put it back in and resume electrolysis. This produced the large neutron bursts.} } @article{Arni1990, author = {H.~J. Arnikar}, title = {'Cold fusion' - a misnomer}, journal = {Ind. J. Chem. Sci.}, volume = {4}, year = {1990}, pages = {65.}, keywords = {Polemic, res-}, annote = {A recital of the author's belief that there is no cold fusion. There may be chemisorption or occlusion of electrolytically produced deuterium, both of which are exothermic and yield at most 10 eV, not 0.5 MeV as required for fusion. So fusion cannot be happening. As well, there ought to be helium, neutrons and gammas, and there is no good evidence for these. Ergo, nothing.} } @article{Atta1990, author = {E.~M. Attas and K.~W. Chambers and W. Dueck and R. Dutton and A.~K. McIlwain}, title = {Solar flares and 'cold fusion'}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {344}, year = {1990}, pages = {390.}, keywords = {Polemic, solar flares}, submitted = {03/1990}, published = {03/1990}, annote = {This team monitored neutron emission from a FPH-type cell, and found a couple of bursts of neutron activity - one larger, one smaller. Instead of rushing into print or to their nearest patent office, however, they then checked solar flare records: at precisely the same time the neutron emissions occurred, there were solar flares, the larger correlating with the larger neutron burst, the smaller with the smaller. Solar flare records are thus another item on the list of things every cnf experimenter must check for.} } @article{Ault1990, author = {M.~R. Ault}, title = {Cold fusion: the story behind the headlines}, journal = {Radiat. Protect. Managem.}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, year = {1990}, pages = {49--57}, keywords = {Small review}, annote = {A run-down, up to about the end of 1990, of the cold fusion story. Ault rejects Williams et al's (Harwell) paper's rebuttal, criticising it for its scatter gun approach. He concludes that cold fusion may well be real and needs further investigation.} } @article{Azbe1990, author = {M.~Ya. Azbel}, title = {Possibility of cold fusion}, journal = {Solid State Commun.}, volume = {76}, year = {1990}, pages = {127--129}, keywords = {Polemic, discussion, res0}, submitted = {05/1990}, published = {10/1990}, annote = {Having stated that cold fusion - as practised until now - has been disproved, A looks at the theory of Leggett and Baym, which showed that it is indeed not on. A asks, what conditions might make it possible? They are: a material in which high deuterium concentrations can be achieved, in which there are narrow electron bands and wide electron gaps and in which there is a highly energetic metastable state with d-d distances of around 0.1 {\AA}ngstr{\o}ms. Pd and Ti are not suitable.} } @incollection{Babu1990, author = {K.~S.~C. Babu and N.~P. Lalla and R.~N. Pandey and R.~S. Tiwari and O.~N. Srivastava}, title = {On the formation of palladium deuteride and its relationship to suspected cold fusion}, booktitle = {Adv. Hydrogen Energy, Hydrogen Energy Prog. VIII, Vol. 2}, volume = {8}, year = {1990}, pages = {1051--1060}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, pd fusion, res+}, annote = {The authors note that it is not always appreciated that the formation of the metal deuteride is exothermic. They carried out a calorimetric experiment of their own, and found two regimes: the first, during deuteration, showed accountable heat (of deuteration); the second, upon full loading, was not so easy to account for. They also electrolysed in light water, after fully loading in heavy water, and here found the greatest excess heat, confirming the theoretical prediction that p-d fusion is favoured. Measurements of gamma emission also showed greatest deviation from the background for this p-d system. Cold fusion appears to be confirmed.} } @article{Bald1990, author = {M. Baldo and R. Pucci and P.~F. Bortignon}, title = {Relaxation toward equilibrium in plasmon-enhanced fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {347--350}, keywords = {Remark, res+}, submitted = {02/1990}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {"There is no doubt that the fusion reaction rate within a metal lattice is dramatically higher than estimated for free deuterium molecules", say the authors. The fact that not everyone measures fusion effects, does not imply that Jones et al were mistaken. The recent cluster impact experiments of Beuhler et al indicate that the target plays an important role (I am quoting). The authors have previously considered plasmon interactions (at a conference) and in this paper, further consider the d-phonon interaction and deuteron screening due to particle-hole excitations. The conclusion is that the formation of quasi-deuterium molecules and phonon damping can lead to cold fusion rates comparable to those claimed by Jones et al, and that this will occur in bursts. Eventually, the system equilibrates and fusion rates drop to those for free D2 gas.} } @article{Balk1990, author = {B. Balke and L. Cox and O. Fackler and M. Mugge and P.~C. Souers and R.~T. Tsugawa and R.~M. White}, title = {Limits on neutron emission from 'cold fusion' in metal hydrides}, journal = {Phys. Rev. C}, volume = {42}, year = {1990}, pages = {30--37}, keywords = {Experimental, gas phase, Ti, Pd, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {03/1990}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {Tried to measure neutrons from pressurised gas charged Ti sponge, shavings and Pd wire, under different conditions of charging and pretreatment. Using careful multiple neutron detection, in all cases, nothing above background was detected, no temperature response. After elimination of false readings of various kinds, no neutron bursts at all were found. Also tried loading with HD and DT gas; still no neutrons. These meticulously run experiments throw considerable doubt on all previous positive experiments with gas charging, finding 2-5 orders of magnitude lower neutron emissions than these other studies (Frascati, LANL).} } @article{Bara1990, author = {B. Baranowski and S.~M. Filipek and M. Szustakowski and J. Farny and W. Woryna}, title = {Search for 'cold fusion' in some Me-D systems at high pressures of gaseous deuterium}, journal = {J. Less-Common Met.}, volume = {158}, year = {1990}, pages = {347--357}, keywords = {Experimental, gas phase, Pd, neutrons, excess heat, res-}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {03/1990}, annote = {The authors, experienced in high-pressure generation of metal hydrides, decided that this is a better route to PdD(x), as the loading is easier to control, more stable, and higher loadings can be achieved, than with electrolysis. Neutrons were monitored with liquid scintillation-, silver activation- and a CR-90 nuclear track detectors. Temperature of the metal samples was monitored. A large piece of Pd (5.63 cm**3, 5 times the large piece considered dangerous by FPH) was put under D2, at 0.8 GPa pressure and kept that way for 5 months. Loading factor is about unity, i.e. the octahedral sites in the Pd are filled. No heat nor neutrons were detected, beyond background. Raising the pressure to 2.56 GPa begins to fill some of the tetrahedral sites; this still showed nothing. A higher loading of 2 is achievable with Ni (NiD2) at 0.75 GPa, where it was held for 2 months without any emissions. Just in case there is anything special about electrolytic charging, the authors did this, too, under 0.6 GPa D2 pressure; still no emissions. Thus, 'cold fusion' is an error.} } @article{Baru1990, author = {A.~O. Barut}, title = {Prediction of new tightly-bound states of H2+ (D2+) and 'cold fusion' experiments}, journal = {J. Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {15}, year = {1990}, pages = {907--909}, keywords = {Theoretical, screening, res+}, submitted = {05/1990}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {FPH(89) concluded that their results were due to an hitherto unknown nuclear reaction. Barut believes that the explanation may be tightly bound states of D2+ ions, and three-body interactions, which are called the anti- Born-Oppenheimer approximation, in which an electron is squeezed between two positive nuclei rapidly rotating about it. Barut develops this quantum-mechanical model. The formation of these "supermolecules" from only a tiny fraction of the deuterium could account for excess heat observations. One drawback is that normal hydrogen should do the same, and output about a quarter the excess heat.} } @article{Barw1990, author = {S.~W. Barwick and P.~B. Price and W.~T. Williams and J.~D. Porter}, title = {Search for 0.8 MeV (3)He nuclei emitted from Pd and Ti exposed to high pressure D2}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {273.}, keywords = {Experimental, helium, neutrons, Ti, Pd, gas phase, res-}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {Track recording plastic films have been laid alongside Pd and Ti sheets exposed to D2 gas under >= 15 bars, to detect the neutrons from the n+(3)He branch of the fusion reactions. There was temperature and pressure cycling, and radiation background elimination. No evidence of cold fusion was found, with neutron upper limits of 0.7 and 2.5 fusions/s/cm**3, as compared with 20 and 260 measured by de Ninno et al. There were some alpha particles detected, arising from impurities in the metals (Th and U).} } @article{Bash1990, author = {Yu.~A. Bashkirov and R.~Kh. Baranova and B.~G. Bazanin and V.~M. Kazakova}, title = {Observation of neutron emission from electrolysis of heavy water}, journal = {Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz.}, volume = {16}, number = {19}, year = {1990}, pages = {51--55}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {06/1990}, published = {10/1990}, annote = {Cathodes of Pd (0.5 mm) and Ti (1 mm) and anodes of Pt or Au were electrolysed in 0.1-0.15 M LiOH and LiOD, at 150 mA/cm**2. Near the electrolysis cell were placed two neutron detectors; one a type SNM-56 containing 97\% He and 3\% Ar, the other an organic scintillation soup widely used in physics to detect high-energy neutrons. With low-noise photomultipliers, this allowed the team to detect the lower-energy neutrons expected from cold fusion. There was a temp. probe in the cell. For Pd, in heavy water, neutron emission showed a steady increase over the background, around double. The Fig. shows two bursts at 10-100 times the background, simultaneously on both detectors. At the same time (in most cases but not all) there was a temp. spike of a few degrees. A Ti cathode also emitted the larger steady neutron flux (the paper does not mention bursts for Ti).} } @article{Bazh1990, author = {Yu.~N. Bazhutov and G.~M. Vereshkov and R.~N. Kuz'min and A.~M. Frolov}, title = {Interpretation of cold nuclear fusion by means of erzion catalysis}, note = {In Russian}, journal = {Fiz. Plazmy Nekotor. Vopr. Obshch. Fiz. M.}, year = {1990}, pages = {67--70}, keywords = {Suggestion, erzions}, annote = {Muons are known to catalyse cold fusion, and could, in principle, be the cause of cold fusion, since they arrive at the Earth's surface in cosmic showers. However, their short life time precludes this possibility, at least at the claimed observation levels. But what if there were another, heavy and negative particle with much longer life, in these cosmic showers? The authors call these hypothetical particles "erzions", and postulate that they may have been accumulating in the Earth's surface for a long time. Erzion catalysis proceeds just like muon catalysis, and if erzions are long lived, cold fusion is explained, along with some other physical mysteries such as "Lebed-X3" energy. The result would be (4)He, thus accounting for the dearth of neutrons; some would however be emitted as secondaries.} } @article{Belo1990, author = {A.~S. Belov and V.~E. Kusik and Yu.~V. Ryabov}, title = {The nuclear fusion for the reactions (2)H(d,n)(3)He,(2)H(d,gamma)(4)He at low deuterons energy and 'cold' nuclear fusion}, journal = {Il Nuovo Cimento A}, volume = {103}, year = {1990}, pages = {1647--1650}, keywords = {Experimental, ion beam, Pd, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {07/1990}, published = {11/1990}, annote = {First, the team shoots a deuteron beam at a range of energies at a PdDx target, measuring the neutrons emitted as a result. These agree with (much) earlier work. Even at the lowest energies - which might approach cold fusion conditions - no anomalies were found. Subsequent neutron emission measurements made with the beam turned off set the upper limit for cold fusion at 7E-24 fusions/pair/s. The authors conclude that cold fusion, if it happens at all, has an unmeasurably low intensity and there is no basis for assuming any anomalies such as in branching ratios.} } @article{Belz1990a, author = {A. Belzner and U. Bischler and S. Crouch-Baker and T.~M. Guer and G. Lucier and M. Schreiber and R.~A. Huggins}, title = {Two fast mixed-conductor systems: deuterium and hydrogen in palladium - thermal measurements and experimental considerations}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {219--227}, keywords = {Experimental, calorimetry, electrolysis, res+}, published = {06/1990}, annote = {The well known "Huggins" paper, presented at a conference in 1989. This team used an isoperibolic calorimeter to look for excess heat in PdHx and PdDx, respectively. In this type of calorimeter, the cell temperature does not rise very much, so temperature effects and nonlinearities do not appear. The authors measure the power put into a working cell and compare it with the power given off by it. They do not correct for the energy required for the electrolysis of water, so that if any excess heat is found, it must be real; recombination of evolved hydrogen (isotope) with oxygen is of no consequence with this most severe of all definitions of excess heat. The results are presented in the form of plots of power-out vs power-in. For a calibration, using electrical heating, this is a straight line with unity slope. The plot for the Pd-H system (light water) lies below this line, showing that some power is absorbed by the electrolysis. For Pd-D, this is also seen initially, during the charging phase; after 66 h electrolysis, when the Pd is presumably fully charged (given the diffusion coefficient of D in PdD of 2E-11, charging can be expected to reach into the sample to a depth of 2 mm and the Pd was 3-4 mm thick), the plot lies clearly above the calibration line, showing an excess heat of about 10\%. A time effect is also shown: the out/in ratio goes smoothly from below 1 to above, for two cells. The excess heat is comparable with the deficit for Pd-H or for Pd-D initially. So, unless one postulates an exothermic reaction taking place (e.g. between impurities in the Pd and deuterium but not hydrogen) at a scale comparable with the power absorbed by water electrolysis, these results appear to provide strong evidence for a non-chemical source of excess heat in the Pd-D system. Belz1990a} } @article{Belz1990b, author = {A. Belzner and U. Bischler and S. Crouch-Baker and T.~M. Guer and G. Lucier and M. Schreiber and R.~A. Huggins}, title = {Recent results on mixed conductors containing hydrogen or deuterium}, journal = {Solid State Ionics}, volume = {40/41}, year = {1990}, pages = {519--524}, keywords = {Experimental, calorimetry, electrolysis, res+}, published = {08/1990}, annote = {Essentially the same results (and text) as in the authors' paper in the J. Fusion Energy 9 (1990) 219. Belz1990a} } @article{Benn1990, author = {S.~M. Bennington and M.~J. Benham and P.~R. Stonadge and J.~P.~A. Fairclough and D.~K. Ross}, title = {In-situ measurements of deuterium uptake into a palladium electrode using time-of-flight neutron diffractometry}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {281}, year = {1990}, pages = {323--330}, keywords = {Experimental, neutron diffraction, loading, res0}, submitted = {01/1990}, published = {03/1990}, annote = {Like x-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction can analyse the structure and composition of materials like PdD(x) but with the advantage that neutrons can penetrate more deeply into the bulk; x-rays can only do near-surface measure- ments. So with neutrons, the authors were able to measure the x in PdD(x). This has now been attempted by several methods such as accounting for evolved gas, by gravimetry, by resistance measurements and others. Loadings (x) of up to 2 have been claimed, whereas 0.8 or so is assumed normal. The present paper reports a maximum of 0.78, in line with expectations.} } @article{Bern1990, author = {R. Bernabei and G. Gannelli and R. Cantelli and S. {Cordero d'Angelo} and N. Iucci and P.~G. Picozza and G. Villoresi}, title = {Neutron monitoring during evolution of deuteride precipitation in Nb, Ta and Ti}, journal = {Solid State Commun.}, volume = {76}, year = {1990}, pages = {815--819}, keywords = {Experimental, neutrons, cracks, gas phase, res-}, submitted = {03/1990}, published = {11/1990}, annote = {The formation of the highly loaded metal deuteride beta phase is here called precipitation (why not?), and this team monitored neutron emissions during such precipitation, as well as during deformation and crack nucleation. The "D-doping" was done under D2 gas (99.96\% pure) at 400 and 550 degC for 1-2 h and loadings of 0.07 to 0.43 were achieved. There was temperature cycling. Crack formation was observed upon precipitation. No neutrons were found under any conditions.} } @article{Bert1990, author = {A. Bertin and M. Bruschi and M. Capponi and S. {De Castro} and U. Marconi and C. Moroni and M. Piccinini and N. Semprini-Cesari and A. Trombini and A. Vitale and A. Zoccoli and J.~B. Czirr and G.~L. Jensen and S.~E. Jones and E.~P. Palmer}, title = {First experimental results at the Gran Sasso Laboratory on cold nuclear fusion in titanium electrodes}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {209--213}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, electrolysis, neutrons, res+}, published = {06/1990}, annote = {This reports preliminary results of neutron measurements from electrolytic infusion of deuterium into Ti. The measurements were undertaken under low- background conditions. The same electrolyte mixture as used by Jones+(89) was used, and the same type of Ti electrodes. The laboratory inside the Gran Sasso massif has an overall radioactivity level 1/10 that elsewhere, and practically no cosmic radiation gets in, except neutrinos. One neutron detector (a NE-213 type) was set next to the cell, another 8m away. Neutron- gamma separation was possible by pulse shape discrimination and confirmed by calibration. The results show a definite difference between the two counters, with a calculated 875+-180 neutrons/hour emitted from the cold fusion cell. Taking account of some experimental differences, this compares well with the results of Jones+(89), thus confirming low-level cold fusion.} } @article{Bese1990a, author = {F. Besenbacher and B. {Bech Nielsen} and P. Hornsh{\o}j and E. L{\ae}gsgaard and N. Rud}, title = {Search for cold fusion in plasma-charged Pd-D and Ti-D systems}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {315--317}, keywords = {Experimental, glow discharge, nonequilibrium, neutrons, res-}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {Although the effective-medium theory (see other papers from this group) says that cold fusion should not occur, the team nevertheless tried it out. Nonequilibrium has been said to be the secret; one more way to ensure this is to charge the metal with deuterium from a plasma, obtained by means of a DC glow discharge in a low-pressure deuterium gas between two Cu electrodes. The cathode was the test metal (Pd or Ti) covered with a thin layer (50 A) of Cu, which trapped the D in the metal. The D impinges at 200-400 eV, and loses about 100 eV to the Cu barrier, not leaving enough energy for self targetting neutron emission. Any neutrons measured would thus have to come from fusion. Neutron detection was by means of an NE-213 liquid scintillator coupled to a fast photomultiplier tube, with pulse shape gamma discrimination, and an efficiency of about 3\% at the sample. Measurements continued for 2 weeks. Loading of the top layer of the Pd was determined by surface nuclear reaction analysis and found to be about 0.8. The upper limit for cold fusion, calculated from the neutron flux, was <= 5E-24 fus/pair/s, or well below claimed rates. Thus cold fusion is not found.} } @article{Bese1990b, author = {F. Besenbacher and Nielsen. Bech B and J.~K. N{\o}rskov and S.~M. Myers and P. Nordlander}, title = {Interaction of hydrogen isotopes with metals: deuterium trapped at lattice defects in palladium}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {257--261}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {A fundamental study, both theoretical and experimental, of the interaction of hydrogen isotopes with defects in metals. Ion implantation is used for the experiments. For the theory, the inhomogeneous metal is modelled as a simpler host, the "effective medium", giving the name to the theory (dating back some years). In short, defects act as a trap for hydrogen. There is good absolute agreement between theory and experiment, with respect to trap strength of some metals looked at. Up to 6 hydrogens can be trapped at a single open defect; the distance between them is, however, no less than 1.85 A, far too great to allow fusion.} } @article{Birg1990, author = {O. Birgul and S. Celebi and A. Ozdural and K. Pekmez and A. Yildiz and Y. Yurum}, title = {Electrochemically induced fusion of deuterium using surface modified palladium electrodes}, journal = {Doga-Turk. J. Eng. Env. Sci.}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, year = {1990}, pages = {373--380}, keywords = {Experimental, gammas, electrolysis, Pd, res+}, submitted = {07/1989}, annote = {Bursts of gamma-ray emission accompanying sudden temp. rises were obsd. during the const. current electrolysis of D2O contg. LiOD electrolyte using the surface modified Pd cathodes following the charge-up of the cathode material with the electrolytically produced D. Macroscopic and microscopic deformations of the cathode material were noted at the end of electrolysis that could only be caused by extreme pos. thermal changes. The results were compared with blank expts. using H2O in which no such changes occurred. The nature of surface modification is not specified. The authors speculate that fusion is initiated by microscopic rises in temperature and collapse from the beta to alpha phase, by either recombination of deuterons into D2, or reaction of deposited Li with D2O. The surface modification will be described elsewhere.} } @article{Bitt1990, author = {M. Bittner and A. Meister and D. Ohms and E. Paffrath and D. Rahner and R. Schwierz and D. Seeliger and K. Wiesener and P. W{\"u}stner}, title = {Method for investigation of fusion reactions in condensed matter}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {120--130}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, D2O, H2O, neutrons, res0}, submitted = {02/1990}, published = {08/1990}, annote = {The authors present a sophisticated statistical analysis of neutron measurements made close to electrolysis cells in which palladium was the cathode in electrolytes with heavy and light water, and with current switched on and off. At one-hour intervals, the cell was taken far away from the detector, and this was repeated over many hours. The small differences between background and measurement were enhanced by integrating the total hourly neutron count differences (background total minus cell total) over time. Some cells showed a deficit, due to shadowing. The cell with electrolysis of D2O, however, did show a very small positive effect of about 3 counts/h. Other measurements rule out cosmic muon effects. No strong conclusions are drawn, the object here being to present the method.} } @article{Blen1990, author = {J.~G. Blencoe and M.~T. Naney and D.~J. Wesolowski and F.~G. Perey}, title = {Tests for 'cold fusion' in the Pd-D2 and Ti-D2 systems at 40-380 MPa and -196-27 degC}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {149--153}, keywords = {Experimental, gas loading, Pd, Ti, heat, neutrons, res+}, published = {06/1990}, annote = {This team decided to try to load Pd with D2 gas; while this was in progress, they heard about the Frascatti experiments with Ti and added this to the experiment. The Pd-D2 system was monitored for heat effects, as well as for neutrons. A triple BF3 neutron detector was used. Results: "no sustained neutron flux" over a long period of pressurisation, depressurisation and temperature cycling for the Pd-D2 system, and temperature changes due only to PV work and deuteride formation. The single Ti-D2 experiment gave an increase in the neutron level over a period of 5 hours at 80 hours. This corresponds to about 1000 n/s, comparable with Jones et al or Menlove et al, but the authors warn that they cannot be sure that their detector was behaving properly. They plan more experiments to confirm/deny this result.} } @article{Bock1990a, author = {{J. O'M}. Bockris and G.~H. Lin and N.~J.~C. Packham}, title = {A review of the investigations of the Fleischmann-Pons phenomena}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {11--31}, keywords = {Review, res+}, submitted = {03/1990}, published = {08/1990}, annote = {A review, with 61 references, of cold fusion, a little selective in parts. Many of the references are to conferences and "private communication", and thus not quite so accessible. The major experiments are reported, and a discussion given on each of excess heat, tritium, neutrons, protons, mass spectrometry, cluster impact fusion. The various theories that have been proposed are explained rather well. These include growing cracks (but there is no mention of the Soviet work), muon catalysis, Coulombic screening, tunnelling, chain reactions, quantum electrodynamic, and the formation of dendrites on the cathode surface; this last theory is the authors', and would explain the long electrolysis time required before anything happens, the sporadicity and irreprodubility of the phenomenon, and even the alleged anomalous branching ratio. Tritium, the authors say, should be the easiest of all fusion products to detect; neutrons are difficult; FPH's calorimetry is beyond reproach.} } @article{Bock1990b, author = {{J. O'M}. Bockris}, title = {Addition to 'A review of the investigations of the Fleischmann-Pons phenomena'}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {523.}, keywords = {Discussion, tritium, res+}, published = {11/1990}, annote = {Since the printing of the review, more evidence has come to light. Bockris says that Kevin Wolf's tritium could not have been in the palladium beforehand and even if it was, it would have been driven out during electrolysis. So the results of Bockris' school, and those of Wolf himself, are not in doubt.} } @article{Bock1990c, author = {J. Bockris and D. Hodko}, title = {Is there evidence for cold fusion?}, journal = {Chem. \& Ind.}, volume = {22}, year = {1990}, pages = {688--692}, keywords = {Discussion, res+}, published = {11/1990}, annote = {A summary of the case for cold fusion, which is a clear "yes" for the authors. In particular, they emphasise the burst-like nature of cold fusion, and say that there have been observations of correlated events like tritium with heat or neutrons or gammas. 77 references are given, many of them of conference talks, reports, and private communications.} } @article{Bona1990, author = {G.~C. Bonazzola and T. Bressani and D. Calvo and A. Feliciello and P. Gianotti and S. Marcello and M. Agnello and F. Iazzi}, title = {A large-area neutron detector based on double scattering}, journal = {Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. A}, volume = {299}, year = {1990}, pages = {25--28}, keywords = {Experimental, neutron detector design. No FPH/Jones refs}, annote = {This team, which has also been active in CNF research, here presents the design of a neutron detector to reliably detect the 2.45 MeV neutrons that must be emitted from d-d fusion. The apparatus is able to measure the impulse vector and the emission time, of every emitted particle reaching the detector.} } @article{Bosc1990, author = {H.~S. Bosch and G.~A. Wurden and J. Gernhardt and F. Karger and J. Perchermeier}, title = {Electrochemical cold fusion trials at IPP Garching}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {165--186}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, heat, neutrons, tritium, gamma, res-}, published = {06/1990}, annote = {The "Bavarian Bubble Bottle Team" reports, in a refreshingly informal and candid manner, their extensive experiments, starting as soon as they heard of FPH's press conference. Lacking all technical details, they nevertheless happened to hit on more or less the same set-up as FPH. Their neutron detectors were not up to Jones+ levels but sufficiently sensitive for FPH levels, as was their calorimetry, at an accuracy of about 5\%. Three electrolysis cells showed no signs of neutrons, tritium, gamma emissions or excess heat above backgrounds. One large electrode, intended to verify the FPH melt-down (it didn't) was thrown into liquid nitrogen after 21 h charging, and allowed to warm up; this, to emulate Italian experiments. Again, no emissions. The deuterium loading was estimated (with some corrections) at 0.9-1.2. The team comments that the thermodynamics of palladium hydride differs from that of the deuteride, and that this could well account for the claims by Huggins (at that time not published), given his conditions of nonequilibrium; i.e. if the loading is changing, then the two hydrogen isotopes behave differently in a thermodynamic sense. They also point out (as Frank Close has done) that no matter what nuclear reaction one postulates, one must expect some kind of radiation; the cooperative, Moessbauer-type effect suggested by some, absorbing such emissions as heat, is highly unlikely.} } @article{Boya1990, author = {L.~J. Boya}, title = {Possible mechanisms for cold fusion in deuterated palladium}, journal = {An. Fis. B}, volume = {86}, year = {1990}, pages = {221--223}, keywords = {Discussion, suggestions}, submitted = {09/1989}, annote = {Some speculation about cold fusion in the Pd lattice. The stationary state is first discussed. Deuterium is thought to be present as the neutral D most of the time, and as d (i.e. deuterons, D+) only a small part of the time; and to be colliding frequently ("because of the repulsive and big Pd ions"). However, this will not favour their fusion. Possible mechanisms should therefore be looked for in some non-stationary condition, such as the passing of a current, or an attractive d-d force in the alpha phase, or lattice interaction such as overlapping pseudolocalised Bloch waves; or lattice vibrations; or hysteresis in the alpha/beta transition region. Suggestions are made for experiments to throw light on the puzzle: the use of ac current to enhance the current effect, and heating and cooling to exploit the hysteresis effect.} } @article{Brac1990, author = {L. Bracci and G. Fiorentini and G. Mezzorani}, title = {Nuclear fusion in molecular systems}, journal = {J. Phys. G}, volume = {16}, year = {1990}, pages = {83--98}, keywords = {Theory, fusion rate, screening, effective mass, res-}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {01/1990}, annote = {Theoretical calculation of the fusion rate of pairs xx', where x and x' can be p, d or t, for a range of internuclear distances and effective masses of the binding particle (electron). A model thought to be more accurate than the naive Gamow-Sommerfeld formula is used. In some cases, high pressures might lead to an internuclear distance sufficiently smaller than normal, to increase fusion rates by tens of orders of magnitude, even at normal electron mass. Collective effects on the fusion process are ruled out, however, because they operate at inter-atomic spacings, not the small internuclear distances. The table of results shows that claimed cold fusion rates are possible with effective electron masses of 5-10 for all xx'.} } @article{Bria1990a, author = {J.~P. Briand and G. Ban and M. Froment and M. Keddam and F. Abel}, title = {Cold fusion rates in titanium foils}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {145}, year = {1990}, pages = {187--191}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, gas phase, cracking, res-}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {04/1990}, annote = {In a previous paper, this team had detected cold fusion by the x-rays produced when the neutrons hit metal atoms. They have now improved their technique, and use it on Ti instead of Pd (as previously). Background detector noise is now down by a factor of 100, efficiency up 3 times. Electrolysis was used, in soups containing Jones+-like metal ions. They conclude that even with properly pretreated Ti, the D does not penetrate more than 2-3 mu into the Ti, due to deposition of metals. So, on the one hand, Jones+ fusion rate should be revised by a couple of orders of magnitude, due to the much smaller volume. On the other hand, the present team finds next to nothing, even from Ti fully loaded by D2 gas, nor (a fracto-experiment) from loaded Ti cracked right in front of the detector.} } @article{Bria1990b, author = {J.-P. Briand and M. Froment }, title = {La fusion 'froide' dix-huit mois apres (Cold fusion, 18 months later)}, note = {In French}, journal = {Recherche}, volume = {21}, year = {1990}, pages = {1282--1284}, published = {10/1990}, keywords = {Comments, res0}, annote = {This is a run-down of cnf, summarising the situation 18 months after FPH-89 and Jones et al 89. The main problems are mentioned, as well as the various aspects of the subject, such as the Italian Ti/gas experiments and the Russian fractofusion. The writers state that the subject has at least stimulated some research.} } @article{Brit1990, author = {D. Britz}, title = {Cold fusion: an historical parallel}, journal = {Centaurus}, volume = {33}, year = {1990}, pages = {368--372}, keywords = {Discussion, historical}, submitted = {11/1990}, published = {09/1991}, annote = {The experiment of Wada and Nishizawa (1989) was preceded by a very similar one, almost 60 years previously. John Tandberg, the Swedish chemist electrically exploded a Pd wire electrolytically charged with deuterium, in order to provoke d-d fusion. The paper provides a translation of the Swedish description of this work, and discusses the parallel.} } @article{Brud1990a, author = {V.~B. Brudanin and V.~M. Bystritskii and V.~G. Egorov and S.~G. Shamsutdinov and A.~L. Shyshkin and V.~A. Stolupin and I.~A. Yutlandov}, title = {Does cold nuclear fusion exist?}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {146}, year = {1990}, pages = {347--350}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, gas phase, Pd, neutrons, res0}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {06/1990}, annote = {Experimental attempt to verify cold fusion, by both electrolysis of D2O at Pd and D2-saturation of Pd, as well as electrolysis of D2-charged Pd. Pure D2O, as well as 50:50 D2O:H2O were used and currents from 1-125 mA/cm**2. The authors seem not to have used LiOD but note that "at high currents", sodium carbonate was added to raise conductivity. In the D2 gas experiments, a loading of 0.5 was achieved. Two SNM-14 boron-containing neutron detectors were used, calibrated at 0.32\% efficiency; x-rays were also measured. Nothing was found above background levels. The authors comment on the use of Li salts: cosmic neutrons react with (6)Li to produce tritium, so Li should be avoided if tritium is to be detected.} } @article{Brud1990b, author = {V.~B. Brudanin and V.~M. Bystritskii and V.~G. Egorov and S.~G. Shamsutdinov and A.~L. Shyshkin and V.~A. Stolupin and I.~A. Yutlandov}, title = {Once more about cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {146}, year = {1990}, pages = {351--356}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Ti, gas phase, neutrons, res0}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {06/1990}, annote = {To add to their other paper on p.347, the authors have tried experiments with Ti, again using electrolysis and D2 gas loading, as well as temperature cycling as in the Frascati trials. No neutrons were found.} } @article{Brud1990c, author = {V.~B. Brudanin and V.~M. Bystritsky and V.~G. Egorov and S.~G. Stetsenko and I.~A. Yutlandov}, title = {Search for the cold fusion d(d,(4)He) in electrolysis of D2O}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {151}, year = {1990}, pages = {543--546}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd foil, helium, alphas, res0}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Previous work by this team did not confirm either FPH(89) or Jones+(89) claims. Nevertheless, the excess heat found by some needs to be explained. Here the possibility of the reaction d+d --> (4)He + lattice energy is investigated, by detection of alpha particles (i.e. He). Thin Pd (50 mu) and Ti (100 mu) foils are used as cathodes in 0.1M Na2CO3 in D2O, at current densities of 30 mA/cm**2 for about 100 h. Two CR-39 track detectors were placed directly under the cathode foils. Not a single track was recorded. In another experiment, a silicon surface barrier detector was used, again with no alphas detected. This set an upper limit for cold fusion at 1E-26 fus/pair/s. Thus, the exotic (4)He+heat branch is not the explanation for the excess heat observed by others, and precision calorimetry must provide the answer.} } @article{Budn1990, author = {A.~T. Budnikov and P.~A. Danilov and G.~A. Kartamyshev and N.~P. Katrich and V.~P. Seminozhenko}, title = {Study of gases evolving from palladium, nickel and copper, bombarded with D+ ions, from palladium saturated with gases by heavy water electrolysis and by heating in deuterium}, journal = {Vopr. At. Nauki Tekh., Ser. Fiz. Radiats. Povr. Radiats. Mat.}, year = {1990}, volume = {52}, number = {1}, pages = {81--88}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, ion beam, Pd, Ni, Cu, electrolysis, mass spec, tritium, res+}, submitted = {12/1989}, annote = {The three metals Pd, Ni and Cu were bombarded by D+ ions in a vacuum; other metal samples (Pd) were used as cathodes in heavy water electrolysis or charged in D2 gas. These were then placed in a high vacuum pumping system and the desorption of gases from the metals followed by mass spectroscopy. Masses of 1,2,3,4,5 and 6 were found, as well as higher. The authors exclude, on no basis that this abstractor can see, species containing tritium, ascribing all to combinations of H and D; He is excluded because it does not desorb from within a metal by simple pumping.} } @article{Bull1990, author = {J. S. {Bullock IV} and G.~L. Powell and D.~P. Hutchinson}, title = {Electrochemical factors in cold fusion experiments}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {275--280}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, precharging, mass spec, postmortem, res-}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {Expertise in electrochem, metal hydrides and physics was brought together to study cold fusion, and this paper reports the electrochemical findings. The FPH(89) paper gave a few clues (some now superseded): unalloyed Pd, Pt anode, high-purity D2O with 0.1M LiOD 0.2 M was used here), bulky electrode. Cell symmetry giving an even current distribution etc. were added as reasonable guesses, and gas-phase precharging of the Pd with D2 gas to save time. The electrolyte was analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS), the Pd by metallography, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray crystallography (XRC). Evolved gases were analysed by high resolution MS (HRMS). No evidence of cold fusion was obtained, and comments are made. There is table of the possible (electro)chemical reactions than may take place at both cathode and anode, as well as in solution; this will be useful for the nonspecialists. There is some discussion of the thermodynamics of the cell and some modelling. A scenario is suggested to explain the FPH exploding cube. It is suggested that several poisons should be tried, and high-symmetry cells with reference electrodes used.} } @article{Bush1990, author = {R.~T. Bush and R.~D. Eagleton}, title = {'Cold nuclear fusion': A hypothetical model to probe an elusive phenomenon}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {397--408}, keywords = {Theory, suggestion, bosons, res+}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {CNF differs from hot ditto by using subtle effects such as tunnelling, instead of brute force. This must be assisted by something, which needs to be explained, as well as the known facts (?) such as excess heat, few neutrons, coming in bursts, low x-ray and gamma-ray yields, tritium production, irreproducibility and the lack of nuclear signature. Boson clumping is suggested as a jumping-off point for discussion; i.e. the tight clumping of deuterons in the lattice. Helium-4, and some of the other properties of cnf can be accounted for by this model.} } @article{Bushu1990, author = {V.~S. Bushuev and V.~B. Ginodman and L.~N. Zherikhina and S.~P. Kuznetsov and Yu.~A. Lapushkin and I.~P. Matvienko and A.~I. Nikitenko and A.~D. Perekrestenko and N.~P. Saposhnikov and S.~M. Tolokonnikov and A.~M. Tskhovrebov}, title = {Some results obtained by detecting nuclear radiation during heavy-water electrolysis}, journal = {Sov. Phys. Lebedev Inst. Rep.}, year = {1990}, number = {5}, pages = {57--61}, note = {Orig. in: Kratk. Soobshch. Fiz. (1990)(5) 41, in Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolyusis, Pd, neutrons, gamma, res0}, submitted = {03/1990}, annote = {Thermal neutrons and, simultaneously, gamma emissions, were measured at a number of electrolysis cells using various Pt anode shapes and different-size Pd foil cathodes, in heavy water and 30\% D2SO4 or 7\% LiOD. Neutrons were detected by an array of six (3)He counters around the water-filled region, shielded by paraffin and protected from external neutron background by a shield of borate polyethylene and grounded aluminium. A gamma-ray counter was mounted above the cell. The Pd was baked in vacuum at 500-600 degC for a few hours before, and was electrolytically saturated with D before radiation measurement commenced, in some cases. Measurements took place around the clock for several days, with removal of the cell before, during and after the run, for a background check. Some irreproducable neutron bursts were seen with the larger Pd electrodes. No strong conclusions can be reached.} } @article{Byun1990, author = {J.~H. Byun}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Hwahak Kwa Kongop Ui Chinbo}, volume = {30}, year = {1990}, pages = {86--89}, note = {In Korean}, keywords = {Discussion, review}, annote = {The paper is entirely in Korean. The following was recognisable: "LiOD", "cocktail" (suggesting the Jones paper), "ion beam", the three d-d fusion branches as equations, and that of the p-d reaction; "branching efficiency", "100 mA/cm$^2$", the applied cell power equation with I*1.54 correction, "scintillation counter", "background", "cosmic rays", "(3)He", "(4)He", "DOE", "(Cold Fusion Panel to the Energy Research Advisory Board)", "cluster", "Wall Street Journal", "photonuclear", "(microcrack)", "$10^4-10^6$ V/cm". Assumed to be a review of the field.} } @article{Case1990, author = {M. Case and R. Boehm}, title = {Assessment of thermal energy output from electrochemical cells - a critical review}, journal = {HDT (Am. Soc. Mech. Eng.) (Heat Transfer Adv. Energy Syst.)}, volume = {151}, year = {1990}, pages = {55--62}, keywords = {Discussion, suggestion, calorimetry, res0}, annote = {An excellent and simply written description of the problems with cold fusion calorimetry, and the types of calorimeters that have been used. Several suggestions are made for better designs, and an error analysis for the three main designs given. These errors are much larger than those claimed by previous users of the designs. Good design suggestions include the use of differential thermocouples, a differential design for a cooling jacket type that uses only a calibration heater and three temperatures (or two differences), and a good suggestion for better use of the (most accurate) Seebeck effect design. A response simulation is also presented.} } @article{Ceci1990, author = {F.~E. Cecil and D. Ferg and T.~E. Furtak and C. Mader and J.~A. McNeil and D.~L. Williamson}, title = {Study of energetic charged particles emitted from thin deuterated palladium foils subject to high current densities}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {195--197}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, ion beam, cps, res0}, published = {06/1990}, annote = {Some cold fusion results, such as heat without radiation emissions, could be due to the radiation being in the form of short-range charged particles. So this team looked for such emissions from Pd foil, irradiated by a D+ beam at 95 keV. During beam inpact, roughly the expected flux of neutrons was given off (self-targeting). The beam was switched off, electric current passed through the foil and energy spectra measured. Quote: "In Fig. 4a, accumulated over a period of 19 hours, there is a suggestion of a peak at about 3 MeV which could be identified as the protons from the d(d,p)t reaction". Another spectrum shows a peak at 5 MeV, and this is not seen for the controls in which either there was no current running through the PdD or a current running through undeuterated Pd. The authors have no explanation for this peak, which is consistent with a (d,p) reaction with various Pd isotopes, all very unlikely to occur.} } @article{Cela1990, author = {F. Celani and A. Spallone and S. Pace and B. Polichetti and A. Saggese and L. Liberatori and V. {Di Stefano} and P. Marini}, title = {Further measurements on electrolytic cold fusion with D2O and palladium at Gran Sasso Laboratory}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {718--724}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, neutron, gamma, res+}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {Electrolysis experiments with Pd were performed in the low-background underground lab, measuring gamma and neutron radiation. The diagram shows that two (3)He detectors, two NaI detectors and a plastic scintillator were used. It appears that the electrolyte was 0.1M LiOH in heavy water. Electrolysis current density was 60 mA/cm**2, at hyperpure, vacuum-annealed Pd. There were some definite gamma events on all detectors, calculating out as up to 1E-19 fusions/pair/s. These gamma events were unaccompanied by neutron events, so the authors conclude that an aneutronic process is taking place. They also state that it was not possible to exclude fractoemission effects. Future work is planned.} } @article{Cham1990a, author = {G.~P. Chambers and J.~E. Eridon and K.~S. Grabowski and B.~D. Sartwell and D.~B. Chrisey}, title = {Charged particle spectra of palladium thin films during low energy deuterium ion implantation}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {281--285}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd thin film, ion beam, cps, res0}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {If a new nuclear reaction, rather than conventional d-d fusion, is responsible for the results of FPH(89), then one might expect heavy charged particle emissions such as alphas, tritons or protons. These would be emitted at MeV energies but stopped within the Pd lattice, so not easy to detect. So thin film Pd electrodes were used here, loaded with deuterium by an ion beam and charged particles detected by a silicon surface barrier detector. During several runs, a few counts were detected at the same energy of about 21 MeV, at about the same time into the run (2700 s). If these are due to charged particles, these must be heavier than D; possibly (3)He or (4)He nuclei. No known fusion reaction can account for these, though. Other explanations, in terms of artifacts, are possible.} } @article{Cham1990b, author = {G.~P. Chambers and J.~M. Eridon and K.~S. Grabowski}, title = {Upper limit on cold fusion in thin palladium films}, journal = {Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter}, volume = {41}, year = {1990}, pages = {5388--5391}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, ion beam, cps, res-}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {03/1990}, annote = {If, as stated by FPH, the excess heat comes from some new nuclear reaction not producing neutrons, tritium or helium, it is likely to be producing alpha particles or protons, which are detectable. This paper tests this hypothesis by charging palladium with an ion beam of deuterium, reaching a loading of 0.56. This can be done in vacuum, making particle detection easy. None were detected, however. It is possible that under these conditions the FPH effect does not operate.} } @article{Chap1990, author = {I.~M. Chapnik}, title = {Possibility of induced beta radioactivity in PdD}, journal = {J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett.}, volume = {146}, year = {1990}, pages = {273--282}, keywords = {Theory, suggestion.}, submitted = {09/1990}, published = {11/1990}, annote = {Chapnik notes that charged particle detectors, used to find protons, do not go much below the Pd surface. Some have indeed detected some charged particles. Going back to an old thesis by Segre (1947), C suggests that beta emission may be induced in the deuterons in the interstitial sites of Pd, by virtue of the many electrons around the deuteron nucleus. This would produce (4)He plus energy at 10-12 MeV. He cites Yamaguchi and Nishioka (1990) for experimental evidence.} } @article{Chat1990, author = {L. Chatterjee}, title = {Could spectator electrons legalize cold fusion?}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {683--685}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {06/1990}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {An interesting introductory phrase: "The origin of the phenomenon is not understood, so theoretical adventures may be hazardous until the experimenters reach a concensus". Still, C explores a possible avenue; that of spectator (conduction) electrons somehow enhancing one of the two fusion branches, which might explain "excess tritium" production in some experiments. Theory seems to support this idea; the electrons drain away some of the energy from the fusion vertex, skewing the branching ratio markedly.} } @article{Chee1990, author = {G.~T. Cheek and W.~E. O'Grady}, title = {Measurement of hydrogen uptake by palladium using a quartz crystal microbalance}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {277}, year = {1990}, pages = {341--346}, keywords = {Experimental, basic study, EQCM}, submitted = {10/1989}, published = {01/1990}, annote = {The EQCM, a new toy for electrochemists, is used here to measure H-loading of Pd, evaporated onto the quartz surface. Calibration was by means of coulometry. It turns out that the frequency shifts, which normally tell you how much has been laid on, are about double those expected, due to stresses caused by Pd lattice expansion upon H-uptake. A loading of PdHx, x = 0.72 +/- 0.06 and PdDx, x = 0.68 +/- 0.06, was reached. So QCM can be used to measure H/D loading in films of Pd.} } @article{Chem1990, author = {M. Chemla and J. Chevalet and R. Bury and M. Perie}, title = {Experimental investigation of thermal and radiation effects induced by deuterium discharge at the palladium electrode}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {277}, year = {1990}, pages = {93--103}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, calorimetry, res-}, submitted = {08/1989}, published = {01/1990}, annote = {In short: there weren't any. The team is expert in electrochemical calorimetry and used their experience on a cell in which both the cathode and anode were deuterium-charged palladium, which avoids certain problems of heat calculation, as well as oxygen evolution. The overall cell reaction is transfer of D from one electrode to the other (the new technique of "transfer electrolysis"). A quasi-adiabatic calorimeter was used. Tritium was also monitored in the electrolyte. There were some heat excursions but these could all be accounted for by some D2-O2 recombination; also, normal water, H2O, produced such excursions. No tritium was found. Since the authors are experts at microcalorimetry, one might take their error figure for measured heat (3-5\%) as an important, realistic figure. In conclusion the authors note that there are claims of excess heat from other workers, which are not easily accounted for. They call for a theoretical and practical study of possible surface effects that may lead to higher loading of the palladium with deuterium, than is normally achieved.} } @article{Chen1990, author = {M. Chen and S.~G. Steadman and M.~P.~J. Gaudreau and S.~C. Luckhardt and R.~R. Parker and D. Albagli and V. Cammarata and M. Schloh and M.~S. Wrighton and K. Kwok and C. Thieme and D.~I. Lowenstein and R. Debbe and J.~J. Reilly}, title = {Measurements of neutron emission induced by muons stopped in metal deuteride targets}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {155--159}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, Ti, Y, muon beam, res-}, published = {06/1990}, annote = {There have been suggestions that perhaps muons from cosmic infall cause cold fusion. This team investigates by experiment whether this can be so. A muon beam is aimed at deuterated Pd, Ti and Y, and neutron emission measured by a ring of (3)He detectors of high efficiency (14\%). There was no difference between the neutron count from the deuterides and controls, so muons from cosmic radiation cannot explain cold fusion. On the side, some simple heat and tritium measurements were also made, also without result.} } @article{Chene1990, author = {J. Chene and A.~M. Brass}, title = {Tritium production during the cathodic discharge of deuterium on palladium}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {280}, year = {1990}, pages = {199--205}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, tritium, res+}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {02/1990}, annote = {Under FPH conditions, the authors looked at tritium levels (measured as beta activity) both in the LiOD electrolyte and in the palladium, as a function of time, being careful to correct for background levels. They did observe a beta increase in the electrolyte which they say cannot be accounted for by isotope enrichment due to electrolysis, but the error bars are about equal to the measured levels. Nor does one expect much tritium out in the electrolyte, if cold fusion happens inside the palladium. This they looked at by rinsing the electrodes after hours of charging, and boiling them in the scintillation cocktail, to let out any tritium (I'm not sure how much would come out, and they don't say how long they boil). Here, higher levels, many times the error bars, were observed. The authors conclude that tritium is being produced, unaccounted for by electrolytic isotope enrichment, somewhat uncorrelated with time, so production is not continuous, and mainly near the surface of the palladium. The amounts of tritium would correspond to a neutron flux of 10**5/s, much higher than has been observed so, as they say "tritium production and neutron emission may not be connected". They also present spectrum evidence that they are, in fact, observing tritium.} } @article{Chri1990, author = {D.~R. Christman}, title = {Cold fusion}, journal = {C\&EN September}, volume = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {78.}, keywords = {Discussion, suggestion, tritium}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {The author is a retired chemist, and recounts his experience, of "many years ago" at Brookhaven National Labs, working with heavy water. At one point he was asked to analyse D2O for tritium. The range of T content in about 30 different D2O samples varied by three orders of magnitudes. Christman suggests strongly that tritium in D2O used in cold fusion experiments be checked before each experiment, before drawing conclusions.} } @article{Chu1990, author = {L.~Y. Chu and D.~H. Lu}, title = {The estimation of nuclear fusion rate in crystal}, journal = {Commun. Theor. Phys.}, volume = {13}, year = {1990}, pages = {33--40}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, submitted = {09/1989}, annote = {A crystal has collective properties and an interior periodic field. C+L ask, what mechanism might there be to promote cold fusion? It turns out that collective properties can't do it because of wavelength problems. The periodic field, however, could bring deuterons together. This idea is examined in detail for PdDx (x <= 0.8). Thomas-Fermi statistics is invoked as well as the Schroedinger equation and WKB method, and the final result is a maximum of about $10^{-60}$ fusions/pair/s and, for titanium deuteride, $10^{-55}$. So no go, unless "there exist some unknown equilibrium effects".} } @article{Chub1990, author = {T.~A. Chubb and S.~R. Chubb}, title = {Bloch-symmmetric fusion in PdD(x)}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {710--712}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {The Chubbs have an unpublished theory which as yet has not been confirmed or accepted by others. This theory says that at high loading like x = 1, a BBC (Bose Bloch condensate) may form, allowing one or both of the reactions d+d-->(4)He or d+d-->(8)Be--> 2 alpha + 47.6 MeV, which could account for a lot. The authors speculate about future commercial solid state fusion reactors. They plan a demonstration experiment using gas discharge.} } @article{Coll1990a, author = {G.~S. Collins and G. McGhee and S.~L. Shropshire and H.~J. Jang and J. Fan and R.~B. Schuhmann}, title = {Electrolytic loading of hydrogen in metals studied by PAC}, journal = {Hyperfine Interactions}, volume = {60}, year = {1990}, pages = {663--666}, keywords = {Experimental, fundamental metal hydride}, annote = {PAC (perturbed gamma-gamma angular correlation) measurement was used to study the nature of hydrides of Pt and Ni, produced by electrolysis. In the case of Ni, 30\% of the metal had been transformed into the NiH beta-phase. Normally, about 6 kbar of H2 pressure is required for this and this lends some weight to the claims that electrolysis is equivalent to high pressure.} } @article{Coll1990b, author = {G.~S. Collins and J.~S. Walker and J.~W. Norbury}, title = {Deuteron tunnelling at electron-volt energies}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {409--411}, keywords = {Theory, tunnelling, res0}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Not much more than a conjecture at this stage, this paper tries to find a tunnelling mechanism to explain cnf. Looking at states of helium-4 other than the 23.84 MeV one, it is found that the preferred reaction might be d-d tunnelling, combined with electron-conversion, the three becoming (4)He at 20.1 MeV, which then goes on to become tritium, protium, energetic electrons and small amount of (4)He. A direct test of this conjecture would be the search for electrons at energies of 3.7 or 23.8 MeV.} } @article{Corr1990, author = {D.~A. Corrigan and E.~W. Schneider}, title = {Tritium separation effects during heavy water electrolysis: implications for reported observations of cold fusion}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {281}, year = {1990}, pages = {305--312}, keywords = {Experimental, separation effects, tritium, res-}, submitted = {01/1990}, published = {03/1990}, annote = {But for the last few words of the title, this paper might have ended up as a Peripheral. Here, the authors examine in a very thorough manner the separation effects when electrolysing heavy water containing a little tritium. As is well known, T is gradually enriched because D2 is formed preferentially at the electrode. The results are much as expected from conventional chemistry, using conventional values for S (ratio of fraction T/D in gas phase to ratio in liquid phase) which FPH have fiddled with a little. One could, however, level at the paper the charge of using a circular argument, which goes: assume that the tritium increase is all due to electrolytic enrichment, what would the separation factor S have to be? A suitable value is found (2-10) and when this is used, the results can be fully explained in terms of electrolytic enrichment. OK: S is normally taken to be about 4, and FPH take it to be 1, so there is some point to this. This paper will not convince believers of cnf.} } @article{Dano1990a, author = {M. Danos}, title = {Coulomb-assisted cold fusion in solids}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {484--489}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {11/1989}, published = {05/1990}, annote = {Previous theories of cold fusion have focussed on some (usually unspecified) way of overcoming the coulombic repulsion of deuterons, and have ignored the metal (Pd, Ti) atoms in the lattice. Danos now involves them in this rough quantitative treatment, in which the Pd atoms are seen as possible catalysts of deuteron fusion, sharing in the liberating energy and momentum. Danos concludes that fusion enhancements of up to 10**40 are possible in principle.} } @article{Dano1990b, author = {M. Danos}, title = {Coulomb-assisted cold fusion}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {413--416}, keywords = {Theory, res0}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {So far, theory and experiment are at variance in cold fusion. Danos tries to find a mechanism that bridges the gap. We have a three-body problem here: the two fusing particles plus the catalyst. The three then share the resulting energy. Using a WKB solution of the wave equation, the result is an enhanced fusion rate, in line with experimental evidence. Just what reactions result from the fusion is left open.} } @article{Davi1990, author = {R. Davidonis and G. Duskesas and R. Kalinauskas and K. Makarinunas and J. Petrauskas and V. Remeiskis and B. Ruzele}, title = {An experimental evaluation of the probability of cold fusion}, journal = {Litovskii Fiz. Sbornik}, volume = {30}, number = {6}, year = {1990}, pages = {65--68}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, Ti, electrolysis, neutrons, gamma, tritium, res-}, submitted = {12/1989}, annote = {In May and June 1989, a cold fusion experiment was run in the Institute of Physics of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences, and this is a report. A quartz cell with cooling jacket was used for the electrolysis, using the usual 0.1 M LiOD, and a Ti or Pd rod, 8 mm dia., 40 mm long. Heat was measured as the difference in temperature between the outlet and inlet of the coolant, which entered at 10 degC. This was calibrated using a resistive heater in the cell. The cell was placed in a plastic scintillator well for neutron counting (by proton recoil), and a gamma spectrometer recorded gammas using a NaI crystal. 10 cm of Pb shielding was used to reduce the background. Several measurement series were carried out, at 0.1 and 0.5 A/cm**2, for both Pd and Ti cathodes, and a duration of 24-72 hours. The results show that the upper limit for fusion was 5 orders of magnitude below that reported by FPH-89. Also, the 27\% tritium increase in the electrolyte (no details given how this was measured) was in line with electrolytic enrichment considerations.} } @article{Davi1990a, author = {J.~D. Davies and G.~J. Pyle and G.~T.~A. Squier and A. Bertin and M. Bruschi and M. Piccinini and A. Vitale and A. Zoccoli and S.~E. Jones}, title = {Search for 2.5 MeV neutrons from D2O (heavy water) electrolytic cells stimulated by high-intensity muons and pions}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A}, volume = {103}, year = {1990}, pages = {155--162}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, Ti, ion beams, muons, res0}, submitted = {11/1989}, published = {01/1990}, annote = {D-charged Pd and Ti cathodes were exposed to high-intensity beams of negative muons or pions. PdDx (x=0.8) and TiDx (x=?) were produced electrolytically. Muon results indicate that Jones+ results cannot be explained simply by cosmic muon impingement.} } @article{Davi1990b, author = {J.~D. Davies and J.~S. Cohen}, title = {More on the cold fusion family}, journal = {Ettore Majorana Int. Sci. Ser.: Phys. Sci. (Electromag. Cascade Chem. Exot. At.)}, year = {1990}, pages = {269--275}, keywords = {Theory, discussion}, annote = {A theoretical physicists' view of cold fusion, in 1989. All possibilities are critically examined, such as barrier penetration, branching ratios, muon catalysis via cosmic influx, and the micro-hot fractofusion. Some penetrating comments are made. At the low energies of alleged cold fusion, p-d fusion is favoured. Cosmic muon catalysis is unrealistic because of the short life time of the muons and their sticking to the products, reducing the catalysis cycle. Fractofusion remains, although this, too, seems unlikely because of the metal hydrides' conductivity; charges that may build up will be quickly conducted away. Nuclear reactions with Li are also shown to be unlikely. Experiments with tritiated water would be most fruitful if fractofusion is the answer but the authors warn of the dangers of T2 and especially T2O.} } @article{Davy1990, author = {A.~S. Davydov}, title = {Possible explanation of the cold fusion experiments}, journal = {Sov. Phys. Dokl.}, note = {Orig. in: Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 314 (1990) 339 (in Russian)}, volume = {35}, number = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {811--812}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {Submitted 30-May-89, the paper says that the tritium+proton branch is more probable, and the proton then splits another deuteron, producing a neutron at 0.75 MeV. This, together with the 2.45 MeV from the (3)He+n branch, escape from the PdD, and are observed as gamma emission upon being thermalised. D points out that the sharp 2.2 MeV peak of FPH(89) does not, as FPH(89) claim, represent neutrons coming from a fusion reaction. The explanation of cold fusion lies in the electronic structure of Pd and its hydride (which is a superconductor at 11K). Hybridisation of the broad subband of Pd s-electrons and a very narrow subband of 4d-electrons with large effective mass, form Cooper pairs (bosons) which can pull deuterons together, enhancing the rate of fusion.} } @article{Degw1990, author = {S.~B. Degweker and M. Srinivasan}, title = {A simple dead time method for measuring the fraction of bunched neutronic emission in cold fusion experiments}, journal = {Ann. Nucl. Energy}, volume = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {583--585}, keywords = {Discussion}, submitted = {04/1990}, published = {10/1990}, annote = {Previous work in India indicates that when there is neutron emission from cold fusion, some of it (10-20\%) comes in about 20 ms bunches of 400-600. This paper suggests and provides theory for a dead time technique for obtaining better resolution in such measurements, using a PC based data acquisition system.} } @article{Derj1990, author = {B.~V. Derjaguin and V.~A. Kluev and A.~G. Lipson and Yu.~P. Toporov}, title = {Excitation of nuclear reaction under mechanical effect (impact) on deuterated solids}, journal = {Physica B}, volume = {167}, year = {1990}, pages = {189--193}, keywords = {Experimental, fracto, res+}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Another report from this Soviet team of what has been called fractofusion. Metal missiles (50 g) were shot (velocity 200 m/s) at targets of LiD and heavy water ice, and neutrons measured. A block of 7 proportional "all wave" NSW-62 counters was used, immersed in silicone oil; efficiency 1\%. Each shot was centred within a 1s observation period. Both targets showed a background of about 0.08 c/shot or about 0.1 n/s [sic]. Some background checks were done by using dummy targets. The authors conclude that "is established that the count of neutrons in shooting at LiD and D2O targets substantially exceeds the 'pulse background'" (i.e. the dummy shots). The diagrams are not quite as convincing as this. The authors advance two explanations: (1) fractofusion, (2) fusion due to shock compression of highly D-loaded microdomains (dislocations), aided by polarons to provide shielding.} } @article{Dick1990, author = {J.~T. Dickinson and L.~C. Jensen and S.~C. Langford and R.~R. Ryan and E. Garcia}, title = {Fracto-emission from deuterated titanium: Supporting evidence for a fracto-fusion mechanism}, journal = {J. Mater. Res.}, volume = {5}, year = {1990}, pages = {109--122}, keywords = {Experimental, fracto, cps, light, radio emisssion, res+}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {01/1990}, annote = {These authors, as well as others, have for some time been propagating the idea of crack propagation of embrittled metal hydride/deuteride as the cause of fusion (be it cold or otherwise), in support of the Soviet team. Experiments of their own, measuring charged particles, photons and radio frequency signals from the deformation of polycrystalline and deuterated Ti, are presented here. They also critically examine charge separation, crucial to the debate: can it be sustained long enough in a conducting medium, and if so, how? These experiments support fractofusion, and the authors propose a possible mechanism for charge separation. } } @article{Dign1990, author = {T.~G. Dignan and M.~C. Bruington and R.~T. Johnson and R.~W. Bland}, title = {A search for neutrons from fusion in a highly deuterated cooled palladium thin film}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {469--472}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd-Ir, ion beam loading, neutrons, gammas, res-}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {This group tried to create conditions for optimal cold fusion. They believe that deuteron implantation at low temperatures might provide such conditions, because high d densities can be achieved, and that high-energy implantation is likely to put d's into the most suitable sites in the metal lattice. A thin Pd-Ir (90:10) film was cooled to 77K and implanted at 1000 eV with a neutralised deuterium beam. Neutrons were detected with a moderator/absorber (0.1 $m^3$ of paraffin) with NaI at its centre. If all the deuterium atoms stuck to the film, a surface loading D/Pd of 50 would have been reached; the approximately measured figure was about 9. The gamma spectrum from moderated neutrons measured during the experiment was the same as the background one.} } @article{Donn1990, author = {A. J. H. Donne and A. A. M. Oomens}, title = {Zon op Aarde}, note = {In Dutch}, journal = {Natuur en Technik}, volume = {58}, number = {2}, year = {1990}, pages = {118--129}, keywords = {Commmentary, no FPH/Jones ref.}, annote = {Dutch report of the cold fusion news. The authors mention the events and comment that water and lithium are abundant so this could be a good energy source, on top of which the only waste product is helium. All this is written in the abstract, but most of the article then is about conventional hot fusion, with just a small box about Fleischmann and Pons type cold fusion, without a reference.} } @article{Dunl1990, author = {B.~I. Dunlap and D.~W. Brenner and R.~C. Mowrey and J.~W. Mintmire and C.~T. White}, title = {Linear combination of Gaussian-type orbitals - local-density-functional cluster studies of D-D interactions in titanium and palladium}, journal = {Phys. Rev. B}, volume = {41}, year = {1990}, pages = {9683.}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {05/1990}, annote = {Theoretical look at the possibility that two or more deuterons might occupy the same site in the metal deuteride lattice, and thus be squeezed enough to fuse. A combination of the title models is used. The result is that if two d's were to try this, one would be strongly repelled, i.e ejected from the site. Therefore, d-d distances in these deuterides is that of nearest sites from each other, or > 5 bohr, which is much more than in D2 gas. Bad news for cold fusion.} } @article{Duru1990, author = {J. Durup}, title = {Comment on: "Deuterium nuclear fusion at room temperature: a pertinent inequality on barrier penetration"}, journal = {J. Chem. Phys.}, volume = {93}, year = {1990}, pages = {6120.}, keywords = {Comment, res-}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {10/1990}, annote = {Comment on named paper by G Rosen (1989), who found theoretical grounds for support of cold fusion claims. Like Morgan III (1990) and Mas et al (1990), Durup points out that there are serious flaws in Rosen's treatment of the potential well (d-d interaction), and the calculations are therefore out by tens of orders of magnitude.} } @article{Eagl1990, author = {R.~D. Eagleton and R.~T. Bush}, title = {Design considerations for palladium electrodes as suggested by a deuteron cluster model for cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {359--362}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {According to the authors' model, the essential element in cold fusion is the formation of deuteron clusters in the PdDx lattice. The paper discusses the processes and events in the production of suitable Pd electrodes. Electrode preparation, chemisorption and absorption of deuterium into the Pd, saturation, cluster growth and subsequent fusion of closely crowded deuterons are discussed. Fusion is expected to lead to (4)He, which will give some of their energy to other deuterons, causing local melt-downs and plasma, which would screen x-rays. Tritium can also be produced, if deuterons at a cluster periphery fuse. Design consequences of all this are that any Pd not immersed must be sealed by cladding or a surface poison; cluster formation should be optimum near the electrode cladding.} } @article{Ewin1990a, author = {R.~I. Ewing and M.~A. Butler and D.~S. Ginley and J.~E. Schirber}, title = {A sensitive multi-detector neutron counter used to monitor 'cold fusion' experiments in an underground laboratory: negative results and positive artifacts}, journal = {IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.}, volume = {37}, year = {1990}, pages = {1165--1170}, keywords = {Experimental, neutron detector design}, published = {06/1990}, annote = {The team has reported their results in two other papers, and here describes the neutron detector used. It consisted of three independent detectors, each one comprising 11 gas proportional counters; thermal neutrons were detected via the (3)He (n,p) reaction. The laboratory was situated underground in a low-background environment, down by a factor of 700 below that at the surface. A total of 339 counting hours produced the same number of counts as a control. There was a single coincidence peak (counts on all three), but this was statistically not significant. There were a number of false signals from single detectors, not shared by the others. These artifacts, which have a number of causes, might confuse a cold fusion experimenter using a single detector. From the measured neutron flux, an upper limit of 66 neutrons per hour can be inferred.} } @article{Ewin1990b, author = {R.~I. Ewing}, title = {High-sensitivity neutron detectors used at Sandia National Laboratories to monitor and diagnose 'cold fusion' experiments: negative results}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {473.}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, gas phase, Pd, Ti, neutrons, res-}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {A multidisciplinary group has tried out every type of cold fusion experiment known to them, for which positive results have been claimed, in an underground site with low background neutron count (10 c/h) and using high efficiency (9-10\%) detectors. This counter can detect < 100 c/h and bursts of < 35 counts. Nothing was detected. The counter has 22 (3)He proportional counter tubes embedded in polythene, connected so as to form three independent neutron detectors. One detector at a time did show random signal artifacts, but coincidence on all three eliminated these. Spurious counts can arise from acoustic disturbances, electrical discharges across insulators, electronic noise and cosmic showers.} } @article{Fedo1990, author = {G.~F. Fedorovich}, title = {Coulomb interaction in a radiation defect of a hydride crystal}, journal = {Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett.}, note = {Orig. in: Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 16 (1990) 63)}, volume = {16}, number = {12}, year = {1990}, pages = {911--912}, keywords = {Theory, fractofusion, lithium deuteride, res+}, submitted = {01/1990}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Fedorovich, who later developed his E-cell theory, here looks at the effect of high pressure on a lithium hydride crystal, and tunnelling. He concludes that there might be a significant fission reaction lithium hit by thermal neutrons at pressures of tens of Mbar.} } @article{Fili1990a, author = {V.~A. Filimonov}, title = {Mechanism of cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz.}, volume = {16}, number = {20}, year = {1990}, pages = {29--34}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Theory, suggestions}, submitted = {02/1990}, published = {10/1990}, annote = {A thermodynamic theory, involving conditions far from equilibrium, where there is a high probability of d-cluster formation and shock fronts arising at phase boundaries; the clusters may have some properties of solitons, and consitions may arise in which hot deuterons can overcome the Coulomb barrier and fuse. The conditions for this are that the material have weakly bound and mobile deuterons, that there be phase boundaries and that it be mono- or polycrystalline, with a minimum of defects.} } @article{Fili1990b, author = {V.~A. Filimonov}, title = {On the probability of cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Pis'ma Zh. Teor. Fiz.}, volume = {16(19)}, year = {1990}, pages = {42--46}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Theory, res0}, submitted = {06/1990}, published = {10/1990}, annote = {The probability of the energy jump required for d-d fusion is very small. Two groups of hypotheses put forward: Coulomb barrier penetration enhancement by structure defects, and subtle interactions in solids or plasmas to lower the Coulomb barrier, do not answer the problem. A new theory is presented here. The large energy gap is proposed to be subdivided into a number of sub-levels. The probability of traversing the total gap by successive jumps up the sub-levels is larger than that for the single jump. For this to occur, there must be self-organisation in the medium, and these sub-levels must exist. Shock waves, solitons and directional propagation all play a part in the process. More work will follow.} } @article{Flei1990, author = {M. Fleischmann and S. Pons and M.~W. Anderson and L.~J. Li and M. Hawkins}, title = {Calorimetry of the palladium-deuterium-heavy water system}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {287}, year = {1990}, pages = {293--348}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, calorimetry, res+}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {A 50+ pages paper, to back up their preliminary note of 15 months earlier. The authors here meticulously explain and justify the methods they use, and present new results, confined to excess heat measurements. Other measurements such as of tritium, are "to be published". The calorimetry is described in detail; the controversial question of mixing is addressed and it seems that this is not a problem. That is, measured temperature rises cannot be due to local hot spots. Gas recombination has been prevented. Careful calibrations were made, and this time, a number of control experiments were run. These all produce zero excess heat +/- very small error limits. Errors are estimated, and are - where there is excess heat - small in relation to the excess heats. The excess heats - measured at steady state - are clearly a function of current density, and electrode size. Up to about 100 w/cm**3 steady state excess heat was calculated. In contrast to the preliminary note (FPH 1989), the present more comprehensive results show that the larger the palladium electrodes (in terms of diameter), the smaller the excess heat/cm**3; in fact, the largest Pd electrode, of 8 mm diameter, was used as one of the controls in D2O electrolysis. Other controls are Pd in H2O and Pt in both H2O and D2O. All showed zero excess heat. About half of the paper consists of appendices on calorimetry, analysis of calorimetry results, mathematical and numerical procedures and some comments on the authors' previous paper. The authors conclude once more that a nuclear, rather than a chemical process must be responsible for the excess heat results; they express concern that many attempts at verification have focussed simply on neutron emission, since this nuclear process appears to be largely aneutronic (and possibly atritonic).} } @article{Flem1990, author = {J.~W. Fleming and H.~H. Law and J. Sapjeta and P.~K. Gallagher and W.~F. Marohn}, title = {Calorimetric studies of electrochemical incorporation of hydrogen isotopes into palladium}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {517--524}, keywords = {Experimental, calorimetry design, electrolysis, Pd, res-}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Novel open and sealed calorimeters were designed. In the sealed design, no reaction product is lost, and the heat of hydrogenation is accounted for within 2\%. Electrolyses were run for 1-40 days, at constant current. The electrolyte was 0.1M LiOD or LiOH. The calorimeter was a Setaram HT 1000 functioning as a heat flow isothermal calorimeter. It could provide space for two separate cells, whose heat output could be measured differentially. In this mode, sensitivity was 10 microwatt. For a single cell, this increased to 2.5 milliwatt. For the open (differential) designs, no excess heat was found. The sealed single-cell designs also balanced the output against the input to within 2.2\% of total integrated heat. The small deviation (positive) can be explained by the different responses of the top and bottom of the cells. The paper thus does not support cold fusion.} } @article{Fogl1990, author = {A. {Foglio Para} and V. Sangiust and P.~L. Cavallotti and U. Ducati and P.~F. Bortignon}, title = {Neutron monitoring and related measurements during electrolysis of heavy water with palladium and titanium cathodes: activity report}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {131--135}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, Ti, neutrons, tritium, res+}, submitted = {02/1990}, published = {08/1990}, annote = {From April to August 1989, more than 100 long-term electrolysis experiments with both Pd and Ti electrodes were carried out with monitoring of neutrons and analysis of the electrolyte and the gases evolved. Four neutron detectors ensured good sensitivity. In two cases, significant neutron emissions were observed, one of them associated with palladium electrode deformation which possibly caused heating. No tritium was found in the electrolyte of these cells, but none was expected above experimental error, on the basis of the neutron emission intensity. In another series, neutron counting was synchronised with pulsed cathodic charging of the electrodes, with 60-90 s periods. Out of 30 runs, two showed some differences, again indicating a weak cold fusion effect. Gas analysis using a mass detector found some atomic masses 5 and 6, but no tritium. The authors point out that the positive results were obtained under conditions far from equilibrium.} } @article{Fond1990, author = {L. Fonda and G.~L. Shaw}, title = {Deuteron cold fusion by anti-diquark catalysis}, journal = {Fizika (Zagreb)}, volume = {22}, year = {1990}, pages = {371--376}, keywords = {Theory, anti-diquarks, res0}, submitted = {10/1989}, published = {01/1990}, annote = {In case cold fusion is real, the authors speculate on a possible mechanism, being the catalysis of d-d fusion by the anti-diquark Q with charge -4/3 and large mass, forming (in analogy with muons) the triatomic molecules dQd by Coulombic shielding; these could then fuse. The requirements for this scenario are the -4/3 charge, sufficient stability of Q and a mass of a few GeV. Of the three fusion reaction paths (yielding (4)He, (3)He+n and t+p, respectively, plus the rereleased Q), the (4)He branch would be strongly favoured. Formation of the dQd group would be much faster than the analogous dmud group in muon catalysis because the first product, dQ would have a charge of -1/3 and would attract the second d, unlike the neutral dmu. Where do these Q's come from? "Quarked" atoms (4)HeQ, may exist within transition metals the with properties like H; once released from these, a Q can catalyse a number of d-d fusions and finally either escape from the metal or be sequestered into a metal atom. This predicts a large localised burst of neutrons, calculated roughly to be $10^5$ to $10^6$ n/s/Q, and separated in time by 1E-06-1E-05 s. Finally, these neutrons would not have a fixed energy of 2.45 MeV but a three-body spectrum (the Q makes off with some). If these Q's in fact exist and can be found and harnessed, we can get clean energy from cold d-d fusion.} } @article{Free1990, author = {S. Freedman and D. Krakauer}, title = {Biases in cold fusion data}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {343}, year = {1990}, pages = {703.}, keywords = {Polemic, statistics}, published = {02/1990}, annote = {The authors throw statistical doubts on the results of Jones et al. One suspicion they appear to harbour is that the Jones team ended their runs - which had durations of widely varying lengths - when positive results had been obtained. This would give positive results from random noise. See Jones, Decker and Tolley's (1990) response.} } @article{Frie1990, author = {H. Friedmann and P. Hundegger and H.~R. Kirchmayr and A. Pavlik and H. Vonach and G. Wiesinger and G. Winkler}, title = {Search for 'cold fusion'}, journal = {Kerntechnik}, volume = {55}, year = {1990}, pages = {161--164}, keywords = {Experimental, gas phase, Ti, TiFe alloy, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {11/1989}, published = {06/1990}, annote = {The authors made an attempt to verify cold fusion. Having failed with electrolysis, they turned to Frascati-type experiments, especially as the apparatus for this was already available. Ti and TiFe alloy were gas-charged with D2 at 200 degC and 50 atm, with thermal cycling. Two separate BF3 neutron counters were used. The neutron flux, corrected for counting efficiency, came to about $8 \times 10^{-24}$ fusions/s/d with Ti, and $1.4 \times 10^{-25}$ for TiFe, both as upper limits. Since some theories (e.g. fractofusion) result in short-time neutron bursts, these were also looked for, in the form of coincidence readings on both detectors. These gave readings of $1.9 \times 10^{-24}$ (Ti) and $2.2 \times 10^{-26}$ (TiFe) (same units). The team concludes that their superior equipment shows that there is no cold fusion and that the Frascati results are due to faults in the measuring equipment.} } @article{Frod1990, author = {P. Frodl and O.~E. Roessler and M. Hoffmann and F. Wahl}, title = {Possible participation of lithium in Fleischmann-Pons reaction is testable}, journal = {Z. Naturforsch. A}, volume = {45}, year = {1990}, pages = {757--758}, keywords = {Discussion, suggestion, Li}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {05/1990}, annote = {The "unknown nuclear reaction" just might be (6)Li + d -> 2 (4)He plus nothing but energy (heat). This reaction has been suggested previously by Jones et al. In fact, it has other possible branches, and the authors leave these aside for the moment. Lithium is able to get into Pd. Assuming that all the heat claimed by FPH comes from this reaction, then there should be measurable consumption (of up to 3\% or so) in the Li concentration in the 0.1M LiOD electrolyte used by FPH. Go forth and try it.} } @article{Fuka1990, author = {S. Fukada and S. Furuya and Y. Matsumoto and K. Ishibashi and N. Mitsuishi}, title = {Neutron emission from some metal deuterides}, note = {In Japanese, English abstr.}, journal = {Technol. Rep. Kyushu Univ.}, volume = {63}, number = {5}, year = {1990}, pages = {475--480}, keywords = {Experimental, gas phase, Pd, Ti, Pd-coated C, neutrons, res0}, published = {10/1990}, annote = {The metal under high pressure D2 mode of cold fusion experiment, including the customary temperature cycling. Ti, Pd and Pd-coated carbon were tried. A single BF3 neutron counter was used. No reproducible neutron emission was observed, but with the Ti sample, analysis of variance indicated some unreproducible bursts; these appear to have occurred at the liquid nitrogen temperature, before the rise to room temp.} } @article{Gai1990, author = {M. Gai and S.~L. Rugari and R.~H. France and B.~J. Lund and Z. Zhao and A.~J. Davenport and H.~S. Isaacs and K.~G. Lynn}, title = {Upper limits on emission rates of neutrons and gamma-rays from 'cold fusion' in deuterated metals}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {217.}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, neutrons, gamma, res-}, published = {06/1990}, annote = {An array of six liquid-scintillator neutron counters with total efficiency of about 1\% and a very low background was used to measure neutron and gamma emissions from a cold fusion experiment. Up to four FPH-type electrochemical cells ran simultaneously for up to 2 weeks, with Pd and Ti as cathodes. No statistically significant emissions above background were observed in any of the experiments. This translates into an upper limit of $10^{-25}$ fus/pair/s from the neutron count, or $10^{-22}$ from the gamma count. The lower limit is 50-100 times smaller than that reported by Jones+(89), and some 1E06 smaller than FPH(89). The results suggest that a significant fraction of the neutrons are associated with cosmic rays.} } @article{Gann1990, author = {V.~V. Gann and V.~I. Pokhodyashchii}, title = {Metastable bound states of deuterium in palladium and its role in cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Vopr. At. Nauki Tekh. Ser. Fiz. Radiats. Povrezhdenii Radiats. Materialoved.}, volume = {1990}, number = {1}, year = {1990}, pages = {89--90}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Theory, effective mass}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {01/1990}, annote = {Examines the possibility of raised probability of tunnelling barrier penetration. Analysis shows that an effective electron mass of twice normal might be realised at the periphery of the d-shells of the Pd, and under some circumstances this might lead to fusion rates of the order of those observed. For this, it is assumed that deuterium exists in a mildly nonuniform gas of quasiparticles (the conductance electrons), whose characteristic dimensions exceed those between the bound d-atoms. Macroscopic defects might play a role in causing electron localisation and aggregation of deuterons.} } @article{Gods1990, author = {N.~A. Godshall and E.~P. Roth and M.~J. Kelly and T.~R. Guilinger and R.~I. Ewing}, title = {Calorimetric and thermodynamic analysis of palladium-deuterium electrochemical cells}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {229--237}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, calorimetry, neutrons, res-}, published = {06/1990}, annote = {A novel, large calorimeter was developed, based on the vaporisation of freon and which does not depend on temperature measurement within the cell, thus avoiding problems of temperature gradients. The 10.6 g Pd rod was vacuum annealed at 900 degC for 16 hours to remove residual hydrogen, and placed, in a dry room to exclude light water, into the cell also containing 167 ml of 0.1M LiOD in D2O. The electrolysis cell was placed into a Dewar, completely immersed in liquid freon. All heat released by the cell resulted in freon vaporisation, and the power output of the cell was calculated from the flow of freon gas out of the system. This gave an accuracy of 2\% of the known power inputs, or 0.1W. Initial loading of the Pd with D took place at low current for 48 h, then the current density was raised to 270-360 mA/cm$^2$ and held for 21 days. The current was reversed for 1 day, and then reapplied for a further 14 days. A neutron detector consisting of three (3)He proportional counters was also mounted close to the cell. The cell heat output was within 2\% of that expected from conventional chemical reactions in all cases. No neutron emissions not accountable as background, were detected. This included a short burst twice the long-term background, but such bursts are not unusual, being artifacts also observed by others. There is a very clear discussion of the thermodynamics of the chemical reactions in the cell, and how this affects the calorimetry of such cells.} } @article{Gold1990, author = {V.~I. Goldanskii and F.~I. Dalidchik}, title = {On the possibilities of 'cold enhancement' of nuclear fusion}, journal = {Phys. Lett. B}, volume = {234}, year = {1990}, pages = {465--468}, keywords = {Discussion, theory, fracto, res+}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {01/1990}, annote = {The authors claim that 3 years ago, the editor of JETP Lett. (i.e. of the Soviet journal Pis'ma etc) rejected Deryaguin's paper on the emission of neutrons from heavy ice or LiD under fracture. Their subsequent publications have remained largely unnoticed, in contrast with FPH and Jones+. Here, the present authors take a look at some possible mechanisms for the claimed cold fusion rates. Coulombic shielding, large effective electron mass, barrier penetration, and stimulation by radiation are considered, and rejected on quantitative theoretical grounds. Thus there remains only energetic activation by, for example, fracture micro-cracks, as suggested by the Soviet fracto-fusion school. G\&D do admit that this is not yet theoretically substantiated.} } @article{Golu1990a, author = {P.~I. Golubnichii and A.~D. Filoneko and V.~A. Tsarev and A.~A. Tsarik and V.~A. Chechin}, title = {Verification of the accelerator model for low-temperature nuclear fusion}, journal = {Sov. Phys. - Lebedev Inst. Rep.}, year = {1990}, pages = {16--18}, note = {Orig. in Sb. Kratk. Soobshch Fiz. AN SSSR 1990(9) 15 (in Russian)}, keywords = {Discussion, fracto, res+}, submitted = {06/1990}, annote = {Some rough calculations are made here to see whether the team's experimental results, reported in another paper (specified as a preprint) make sense. The results were some correlations between nuclear, acoustic and electromagnetic emission pulses for a sample of palladium under deuteration. The rough calculations show that the observations are roughly to be expected, within a few orders of magnitude.} } @article{Golu1990b, author = {P. I. Golubnichii and E. P. Koval'chuk and G. I. Merzon and A. D. Filonenko and V. A. Tsarev and A. A. Tsarik}, title = {Detection of neutrons and tritium from solid palladium targets by electrolytic deuterium charging}, journal = {Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett.}, volume = {16}, number = {11}, year = {1990}, pages = {826--827}, submitted = {05/1990}, published = {11/1990}, note = {Orig. in: Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 16(21) (1990) 46--51, in Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd wire, neutrons, tritium, correlations, res+}, annote = {A 7 cm long Pd wire of area 10 cm$^2$ was prepared by deposition from a PdCl2 solution (they don't say deposited onto what), and used as cathode in 0.1M LiClO2 in D2O. 10 neutron detectors were used, and tritium analysed in the gas phase. There were several neutron events during electrolysis, several times the background levels, some of them coinciding with cell temperature rises. In another experiment, one tritium event coincided with a temperature rise, and some neutron events did as well.} } @article{Golu1990c, author = {P.~I. Golubnichii and G.~I. Merzon and A.~D. Filonenko and V.~A. Tsarev and A.~S. Tsarik}, title = {Correlation between nuclear, acoustic, and electromagnetic emissions during the electrolytic saturation of palladium with deuterium}, journal = {Sov. Phys. - Lebedev Inst. Rep.}, number = {8}, year = {1990}, pages = {31--35}, note = {Orig. in Kratk. Soobshch . Fiz. (1990) (8) 26, in Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, acoustics, nuclear, em, res+}, submitted = {05/1990}, annote = {Four series of measurements were carried out, three of them electrolysis at a Pd plate at the bottom of a cell, in 0.1M LiClO4 in D2O; a microphone was soldered to the palladium, a CdI crystal underneath it to catch nuclear events and an electromagnetic probe to catch signals up to 1MHz in frequency. Electrolysis was continued (at 1A) for 3.5, 3.5 and 2 hours. In the fourth experiment, a D-charged Pd cathode was heated in a vacuum chamber to drive out the deuterium, while also monitoring the three kinds of emissions. The acoustic probe came loose, however. All in all, two events were seen, in which the three signals coincided, during the electrolysis runs; none during the desorption run. Going by the frequencies of events of the individual signals, the expected number of such coincidences was $10^{-7}$, so that 2 might be a large number. The authors admit to the weakness of these statistics and agree that further work is needed. They did, however, write another paper to explain these results (p.16/15, same journal issue).} } @article{Gott1990, author = {S. Gottesfeld and R.~E. Anderson and D.~A. Baker and R.~D. Bolton and K.~B. Butterfield and F.~H. Garzon and C.~A. Goulding and M.~W. Johnson and E.~M. Leonard and T.~E. Springer and T. Zawodzinski}, title = {Experiments and nuclear measurements in search of cold fusion processes}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {287--297}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, neutrons, gamma, calorimetry, res-}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {The Los Alamos team (one of several to have a go) comprised electronics and various nuclear expertise, as well as electrochemical. Four separate electrochemical cells were used. Deuterium loading was monitored by continuous monitoring of the electrode resistance. To measure neutron emissions, a (3)He well counter as well as a NE-213 scintillation spectrometer were used, and a HPGe detector for gamma emissions. Later, thermocouples monitored for thermal swings as well. During a total observation time of about 550 hours, there were some excursions on one counter, not matched by another, and could be rejected. Such excursions were also observed in the absence of an electrolysis cell. Another experiment using titanium exposed to D2 gas yielded no emissions either.} } @article{Gou1990, author = {Q. Gou and Z. Zhu and Q. Zhang}, title = {Possible mechanism of cold fusion and experimental research}, journal = {Yuanzi Yu Fenzi Wuli Xuebao}, volume = {7}, year = {1990}, pages = {1491--1496}, note = {In Chinese}, keywords = {Discussion, theory}, annote = {A possible mechanism is proposed of D-D cold fusion based on at., mol. or solid state physics. After this assumption, the remarkable effects of temp. variation and exothermal and the fusion products with mass no. 4 and 3 were obsvd. during the electrolysis of Dd with Pd or Ti electrodes. (Chem. Abstr. 114:151805, (1991)).} } @article{Govo1990, author = {B.~V. Govorov and V.~M. Gryaznov and N.~B. Yeremin and A.~N. Karavanov and N.~R. Roshan and A.~F. Tulinov and I.~V. Tyapkin}, title = {Study of neutron emission from palladium alloy deuterides}, journal = {Zh. Fiz. Khim.}, volume = {64}, year = {1990}, pages = {539--540}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, fracto, gas phase, Pd-Sm, Pd-Ru alloys, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {02/1990}, annote = {Refer to FPH and Jones+, and to the fractofusion explanation of cold fusion, as given by Golubnichi et al. (Lipson et al are not mentioned). To test this, the authors used two alloys, Pd-Sm (80:20 by mass) and Pd-Ru (94:6 by mass), which suffer greatly different hydrogen embrittlements, Pd-Sm fragmenting much sooner than Pd-Ru upon absorption of hydrogen. The idea (I take it) is that there should thus be similarly different neutron emissions, if these are due to fracturing. Deuterium was absorbed as a gas (1 atm), with the metal in a U-tube immersed in a variable temperature bath, cycled between liquid N2 temperature and 500K. 12 proportional neutron counters were used, with an overall counting efficiency of $0.105 \pm 0.005$, together with another 3 detectors for monitoring background neutron counts. Results show clear evidence for neutron emission when the deuterated alloys were brought to 500K (but I am not clear about the units on the graph, or in the text), but no essential difference between the two alloys, so the fractofusion theory is not upheld here.} } @article{Gozz1990a, author = {D. Gozzi and P.~L. Cignini and L. Petrucci and M. Tomellini and Maria. De G and S. Frullani and F. Garibaldi and F. Ghio and M. Jodice}, title = {Evidences for associated heat generation and nuclear products release in palladium heavy-water electrolysis}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A}, volume = {103}, year = {1990}, pages = {143--154}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd sinter, calorimetry, neutrons, gamma, res+}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {01/1990}, annote = {A sintered Pd electrode, shaped from Pd powder to final dimensions of $6 \times 5 \times 25$ mm, was charged galvanostatically (const. current) at 200 mA/cm$^2$ with deuterium. Of two similar experiments, one produced nuclear and thermal effects simultaneously, after 6 days of electrolysis, in the form of a single sharp neutron burst. The event lasted 4 minutes and emitted $7.2 \times 10^5$ neutrons, while the electrode heated to 150 degC. Gamma radiation could not be detected because of the short period of the burst. Excess T was estimated, by complex background corrections, at $2.14 \times 10^{11}$ atoms. However, the calculated excess heat is 3 orders of mag. less than expected from the no. of neutrons. The authors consider the possible role of Li but no conclusion is reached.} } @article{Gozz1990b, author = {D. Gozzi and P.~L. Cignini and L. Petrucci and M. Tomellini and G. {De Maria} and S. Frullani and F. Garibaldi and F. Ghio and M. Jodice and E. Tabet}, title = {Nuclear and thermal effects during electrolytic reduction of deuterium at palladium cathode}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {241--247}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd sinter, calorimetry, neutrons, gamma, res+}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {Used a sintered Pd cathode and measured its temperature, but did no other calorimetry. Neutron and gamma emissions were monitored. The cell was switched off upon reaching 80 degC. A (3)He dosimeter was used for neutron detection, up to 7 MeV, with an efficiency of $5 \times 10^{-5}$. Gamma detection was by means of a NaI crystal connected to a SILENA spectrum analyser. Deuterium charging took place in a series of bursts of increasing length. At the onset of such a burst, there was a temperature rise of the cathode followed, upon current cessation, by a slow drop. This pattern changed gradually due to increasing D/Pd ratio. At one point, there was a temperature spike and a neutron burst at the same time; the authors conclude from this single event that cold fusion had taken place. At the end of the paper, a tritium excess of $2 \times 10^{11}$ atoms is mentioned.} } @article{Grae1990, author = {L. Gr{\"a}sjo and M. Seo}, title = {Measurement of absorption of hydrogen and deuterium into palladium during electrolysis by a quartz crystal microbalance}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {296}, year = {1990}, pages = {233--239}, keywords = {Experimental, EQCM, Pd, res0}, submitted = {07/1990}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {The aim was to examine the quartz crystal resonance frequency change, in response to stress induced by absorption of hydrogen/deuterium into palladium. A 200 nm thick Pd film was electroplated onto the base gold film on the crystal. H/Pd or D/Pd ratios were calibrated by both electrode potential measurement and coulometry (current integration) and agreed within a few \% for higher loadings around 0.6, but not for alpha-phase loadings, probably due to surface impurities taking part in electron transfer in the early stages. There was a linear relation between df (change in resonance frequency) and H or D loading, but this did not conform to theory; stress effects are blamed, and cause an approximate doubling of df with respect to the expected value, as has been found by others.} } @article{Gran1990a, author = {J.~R. Granada and R.~E. Mayer and G. Guido and P.~C. Florido and A. Larreteguy and V.~H. Gillette and N.~E. Patino and J. Converti and S.~E. Gomez}, title = {Thermal neutron measurements on electrolytic cells with deuterated palladium cathodes subjected to a pulsed current}, journal = {J. Nucl. Sci. Technol.}, volume = {27}, year = {1990}, pages = {222--229}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, pulsed current, Pd, neutrons, res0}, submitted = {01/1990}, published = {03/1990}, annote = {The team started with an experiment of charging palladium with deuterium with a constant current over a period of over 2 weeks, without any results. Here, they report a new experiment, in which the charging current is turned on and off at some 10 s intervals, over a long period. Neutrons were carefully monitored using 18 correlated (3)He detectors; overall efficiency was found to be about 17\%. Several palladium electrode shapes were used, and a control with light water, H2O. Results show modest neutron fluxes above the background, but statistical analysis shows that it is about 95\% certain that the results are not simply noise. The authors do not commit themselves to a neutron rate emission because of experimental uncertainties but they do seem 95\% certain that neutrons were emitted whenever current flowed.} } @article{Gran1990b, author = {J.~R. Granada and R.~E. Mayer and P.~C. Florido and V.~H. Gillette and S.~E. Gomez}, title = {Neutron measurements on electrolytic cells (Pd-D2O) performed under very low background conditions}, journal = {J. Nucl. Sci. Technol.}, volume = {27}, year = {1990}, pages = {379--381}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, low-noise background, neutrons, res0}, submitted = {01/1990}, published = {04/1990}, annote = {The previous paper by these authors showed that in pulsed-current electrolysis experiments, there appeared to be a small but significant neutron flux during current flow, although it was only about 30\% above the background. This paper is a preliminary report of a second experiment, done under water at a depth of 50 m (with the bottom at 100 m) which reduced the background neutron flux by a factor of 70, even though the detector assembly was only 2/3 effective, due to an electronic fault. Again, a definite neutron flux from the Pd electrode was observed, this time about twice the background, or 6 sd's above it. The authors promise an analysis of the results in a forthcoming paper.} } @article{Gree1990, author = {T. Greenland}, title = {Issues connected with cold fusion: a room temperature mechanism for the production of x-rays}, journal = {J. Phys. B}, volume = {23}, year = {1990}, pages = {1679--1690}, keywords = {Theory, suggestion}, submitted = {10/1989}, published = {05/1990}, annote = {Assuming (as in fracto-fusion postulates) that fusion is the result of energetic deuterons moving through the Pd or Ti lattice, the neutrons should produce x-rays at "hot spots". Without accounting for these hot spots, G estimates the yield of these x-rays. Results indicate that neutrons, rather than x-rays, are the most sensitive probe for the existence of these hot spots. G suggests some further experiments to throw light on hot spot theories. He also examines another possibility: instead of individual energetic deuterons "ploughing through the lattice", there could be bunches of deuterons sharing a certain energy inside a small volume ("fire balls"). This turns out not to lead to greater fusion rates than single deuterons doing their stuff.} } @article{Gu1990, author = {A.~G. Gu and R.~K.~F. Teng and M.~S. Miller and J. Sprouse}, title = {Experimental study on cold fusion using deuterium gas and deuterium ion beam with palladium}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {329--331}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, gas phase, high pressure, ion beam, neutrons, res0}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {Pd was exposed to D2 gas at 69 kPa, and a Ludlum 14C neutron detector placed nearby. Temperature cycling was applied. In another experiment, an ion beam of deuterons was aimed at the Pd, with a nitrogen beam as a control. The neutron flux was here detected by a BF3 detector. Upon switching to the deuteron beam, the neutron flux went from 4-6 counts over a 2-min period to about 36. The authors ask themselves whether this might not be plasma beam fusion (self targeting) and it well might, although in one experiment, they continued to detect neutrons after switching off the deuterons and purging with nitrogen. They draw no conclusions but promise more work.} } @article{Guil1990, author = {T.~R. Guilinger and M.~J. Kelly and J.~R. Scully and T.~M. Christensen and D. Ingersoll and J.~A. Knapp and R.~I. Ewing and W.~H. Casey and S.~S. Tsao}, title = {Investigation of fusion reactions in palladium and titanium tritide using galvanostatic, coulometric, and hydrogen permeation techniques}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {299--304}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, loading, neutrons, tritium, res-}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {Ran a long-term reenactment of FPH(89) using annealed Pd wire (1050 degC at 1E-06 Torr), measuring neutron and tritium emission; none was found, with a sensitivity of $10^{-23} \dots 10^{-22}$ fus/pair/s. There were also hydrogen permeation studies (and some interesting theory) to find the possible D/Pd loading; 0.8 was not exceeded (although this does not rule out that possibility while the charging current is on). The efficiency of loading was found to decreased markedly by surface contamination with carbon; flame washing of the metal to remove this resulted in efficient hydrogen uptake. Tritiated Pd films were tried to see whether this might call forth cold fusion; it did not.} } @article{Hage1990, author = {P. L. Hagelstein}, title = {Coherent fusion theory}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {451--464}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {The long-awaited and much quoted Hagelstein theory, published at last. It is the theory of coherent fusion in which, instead of the emission of a single gamma packet, a large number of lower-energy photons are emitted, coherently. Hagelstein considers electron involvement, i.e. electron-X fusion into a short-lived neutral species (X might be p, d or Li+), which then can fuse with another charged species. This is beta fusion. In the case of X=p, and the virtual neutron fusing with d, the product is tritium and no proton. Reactions starting with X=d are also possible, but X=p is favoured.} } @article{Hale1990, author = {G.~M. Hale and R.~D. Smith and T.~L. Talley}, title = {Nuclear reactions and screened-Coulomb fusion rates}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {187--193}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, published = {06/1990}, annote = {The authors say that R-matrix theory is a very convenient way to describe many-body systems with both long- and short-range forces, as we have in cold fusion. This is applied here to the long-range screened-Coulomb potentials of the Hulthen form. The result is that, in order to get fusion rates of the Jones+(89) levels, unreasonably high electron densities are required at low particle energies. Perhaps nonequilibrium conditions supply high-energy particles, which can fuse at larger screening lengths. However, the branching ratios of the d-d fusion come out fairly conventional (close to 1) and the exotic radiationless (4)He branch is not supported.} } @article{Hall1990, author = {J.~W. Halley and J.~L. Valles}, title = {Estimate of nuclear fusion rates arising from a molecular-dynamics model of palladium deuteride}, journal = {Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter}, volume = {41}, year = {1990}, pages = {6072--6075}, keywords = {Theory, coherency, res-}, submitted = {08/1989}, published = {03/1990}, annote = {If cold fusion takes place in metals, while not doing so in fluids, it must be due to solid state effects, and tunnelling. A molecular dynamic model of PdD(x), with x = 1, 3, 4, 5 was attempted, assuming a static Pd lattice and using the WKB approximation. A very low expected fusion rate of $10^{-150}$/s per pair was calculated, even for x = 4 or 5. These values agree with those of Legget and Baym but not with those of Koonin et al, who reached higher values (though still much lower than those claimed by Jones+ etc). Also, the authors considered but rejected quantum coherency effects.} } @article{Hand1990, author = {P. Handel}, title = {Intermittency, irreproducibility, and the main physical effects in cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {512--517}, keywords = {Discussion, theory, res+}, submitted = {03/1990}, published = {11/1990}, annote = {Starts by citing supercooling as a phenomenon difficult to reproduce because of the uncertainty of nucleation; yet we believe it. Cold fusion could in fact be related to the nucleation of deuterium gas bubble formation at the electrode surface: if inhibited, this leaves atomic deuterium at very high energies and this, together with high effective electron mass, may be responsible for cold fusion. The theory can also explain anomalous branching ratios for fusion.} } @article{Harb1990, author = {J.~N. Harb and W.~G. Pitt and H.~D. Tolley}, title = {Statistical analysis of neutron burst size and rate during electrolysis of LiOD solutions}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {669--677}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, statistics, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {04/1990}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Rigorous statistical analysis is used to describe the distribution of both the neutron burst size and rate, from a cold fusion electrolysis at a Pd cathode in a 3M LiOD solution in heavy water. This is to overcome the ambiguity plaguing most such experiments, with neutron levels close to the background. A Czirr \& Jensen type spectrometer was used, in conjunction with a neutron flux monitor, enabling detection of bursts. A pair of thermocouples were also placed in the cell but never detected any excess heat. There was also some analysis for tritium but, again, none was found. The results show a rather clear steady rise in the mean neutron emission rate with time, for electrolysis in heavy water, and a very steady constant mean rate for the light water control. The heavy water emissions are characterised by large infrequent bursts superimposed on the background. These results are consistent with those of Menlove et al, and show that careful statistical treatment is essential in such experiments.} } @article{Hari1990, author = {M.~A. Harith and V. Palleschi and A. Salvetti and G. Salvetti and D.~P. Singh and M. Vaselli}, title = {Theoretical and experimental studies on the cold nuclear fusion phenomena}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {704--709}, keywords = {Theory, experimental, Pd, gas phase, excess heat, res0}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {Start with screening theory, and calculate cold fusion rates somewhat higher than from classical models. Furthermore, the authors suggest that the palladium offers a potential 46 electrons for screening, and it would be of interest to know how many can take part. Other theories have assumed the helium atom affinity in Pd or Ti is independent of the degree of deuteration but this needs to be examined experimentally, the authors say. An experiment is then described, using D2 pressure charging of Pd and a differential calorimeter. This publication goes as far as to establish one potential artifact in such measurement, and calculate a heat of hydrogen absorption in Pd at 20 bars pressure, of ($9.37 \pm 0.05$) kcal/mol, somewhat at variance with some published values. A future paper will report results of the full experiment.} } @article{Hayd1990, author = {M.~E. Hayden and U. Naerger and J.~L. Booth and L.~A. Whitehead and W.~N. Hardy and J.~F. Carolan and E.~H. Wishnow and D.~A. Balzarini and J.~H. Brewer and C.~C. Blake}, title = {High precision calorimetric search for evidence of cold fusion using in situ catalytic recombination of evolved gases}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {161--164}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, calorimetry, res-}, published = {06/1990}, annote = {A closed electrolytic cell was developed with recombination of the evolved gases, so as to eliminate these as problems in accurate calorimetry. The result was an order of magnitude in the accuracy of the overall power balance. The calorimeter is of the cooling jacket type, with careful measurement of the temperature at the in- and outlet of the jacket by an 8-element thermopile. Chunky bar shaped Pd cathodes were used, degassed at 600 degC, and the electrolyte was 0.1M LiOD in D2O. Loading was measured by mass, and reached a little over 0.8. After loading, the electrode was inserted into the calorimetric apparatus. There were no pressure changes, i.e. recombination worked. For a range of input powers 4-18 W, the ratio of heat outputs from a control cell (using a Pt electrode) to that of the Pd-electrode cell was $1.000 \pm 0.003$, i.e. within 0.3\%, excess heat is ruled out.} } @article{Hend1990, author = {R.~A. Henderson and K.~R. Czerwinski and H.~L. Hall and K.~T. Lesko and E.~B. Norman and B. Sur and D.~C. Hoffman}, title = {More searches for cold fusion}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {475--477}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, neutrons, gamma, res-}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {This team, from the Nuclear Sci. Div. LBL, tried to find neutrons, gammas and induced radioactivity, i.e. part of the expected signature of cold fusion. A 1mm, 50 mm long Pd wire, as well as a 8 mm, 25 mm long rod were used as cathode, and also two Ti cathodes; one a 1 cm$^3$ cube, one a 10*10, 80 mm long rod. Electrolyte: 0.1M LiOD, from Li metal (enriched to 99.3\% (6)Li) in 99\% pure D2O, as well as the Jones+ "soup" complete with poison. Neutrons were detected with a NE-213 liquid scintillator with pulse shape discrimination, and by a Kodak dosimeter, and by looking for induced radioactivity in the Pd cathodes. A NaI detector took care of gamma counting. All this was done in a special low-background lab, where the bg was $0.118 \pm 0.001$ n/s. In each of the FPH- and Jones-style experiments, 10\% H2O was also added to have a go at the p-d reaction. During various periods of 2.5 and 17 days at a stretch, no radiation of any kind was found, neither from the pure-D2O nor from the 10\% H2O cells. So the upper limits of cold fusion, set by the one-sigma level above detector limit, were $3 \times 10^{-23}$ and $3 \times 10^{-24}$ fus/pair/s for the Pd wire and rod, respectively, and this does not support cold fusion claims, being below even the Jones+ results by one order of magnitude.} } @article{Hill1990, author = {J.~C. Hill and C. Stassis and J. Shinar and A.~I. Goldman and R. Folkerts and D.~D. Schwellenbach and D.~T. Peterson and C. Widrig and M. Porter and C.~J. Benesh and J.~P. Vary}, title = {Search for cold fusion using Pd-D2O cells and Ti-D mixtures}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {305--308}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, gas phase, Ti, neutrons, gamma, res-}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {A conventional electrolysis cell was tried, using a 2 mm polycrystalline Pd rod and a 4 mm single crystal. No neutron or gamma emissions above background were detected, with D/Pd loadings of 0.8, measured by degassing in vacuum and measuring the pressure increase. Then, Ti powder and pieces were loaded under D2 at 50 atm, with the usual temperature cycling. Again, no neutrons. Acting on a report by Koonin and Nauenberg, predicting that d-p fusion should be easier, they then placed 4 g of LaHD2 against a Ge gamma detector for 24 days, and found no emissions here, either. The paper ends with some simple theory, arriving at the conclusion that the d-d separation is too great to make fusion plausible.} } @article{Hora1990, author = {H. Hora and L. Cicchitelli and G.~H. Miley and M. Ragheb and A. Scharmann and W. Scheid}, title = {Plasma and surface tension model for explaining the surface effect of tritium generation at cold fusion}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. D}, volume = {12}, year = {1990}, pages = {393--399}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {01/1990}, published = {03/1990}, annote = {Introduces the idea of an exotic plasma, with possible short nuclear distance by thermal motion, in order to explain the surface mechanism of D reactions in Pd and Ti (i.e. cold fusion). The resulting swimming electron layer resulting from this new theory, together with high D concentrations near the metal surface and thus short D-D distances can increase fusion rates.} } @article{Howa1990, author = {R.~A. Howald}, title = {Calculation on the palladium-lithium system for cold fusion}, journal = {CALPHAD}, volume = {14}, year = {1990}, pages = {1--10}, keywords = {Suggestion, lithium deposition}, submitted = {11/1989}, published = {01/1990}, annote = {Proposes a mechanism, involving Li atoms in the Pd lattice, to explain some of the puzzling aspects of cold fusion. Experiments showed that high Li concentrations can build up in the Pd near the surface during electrolysis, and Li is reasonably soluble in Pd, easily up to PdLi(0.125) and is expected to be present as Li+ ions. This opens up the possibility of fusion reactions involving Li. The paper deals in detail with Pd-Li phase systems, providing thermodynamic and calculated phase data.} } @article{Ichi1990a, author = {S. Ichimaru and A. Nakano and S. Ogata and S. Tanaka and H. Iyetomi and T. Tajima}, title = {Statistical-mechanical theory of cold nuclear fusion in metal hydrides}, journal = {J. Phys. Soc. Jpn}, volume = {59}, year = {1990}, pages = {1333--1340}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {04/1990}, annote = {Stat-mech Fermi-Thomas approximation look at coulombic screening in Pd-H and Ti-H systems. Calculations cannot account for experimental claims, under the given assumptions. However, there may be effects such as metal lattice periodicity or lattice defects or nonequilibrium, bringing d's together. Isotopic effects favour the p-d reaction, especially in Ti, where higher hydrogen (or deuterium) loadings can be achieved.} } @article{Ichi1990b, author = {S. Ichimaru and S. Ogata and A. Nakano}, title = {Rates of nuclear fusion in metal hydrides}, journal = {J. Phys. Soc. Japan}, volume = {59}, year = {1990}, pages = {3904--3915}, keywords = {Theory, pd fusion, res+}, submitted = {07/1990}, published = {11/1990}, annote = {Hydrogen exists in a metal hydride both as a trapped quantum solid, and an itinerant particle. This paper does some Monte Carlo simulations of the behaviour of these dual particles, which differ from those in starts or plasmas by the interactions with valence and partially localised electrons. Using as a model some previous theory applied to carbon-oxygen solids of similar nature, the paper calculates expected fusion rates for both states. For the trapped state, these are too low to be of interest, whereas for the itinerants they approach observed levels. Further, the fusion rates are very sensitive to the microscopic details of lattice fields in the metal hydrides, which could explain the extreme variation between observations. As others have suggested, the authors suggest that p-d fusion is favoured, that nonequilibrium is a good thing, and that Ti and Pd have special (and different) advantages.} } @article{Iguc1990, author = {T. Iguchi}, title = {Measurement of a very small yield of neutron using a moderating-type (3)He gas counter}, journal = {Ionizing Radiation (Hoshasen)}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, year = {1990}, pages = {22--28}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Experimental, neutrons}, annote = {The English summary tells us that by combining thermal n detectors such as BF3 gas cum (3)He gas counter, etc, with n moderators, the neutron detection efficiency the higher energies can be increased. Such apparatus is described here, and tried out on a cold fusion experiment. The rest is in Japanese, but I recognise "64-bit * 2K", "ADC", and a background of 0.086 c/s and what looks like a cold fusion n detection 3.8 sigmas above this. There is an interesting Fig. 7, comparing different workers' measurements; if only I knew some Japanese.} } @article{Ilic1990a, author = {R. Ilic and J. Rant and T. Sutej and M. Dobersek and E. Kristov and J. Skvarc and M. Kozelj}, title = {Investigation of the deuterium-deuterium fusion reaction in cast, annealed, and cold-rolled palladium}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {505--511}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, pretreatment, excess heat, protons, cps, neutrons, gamma, res-}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {11/1990}, annote = {Another thorough experiment in which there were several different neutron monitors as well as detectors for protons, gamma and x-radiation. The aim was to see whether palladium pretreatment would make a difference. The result is that it largely didn't, and the limits for cold fusion rates, determined by the background levels, are at around $10^{-21}$/s/pair or so. No thermal excursions were observed in any run.} } @article{Ilic1990b, author = {R. Ilic and J. Rant and T. Sutej and E. Kristof and J. Skvarc and M. Kozelj and M. Najzer and M. Humar and M. Cercek and B. Glumac and B. Cvikl and A. Fajgelj and T. Gyergyek and A. Trkov and A. Loose and J. Peternelj and I. Remec and M. Ravnik}, title = {A search for neutrons, protons, tritons, (3)He ions, gamma- and x-rays from deuterium-deuterium nuclear reaction in electrochemically charged palladium}, journal = {Int. J. Radiat. Appl. Instrum. Part D: Nucl. Tracks Radiat. Meas.}, volume = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {483--490}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, neutrons, protons, tritium, helium, gamma, x-rays, heat, res-}, submitted = {12/1989}, annote = {A contribution from the J. Stefan Institute in Ljubljana. The system included an array of 6 proportional (3)He counters, a high-purity Ge detector, CR-39 track-etch detector, a BD-100 bubble damage polymer detector and a CaF2:Mn thermoluminescent dosimeter (this is the team that has advocated the use of in-situ passive devices). So upper limits for both the neutron- and proton-producing fusion reaction branches could be determined. A tubular Pd cathode was used, 7.8 g in the solution, and a thermistor mounted near it to detect any gross thermal excursions. Neutrons were H2O-moderated and gamma background reduced with Pb shielding. The neutron background was monitored by another detector 5 m away from the cell. Results do not support cold fusion, the rates being below the lowest measurable. There were no heat events during 2 and 6 days' charging periods.} } @article{Iyen1990, author = {P.~K. Iyengar and M. Srinivasan and S.~K. Sikka and A. Shyam and V. Chitra and L.~V. Kulkarni and R.~K. Rout and M.~S. Krishnan and S.~K. Malhotra and D.~G. Gaonkar and H.~K. Sadhukhan and V.~B. Nagvenkar and M.~G. Nayar and S.~K. Mitra and P. Raghunathan and S.~B. Degwekar and T.~P. Radhakrishnan and R. Sundaresan and J. Arunachalam and V.~S. Raju and R. Kalyanaraman and S. Gangadharan and G. Venkateswaran and P.~N. Moorthy and K.~S. Venkateswarlu and B. Yuvaraju and K. Kishore and S.~N. Guha and M.~S. Panajkar and K.~A. Rao and P. Raj and P. Suryanarayana and A. Sathyamoorthy and T. Datta and H. Bose and L.~H. Prabhu and S. Sankaranarayanan and R.~S. Shetiya and N. Veeraraghavan and T.~S. Murthy and B.~K. Sen and P.~V. Joshi and K.~G.~B. Sharma and T.~B. Joseph and T.~S. Iyengar and V.~K. Shrikhande and K.~C. Mittal and S.~C. Misra and M. Lal and P.~S. Rao}, title = {Bhabha Atomic Research Centre studies on cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {32--94}, keywords = {Experimental, theory, multi-study, res+}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {08/1990}, annote = {This is a collection of reports with parts reported by the various author groups, and introduced by PK Iyengar. In the 62 pages, results are presented for the Bhabha cold fusion effort from April to September 1989, involving over 50 scientists and engineers plus technicians, from more than ten Divisions. There were experts on metal hydrides, electrochemistry, isotope exchange process in the concentration of heavy water, neutron and tritium measurement. Of the presumably many experiments, there were some which, in the team's opinion, positively confirm the occurrence of d-d fusion reactions in both electrolytic and gas-loaded palladium and titanium at ambient temperatures. Neutron emission was observed even when the electrolytic current was switched off or, in the case of gas-loaded Ti, when no external perturbation such as heating, cooling, evacuation, etc, was applied. The main results are: 1. Tritium is the primary end-product of cold fusion, with a n/T ratio of 1E-08; cold fusion is essentially aneutronic (even so, one group states that neutrons are easier to measure because much more T is needed to detect it than neutrons). T was found in the electrolyte, escaping gas and in the electrode after the run. 2. Neutron emission from electrolysis and gas loading is Poisson in nature; neutrons are emitted one at a time. It is not clear, however, whether these come from the d-d fusion itself or from secondary reactions of energetic protons or tritium with the lattice; 3. About 10-25\% of the neutrons were emitted in groups of over 100 each within <20 ms, implying a cascade of >1E10 fusions within those 20 ms. Since this seems very unlikely, lattice cracking, wherein the n/T ratio is close to unity, could be a source of these bunched neutron events; 4. Autoradiography of gas-loaded Ti and Pd demonstrated tritium which cannot be explained by enrichment effects. T was concentrated in "hot spots" on the metal surface, indicating the importance of lattice defects. Excess heat measurements do not seem convincing; one of the groups did observe a "mild explosion" with unknown causes. There was an attempt to detect helium, after removal of the large excess of D2 and O2 by recombination; no helium was found in any experiments, using gas chromatography. Autoradiography seemed to confirm cold fusion.} } @article{Izum1990, author = {T. Izumida and Y. Ozawa and K. Ozawa and S. Izumi and S. Uchida and T. Miyamoto and H. Yamashita and H. Miyadera}, title = {A search for neutron emission from cold nuclear fusion in a titanium-deuterium system}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {641--646}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, gas phase, neutrons, fracto-, res+}, submitted = {05/1990}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Spongy Ti was pressurised with D2 gas at 20-50 atm and heated to enhance deuterium absorption by the metal, resulting in absorption "almost to the theoretical limit" (no further details given, but TiD2 is named). The neutron detection equipment consisted of a small water tank filled with purified water as moderator, several (3)He counters and a BF3 counter with polyethylene moderator. A background base was established over a period of 120 h. The TiD2 was cooled to liquid nitrogen temperature, and then allowed to warm up to room temperature. Neutron bursts were detected by both kinds of counters at about 220-250K, and the fusion rate calculated to be $10^{-23}$ fus/pair/s. Statistics confirmed a fusion origin of the neutron bursts. After some cycles, the TiD2 was powdered rather than spongy. Fractofusion is invoked as the mechanism of cold fusion.} } @article{Jaen1990, author = {M. Jaendel}, title = {Cold fusion in a confining phase of quantum electrodynamics}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {493--499}, keywords = {Theory, QED, res+}, submitted = {10/1989}, published = {05/1990}, annote = {A new theory, spurred by anomalous results of experiments with heavy ion collisions and cold fusion. This involves the confining phase of quantum electrodynamics (CQED) and the "bag model". In cold fusion, deuterons and electrons enter a CQED region and (4)He comes out, along with energy at 5 MeV. Experiments to test the theory are suggested.} } @article{Jens1990, author = {L.~C. Jensen and K.~S. Mortensen}, title = {Beyond fusion, annihilation reactions of confined hydrogen}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {417--422}, keywords = {Theory, antineutrons, res+}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {This baffled abstracter quotes the conclusion: "Antineutrons can enter into a region of confined hydrogen or deuterium and cause annihilation reactions. These annihilation reactions are the likely mechanism of mass changing to energy. Large particles change to energy by multiplicity of less energetic positron-electron annihilations". Etc. Using the FPH result of 40000 n/s (but later modified by those authors), J\&M conclude that PdDx is a good place for the formation of and reaction between antiparticles and normals.} } @article{Jin1990, author = {S. Jin and Y. Ding and Y. Liu and B. Wu and D. Yao}, title = {The possibilities of cold nuclear fusion of deuterium}, journal = {Chin. Phys. Lett.}, volume = {7}, year = {1990}, pages = {28--31}, keywords = {Theory, res0}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {01/1990}, annote = {Theoretical. Deuterons in Pd constitute a strongly coupled plasma. Two possible fusion mechanisms are considered. One assumes thermal motion and collisions between deuterons, the other on deuteron pairs. There is strong screening of deuterons from each other, increasing the fusion rate substantially, but not enough to be measurable. So if there is fusion, some other unknown effect must be responsible.} } @article{Jone1990a, author = {S. E. Jones and D. L. Decker and H. D. Tolley}, title = {Scientific correspondence}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {343}, year = {1990}, pages = {703--704}, keywords = {Polemic}, published = {02/1990}, annote = {Response to the accusation by Freedman and Krakauer in the same issue of Nature, that the Jones et al results of 1989 were biased. It appears that the Jones team ended all runs at an arbitrary time, not correlated with success or otherwise, and were in general well aware of possible error sources and the need for controls; this seems also to be clear from their original paper.} } @article{Jone1990b, author = {S.~E. Jones and E.~P. Palmer and J.~B. Czirr and D.~L. Decker and G.~L. Jensen and J.~M. Thorne and S.~F. Taylor and J. Rafelski}, title = {Anomalous nuclear reactions in condensed matter: recent results and open questions}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {199--208}, keywords = {Discussion}, published = {06/1990}, annote = {The Jones+(89) work arose out of earlier work on muon catalysed fusion, where the group measured effects at variance with theory, as was the case with cold fusion. The group continues to measure the same small effect, although no excess heat has been detected. Indeed, the authors do not believe in a nuclear origin of excess heat. This paper gives a summary of the best evidence for cold fusion and discusses it. The idea that muons from cosmic radiation causes cold fusion is eliminated; there is not sufficient time for the dd(mu) melecule to form, before the muon is absorbed elsewhere. The electrolyte used in the electrolysis experiments has been slightly modified, and more work is needed to unravel the essential components; as well, pressurised D2 is used by the group to deuterate metals (this goes back to 1986 but has been modified by the Scaramuzzi group's experience). Some neutron results are shown with error bars, from previous work. On average, this amounts to $10^{-24}$ fus/pair/s if it is a volume effect, or much larger if a surface effect (up to $10^{-20}$). Neutron bursts are discussed. Although there are bursts in the background, those from cold fusion experiments are too large to be background, and should be studied further. There is some discussion of geological cold fusion, which was one of the driving factors for the work; geological (3)He/(4)He ratios are mentioned, as well as geological tritium, which appears to have been detected at some volcanic sites. The authors conclude that cold fusion is an interesting phenomenon worthy of further study, but should not be confused by claims of excess heat production.} } @article{Jorn1990a, author = {J. Jorne}, title = {Electrochemically induced nuclear fusion of deuterium: the existence of negatively charged deuteride ions}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {519--522}, keywords = {Theory, lithium}, submitted = {03/1990}, published = {11/1990}, annote = {Contrary to almost everyone else, Jorne states that deuterium in PdD(x) is largely in the form of D- anions and that a minute fraction exists as deuterons, assumed to be dominant by others. He marshalls a lot of previous evidence for this. The tiny fraction of deuterons can easily fuse with the D-, as there is a small Coulomb barrier. Furthermore, Li will be deposited in the electrolysis in LiOD electrolyte, and LiD certainly has negative deuterium.} } @article{Jorn1990b, author = {J. Jorne}, title = {Unsteady diffusion reaction of electrochemically produced deuterium in palladium rod}, journal = {J. Electrochem. Soc.}, volume = {137}, year = {1990}, pages = {369--370}, keywords = {Theory, loading, diffusion}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {01/1990}, annote = {A rather approximate theoretical prediction of the time required to load Pd with deuterium right to the centre of the Pd bulk, assuming a given diffusion coefficient diminished by the conversion of deuterium into PdD, of $10^{-7}$ cm$^2$/s. Pd cylinders of diameters (0.1,0.2,0.4,0.6,1.0, 2.0) cm resp. require about (7/24,1,5,10,29,116) days electrolysis for a full PdD(0.6) loading, which corresponds roughly to experimental findings. As an afterthought, Jorne calculates that at full loading, the deuterium is packed at a density corresponding to solid deuterium.} } @article{Jow1990, author = {T.~R. Jow and E. Plichta and C. Walker and S. Slane and S. Gilman}, title = {Calorimetric studies of deuterated Pd electrodes}, journal = {J. Electrochem. Soc.}, volume = {137}, year = {1990}, pages = {2473--2478}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd wire, electrolysis, excess heat, res-}, submitted = {01/1990}, published = {08/1990}, annote = {Used a twin-cell calorimeter, with both cells (control with Pd and H2O or Pt with D2O, working cell with Pd and D2O) in a large Al block. Both glass and stainless cells were tried, with the Pd in the form of wires of 1mm and 0.5 mm diameter. There was no recombination. Currents of up to 600 mA/cm$^2$ were applied for 2-12 weeks, and calorimetry done for several days at a time. Deuterium loadings D/Pd of between 0.65 and 0.70 were measured thermogravimetrically. Within experimental error (about 2\%), no excess heat was found.} } @article{Karab1990, author = {A.~B. Karabut and Ya.~R. Kucherov and I.~B. Savvatimova}, title = {Nuclear reactions at the cathode in a gas discharge}, journal = {Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett.}, volume = {16}, number = {6}, year = {1990}, pages = {463--464}, keywords = {Experimental, electrical discharge, Pd, neutrons, heat, res+}, submitted = {08/1989}, published = {06/1990}, annote = {A cathode, consisting of a 0.1 mm foil of Pd, and an anode were placed in a chamber which was evacuated and then filled with D2 gas at 2-10 Torr. An electrical discharge was then passed between the electrodes by means of 50-500 V, at currents of 10-500 mA. Temperature sensors measured the cathode temperature, and two types of neutron detectors were placed near the setup, as well as some photographic film for penetrating secondary radiation. It was found that when the cathode temperature rose above 500K, the reaction stopped. Below this, however, some neutron emissions correlated with step increases of cathode temperature.} } @article{Karp1990, author = {S.~Yu. Karpov and Yu.~V. Koval'chuk and V.~E. Myachin and Yu.~V. Pogorel'skii}, title = {On the possibility of a mechanism of cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett.}, volume = {35}, number = {3}, year = {1990}, pages = {203--204}, keywords = {Experimental, wet chemistry, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {02/1990}, published = {03/1990}, annote = {This paper examines a novel hypothesis. First, some theory, using simple charge relationships and the Thomas-Fermi model, concludes with the possibility that deuterium fusion tunnelling might be aided if deuterons are able to penetrate the electron shells of heavy, preferably negatively charged, atoms. Presumably palladium centres in the palladium deuteride spring to the authors' minds. However, this hypothesis led to a suggestion of a very simple experiment, involving no electrolysis or solid metal. Of a total of five chemical reactions tried out, the following one was succesful: A 40\% solution of HBr (10-15 ml) in H2O was mixed with 20 ml of a saturated solution of KI in D2O. Some KBr is precipitated out, and there is some exchange of H and D from the species HBr, H2O and D2O. This commentator assumes that I- ions act as the heavy anions, into whose electron shells the deuterons (D+ ions) are supposed to penetrate and fuse. The authors monitored neutrons with a single scintillation detector of fast and intermediate neutrons, coupled with a photomultiplier and shielded by an ethylene moderator and a Cd jacket. 16 experiments were averaged, and the Fig. shows a marked increase in neutron activity from the time of mixing the chemicals, lasting about 2000 s, at a level of 0.009 impulses/s, compared with a background of 0.005. The authors cite similar work (Soviet, in preprint) by other workers.} } @article{Kaus1990, author = {T.~C. Kaushik and A. Shyam and M. Srinivasan and R.~K. Rout and L.~V. Kulkarni and M.~S. Krishnan and S.~K. Malhotra and V.~B. Nagvenkar}, title = {Preliminary report on direct measurement of tritium in liquid nitrogen treated TiDx chips}, journal = {Indian J. Technol.}, volume = {28}, year = {1990}, pages = {667--673}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, gas phase, neutrons, xrays, tritium, res+}, submitted = {10/1990}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {D2 gas was prepared by electrolysis of D2O, and analysed for tritium contamination; a t/d ratio of $10^{-13}$ was found and attributed to the Pd cathode used for the electrolysis, previously used for a cold fusion experiment. Ti chips were treated with nitric and sulphuric acids followed by water, to remove surface oxides. Batches of the chips were evacuated at 850 degC for 2h, cooled to 600 degC and exposed to D2 gas at 1 bar. Loading, measured by weight, was only 0.05 (D/Ti) but assumed much higher at the Ti surface. A bank of 10 BF3 neutron counters was set up around the liquid nitrogen cell, with paraffin block moderators; the background count was 5 c/s. Two plastic scintillators were placed away from the cell to monitor the background. The Ti chips were dropped into liquid nitrogen and allowed to warm up to room temp upon nitrogen evaporation; the cycle was repeated 4-5 times per batch. One such batch of 100 chips was thus cycled, and there was no indication from the scintillators, but the BF3 detectors showed a signal 15 times the background, implying a burst of about 10000 neutrons during the 5 min interval. Repetition of this, with more chips, was not successful. One way to detect tritium was to detect the K x-ray emissions expected from the Ti if they contained tritium; some signals above background were found by this inaccurate method. Another, better detector was also used, and many chips were found with above-background tritium signals, going up to a factor of about 5 (4 chips). Some high-activity chips were placed between medical x-ray films, and produced images. Although no untreated chips were measured for tritium, it is considered unlikely that there was any tritium surviving the vacuum heating.} } @article{Kawa1990, author = {H. Kawai}, title = {Profile of the cold nuclear fever}, journal = {Kinki Daigaku Genshiryoku Kenkyusho Nenpo}, volume = {27}, year = {1990}, pages = {19}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {A review of cold fusion. K reckons that about half of cnf experiments have positive results, and suggests using cathodes of graphite or U, both of which absorb hydrogen. Using enriched U would also cause neutron multiplication, making it easier to detect them. DTO could also be used, to enable the more favoured dt fusion reaction. (Abbreviated quote from CA 115:100641, (1991)).} } @article{Kay1990, author = {B.~D. Kay and K.~R. Lykke and R.~J. Buss}, title = {Problems with the mass spectrometric determination of tritium from cold fusion}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {491--493}, keywords = {Polemic, mass spectrometry, tritium, res-}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {This study caused the retraction of a claim for the MS detection of tritium, say the authors but give no names. There are 11 different chemical reactions that can give rise to species with mass close to that of tritium (e.g. HD2+, D3+). So MS detection of tritium is ambiguous.} } @article{Kim1990a, author = {M.~S. Kim and M.~Y. Park}, title = {Comment on room temperature nuclear fusion}, journal = {Anal. Sci. Technol.}, volume = {3}, year = {1990}, pages = {265--267}, note = {In Korean}, keywords = {Polemic}, annote = {"A polemic in response to M. Fleischmann, S. Pons and M. Hawkins, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1989, 261 (2A), 301". (Direct quote from CA 117:259549, (1992)).} } @article{Kim1990b, author = {Y.~E. Kim}, title = {Neutron burst from a high-voltage discharge between palladium electrodes in D2 gas}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {680--682}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, submitted = {02/1990}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Kim offers a conventional explanation for the results of Wada and Nishizawa who got large neutron emissions from a high voltage discharge "stimulation" between two Pd rods in pressurised D2 gas. W\&N claimed this was due to cold fusion of supersaturated D in the Pd. Kim suggests, and underpins theoretically, that it can be explained in terms of D+ ions, accelerated by the discharge, striking the PdDx; in other words, it is just plain well known beam fusion, as in self-targeting. All W\&N's experimental features such as pressure changes and the "controls" can be accommodated by this explanation.} } @article{Kim1990c, author = {Y.~E. Kim}, title = {New cold nuclear fusion theory and experimental tests}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {423--427}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {In a previous Report, Kim has suggested that the FPH effect may be due to neutron-induced tritium-deuterium fusion. Here, this process is described, independently of the FPH electrolysis, as well as for that situation. Background neutrons break up Li, in the electrolyte, producing (4)He and T. The tritium penetrates the Pd cathode, alongside deuterium from the electrolysis. D-T fusion then releases more neutrons to make a chain reaction, also forming (4)He. The rather doubtful FPH paper is quoted as evidence: MS showing some (4)He; but the excess heat is also consistent with this suggestion. More evidence comes from the inability of NaOD solution to show any cnf. This theory leads to a list of suggested ways to improve the yield, and a number of tests of this theory, such as varying the Li isotope ratio, evidence for (4)He, neutrons at about 14 MeV.} } @article{Kim1990d, author = {Y.~E. Kim}, title = {Cross section for cold deuterium-deuterium fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {507--508}, keywords = {Theory, CIF connection, branching ratio, res0}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {05/1990}, annote = {The experiments of Beuhler et al (1989, see Section 4) with fusion induced by (D2O)(x)+ cluster impact, suggest that at low energies, the branching ratio for d-d fusion - known only from high-energy fusion - may not apply, and that the tritium branch may be favoured. The same might be indicated by the FPH results. Kim suggests further investigation of this.} } @article{Kimu1990, author = {T. Kimura}, title = {Quantitative evaluation of multiple production of neutrons induced by cosmic rays in materials}, journal = {J. Nucl. Sci. Technol.}, volume = {27}, year = {1990}, pages = {1147--1150}, keywords = {Experimental, neutron detection, no electrolysis, suggestion}, submitted = {09/1990}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Neutrons can be emitted as a result of cosmic ray influx onto some materials, and this possibility needs to be considered in the very low-level neutron measurements in cold fusion experiments. This is examined experimentally in this work. 32 (3)He detectors, shielded by a Cd plate and a layer of boric acid, and held within a polyethylene moderator, were used, with pulse height- and -interval analysis, multichannel scaling and coincidence measurements. Materials put to the tests included Pb, Cd, Nb-Mo, Cu-Zn and Ti-Al-V-S alloys, Fe, Al, D2O and H2O. Results showed rough log-log linearity of neutron production rate vs atomic weight, with a slope of 1.8; these rates are 0.001-0.01 n/kg/s, corresponding to an equivalent fusion rate of roughly $10^{-27} \dots 10^{-26}$ fus/pair/s. The additive effect of this neutron production in a cold fusion experiment may, however, need to be taken into account.} } @article{Kita1990, author = {M. Kitajima and K. Nakamura and M. Fujitsuka}, title = {Electrical resistivity of high pressure D2-loaded Pd and Ti at low temperatures}, journal = {Solid State Commun.}, volume = {75}, year = {1990}, pages = {159--161}, keywords = {Experimental, D2 loading effect on resistance, res0}, submitted = {03/1990}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {Studied the temperature dependence of electrical resistivity of Pd and Ti under pressurised D2 gas at low temperatures and pressures from 6 to 90 atm. The metals were cooled to 77K, exposed to gas pressure, and allowed to warm up, while the resistance was monitored. The first time Pd was thus treated, its resistivity followed that of pure Pd up to about 270K, and went up steeply thereafter, indicating that no deuterium was absorbed below this temperature. A second cycle produced higher resistivity, showing that the release of D is slower than its uptake. X-ray diffraction showed that a maximum loading of 0.7 was achieved. For Ti, the resistivity was the same as that for pure Ti up to room temperature, and no surface treatment changed this; i.e. the Ti never absorbed any deuterium.} } @article{Knap1990, author = {J.~A. Knapp and T.~R. Guilinger and M.~J. Kelly and B.~L. Doyle and D. Walsh and S.~S. Tsao}, title = {Thin-foil electrochemical cells: high-sensitivity fusion tests and in-situ beam measurements of deuterium loading}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {371--375}, keywords = {Experimental, cps, thin foil, electrolysis, res0}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Again, the statement that emitted protons ought to be more easily detected than neutrons because of the much lower background. Also, a thin foil's D content can be easily monitored using a suitable ion beam, and thus the claim tested, that high loadings D/Pd > 1 can be achieved. This was done in this work, in which in situ measurements were performed, while the experiment ran. The ssb detector is mounted up close to the back of the foil cathode, with 0.5 A/cm$^2$ flowing. It would detect not only the 3.02 MeV protons but also 1.01 MeV tritons (if any) or the (perhaps) ca. 1 MeV (4)He's, if any. A pulse height spectrum collected over 23.2 h showed nothing better than background. In the other part of the experiment, a 3 MeV (3)He ion beam was shot at the back of the foil under electrolysis, resulting in backscattered 14 MeV protons from reaction with deuterium in the foil. Calibration with known metal hydride foils showed a loading peaking at around 0.8. This can be assumed to hold not only for the top 2 mu thus analysed, but for the whole 25 mu foil thickness, because the back of the foil was coated by d-impervious Au. Other experiments showed that (1)H is indeed absorbed preferentially over deuterium.} } @article{Kocs1990, author = {M. Kocsis and L. Nyikos and I. Szentpetery and D. Horvath and J. Kecskemeti and A. Lovas and T. Pajkossy and L. Pocs}, title = {Search for neutrons from cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett.}, volume = {145}, year = {1990}, pages = {327--337}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, gas phase, Pd, Ti, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {06/1990}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {The authors note that of those cold fusion studies in which neutron emission was measured, few have been successful; they, too, wanted to have a go at it. An FPH-type electrochemical cell was used with Pd, as well as a tube filled with Ti chips and D2 gas. A triple (3)He proportional counter was used for neutron detection; its calibrated efficiency was 6.3\%. A lengthy background measurement showed some "statistically significant" excursions above the mean of 0.06 c/s, possibly due to barometric variations in the cosmic background, and a well distinguished neutron peak. A subsequent 9-day electrolysis showed nothing above this background. The experiment was then moved into an underground tunnel at a depth of 30 m in limestone. Now the mean background was 0.003 c/s but with occasional "huge burstlike excursions" due to electrical disturbances in the power network. Some filtering etc resulted in a stable background of about 0.002 c/s. During two electrolysis runs - one continuous, the other with periodic current switching -, as well as the Ti/D2 run, no neutron emission above the background was observed. The authors note that upon switching off the electrolysis current, violent bubbling occurred at the Pd cathode, i.e. that the Pd was saturated with deuterium.} } @article{Kogo1990, author = {S. Kogoshi}, title = {Present status of cold fusion research}, journal = {J. Inst. Electron. Inf. Commun. Eng. (Japan)}, volume = {73}, year = {1990}, pages = {1311--1317}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Discussion}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Cold fusion has not been proved yet scientifically judging from the principle that scientific truth is reproducible by test. It has been reported that a large amount of tritium is produced from a multilayer sandwich structure of heavy-hydrogen-adsorbed [sic] Pd films and Si films by sending an electric current to the structure, which has been attracting interest of people concerned including researchers in the field of semiconductor engineering (38 refs.) (Direct quote from Phys. Abstr. 94:114582 (1991)).} } @article{Koma1990, author = {V.~V. Komarov and O. Melsheimer and A. Popova}, title = {Does cold fusion exist and is it measurable?}, journal = {Z. Naturforsch. A}, volume = {45}, year = {1990}, pages = {759--761}, keywords = {Theory}, submitted = {02/1990}, published = {05/1990}, annote = {Considers the dynamics of a deuteron sitting in the Pd lattice, and another one coming in. Considering all other deuterons as distant perturbations only, a quantum mechanical treatment then indicates a possible resonance effect leading to close d-d approach and cold fusion rates as claimed. If this is assumed to be a surface effect taking place within the first few monolayers, then one can expect about 1-10 particles emitted per s, which is a weak effect and therefore perhaps not observable, as has happened in some experiments.} } @article{Koon1990, author = {S.~E. Koonin and M. Mukerjee}, title = {Branching ratios in low-energy deuteron-induced reactions}, journal = {Phys. Rev. C}, volume = {42}, year = {1990}, pages = {1639--1645}, keywords = {Theory, branching ratio, res-}, submitted = {03/1990}, published = {10/1990}, annote = {Using a second-order Born approximation to the Schroedinger equation, K\&M arrive at an expression for the branching ratio which turns out to vary by at most 10\% from unity. This is at variance with earlier work by others on the d+(6)Li reaction, as well as with cold fusion claims, who all come in for criticism here. It is pointed out that low-energy beam fusion and muon catalysed fusion all have about unity branching ratio, which nullifies statements about cluster impact, fracto- or dendrite fusion branching ratio anomalies.} } @article{Kosy1990a, author = {A.~A. Kosyakhkov and V.~T. Cherepin and V.~V. Kolotyi and K.~K. Kisurin}, title = {Neutron yield in the deuterium ion implantation into titanium}, journal = {Fiz. Tverd. Tela}, volume = {32}, year = {1990}, pages = {3672--3672}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, discharge, Ti, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {This team investigates cold fusion by means of their magnetic discharge pump, sending an ionised deuterium beam at 8 keV at a Ti target. The Ti is grounded and Penning discharge results in the target bombardment. Despite the neutron detector not being positioned optimally because of the pump's geometry, clear neutron emission is seen upon this bombardment. The authors take this as confirmation of cold fusion (it is not).} } @article{Kosy1990b, author = {A.~A. Kosyakhkov and S.~S. Triletskii and V.~T. Cherepin and S.~M. Chichkan}, title = {Mass-spectrometric study of the products of nuclear reactions occurring due to deuterium ion-plasma saturation of titanium}, journal = {Sov. Phys. Dokl.}, volume = {35}, number = {5}, year = {1990}, pages = {470--471}, note = {Orig. in Dokl. Akad. Nauk. (Tekh. Fiz.) 312(1) (1990) 96, in Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, discharge, Ti, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {04/1989}, annote = {Very similar to - i.e. almost identical with - the earlier paper by the same authors. They used a magnetodischarge pump to aim high-intensity beams (up to 1A) of deuterons at titanium, and MS to analyse sputtered products. As in their other paper, small traces of tritium and helium-3 were found, though at large magnifications ($\times 100$). The authors interpret this as evidence for fusion of deuterium. Ion-beam induced fusion has been known since the 1950's.} } @article{Kozi1990a, author = {H. Kozima}, title = {On a mechanism of the electrochemically induced nuclear fusion}, journal = {Rept. Fac. Sci., Shizuoka Univ.}, volume = {24}, year = {1990}, pages = {19--21}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {07/1989}, annote = {A mechanism is proposed to explain the experimental findings of Jones et al. A qualitative model is that deuterons can approach more closely than deuterium atoms in D2 (which keep apart at about 0.72 {\AA} distance), because of the electrons around the particles in the metal lattice. The 1926 work of Paneth and Peters is mentioned also.} } @article{Kozi1990b, author = {H. Kozima and K. Hasegawa and H. Suganuma and S. Oe and K. Sekido and M. Fujii and M. Yasuda and T. Onojima}, title = {On a mechanism of the electrochemically induced nuclear fusion II}, journal = {Rept. Fac. Sci., Shizuoka Univ.}, volume = {24}, year = {1990}, pages = {23--28}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {07/1990}, annote = {The mechanism of cold fusion proposed by Kozima in the preceding paper (ibid page 19) is extended to a calculation of expected fusion rates and the results are consistent with recent claims. The authors caution, however, that the model is limited and further work is needed.} } @article{Kozi1990c, author = {H. Kozima and S. Oe and K. Hasegawa and H. Suganuma and M. Fujii and T. Onojima and K. Sekido and M. Yasuda}, title = {Experimental investigation of the electrochemically induced nuclear fusion}, journal = {Rept. Fac. Sci., Shizuoka Univ.}, volume = {24}, year = {1990}, pages = {29--34}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {09/1990}, annote = {An early attempt at replication. The Pd cathode was a thin (0.2 mm) plate, 50*50 mm, and a current of 600 mA was applied. Neutrons were detected with a neutron dose meter. There were more detected than for the background, outside tha standard deviation. A control with light water gave the same as without electrolysis; it is concluded that cold fusion is confirmed.} } @article{Kula1990, author = {A.~V. Kulakov and E.~V. Orlenko and A.~A. Rumyantsev}, title = {Problem of physical mechanism of so-called cold fusion}, journal = {Power Eng. (USSR Acad. Sci)}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, year = {1990}, pages = {141--143}, keywords = {Discussion, theory}, annote = {An earlyish paper trying to explain cold fusion in the Pd lattice by enhancement of Coulomb barrier penetration, due to the special conditions in the lattice. The authors say that the Debye shielding radius here is 0.3{\AA}, less than the Bohr radius. One out of four colliding d-d pairs fuse, and the tritium + proton + gamma branch would dominate, explaining the dearth of measured neutrons.} } @article{Kyot1990, author = {{Kyoto University CNF Test Group}}, title = {Search for cold nuclear fusion at the research reactor institute}, journal = {Kyoto Daigaku Genshiro Jikkensho Gakujutsu Koenkai Koen Yoshishu}, volume = {24}, year = {1990}, pages = {45--52}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Experimental, various, res-}, annote = {There have been intense efforts at the Institute to verify FPH's or Jones+' results, under various conditions. No evidence of neutron, gamma or heat production has been seen. The Frascati experiment was also attempted, as well as the Los Alamos one, using good equipment, capable of distinguishing between noise and neutrons. So far, nothing.} } @article{Lewis1990a, author = {D. Lewis and K. Sk{\"o}ld}, title = {A phenomenological study of the Fleischmann-Pons effect}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {294}, year = {1990}, pages = {275--288}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, calorimetry, neutrons, res0}, submitted = {05/1990}, published = {11/1990}, annote = {The authors have performed a very thorough and careful cold fusion experiment, using a cell similar to that of FPH but adding a cooling coil for the calorimetry, and using a ring of 30 helium counters to monitor neutron emissions at about 2.5 MeV. They also analysed aliquots of the electrolyte for tritium. Everything is described clearly and in detail. There are tables of input and calculated power, and clear figures of same; a control series is reported, of electrolysis of H2O at Pt and Pd, which show an approximately zero excess power with some fluctuation. Using D2O and Pd, there was some excess power during some time, and it fell back to the input power after that. Neutron emission showed some spikes. Some were associated with, for example, switching on of the galvanostat, or with movement of a thermocouple in the detector well, leading to an electrical contact or, in some cases, with a nearby nuclear reactor being turned on. However, some large neutron events remained unaccounted for and the largest correlated with a thermal excursion of the cell. Another run showed thermal and neutron excursions at different times. Tritium levels are reported without much comment. The authors carefully conclude that there is indeed evidence for an anomaly similar to that of FPH, while admitting that their measurements are close to their experimental errors. They then point out that, since these events seem to correlate with D2O top-up additions, they may be due to an impurity in the D2O, such as light water or T2O.} } @article{Lewis1990b, author = {L.~N. Lewis and P.~G. Kosky and N. Lewis}, title = {On the search for non-electrochemical cold fusion: production of D2 off of high surface area Pd colloid}, journal = {J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett.}, volume = {145}, year = {1990}, pages = {81--91}, keywords = {Experimental, chemical hydriding, heat, neutrons, gammas, res-}, submitted = {03/1990}, published = {05/1990}, annote = {Yet another way to deuterate Pd: the reaction of triethyl-SiX with Na2PdCl4 in normal (if X=H) or deuterated (if X=D) methanol produces Pd colloid and X (i.e. H or D) at its surface. Thus one can expect the Pd to absorb the hydrogen/deuterium, and we have yet another cold fusion experiment. The team carried out both the control (X=H) and test (X=D) in a Dewar and measured the rise in temperature; they were roughly the same, so no excess heat. They also monitored gamma and neutron emission with a variety of gear, and found nothing. So, they say, there is no need to worry about the possibility of high energy emission from high surface area Pd, deuterated by nonelectrochemical means, as some have warned (i.e FPH and one AH Alberts).} } @article{Liev1990, author = {L.~A. Lievrouw}, title = {Communication and the social representation of scientific knowledge}, journal = {Crit. Stud. Mass Commun.}, volume = {7}, year = {1990}, pages = {1--10}, keywords = {Soc/phil-sci, discussion; no FPH/Jones refs.}, published = {03/1990}, annote = {Lievrouw, a prof. of communication, here examines communication issues in the "cold fusion" area. Not providing too many references for some statements made, the author fits the issue into the mould of knowledge culture and the three stages of the scientific communication cycle: Conceptualisation, documentation and popularisation. She propagates the assumption of competing scientific interests in the case of "cold fusion", i.e. that hot fusion workers had reasons for suppressing "cold fusion". This affected "cold fusion" workers' strategies to some extent, in the direction of media exploitation.} } @article{Lin1990a, author = {G.~H. Lin and R.~C. Kainthla and N.~J.~C. Packham and J.~O.~M. Bockris}, title = {Electrochemical fusion: a mechanism speculation}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {280}, year = {1990}, pages = {207--211}, keywords = {Discussion, dendrites}, submitted = {11/1989}, published = {02/1990}, annote = {The authors speculate that dendrites of Ni, Fe and Cr, formed after prolonged electrolysis, may be responsible for cold fusion. They say that this would also explain why tritium is not seen until 5 days electrolysis, which is more than enough to fully charge palladium with deuterium (then how come Chene and Brass see tritium after only 24 or 48 hours?). On the tips of these dendrites, high energies are available, and D2 may be split into D+ and D; the D+, in the presence of a high voltage field, might then be accelerated back towards the dendrite and smack into D waiting there. Furthermore, because it always comes from a certain direction, the branching ratio for tritium/helium might not be 50:50. A lot of "might"'s, but if there be (cold) fusion, we need a radically new explanation; some of this speculation is surely testable. } } @article{Lin1990b, author = {G.~H. Lin and R.~C. Kainthla and N.~J.~C. Packham and O. Velev and J.~O.~M. Bockris}, title = {On electrochemical tritium production}, journal = {Int. J. Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {15}, year = {1990}, pages = {537--550}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, tritium, res+}, submitted = {04/1990}, annote = {Four and a half months' experiments lead the team to report clear evidence of tritium production, weakly correlating with excess heat. The tritium is not accounted for by electrolytic enrichment (on which Bockris is an expert) but is produced in much larger amounts. Samples of the electrolyte and the electrodes used were analysed by other labs and confirm the team's findings that there was no T in the palladium before the runs, and their results of solution analysis. The possibility of mischief is dismissed. This reviewer does not find any control experiments in the paper. The paper ends by proposing the "dendrite" theory of cold fusion, assuming a high double layer electric field of $10^9$ V/cm and dielectric breakdown of water (another field in which at least Bockris is an expert). The paper concludes with suggestions for how to optimise cold fusion. Pd may not be needed; surface dendrites should be encouraged.} } @article{Lin1990c, author = {T.~L. Lin and C.~C. Liu}, title = {Cold fusion experiment at Department of Nuclear Engineering, National Tsing-Hua University}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {487--490}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, neutrons, gammas, res0}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Thermalised neutrons are easier to detect than fast ones, and efficiency is important in low-level measurements. The right amount of moderator is also important: too little, not enough moderation; too much, no neutrons come out. This pair electrolysed 0.1M LiOD in D2O at a Pd rod 5 mm by 80 mm. Thermal neutrons were detected by one (3)He and one BF3 detector, with H2O the moderator. The neutron signal was pulse-distribution discriminated. Besides the two neutron counters, a Ge detector looked for gamma emissions. Before applying the current to the cell, the backgrounds were measured. During a run of about 24 h, with increasingly higher current densities, two neutron bursts were detected by the (3)He tube but not by the BF3 counter; the latter did have a much lower sensitivity, but an artifact cannot be ruled out. There is no mention of gamma results. More work is needed.} } @article{Lips1990a, author = {A.~G. Lipson and V.~A. Klyuev and B.~V. Deryagin and Yu.~P. Toporov and M.~G. Sirotyuk and O.~B. Khavroshkin and D.~M. Sakov}, title = {Observation of neutrons from cavitation action on substances containing deuterium}, note = {In Russian}, journal = {Pis'ma Zh. Teo. Fiz.}, volume = {16}, number = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {89--93}, keywords = {Experimental, LanNi5 etc, fracto vibromill, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {07/1990}, published = {10/1990}, annote = {Heavy and light water cells, with and without suspensions of LaNi5 or LaNi5Dx particles, were subjected to a Ti vibrator and ultrasound, while neutrons were measured by a block of 7 proportional counters immersed in an oil bath and shielded by 1mm of Cd; overall efficiency: 1\%. The ultrasound vibrations induce cavitation. For D2O, and D2O plus LaNi5Dx suspension, cavitation produces neutrons at about 4 sigmas above the background, and this ceases when the ultrasound is turned off. For a suspension of LaNi5, neutrons are only detected after the ultrasound is turned off - the "after-effect". For D2O, the authors suggest that cavitation promotes Ti deuteride formation at supersaturation, which is stopped by hydroxide layers formed when cavitation ceases. In the case of a LaNi5 suspension, there is no deuteride formed during cavitation, but when this ceases, relaxation of surface stresses might allow deuteride formation at near-surface Stokes defects, and thus fracto-fusion. Lastly, the LaNi5Dx suspension again shows neutrons during cavitation, not connected with surface cracking, but rather with collapsing voids on the particles' surface; this ceases with cavitation cessation, explaining the lack of after-effect. More experiments are needed to clear this up.} } @article{Lips1990b, author = {A.~G. Lipson and V.~A. Klyuev and Yu.~P. Toporov and B.~V. Deryagin}, title = {Neutron generation by mechanical activation of metal surfaces}, note = {In Russian}, journal = {Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz.}, volume = {16}, number = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {54--57}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, LaNi5, fracto-, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {06/1990}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Another in the fracto-fusion series. Here the team used mechanical abrasion of sample disks (30 mm diameter, 20 height) of Ti and LaNi5, to a depth of 1mm. After 1 min of this, 1ml of D2O was placed on the abraded surface; all this was done in air, rel. hum. 30\%, room temp. The samples were placed into a block of 7 neutron detectors of the type NWJ-62, with an efficiency of about 1\%, the whole being shielded by 1 mm Cd metal. With the H2O controls, the samples did not emit neutrons above background; with D2O, however, in the case of deuterated Ti samples (though not with Ti itself), and the LaNi5 alloy, emitted neutrons at around 3-4 sigma above background. The difference between Ti and TiDx is that the latter has more crystal defects, which lead to microcracks. Abrasion removes impervious hydroxide films.} } @article{Liu1990a, author = {S. Liu and F. Qiu and Y. Sun}, title = {Mass spectra analysis of the products of the so-called 'cold fusion'}, journal = {Fenxi Huaxue}, volume = {18}, number = {4}, year = {1990}, pages = {400--401}, note = {In Chinese}, keywords = {Experimental, MS, helium, res-}, annote = {MS anal. of the products of cold fusion did not show the presence of (3)He, (4)He and T which should be present in nuclear fusions. A VG 7070E double focus MS, EI ionization source, and e energy 70 eV were used. The emission current, collected current, and instrument resolving power were 2 mA, 400 $\mu$A, and 1000, resp. (Cited from Chem. Abstr. 113:139992 (1990))} } @article{Liu1990b, author = {Z. Liu and K. Xie and S. Qi and J. Cao and N. Li and X. Yu and Z. Lin}, title = {Photoemission studies of Pd/D system with high deuterium content}, journal = {Chin. Phys. Lett.}, volume = {7}, year = {1990}, pages = {125--128}, keywords = {Experimental, spectroscopy, Pd, gas phase, post mortem, res-}, submitted = {10/1989}, published = {03/1990}, annote = {Measured the ultraviolet photoelectron emission spectra (UPS) of PdDx vs x, in order to help understand cold fusion (only the Jones et al paper is referred to). Pd foil was cleaned by several cycles of sputtering and annealing (450 degC), until XPS (x-ray emission) no longer showed C and S impurities. Different preparations were examined. One foil sample was treated at 450 degC and $2\times 10^{-5}$ Torr D2 gas; this showed peaks similar to H-treated Pd but one that was not observed with Pd treated with D2 at room temperature. Another was given the same treatment used in the group's cold fusion experiments: oxidation at 500 degC in O2 for 1.5 h, followed by reduction at 600 degC in H2 for 1.5 h, then loading under high pressure H2, which was removed again by heating and pumping. Then the Pd was charged with D by D2 under "50 kg/cm$^2$ pressure" and measured (XPS showed no C or S). Measurement was repeated after heat treatment in vacuum for various lengths of time, and showed a change in the spectra. Results indicate that the deuteride behaves as the hydride, and deuterium is dissociatively absorbed by Pd, and diffuses into the lattice. Only a limited amount of the deuterium is ionised in the lattice, however, especially at high loadings. The electrons from the ionised deuterons occupy the Pd 4d holes and the delocalised states in the 5s band, and there are various shifts in properties.} } @article{Lomo1990, author = {O.~I. Lomovsky and A.~F. Eremin and V.~V. Boldyrev}, title = {Isotope heat effect in reactions involving hydrogen evolution on palladium catalyst particles}, journal = {Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. Chem. Sci.}, volume = {102}, number = {2}, year = {1990}, pages = {173--176}, keywords = {Discussion, res+}, submitted = {08/1989}, published = {04/1990}, annote = {This is almost word for word the paper by the same authors in Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR Fiz. Khim. 309 (1989) 879, already abstracted (note that I spelled the first author Lomovskii in that abstract, using standard transliteration, as he himself does not here). See the other abstract for details, i.e. Lomo1989} } @article{Long1990, author = {G.~R. Longhurst and T.~J. Dolan and G.~L. Henriksen}, title = {An investigation of energy balances in palladium cathode electrolysis experiments}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {337--343}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, calorimetry, neutrons, gamma, res-}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {Calorimetry similar to that of FPH(89) was used, with several sizes of Pd cathodes in 0.1M to 1.2M "LiOH" in H2O, D2O and mixtures thereof. Cell voltage and temperatures were continuously recorded and calibration heating applied. The difference between heat input and output was a fluctuating $\pm$4.4\%, with no relation to type of water or other conditions. Neutron and gamma emissions were also checked using a BC-501 liquid scintillator; nothing was found. The build-up of tritium in the electrolyte was accounted for by conventional causes (enrichment). So no cold fusion was observed here.} } @article{Lore1990, author = {E. Lorenzini and P. Tartarini and M. Trentin}, title = {Cold fusion: status of the research}, journal = {Tec. Ital.}, volume = {55}, number = {1}, year = {1990}, pages = {1--9}, note = {In Italian}, keywords = {Discussion}, annote = {A summary of the current situation (the beginning of 1990, presumably). The major experiments are reported, as well as some of the more prominent conferences. The authors' contribution is to suggest that the Wigner effect could be another cause of sudden energy release (the melt-down): just as in the Windscale nuclear reactor, neutrons caused a gradual build-up of stress in the graphite blocks and subsequent sudden release, the absorbed hydrogen and deuterium in the palladium stresses the metal lattice; this, too, could be relieved abruptly with large energy release and apparent excess heat production or even more violent events. The paper concludes on a skeptical note.} } @article{Loui1990, author = {E. Louis and F. Moscardo and E. San-Fabian and J.~M. Perez-Jorda}, title = {Calculation of hydrogen-hydrogen potential energies and fusion rates in palladium hydride (PdxH2) clusters (x=2,4)}, journal = {Phys. Rev. B}, volume = {42}, year = {1990}, pages = {4996--4999}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, submitted = {03/1990}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {The objectives were to estimate the effect of neighbouring Pd atoms on the H-H potential in realistic lattices and such exotic lattices that might favour cold fusion, as well as to calculate fusion rates for favourable configurations. The Hartree-Fock method was used. Results are that (a) H-H distances in lattices are in all cases much greater than in H2 gas, and (b) even in the most favourable lattices, far from equilibrium, very high vibrational energies are required to approach a fusion rate of $10^{-20}$/s.} } @article{Mas1990, author = {F. Mas and J.~C. Paniagua and J. Puy and J. Salvador and E. Vilaseca}, title = {Comment on: Deuterium nuclear fusion at room temperature: a pertinent inequality on barrier penetration}, journal = {J. Chem. Phys.}, volume = {93}, year = {1990}, pages = {6118--6119}, keywords = {Comment, polemic}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {10/1990}, annote = {Comment on named paper by G Rosen (1989), who found theoretical grounds for support of cold fusion claims. The authors, like Morgan III (1990), point out the inappropriateness of the straight use of the WKB method; the Langer adaptation should be used, and gives results different by 4 orders of magnitude. Also, the potential energy curve for a pair of deuterons, as used by Rosen, is too rough. Fusion rates from the better approximations are vastly smaller than Rosen's.} } @article{Mass1990, author = {M. Massaron and F. Lamperti}, title = {La fusione fredda (Cold fusion)}, journal = {Tecnol. Chim.}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, year = {1990}, pages = {98--104}, note = {In Italian}, keywords = {Commentary}, annote = {The authors ask themselves whether cnf is just a journalistic construct or a scientific breakthrough, about one year after FPH-89 (the only real cnf reference cited, although Jones et al are mentioned in the text). There is a brief chronology of cnf up to May 1989. The results of Scaramuzzi are mentioned, also the excess heats of FPH-89, the Harwell attempt at replication and conventional fusion. No conclusion is drawn.} } @article{Matsu1990a, author = {O. Matsumoto and K. Kimura and Y. Saito and H. Uyama and T. Yaita}, title = {Detection of neutrons in electrolysis of D2SO4-D2O solution by means of fission track method}, journal = {Denki Kagaku}, volume = {58}, year = {1990}, pages = {147--150}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, particle tracks on film, res+}, submitted = {08/1989}, annote = {Carried out electrolysis in D2SO4 solution instead of the more customary LiOD, because previous studies of hydrogen evolution have been used acid. A Pd plate, a palladized Pd plate or Pt plate were used, in normal electrolysis and glow discharge electrolysis (GDE), 50 mA in both cases (in GDE, one of the two electrodes hangs in the gas above the electrolyte; the gas is kept at a low pressure, here 70 Torr, and large voltages <= 1000 V or so are required). The paper does not make clear whether it is the Pd cathode or the Pt anode that is in the gas phase. The neutron detector, mounted below the cells, was a sandwich of a mica plate plus uranyl salt plate in a polythene bag. Neutrons make tracks in this sandwich and can be counted. In every case (different electrolysis methods, different cathodes), there were clearly more neutrons from D2SO4 in D2O than in dummy cells (by factors of 1.5-3.4) and no such differences between runs in H2SO4 and dummies. However, the fluctuations from one dummy to another were of similar magnitude. The authors conclude that cold fusion takes place, at a rate of about $10^{-24}$ fusions/pair/s, a little lower than the rate observed by Jones et al.} } @article{Matsu1990b, author = {O. Matsumoto and K. Kimura and Y. Saito and H. Uyama and T. Yaita}, title = {Detection of tritium in cathode materials after the electrolysis of D2SO4-D2O solution}, journal = {Denki Kagaku}, volume = {58}, year = {1990}, pages = {471--474}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, tritium, MS, res+, no FPH/Jones refs}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {05/1990}, annote = {The authors have previously reported the emission of neutrons from cold fusion. Tritium, too, is to be expected, and this time they have looked at this. Firstly, they immersed the cathode material, after electrolysis, in the liquid scintillator that measured tritium; then they also placed the cathode in a glass tube attached to a mass spectrometer, and heated the sample to drive out the gases. In the scintillation count, a dummy Pd electrode gave 32.9$\pm$1.6 counts, a cathode from a cold fusion electrolysis gave 40.6$\pm$1.8, and palladised Pt, after electrolysis showed 35.0$\pm$1.6 counts. Mass spectra showed tritium (as well as other masses) in the Pd, but also in the D2 gas given off. The authors conclude that tritium was formed in the Pd by a nuclear reaction.} } @article{Matsu1990c, author = {T. Matsumoto}, title = {Observation of new particles emitted during cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {356--360}, keywords = {Experimental, theoretical, the iton, electrolysis, Pd, film tracks, res+, no FPH/Jones refs}, submitted = {03/1990}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {The author's Nattoh model theory explains the strange branching ratio by the action of the "iton" particle, which carries away about 20 MeV from the fusion reaction d+d-->(4)He + 23.85 MeV. The iton can be observed by using nuclear film, and has perhaps been observed during the electrolysis of light water at Pd. Here, M electrolyses D2O (+3\% NaCl) at Pd. The films showed many cosmic ray tracks, but also some due to iton decay, clearly distinguished from the background. Thus a new particle, the iton, is discovered.} } @article{Matsu1990d, author = {T. Matsumoto}, title = {Prediction of new particle emission on cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {647--651}, keywords = {Comment, suggestion, the nattoh}, submitted = {02/1990}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Having observed the new particle, the iton (p. 356, same volume), M now predicts it theoretically, using the Nattoh model. Cold fusion takes place not via the branches commonly assumed (proton+T, neutron+(3)He) - these are of lesser importance - but mainly by hydrogen-catalysed fusion, in which first a nattoh is formed, then two D's fuse with the help of a third, into the short lived (4)H, which then becomes (4)He, and an iton is emitted. This also explains M's observation of cold fusion in ordinary light water. This paper looks at the theory of this process and concludes that it works. A further paper, suggesting a cold fusion reactor, is on the way.} } @article{Matsu1990e, author = {T. Matsumoto}, title = {Cold fusion observed with ordinary water}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {490--492}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, light water, Pd, gamma, res+}, submitted = {11/1989}, published = {05/1990}, annote = {Based on the Nattoh model of cold fusion, in which deuterons associate into nattohs or clumps, M suggests that protons, too, might do it, producing as a first product (2)He, which then might emit a positron to become a deuteron. An electrolysis experiment with H2O + 3\% NaCl on Pd was run, and a single Ge(Li) detector used to monitor gamma radiation. A background curve is shown and compared with the experimental curve, and M claims that this shows an effect at energies below 130 keV. This humble abstracter cannot see the "extraordinary enhancement of the signals" which M states shows that "a cold fusion reaction really occurred in ordinary water". M concludes with the hope that a cold fusion reactor using seawater is possible.} } @article{Matsud1990, author = {J.~I. Matsuda and T. Matsumoto and K. Nagao}, title = {An attempt to detect (3)He from the cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Geochem. J.}, volume = {24}, year = {1990}, pages = {379--382}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, electrolysis, helium, res-}, submitted = {09/1990}, annote = {The reactions p-d-->(3)He, d-d-->(3)He+n and d-d-->t+p all eventually lead to (3)He, since t decays to (3)He also. A high sensitivity mass spec can detect down to $3 \times 10^4$ to $3 \times 10^6$ He atoms, say the authors, which is inferior to neutron detection but better than for heat, gamma or tritium. Electrolytes of LiOH (in H2O) and LiOD (D2O) were electrolysed at a 10*15*0.2 mm$^3$ Ti plate, which had been preheated at 800 degC in vacuum for 1 h to reduce its He content. Currents up to 250 mA were applied to the cells, and the cathodes analysed for He after runs of from 2 to 18 h. The VG5400 MS was set at such a sensitivity as to be able to distinguish between (3)He and HD. The samples were heated to 1000 degC for 20 min to drive out the He, which was passed over a Ti-Zr getter to remove impurities, and through charcoal at liquid N2 temperature to remove Ar, Kr and Xe. No significant differences between controls and D2O runs were found, and the results lie close to the detection limits, setting an upper bound to cold fusion of 30/s, much smaller than FPH's 40000/s but larger than Jones+'s. The results show a much higher level of (4)He by a factor of about $3 \times 10^4$ but again, with no difference between controls and D2O runs.} } @article{Matsun1990, author = {N. Matsunami}, title = {Solid state effects on tunnelling probability for d+d nuclear fusion at room temperature}, journal = {Radiat. Effects Def. Solids}, volume = {112}, year = {1990}, pages = {181--188}, keywords = {Theory, screening, res0}, submitted = {05/1989}, annote = {The author tries to see whether screening by lattice electrons might increase the cold fusion rate. This is not found reasonable for d-d fusion, but D-D fusion might be feasible if an energy of as little as 100 eV can be found. The author then (erroneously) invokes the steep potential gradient at the metal/electrolyte interface, apparently as the source of this energy. There is no real conclusion, however.} } @article{Maye1990, author = {F.~J. Mayer and J.~S. King and J.~R. Reitz}, title = {Nuclear fusion from crack-generated particle acceleration}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {269--272}, keywords = {Theory, fracto, res0}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {A theoretical look at the fractofusion model for "cold" fusion. A crack is modelled as a capacitor shorted at one end, with a high voltage across it - as might be the case at the moment of crack formation. If this field can be maintained long enough for deuterons to accelerate across the crack, we might be in business. Some rough calculations indicate that we might be, indeed, making certain assumptions about crack size and speed of formation. This also suggests the possibility of maximising the effect by inducing cracking deliberately. A first attempt is made to show how one might calculate whether such a process might be energy-profitable.} } @article{McCr1990a, author = {D.~R. McCracken and J. Paquette and H.~A. Boniface and W.~R.~C. Graham and R.~E. Johnson and N.~A. Briden and W.~G. Cross and A. Arneja and D.~C. Tennant and M.~A. Lone and W.~J.~L. Buyers and K.~W. Chambers and A.~K. McIlwain and E.~M. Attas and R. Dutton}, title = {In search of nuclear fusion in electrolytic cells and in metal/gas systems}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {121--131}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, gas phase, Pd, Ti, neutrons, gammas, tritium, heat, res-}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {Both a Pd/D2O electrolysis and a Ti/D2 gas loading experiment are reported, with neutron, gamma and tritium monitoring, as well as (later) calorimetric measurement. Multiple neutron detectors, of various types, were used. Calorimetry consisted of measuring the temperature at the inlet and outlet of a cooling coil within the cell, with total gas recombination. About 1\% accuracy was achieved. Loading (i.e. x in PdD(x)) was measured by heating a sample of the loaded electrode in a closed system and measuring the pressure increase; a loading of 0.72 (beta phase) was found. The Ti was in the form of sponge, and was temperature cycled in the D2 gas at up to 40 atm. No neutron, gamma, tritium emissions were found in either system, and no heat events.} } @article{McCr1990b, author = {G.~M. McCracken and M. Bailey and S. Croft and D.~J.~S. Findlay and A. Gibson and R.~P. Govier and O.~N. Jarvis and H.~J. Milton and B.~A. Powell and G. Sadler and M.~R. Sene and D.~R. Sweetman and Belle. van P and H.~H.~H. Watson}, title = {Experimental search for 'cold fusion' in the deuterium-titanium system}, journal = {J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.}, volume = {23}, year = {1990}, pages = {469--475}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, gas phase, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {05/1990}, annote = {A very careful attempt to repeat the Frascati experiment of De Ninno et al. D2 absorption in Ti, cooling and heating were performed. Three separate types of neutron counters were used simultaneously. Nothing was found. The authors point out some problems. Although the counters, together, showed no neutron emission, one of them did by itself. So, if only one had been used, spurious neutrons might have been reported. Also, the baking temp. of 475 K said to have been used by the De Ninno team leaves an oxide layer, impervious to D2, so no D2 is absorbed; a higher baking temp. is needed. The authors state that the diffusion coefficient of D in Ti is 0.013 exp(-Q/RT), with Q = 52 kJ/mol; at 300K, this makes $2\times 10^{-11}$ cm$^2$/s. So charging for $10^4$ s and using diffusion theory gives a loaded layer only 9 microns deep, throwing doubt on claims of deep loading.} } @article{Menl1990a, author = {H.~O. Menlove and M.~M. Fowler and E. Garcia and A. Mayer and M.~C. Miller and R.~R. Ryan and S.~E. Jones}, title = {The measurement of neutron emission from Ti plus D2 gas}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {215--216}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, gas phase, temperature cycling, neutrons, res+}, published = {06/1990}, annote = {Various forms of Ti chips and sponge were exposed to D2 under pressure, and neutrons monitored, using high-efficiency (21-34\%) cavity-type detectors containing 6-8 (3)He tubes. Random neutron emissions were observed as well as time-correlated neutron bursts. Temperature cycling, from liquid nitrogen temperature up to room temp., was emplyed, and the neutron bursts were emitted during the warm-up phase; the random emissions persisted for 19 h after warm-up. The cycle could be repeated only a few times, whereupon neutron emissions ceased. The rather low neutron yields at 0.05-0.2 n/s were 10.4 sigma above background. Two electrolytic cells showed similar neutron bursts. The mechanism of neutron production is not clear.} } @article{Menl1990b, author = {H.~O. Menlove and M.~M. Fowler and E. Garcia and M.~C. Miller and M.~A. Paciotti and R.~R. Ryan and S.~E. Jones}, title = {Measurement of neutron emission from Ti and Pd in pressurized D2 gas and D2O electrolysis cells}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {495--506}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, Pd, V, gas phase, neutrons, fracto, res+}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {LANL and Brigham Young get together to measure neutron bursts and randoms from a variety of sample types, such as D2 gas mixed with Pd and Ti chips, sponge, crystals and powder, as well as electrolysis in D2O at cathodes of Ti, Pd and V. Four separate neutron detectors were used, all based on (3)He tubes. These were placed 1-2 m from each other, in an underground, low-background lab. There is a lot of detail on the neutron detection technique, which can exclude common noise sources such as electrical noise, rf interference and cosmic showers, and uses correlation to distinguish between real neutron bursts and artifacts. Also, there was an acoustical detector attached to the sample bottle, to detect cracking of the Ti samples. Control runs had tubes of Ti in air, or cells without electrodes, or cells with H2O instead of D2O. The electrolytes were the Jones+ soup as well as others. Everything is tabulated for the reader. Neutron bursts were detected from Ti in D2, and also from Ti in a 50:50 mix of D2:H2 (to test for p-d fusion). No bursts from dummy controls. Random-neutron counts were also seen from Ti+D2, but not from controls. The electrolysis runs showed some 3-sigma random emissions and one showed bursts, going on for some days. So, out of 42 carefully done experiments, 14 produced significant neutron emissions, mostly in the form of bursts, by up to two orders of magnitude above the background. The bursts are consistent with the fracto-fusion idea, although no bursts correlated with cracking noises. The random emissions cannot be the sum of small bursts, so neutrons are emitted by two separate processes, maybe. The common denominator between them is nonequilibrium. Future work is planned, to characterise the materials used and to improve the detection to the point where energy spectra can be obtained.} } @article{Menl1990c, author = {H.~O. Menlove and M.~C. Miller}, title = {Neutron-burst detectors for cold-fusion experiments}, journal = {Nucl. Instr. Methods Phys. Res. A}, volume = {299}, year = {1990}, pages = {10--16}, keywords = {Design, neutron detector}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {This describes the neutron detector built at LANL, and details some of the design considerations. The job is to cope with the intermittent nature and low intensity of the neutrons, and with short bursts without losing information. The high-efficiency detectors used by Menlove et al are based on (3)He gas tubes in a CH2 moderator. An inner ring of nine (3)He tubes is surrounded by an outer one of 42 tubes. The inner ring is unmoderated and is more sensitive to lower-energy neutrons, while the moderated outer ring responds to higher- energies. Bursts are handled by time-spread them by thermalisation in the CH2 moderator. The detectors have been used in cold fusion experiments (mostly reported elsewhere) in an underground laboratory with low background, and worked well.} } @article{Midd1990, author = {R. Middleton and J. Klein and D. Fink}, title = {Tritium measurements with a tandem accelerator}, journal = {Nucl. Instr. Methods Phys. Res. B}, volume = {47}, year = {1990}, pages = {409--414}, keywords = {Experimental, instrumental, MS, tritium}, submitted = {12/1989}, annote = {Spurred by the cold fusion news, this team decided to measure the sensitivity of their accelerator mass spectrometer for tritium analysis. This instrument is not only very sensitive, but also allows discrimination of other species with similar mass, such as HD- ions, or similar magnetic rigidity, such as (6)Li. The team had available deuterated Ti samples 10 and 12 years old; these might, if Jones et al (89) are right, have steadily accumulated T in the interval. The method was to absorb the deuterium gas in Ti powder (if not already there) and release it into the instrument. The sensitivity of the measurement is down to a ratio T:D equal to $10^{-16}$; this is somewhat academic, since it was found that several samples of fresh D2O showed a ratio of $10^{-10}$, an "astonishingly high level". The authors checked, by directly injecting D2 rather than going through their Ti-absorption way, that the T did not come from unintended cold fusion in the Ti. We must accept, then, that heavy water is now "naturally" contaminated with tritium. This rather expensive method, however, is a good way of monitoring T with accuracy. The old TiD samples did not, by the way, show unexpected tritium.} } @article{Mile1990b, author = {M.~H. Miles and K.~H. Park and D.~E. Stilwell}, title = {Electrochemical calorimetric evidence for cold fusion in the palladium-deuterium system}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {296}, year = {1990}, pages = {241--254}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, calorimetry, res+}, submitted = {06/1990}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Measured excess heat during electrolysis at Pd in 0.1 M LiOD; at the same time, radiation levels were (crudely) monitored near the cell (nothing was found). There were control electrolyses with light water cells. The calorimetry consisted of a prior calibration using electrical heating, and thermistors in a water jacket around the cell. Thus, temperature in this jacket could be related to the amount of heat given off inside the cells. Excess heat was calculated by simple subtraction of the thermoneutral potential from the total cell voltage. Averaging over 11-33 days, several cells containing heavy water showed a mean excess heat of 4-17\%, with error limits, in some cases, below these levels. The light water control runs showed no excess heat. As no recombination was used, periodic water additions were required, and contributed to temperature fluctuations. However, some excess heat excursions are clearly uncorrelated with such additions.} } @article{Miles1990a, author = {M.~H. Miles and R.~E. Miles}, title = {Theoretical neutron flux levels, dose rates, and metal foil activation in electrochemical cold fusion experiments}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {295}, year = {1990}, pages = {409--414}, keywords = {Discussion, radiation monitoring}, submitted = {06/1990}, published = {11/1990}, annote = {No experiment is reported here but some calculations are made to help with experiments. First, the authors consider the safety of cold fusion cells: if they emit neutrons, what dosage do the operators receive? Assuming 1E04 n/s, and a certain spectral composition, the dosages at various places in and on a typical FPH-type cell are calculated. Result: the emission level would have to go up to $10^6$ n/s to be a danger. This leads to thoughts of where to place a neutron detector, to get the most out of it, and another method of measuring neutron emission: activation of certain metals. Using, e.g. foils of In, Au or even Cu, wrapped closely around the inner cell, foils of all these metals would be fully activated in a typical 30-hour experiment, given the assumed neutron emission level. This activation can then be detected by the gamma radiation given off by the activated foils.} } @article{Milj1990, author = {S. Miljanic and N. Jevtic and S. Pesic and M. Ninkovic and D. Nikolic and M. Josipovic and Lj. Petkovska and S. Bacic}, title = {An attempt to replicate cold fusion claims}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {340--346}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, Ti, gas phase, neutrons, tritium, res-}, submitted = {03/1990}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {Attempted to measure neutron emission (and other products) from electrolysis of D2O, ala FPH, and D2 gas-loaded samples (Pd and Ti). Two Bonner spheres with scintillation sensors, a BF3 neutron dosimeter, a high-efficiency NE-213 organic scintillator (gamma discriminating) for neutrons, a NaI(Tl) gamma detector, proton track etch detectors, a tritium beta counter and a mass spectrometer were used. Samples from the D2O from the electrolysis cells were analysed for tritium, and the gas from the gas-load runs by MS. Calorimetry was not done. There was a 2.5 times background neutron flux for a short time but nothing definite. From this, the upper limit for cold fusion was estimated at $< 2.09 \times 10{-22}$ fusion/(d-d)/s. Tritium was not found in significant amounts. There was a large before/after change in the ratio of masses 2 to masses 3 in the D2 gas used in the gas-loading experiments but could be explained by conventional processes. Helium analysis, planned for the future, may throw light on these problems. One electrolytic cell briefly heated up.} } @article{Morg1990a, author = {J. D. {Morgan III}}, title = {Comment on: Deuterium nuclear fusion at room temperature: a pertinent inequality on barrier penetration}, journal = {J. Chem. Phys.}, volume = {93}, year = {1990}, pages = {6115--6617}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {10/1989}, published = {10/1990}, annote = {Comment on named paper by G Rosen (1989), who found theoretical grounds for support of cold fusion claims. Morgan III points out that Rosen makes a crucial error, arising from his qualitative sketch of the potential energy curve for the interaction of two deuterons. Also, the ordinary WKB barrier penetration is not suitable here; its Langer modification should be used, and gives results within 25\% of those from numerical integration of the Schroedinger equation, whereas straight WKB is out by 4 orders of magnitude. Fusion rates such as claimed by FPH or Jones, and apparently supported by Rosen, are extremely unlikely.} } @article{Morg1990b, author = {J. D. {Morgan III} and H.~J. Monkhurst}, title = {Simple model for accurate calculation of Coulomb-barrier penetration factors in molecular fusion rates}, journal = {Phys. Rev A}, volume = {42}, year = {1990}, pages = {5175--5180}, keywords = {Theory, muons, res-}, submitted = {05/1990}, published = {11/1990}, annote = {A simple "back of the envelope" model is developed here for calculating muon catalysed cold fusion rates. Despite its simplicity, the model still gives results within 25\% or so of more sophisticated methods such as full Born-Oppenheimer integration, at the small d-d separations. Based on earlier work by Jackson (1957) and Soviet work (1961), the method works within the adiabatic approximation. Calculated cold fusion rates, uncatalysed by muons, are not encouraging for true believers, coming out at about $3 \times 10^{-56}$ fus/pair/s.} } @article{Morr1990, author = {D. Morrison}, title = {The rise and decline of cold fusion}, journal = {Physics World}, volume = {3}, year = {1990}, pages = {35--38}, keywords = {Discussion}, annote = {Earlyish summary and premature dismissal of 'cold fusion' by prominent critic DROM. There is a summary of the experimental claims, theories, and an attempt at a simple theoretical dismissal on the basis of d-d distances in PdD. The article also classifies 'cold fusion' as pathological science.} } @article{Morrey1990, author = {J.~R. Morrey and M.~W. Caffee and I.~V. Farrar H and N.~J. Hoffman and G.~B. Hudson and R.~H. Jones and M.~D. Kurz and J. Lupton and B.~M. Oliver and B.~V. Ruiz and J.~F. Wacker and A. {Van Veen}}, title = {Measurements of helium in electrolyzed palladium}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {659--668}, keywords = {Experimental, helium analysis, res0}, submitted = {07/1990}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Six laboratories spread across the US and as far as The Netherlands took part in a double blind study of sections of palladium rods, some of which had been used as cathodes in cold fusion experiments, and some were controls. One rod was as received from Johnson-Mathey; some were spiked with surface implanted helium by Johnson-Mathey and supplied as such (one) or used in a cold fusion experiment (two); one unspiked rod was used in a cold fusion electrolysis (it was later said to have produced excess heat). These five rods were analysed by the various labs, using their own methods, for helium. One rod dropped out; this was the spiked one, not used in any experiments. Its known helium level (from the spiking) did not agree with the analysis. The other 4 rods made an interesting picture. The He levels in the two remaining spiked rods were about right (both had been used in cold fusion experiments). Of the two unspiked rods, one should have had no He, and between $10^{-11}$ and $10^{-10}$ mol/cm$^3$ were found - this might be considered experimental background, although it was higher than expected. The other, reported to have given out excess heat, had about 10 times this much. That level was not enough, however, to explain the excess heat from the known fusion reaction, by a factor of about 36. All He was found near the surface, and there seemed to be more at the ends of the rods than near the middle, for some reason. No (3)He was found, although some of the labs would have if there had been some. The authors conclude that they cannot be sure that the He found in the unspiked rod came from cold fusion, and suggest further experiments of this sort.} } @article{Mugu1990, author = {F.~F. Muguet and M.~P. Bassez-Muguet}, title = {Ab initio computations of one and two hydrogen or deuterium atoms in the palladium tetrahedral site}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {383--389}, keywords = {Theory, calculation, res0}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Another look at the Coulombic repulsion barrier, but here with the assumption, that at high loadings, some tetrahedral sites may be occupied, instead of just the octahedral sites, generally assumed. The authors state that it is now clear that a loading greater than 0.8 is essential for cnf. Here, then, are reported initial calculations on tetrahedral occupancy. The results say that this effect would not increase screening and thus tunnelling anywhere near enough to account for cnf. However, vibrational and other electric-field effects have not been included in the model.} } @article{Mukh1990, author = {R. Mukhopadhyay and B.~A. Dasannacharya and D. Nandan and A.~J. Singh and R.~M. Iyer}, title = {Real time deuterium loading investigation in palladium using neutron diffraction}, journal = {Solid State Commun.}, volume = {75}, year = {1990}, pages = {359--362}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, diffraction, loading, res0}, submitted = {03/1990}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {They had an electrolysis cell (0.2 M LiOD) and the Pd was a cylinder at its bottom; it also stuck out below the bottom, where it was in the path of a neutron beam for diffraction measurements, which were conducted continuously (with a break due to a breakdown, between 5.1 and 10.2 Ah). Current was 100 mA or about 200 mA/cm$^2$. Initially, a clear pattern was seen, with a lattice constant of 3.89 {\AA}ngstroms; this persisted through the low-load alpha phase. After the breakdown, from 10.2 Ah, another pattern was seen, with lc 4.02, corresponding to the beta phase. It was possible to measure the loading by an indirect method; it reached 0.55 and did not exceed this value. Also, the diffusion coefficient of deuterium in the Pd lattice could be estimated, and was about $5 \times 10^{-7}$ cm$^2$/s.} } @article{Murr1990, author = {L.~E. Murr}, title = {Palladium metallurgy and cold fusion: some remarks}, journal = {Scripta Metallurg. Mater.}, volume = {24}, year = {1990}, pages = {783--786}, keywords = {Discussion}, submitted = {02/1990}, annote = {A metallurgist's view of cold fusion; the erratic results obtained by the various cold fusion researchers might be due to different crystal and grain structures of the Pd used. Dislocation density and grain size, for example, might affect cold fusion probabilities. There is a variety of techniques that can and should be used, at each experiment, to characterise the metal microstructure, for example transmission electron microscopy, on which Murr has written a book.} } @article{Myer1990, author = {S.~M. Myers and D.~M. Follstaedt and J.~E. Schirber and P.~M. Richards}, title = {Search for cold fusion at D/Pd > 1 using ion implantation}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {263--268}, keywords = {Experimental, ion implantation, protons, res-}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {It has been stressed that the D/Pd loading should be maximised in order to get cold fusion. So ion implantation is used to do this. Nuclear reaction analysis was used to determine the surface loading, which reached 1.3 $\pm$ 0.2. Charged particles (protons) from a cold fusion reaction were measured upon breaking the implantation beam. No evidence for cold fusion was found on Pd or on Zr.} } @article{Naer1990, author = {U. N{\"a}rger and M.~E. Hayden and J.~L. Booth and W.~N. Hardy and L.~A. Whitehead and J.~F. Carolan and D.~A. Balzarini and E.~H. Wishnow and C.~C. Blake}, title = {High precision calorimetric apparatus for studying electrolysis reactions}, journal = {Rev. Sci. Instrum.}, volume = {61}, year = {1990}, pages = {1504--1508}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, calorimetry, res-}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {05/1990}, annote = {This team developed an accurate microcalorimeter (0.3\% in abs. energy balance), along the lines of an older (1947) design. Basically, the closed cell has catalytic recombination of evolved gases, so can be closed, and the heat evolved is measured by heat exchange with a long convoluted tube of fluid going through the cell. In the old, 1947 design, the tube went straight to the source of heat and then outwards; here, it goes inward from the outside. This isolates the cell from environmental (thermal) interferences, although it becomes slightly less accurate. It was able to detect 20 mW of heat. The team then tried it out on a cold fusion experiment, comparing electrolysis at a Pt electrode (0.1 M LiOD in D2O, the standard soup) with ditto at a Pd electrode, previously loaded with deuterium to 0.78 D/Pd (measured by weight). Within the 0.3\% scatter, the two cells gave the same results. If you assume that no cold fusion takes place in/at Pt, then neither does it at Pd.} } @article{Naka1990a, author = {M. Nakazawa and T. Shibata and T. Iguchi and T. Akimoto and N. Niimura and Y. Oyama and O. Aizawa}, title = {Cold fusion and low level neutron measurements}, journal = {Nihon Genshiryoku Gakkaishi}, volume = {32}, year = {1990}, pages = {114--122}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {A review, with 10 refs., of methodology of low level neutron detection for cold nuclear fusion.} } @article{Naka1990b, author = {M. Nakazawa}, title = {Urtra low-level neutron counting}, journal = {Hoshasen}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, year = {1990}, pages = {8--14}, keywords = {Review of neutron detection; no FPH/Jones refs}, annote = {This is a review of methods of ultra low-level neutron measurement, with special reference to neutrons from cold fusion. There is advice on how to reduce spurious counts.} } @article{Nimt1990, author = {G. Nimtz and P. Marquardt}, title = {A proposal for a lukewarm nuclear fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {518.}, keywords = {Suggestion}, submitted = {06/1990}, published = {11/1990}, annote = {N \& M have, in their previous work, found that small metal particles can have a large dielectric constant, perhaps as high as $10^5$. Such a medium - e.g. a network of Ag - would require only about 5600 K for fusion between deuterons to take place, instead of the usual enormously high temperatures. This suggests some simple and cheap experiments.} } @article{Nish1990, author = {K. Nishizawa}, title = {Radiation Protection Aspects of cold fusion}, journal = {Hoken Butsuri}, volume = {25}, year = {1990}, pages = {288--290}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Suggestion.}, annote = {Tritium and neutrons are discussed.} } @article{Ogur1990, author = {K. Oguro}, title = {Hydrogen absorbing alloys and low-temperature nuclear fusion}, journal = {Zairyo}, volume = {39}, number = {437}, year = {1990}, pages = {228--229}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {"A review with no references is given on the mechanism of absorption of H by alloys, the roles of the metal surface and bulk metal in H absorption, and Pd as an electrode for cold nuclear fusion".} } @article{Olem1990, author = {A.~I. Olemskoj and E.~A. Toropov}, title = {On the fluctuation theory of cold fusion}, journal = {Ukr. Fiz. Zh.}, volume = {35}, year = {1990}, pages = {1619--1622}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Theory, res+ number = {11},}, submitted = {04/1990}, published = {11/1990}, annote = {The authors use the work of Anderson (Phys. Rev. 109 (1958) 1492) to work out a model of cold fusion, and the conditions under which it might work. The idea is that although mean states do not allow fusion in metal deuteride, their fluctuations might, with the right parameters; large values of deuteron delocalisation and scattering and small storage parameter are favourable, helped by the fluctuations and external noise.} } @article{Oria1990, author = {R.~A. Oriani and J.~C. Nelson and S.~K. Lee and J.~H. Broadhurst}, title = {Calorimetric measurements of excess power output during the cathodic charging of deuterium into palladium}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {652--658}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, calorimetry, res0}, submitted = {05/1990}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {A calorimeter using the Seebeck effect is used. The cylindrical electrode space is entirely surrounded by a thermopile array, thus capturing all the heat given off; temperature gradients do not matter. Calibration with electrical heating shows an accuracy of 0.3\%. Runs with water establish precise agreement between expected and measured heat, and absence of significant recombination effects. Runs with heavy water then show no anomalous heat outputs over 31 hours. A larger cell was then built, with lower electrolytic resistance, to allow larger current densities. Also, palladium was a part of the anode, so as to dissolve Pd and redeposit it onto the cathode, in order to encourage crack formation there. Now some apparent excess heat was measured. Recalibration with H2O confirmed this. Another anomaly observed was that, upon reduction of the input power there was a rise in the calorimeter signal, and excess heat. There was also a slight waviness in the calorimeter signal with heavy water but not with light water, indicating the possibility of periodic or sporadic heat bursts. Chemical explanations for the excess heats appear not to be sufficient, nor are mechanical energy storage models. Some attempt to monitor neutron flux, and to assay for tritium afterwards; neither was found. The excess heat observed remains unexplained.} } @article{Oyam1990a, author = {N. Oyama and T. Ohsaka and O. Hatozaki and Y. Kurasawa and N. Yamamoto and S. Kasahara and N. Ohta and Y. Imai and Y. Oyama and T. Nakamura and T. Shibata and M. Imamura and Y. Uwamino and S. Shibata}, title = {Electrochemical calorimetry of D2O electrolysis using a palladium cathode - an undivided, open cell system}, journal = {Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan}, volume = {63}, year = {1990}, pages = {2659--2664}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, calorimetry, res+}, submitted = {04/1990}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {Palladium rods of 2mm and 6mm dia. were first heated in air at 1540 degC for 1 h, quenched in D2O, and then heated in vacuum at 600 degC for 6 h and cooled in a D2 gas atmosphere. The paper does not make clear whether the same treatment, but using H2O and H2 gas, was used for the controls. The rods were then used in electrolysis of H2O and D2O containing 0.1 M LiOH or LiOD. Current densities were 60-300 mA/cm$^2$. Two temperature probes were placed in the undivided cells and the evolved gases' volume measured to monitor electrolysis efficiency, from which the degree of recombination could be estimated. Even for fully immersed cathodes, there was around 2-5\% recombination, presumably from gases present in the electrolyte. Cell temperature changes were measured by means of a thermistor, and calibration by electric heating. A loading of about 0.65 was achieved. The figures show excess heat, corrected for water electrolysis. For heavy water, there is great scatter and it appears that the points average out to about zero, as they also do for light water, where there is less scatter. The authors, however, list the high points of excess heat in their Table, going up to "42\% excess heat". One of the interesting effects is the difference between the two temp. probes, showing clearly that there are large temp. gradients in the cells. The authors do not conclude that they have evidence for cold fusion, pointing to the need for measurements of correlated independent parameters.} } @article{Oyam1990b, author = {N. Oyama and N. Yamamoto and O. Hatozaki and T. Ohsaka}, title = {Probing absorption of deuterium into palladium cathodes during D2O electrolysis with an in situ electrochemical microbalance technique}, journal = {Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Part 2}, volume = {29}, year = {1990}, pages = {L818--L821}, keywords = {Experimental, fundamental, loading, structure}, submitted = {03/1990}, published = {05/1990}, annote = {The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), is used here to weigh absorbed hydrogen isotopes in Pd, sputtered as a film (45-1000 nm) on top of a film of Cr (2 nm) and Au (300 nm) on the quartz plate. Cyclic voltammetry - i.e. cycling the applied potential forward and backward - is used, monitoring both current and QCM frequency changes, df. On Au, df (due to H-deposition) goes back to zero on the reverse scan, while on Pd, it does not, in the few minutes the scan took, indicating absorption of H into the Pd interior. A constant-current run with both normal and deuterated electrolytes showed double the df for D as for H, since D is double the weight of H. This shows these isotopes are absorbed into Pd. From df, the team calculate a loading D/Pd of about 0.58; this is less than the total current comes to, indicating some loss as, e.g., D2 bubbles. X-ray diffraction confirmed the presence of some beta-phase Pd deuteride. The results differ from those of Cheek and O'Grady, who found that df was twice that expected from the Sauerbrey equation, probably due to mechanical changes in the film due to D-loading. They used coulometry to measure the loading, and got quite reasonable numbers, implying no loss. Oyama et al promise more work on the kinetics of absorption of H into and its diffusion in Pd, and some calorimetry.} } @article{Oyam1990c, author = {Y. Oyama}, title = {Very low level flux neutron measurement with an NE213 liquid scintillator}, journal = {Hoshasen}, volume = {16}, year = {1990}, pages = {15--21}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Design, instrumental, neutron detection}, annote = {Tech. details of an NE213 liq. scintillation detector system is described from the viewpoint of very low-level flux n measurements such a cold fusion expt. Characteristics of the NE213 detector system are investigated for the background pulse shape discrimination, stability and shielding. The detection limit of the present system is 0.1 n/s/source due to the detector efficiency and background. This limit will be extended to 0.001-0.01 n/s/source by using coincidence and anticoincidence detectors. A multichannel scaling technique is also applied to perform a chi-square test in comparison with Poisson distribution. A series of expts. are arranged with chi-square values to see reproducibility of n detection. (Quoted from CA 115:17192 (1991))} } @article{Pala1990, author = {A. Palamalai and A. G. Rafi Ahmed and M. Sampath and A. Chinnusamy and G.~N. Prasad and K. S. Krishna Rao and O.~M. Sreedharan and V.~R. Raman and G.~R. Balasubramanian}, title = {Preliminary experimental studies on electrochemically induced fusion of deuterium}, journal = {Trans. SAEST}, volume = {25}, year = {1990}, pages = {73--80}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, Ti, gammas, tritium,, res+}, annote = {Electrolysis of D2O at Pd. Gamma emission from thermalised neutrons was detected by an NaI detector, shielded from cosmic rays by Pb shielding. Aliquots of the electrolyte were extracted for tritium assays. In another experiment, a Ti cuboid is used as cathode. Thermal effects were measured by comparing a "live" cell with a dummy containing H2O. Some sporadic gamma events were observed from both Pd and Ti electrodes. The authors also analyse FPH's results and conclude that a small area/volume ratio is favourable for fusion, as this relatively inhibits escape of deuterium from the Pd, thus giving it more time to fuse.} } @article{Pall1990, author = {V. Palleschi and M.~A. Harith and G. Salvetti and D.~P. Singh and M. Vaselli}, title = {A plasma model of the process of cold nuclear fusion in metals}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {148}, year = {1990}, pages = {345--350}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {08/1989}, published = {08/1990}, annote = {The authors aim to present a model of the interionic interactions and electron screening in metals that, without introducing the unrealistic concept of effective mass or charge, may account for observed cold fusion rates. The high density of H in Pd gives rise to a dense one-component plasma. Results show that efficient screening of the d potential obtains in metals at low temperatures and d-d short range correlation lead to enhanced cold fusion rates.} } @article{Pari1990, author = {T.~A. Parish and R.~T. Perry and W.~B. Wilson}, title = {Neutron sources and spectra from cold fusion}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {479--481}, keywords = {Theory, calculation}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {The feasible, known fusion reactions would produce neutrons, which would be thermalised and produce secondaries. This paper sets out to calculate expected spectra of these emissions; experimentalists will thus know what to look for, i.e. as shown in the four Figs in this paper.} } @article{Parm1990a, author = {R.~H. Parmenter and W. E. {Lamb Jr}}, title = {More cold fusion in metals: corrected calculations and other considerations}, journal = {Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.}, volume = {87}, year = {1990}, pages = {3177--3179}, keywords = {Theory, calculation, res+}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {04/1990}, annote = {A reexamination of their previous calculations of possible fusion rates in PdD(x), which lead to a value of $10^{-30}$. Now, it seems that about $10^{-18}$ is possible, larger than the rates inferred by Jones+ (who have similar results with palladium electrodes). The application of the model to titanium is not as easy, due to uncertainties in values of, e.g., specific heat and elastic constants of the deuteride, so no reliable numbers can be calculated.} } @article{Parm1990b, author = {R.~H. Parmenter and W. E. {Lamb Jr}}, title = {Cold fusion in palladium: a more realistic calculation}, journal = {Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA}, volume = {87}, year = {1990}, pages = {8652--8654}, keywords = {Theory, calculation, res-}, submitted = {07/1990}, published = {11/1990}, annote = {Following these authors' previous two papers (1989, 1990), this paper recalculates expected fusion rates, now employing the modified, rather than the straight, Thomas-Fermi-Mott equation. The modification lies in the model for the conduction electrons, and their assumed effective mass. The resulting fusion rate, around $10^{-23}$ fusions/s/d-d pair, is more in line with those reported by Jones et al (1989), and some orders of magnitude larger than those previously calculated. The new numbers suggest that the Jones et al results can be explained by conventional physics, as used here. } } @article{Pase1990, author = {I. Paseka and J. Vondrak}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Chem. Listy}, volume = {84}, year = {1990}, pages = {897--908}, note = {In Czech, Engl. abstract}, keywords = {Discussion}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {(English abstract:) "The subject of this article is the development of the knowledge concerning cold nuclear fusion. Both the original communications and the experiments on the checking of the phenomenon are presented. Further, the main properties of the metal-hydrogen systems are summarized with respect to the assumed influence of the nuclear reaction of deuterons, and some features of this nuclear reaction are described. The causes of errors leading to incorrect determination of thermal effects and nuclear particles are discussed. Fusion processes with an observable thermal effect are not probable, but it cannot be excluded, either experimentally or theoretically, that fusion processes take place at very low speeds, below $10^{-21}$ to $10^{-28}$ fusions per second per one deuteron pair." Written in June, 1989, the paper draws attention to most of the major commentaries to that date, goes through most of the important aspects of the Pd/D system, electrolysis, muon catalysis, Oppenheimer-Phillips theory, some thermodynamics, nuclear chemistry, and the possible traps for the unwary cold fusion researcher.} } @article{Pokr1990, author = {V.~V. Pokropivnii and V.~V. Ogorodnikov}, title = {The bineutron model of cold nuclear fusion in metals}, journal = {Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett.}, note = {Orig. in: Pis'ma Zh. Teor. Fiz. 16(21) (1990) 31 (in Russian)}, volume = {16}, number = {111}, year = {1990}, pages = {819--821}, keywords = {Theory, bineutrons}, submitted = {08/1990}, published = {11/1990}, annote = {Supported by earlier Soviet theoretical work, the authors propose the hypothetical formation of quasistable bineutrons; these are put into the context of the nucleonic (neutron, deuteron and biproton) isotope family. If bineutrons have sufficient life times, they might undergo the fusion reactions d+2n-->t+n or d+2n->(4)He+e. The bineutrons can be formed by electron capture by protons, and the chemistry of the environment enters here: high electron pressure and density are favourable. Some thermodynamical calculations indicate that Pd and Nb are particularly good metals in whose deuterides this might happen. Highly energetic electrons might derive from the fracto-effect (electrons accelerated across cracks) or from the high voltage fields at cathode surfaces. The hypothesis suggests test experiments as, e.g. varying the accelerating voltages in some manner, or admixture of different neutron-rich impurities to optimise the process.} } @article{Pons1990, author = {S. Pons and M. Fleischmann}, title = {Calorimetric measurements of the palladium/deuterium system: fact and fiction}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {669--679}, keywords = {Polemic, discussion}, submitted = {03/1990}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {A defense of their paper FPH-89, in the form of more details. Some of this overlaps with their second paper, FPALH-90. The points made here include (1) a low-cost calorimeter is required for experiments which must be run for an average of 3 months; (2) recombination of D2 with O2 gas did not occur, as these gases were never in contact with the Pd electrode; (3) appreciable stray currents did not flow since $>99$\% Faradaic efficiency was measured; (4) the cell acts as an extremely well-stirred system in the thermal sense; (5) there were in fact blank experiments reported in FPH-89 (they cite the Pd plate at low current and state that the best blank is a deuterated Pd electrode with no excess heat), and here they report many more blanks; (6) that, apart from long term, steady state excess heats, there were much larger bursts, with factors up to 40 relative to the input heat; and that (7) the integrated long-term heat shows an excess far greater than can be explained by any conceivable chemical process.} } @article{Port1990, author = {J.~D. Porter and A.~A. Shihab-Eldin and H. Bossy and F.~J. Echegaray and J.~M. Nitschke and S.~G. Prussin and J.~O. Rasmussen and M.~A. Stoyer}, title = {Limits on electromagnetic and particle emission from palladium-D2O electrolytic cells}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {319--327}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, neutrons, cps, ems, res-}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {First, an FPH(89)-type cell, using a Pd wire, was used, and neutrons monitored by means of the 2.224 MeV gamma peak expected from neutron thermalisation. Open-circuit electrode potential measurements were attempted as a measure of D/Pd loading but abandoned as useless. Electrochemical titration (i.e. reoxidation of all D and current integration) yielded a lower limit of 0.62. This cell produced no emissions above background, setting the upper limit at $2 \times 10^{-22}$ fus/pair/s. Another, twin, cell was then built, with D2O in the one and H2O in the other. "Single blind" mode was used, in which the experimenters did not know which cell was which. The two cells were alternately placed into the detector space for 24 hours. Gamma, x-ray, neutron detectors were placed, as well as one for high-energy charged particles. Also, a thin-foil cell was placed over an SSB charged particle detector. No emissions indicating cold fusion were detected. Current cycling was tried in order to perhaps stimulate stress cracking and fractofusion, again with no results. The thin-foil cell showed no charged particle emissions. The need for the twin cells was emphasised by considerable background variations. As well, there were a few large neutron bursts, readily associated with known noise sources.} } @article{Powe1990, author = {G.~L. Powell and I.~V. Bullock JS and R.~L. Hallman and P.~J. Horton and D.~P. Hutchinson}, title = {The preparation of palladium for cold fusion experiments}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {355--357}, keywords = {Experimental, fundamental, loading}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {Clearly, Pd cathode preparation is a critical issue in cold fusion. This paper examines the options. One can distinguish between electrodes that have been mechanically worked (by forging, extrusion, swaging and rolling or surface treatments such as turning, drilling and tapping) and those that have not. These latter might be chill-block cast, dud melted directionally solidified, zone refined boule grown or treated by the Czochralski method. Some of these produce single crystals or oriented grains, some with shrink voids. Voids may be important. The paper reports an experiment with Pd melted from foil in an ultravacuum furnace at 1600 degC and rapidly solidified to produce voids which have nice clean surfaces and might sustain high deuterium pressures. Two of the rods were annealed at 900 degC for 4 h to remove residual work. They were charged with D2 gas, while measuring the pressure (changes), which allowed a pressure-loading curve to be measured. It showed a final D/Pd loading of 0.63 at about 2 atm at 50 degC. Future work is plannned, such as inclusion of Li or LiD.} } @article{Prel1990, author = {M. Prelas and F. Boody and W. Gallaher and E. Leal-Quiros and D. Mencin and S. Taylor}, title = {Cold fusion experiments using Maxwellian plasmas and sub-atmospheric deuterium gas}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {309--313}, keywords = {Experimental, plasma, Pd, gammas, neutrons, res+}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {Here is a team with experience with plasma fusion. They use a heated plasma of deuterium aimed at a Pd target to load D into the Pd, at the typically low plasma pressures, and measure gamma and neutron fluxes. Data is taken with software and "manually ... in bound notebooks". Some neutron and gamma emissions were detected above background, and were shown not to be due to heating of the Pd sample, since simple heating produced no such effects. The results are sufficiently interesting to warrant further research using, e.g., better neutron detectors and searching for tritium as well.} } @article{Pric1990, author = {P.~B. Price}, title = {Search for high-energy ions from fracture of LiD crystals}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {343}, year = {1990}, pages = {542--542}, keywords = {Experimental, fracto-, res-}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {02/1990}, annote = {At last an attempt to verify the several Soviet claims of emission of high-energy particles from fractured deuterides. Price cleaved a large LiD crystal 100 times, and measures no neutrons. This casts some doubt on the Soviet fracto-something results.} } @article{Rabi1990a, author = {M. Rabinowitz and D.~H. Worledge}, title = {An analysis of cold and lukewarm fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {344--349}, keywords = {Discussion}, submitted = {10/1989}, published = {03/1990}, annote = {FPH- or Jones+-type cold fusion is having a hard time becoming accepted; the single publication on cluster-impact ("lukewarm") fusion of Beuhler et al has not raised any obvious objections, although the two phenomena have much in common: surprisingly high fusion rates, given the applied energies. The Beuhler et al neutron emissions are about 25 orders of magnitude larger than expected from theory. The authors attempt to find factors that could enhance the fusion rates for both lukewarm and cold fusion. For the former, compression and electron screening can account for 10 orders of magnitude; for the latter, a change in effective mass of deuterons in the palladium lattice can account for FPH-level rates. Further, no great temperature effect is expected for cold fusion.} } @article{Rabi1990b, author = {M. Rabinowitz}, title = {High temperature superconductivity and cold fusion}, journal = {Mod. Phys. Lett. B}, volume = {4}, year = {1990}, pages = {233--247}, keywords = {Discussion, HTSC connection}, submitted = {12/1989}, annote = {There are parallels between high-temp superconductivity and cold fusion. In the former, charge carrier effective mass and, in the latter, the d effective mass, (may) play a role. A new theory including the effects of proximity, electron shielding and decreased effective mass of the fusing nuclei can account for the cold fusion results. There is a relation between the recent cluster impact fusion experiments and cold fusion.} } @article{Rafe1990, author = {J. Rafelski and M. Sawicki and M. Gajda and D. Harley}, title = {How cold fusion can be catalyzed}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {136--141}, keywords = {Discussion, X-particle}, submitted = {02/1990}, published = {08/1990}, annote = {Even before the cold fusion affair, there was speculation about catalysis of fusion by some unknown particle, leading to observed anomalous levels of (3)He in metals. Cosmic muons have been suggested as the cause of cnf, but this has been disproved theoretically and by experiment. They (and quarks, another suggestion) would be captured before doing their stuff. However, if there were a hitherto unknown ultra-heavy negatively charged particle, X-, left over from the universe's origins, these might do the job. This is not altogether pulled out of the air; there is a body of prior speculation by physicists on such particles. Some calculations show that this is feasible, and would explain a few features of cold fusion, such as its sporadicity. Some proposals are made for the search for these particles.} } @article{Ragh1990, author = {M. Ragheb and G.~H. Miley}, title = {Deuteron disintegration in condensed media}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {429--435}, keywords = {Theory, neutron cleavage}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Another novel theory. The authors point out that the deuteron is one of the few nuclei in which the proton and neutron are loosely bound, with a largish mean distance between them. When a deuteron approaches another nucleus X, the proton turns away from X (polarisation), and the deuteron might cleave, the neutron entering X (with the proton still outside the Coulomb barrier) and the proton flying off. If X is another deuteron, this makes a triton. X might also be a Pd isotope, making another one plus a proton. This would explain the strange branching ratios found for cold fusion, which then in fact is better classified as a fission reaction (fission of the original deuteron), or a neutron capture reaction. The corrected gamma spectrum of FPH (Petrasso+,89) even shows some evidence of the reaction with Pd. Other possible reactions of this type might be with (3)He (--> (4)He + p) and with (9)Be (--> 2(4)He + t). In all cases, the products are not those expected from conventional d-d fusion. The theory is experimentally testable.} } @article{Rant1990, author = {J. Rant and R. Ili{\'c} and J. Skvar{\v{c}} and T. {\v{S}}utej and M. Budnar and U. Miklav{\v{z}}i{\'c}}, title = {Methods for in-situ detection of cold fusion in condensed matter}, journal = {Kerntechnik}, volume = {55}, year = {1990}, pages = {165--167}, keywords = {Suggestion, neutron detector design}, submitted = {02/1990}, published = {06/1990}, annote = {Most previous detectors used to detect possible emissions (neutrons, protons, x-rays, gamma rays) from cold fusion, used active devices such as (3)He or BF3 counters, recoil proton spectrometers, scintillators and solid state Ge and Si detectors. These authors suggest the use of passive activation threshold detectors and solid state nuclear track detectors (SSNTDs) as well as bubble damage detectors (BDDs) and thermoluminescence detectors (TLDs). The term "in-situ" means that these passive devices, being small and without electric connections, can be placed right next to or even into cavities inside the electrode from which there might be emissions. Different sorts of these can be stacked, the outside ones then shielding the inside ones from certain kinds of radiation, e.g. protons, so that only gammas arrive there. BDDs can be tailored to neutrons above a given energy, and are very sensitive. All these types have low backgrounds. The authors have submitted experimental cold fusion results to two journals.} } @article{Rede1990, author = {L. Redey and K.~M. Myles and D. Dees and M. Krumpelt and D.~R. Vissers}, title = {Calorimetric measurements on electrochemical cells with Pd-D cathodes}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {249--256}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, calorimetry, res-}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {First, an attempt was made to directly compare a cell with H2O + LiOH with another containing D2O + LiOD. The idea was to detect, under identical electrolysis conditions, large temperature differences perhaps due to cold fusion. It proved impossible to ensure identical conditions; e.g., for the same current, different cell voltages (and thus input powers) were observed. A constant-heat-loss calorimeter was then tried, sufficiently sensitive to measure excess heat from cold fusion; accuracy was about 0.4\%. The 19 g Pd rods were degassed either below 100 degC or at high temperatures in vacuum, heat treated in air at 650 degC for an hour and finally for 18 hours in vacuum at 600 degC. The electrolyte was saturated LiOD, to lower its resistance compared with the usual 0.1M solution. Six extended experiments, totalling 1500 h were run, the longest being 460 h and 700 Ah. During the runs, the Pd was weighed, its potential measured with current both on and off, and the amount of heavy water measured that was needed to maintain constant level. At the end, an H/D ratio of 0.02 was found, presumably due to some exchange with air, but no significant increase of tritium was found in the electrolyte. The Pd was outgassed, and the gas was found to have an H/D ratio of 0.06. The D/Pd loading was close to 0.8, and there was degassing upon switching the current off. There is some discussion about these, and recombination (which was not important). No excess heat was found.} } @article{Rehm1990, author = {K.~E. Rehm and W. Kutschera and G.~J. Perlow}, title = {Search for protons from the 2H(d,p)3H reaction in an electrolytic cell with palladium-platinum electrodes}, journal = {Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys.}, volume = {41}, year = {1990}, pages = {45--49}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, protons, res-}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {01/1990}, annote = {One of the two branches of the d+d fusion reaction releases protons and these are more easily detectable than neutrons, with a much lower background. The cathode was a 30.5 mg/cm$^2$ Pd foil, and separated the gas in the proportional counter from the electrolyte, 0.1 LiOD in D2O. Protons were counted at a detection efficiency of 28\%. Current density was <650 mA/cm$^2$. Several runs were performed, the longest going for 10+ days. No difference was noted between cells that were on or off. An upper limit for p production gave a maximum fusion rate of $4\times 10^{-23}$ D(d,p)T fusions per s, which is the Jones+ level, making it unlikely that FPH's claimed excess heat is of nuclear origin.} } @article{Rice1990a, author = {R.~A. Rice and G.~S. Chulik and Y.~E. Kim and J.~H. Yoon}, title = {The role of velocity distribution in cold deuterium-deuterium fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {147--150}, keywords = {Discussion, dendrites}, submitted = {02/1990}, published = {08/1990}, annote = {Some calculations on the dendrite theory of cold fusion. The dendrites or whiskers will often penetrate D2 bubbles formed at the metal surface, and the high voltage field will accelerate some D+ particles. The authors examine, on the basis of two models of velocity distribution, what fusion rates can be expected from this. Although these come to much higher rates than for "conventional" cold fusion, they are still not quite high enough to explain recent claims, but fall into line if electrolysis voltages of 30-40 V were used (which is not the case).} } @article{Rice1990b, author = {P. Rice-Evans and H. Evans}, title = {Search for neutrons from cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Eur. J. Phys.}, volume = {11}, year = {1990}, pages = {251--252}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {10/1989}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {Scintillation neutron counters have poor gamma resolution, high-resolution intrinsic Ge detectors are better, and are used here. Palladium foil (2*1*0.025 cm$^3$) in LiNO3/D2O, 10 days electrolysis at 0.1A, followed by 56h while measuring neutrons, with 0.05A flowing. The neutrons from the reaction d+d--> (3)He + n(2.45 MeV) are expected to thermalise in the water bath to 2.224 MeV gammas; these were looked for. The results show a peak at 2.204 MeV, due to (214)Bi in the building walls, but nothing at all at 2.224 MeV. So, these precision measurements say "no" to cold fusion.} } @article{Ritl1990, author = {K.~A. Ritley and P.~M. Dull and M.~H. Weber and M. Carroll and J.~J. Hurst and K.~G. Lynn}, title = {The behavior of electrochemical cell resistance: a possible application to cold fusion experiments}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {699--703}, keywords = {Suggestion, discussion}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {Some experiments show that the overall "cell resistance", i.e. that calculated from cell voltage and current in an electrochemical cold fusion cell, changes with temperature and current. The authors suggest that therefore, one must monitor both voltage and current in order to correctly account for joule heating of the cell. If there are temperature excursions in such a cell, these could, for example, come from a voltage or current fluctuation. There may also be changes in electrolyte concentration with time, and these must be accounted for.} } @article{Ritt1990, author = {E.~S. Rittner and A. {Meulenberg Jr}}, title = {A chemical interpretation of heat generated in 'cold fusion'}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {377--381}, keywords = {Discussion, suggestion}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {A non-(hitherto unknown nuclear) explanation is attempted for the FPH disparity between the heat and neutron flux. D2-O2 recombination can easily account for the excess heat claimed by FPH; D-D recombination (by decomposition of the PdDx, releasing the D, as suggested by Pauling), can explain the melt-down and explosion of the large cathode of FPH. No nuclear reactions need be invoked.} } @article{Robe1990, author = {D.~A. Roberts and F.~D. Becchetti and E. Ben-Jacob and P. Garik and J. Musser and B. Orr and G. Tarle and A. Tomasch and J.~S. Holder and D. Redina and B. Heuser and G. Wicker}, title = {Energy and flux limits of cold fusion neutrons using a deuterated liquid scintillator}, journal = {Phys. Rev. C}, volume = {42}, year = {1990}, pages = {R1809--R1813}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {11/1990}, annote = {The team used two deuterated liquid scintillator neutron detectors NE230; these provide good neutron/gamma discrimination, state the authors. One was placed inside a glass tube, surrounded by the Pd cathode in an electrolytic cell containing 0.1 M LiOD. Clean spectra could only be obtained on weekends or evenings, due to interference, and pulse shape discrimination (PSD) eliminated remaining spurious events; PSD was found to be essential. Neutron flux limits were 1000 n/s/g Pd or $< 7\times 10^{-24}$ fusions/s/d-d pair, averaged over 200 hours. Conclusion: a tentative "no" to cold fusion.} } @article{Rock1990, author = {P.~A. Rock and W.~H. Fink and D.~A. McQuarrie and D.~H. Volman and Y.~F. Hung}, title = {Energy balance in the electrolysis of water with a palladium cathode}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {293}, year = {1990}, pages = {261--267}, keywords = {Analysis, calorimetry, loading}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {10/1990}, annote = {This paper starts with a thorough review of the various phases of palladium deuteride, giving valuable references. It seems that D-loadings (x in PdDx) of up to 0.9 are known. However, it is only below 0.7 that the reaction leading to the deuteride is exothermic; above 0.7, it may well be endothermic and therefore, the decomposition from high loadings may be exothermic. The authors analyse the energy balance of electrolysis, and then suggest factors that could lead to an overestimate of "excess heat" and, as well, offer a possible scenario for the violent melt-down/explosion reported by FPH. The factors are (1) deuteride formation during electrolysis; (2) recombination of evolved gases; (3) change of electrochemical thermodynamical parameters at the higher cell temperatures; (4) Li deposition, especially at high current densities; (5) decomposition of high-loaded deuteride at high temperature, leading to a runaway effect. The last factor is able to account for the melt-down and/or an explosion, and gives an explanation of why it happened only with the most "chunky" electrode. The authors also note that at 110 degC, the beta phase of the deuteride abruptly reverts to the alpha phase, releasing a lot of deuterium and heat (cf Arata 1990, the "on-off" effect). They suggest that, in view of their analysis, any meaningful calorimetry on this system must time integrate all inputs and outputs.} } @article{Roge1990, author = {V.~C. Rogers and G.~M. Sandquist}, title = {Cold fusion reaction products and their measurement}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {483--485}, keywords = {Comment, neutrons, gammas}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {General remarks about the difficulties and some of the pitfalls of low-level emission measurement. With gammas, electrical equipment tends to adsorb some Rn decay products. There is a Figure showing a measurement near such equipment, with another measurement away from the equipment, subtracted. This shows a "gamma" peak at 2.2 MeV. The same happens with neutron detectors. So this type of detection is suspect. Tritium, too, has its pitfalls, since there will be some in the D2O initially.} } @article{Roli1990, author = {D.~R. Rolison and P.~P. Trzaskoma}, title = {Morphological differences between hydrogen-loaded and deuterium-loaded palladium as observed by scanning electron microscopy}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {287}, year = {1990}, pages = {375--383}, keywords = {Experimental, postmortem, res0}, submitted = {05/1990}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {Palladium foils (0.127 mm) were carefully etched and rinsed, using ultrasonics, and their crystal surfaces SEM'ed under various conditions of electrolysis, in light and heavy water containing LiSO4 and modest current densities of 10-130 mA/cm$^2$. With both types of water, electrolysis changes the post-etch rough crystalline surfaces to more homogeneous surfaces of greater surface area; but the structures were different for light and heavy water. Lattice expansion upon deuteriding is greater than that upon hydriding, explaining this effect. As well, upon current switch-off, R\&T observed bursts of outgassing, presumably due to decomposition of hydride/deuteride; this was greater for D than for H. R\&T suggest that the use of single crystal Pd to obtain the "Fleischmann-Pons effect" would be unproductive.} } @article{Rose1990, author = {G. Rosen}, title = {Groundstate thermalization of hydrogen isotopes in certain metals: enhancement of p+d and d+d nuclear fusion rates by Bethe-Bloch polarization}, journal = {Hadronic J.}, volume = {13}, year = {1990}, pages = {255--261}, keywords = {Theory}, submitted = {02/1990}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {Rosen first calculates the rms displacement of a proton in an octahedral site of PdH as 0.25 A; then he calculates it again from the ground state thermalization formula and gets 0.2 A, in good agreement with the first. Then invoking Bethe-Bloch polarisation for such a proton and for a deuteron, Rosen is able to calculate fusion rates greatly enhanced beyond those from Coulomb barrier arguments: up to $10^{-20}$ fus/pair/s. Rosen comments that difficulties in achieving this experimentally may have to do with inconstancy of ground state thermalization in porous metals with a high concentration of motile protons and deuterons.} } @article{Roth1990, author = {J. Roth and R. Behrisch and W. M{\"o}ller and W. Ottenberger}, title = {Fusion reactions during low energy deuterium implantation into titanium}, journal = {Nucl. Fusion}, volume = {30}, year = {1990}, pages = {441.}, keywords = {Experimental, ion beam, Ti, protons, res0}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {03/1990}, annote = {The authors state that it is essential to have a high metal loading with deuterium, like 2 D per metal atom. To get this, they say, we need deuterium ion implantation. The beam, however, leads to "self targeting", a process known for over 30 years, where the beam hits previously deposited deuterons (the references are given). This is not cold fusion. So the question is: do we detect fusion when the beam is off? The team used a 0.3-6 keV beam, shot at Ti foil, and measured protons coming out at the rear of the foil. During the beam, the proton flux agreed with earlier work, obeying the Gamov cross section relation and diffusion behaviour observed 30 years ago. The background, before the beam, was 2 emitted protons in $2.4\times 10^5$ s; and after bombardment, 1 proton in $0.54\times 10^{5}$ s. From this, the background, they arrive at an upper fusion rate limit of $10^{-23}$/pair/s, "in reasonable agreement" with the results of Jones+.} } @article{Russ1990, author = {J. L. {Russell Jr}}, title = {Plausibility argument for a suggested mechanism for cold fusion}, journal = {Ann. Nucl. Energy}, volume = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {545--548}, keywords = {Theory, discussion}, submitted = {04/1990}, published = {10/1990}, annote = {While others (e.g. Schwinger) can explain why cold fusion researchers find heat but no neutrons or tritium, Russell Jr here explains why they find tritium but no heat or neutrons or gamma emission. He invokes virtual dineutrons: a deuteron sits in its place in the palladium lattice, with a proton hovering nearby. The deuteron briefly captures an electron, becoming a neutral dineutron, the proton speeds towards the hole thus created, fuses with the dineutron to become a triton, and the excess energy is carried off by a neutrino, which nobody sees. Some rough calculations make this plausible; e.g. the expected lifetime of such a dineutron is long enough for the proton to get there, etc. The reaction is called dep and is similar to the pep reaction running in the Sun. Other possible reactions of this sort are considered, but dep is the most likely one.} } @article{Sahn1990, author = {V.~C. Sahni}, title = {Comment on 'Cold fusion in condensed matter: is a theoretical description in terms of usual solid state physics possible?'}, journal = {Mod. Phys. Lett. B}, volume = {4}, year = {1990}, pages = {497--498}, keywords = {Comment}, submitted = {01/1990}, annote = {Comment on the paper of Schommers and Politis (1989) in which they suggest that Pd ions play a part in bringing deuterons together. Sahni points out that there is an error in SP's paper and that there will be repulsion, rather than attraction, between deuterons, and further that at small distances, dielectric effects cease to operate. Sahni leaves open the question of the existence of other solid state effects to make cold fusion possible.} } @article{Sait1990, author = {N. Saito and K. Sakuta and S. Sawata and M. Tanimoto and N. Takata}, title = {Search for cold-fusion neutrons from palladium breathing deuterons}, note = {In Japanese, Eng. abstr.}, journal = {Denshi Gijutsu Sogo Kenkyusho Iho}, volume = {54}, number = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {986--1004}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, gas phase, electrolysis, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {07/1990}, annote = {This team did both electrolysis at Pd in LiOD, and Italian style gas loading and temperature cycling. For neutrons, a combination of a BF3 and a 3He counter was used. Electrolysis was done in charging and discharging cycles. No neutrons were found, beyond a few above the statistical noise.} } @article{Sala1990, author = {M.~H. Salamon and M.~E. Wrenn and H.~E. Bergeson and K.~C. Crawford and W.~H. Delaney and C.~L. Henderson and Y.~Q. Li and J.~A. Rusho and G.~M. Sandquist and S.~M. Seltzer}, title = {Limits on the emission of neutrons, gamma-rays, electrons and protons from Pons/Fleischmann electrolytic cells}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {344}, year = {1990}, pages = {401--405}, keywords = {Experimental, neutrons, gammas, res-}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {03/1990}, annote = {(What about Hawkins?) This team was invited by Pons into his laboratory and set up to measure the title particles under/around Pons' cells over a period of 67 hours. They list a number of possible fusion reactions which would produce one or more of these types of radiation, including the secondary fusion of fusion-generated tritium with deuterium, and internal conversion of two deuteriums to (4)He plus an occasional electron, as suggested by the two innocent chemists Walling and Simons. All measurements were done with great care and the measured radiation levels translated into expected excess heat in watts. As has been widely publicised even before publication of this paper, the team found next to nothing - the highest heat output (as a maximum value) was around a milliwatt, most measurements gave much less still. As has also been widely discussed, there was a two-hour power failure and a longer period during which the team's monitors were not working, and Pons apparently states that something was happening just within this period. This is answered by the authors, however: had there been any significant radiation during this time, it would have left measureable traces in the form of (24)Na in their gamma detector; no (24)Na was observed, so no neutrons were given off at any time. Unfortunately, believers will say that the authors have assumed known nuclear reactions, still leaving the possibility of that elusive hitherto unknown one.} } @article{Sand1990, author = {G.~M. Sandquist and V.~C. Rogers}, title = {Enhancement of cold fusion reaction rates}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {351--354}, keywords = {Comments, suggestions}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {This paper considers some enhancement possibilities, given the assumption that cold fusion takes place inside the metal lattice, where the deuterons are highly compressed and contained for long times, with apparent reduction of quantum mechanical barrier width. Pd pretreatment such as repeated degassing in vacuum might be essential, and zone refining might help, as might surface etching with aqua regia to remove metallic impurities. Applying high pressure to the electrolyte is suggested. For the temperature, a trade-off between stability of the hydride, and faster diffusion, should be made. Try using pulsed current. The electrolyte should be pure, the authors believe that poisoning goes against deuterium uptake (as opposed to most other workers). Bruenner [sic] -Nernst theory is invoked with respect to mass transport of the deuterium specie [sic] near the electrode. There is a list of methods for monitoring the D/Pd loading, and a list of how to measure tritium, neutrons, protons, gamma rays, the two He isotopes as well as activation products.} } @article{Sasa1990, author = {A. Sasaki}, title = {An approach to cold fusion}, journal = {Kenkyu Kiyo - Miyagi Kogyo Koto Senmom Gakko}, volume = {26}, year = {1990}, pages = {47--50}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Remark, experiment design, plasma beam}, annote = {"Room temp. nuclear fusion was examd. using a different method from S.E. Jones et al (1989) assuming that their theory is correct, and a plan for the expts. is described. A low temp. plasma (low pressure and e- temp. ca. 1 eV used for processing) and high temp. d beam will be used but the target at which reaction will take place is at room temp. The equipment to be used is compared [sic] of a Ti wire, a Ti film target in a vacuum chamber, an extra electrode, and a plasma ion source. The plasma is formed by the discharge of ECR (heating). In the region of plasma formation, an electrode is set up to produce the d beam. In the 1st stage of the expt., <= 1 keV energy and ca. 10 mA electricity will be used. By adjusting the beam energy (accelerating voltage), the dependence of nuclear fusion reaction (if it occurs) on energy can be measured."} } @article{Savi1990, author = {R.~F. Savinell and Jr. Burney and . HS}, title = {Report of the electrolytic industries for the year 1989}, journal = {J. Electrochem. Soc.}, volume = {137}, year = {1990}, pages = {485C--503C}, keywords = {Commentary}, published = {10/1990}, annote = {The authors report on the electrochemical industry in general, and devote part of one page to cold fusion, in a neutral tone, mainly reporting FPH-89 and Jones+ results, and some of the ensuing controversy. They go along with the claim that it was mainly physicists who were initially skeptical. They also make the point that although FPH were criticised for their press conference, they might have been criticised even more, had they allowed the news to wind its way out of the normal publication channels. 414 references but none to cnf papers in scientific journals.} } @article{Schi1990, author = {K.~D. Schilling and P. Gippner and W. Seidel and F. Stary and D. Wohlfarth}, title = {Search for charged-particle emission from deuterated palladium foils}, journal = {Z. Phys. A: At. Nucl.}, volume = {336}, year = {1990}, pages = {1--4}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, cps, res-}, submitted = {11/1989}, published = {05/1990}, annote = {Emphasise - as others have done - that protons would indicate a nuclear reaction; are detected at close to 100\% efficiency; and have a much lower background than neutrons. So protons it is. The usual thin Pd foil is used, with a p-detector close to it. A loading of x = 0.4 (PdD(x)) is reached, not sure whether any beta phase formed. No protons were detected above the background; the cold fusion upper limit becomes about $10^{-24}$/s/pair.} } @article{Schw1990a, author = {J. Schwinger}, title = {Nuclear energy in an atomic lattice. 1}, journal = {Z. Phys. D: At., Mol. Clusters}, volume = {15}, year = {1990}, pages = {221--225}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {11/1989}, published = {03/1990}, annote = {A notable physicist has a go at a theory of CNF. Starting from scratch and invoking virtual phonons, Schwinger finds that lattice coupling can diminish the Coulomb barrier in a way that strongly favours fusion of protons with deuterons (p+d), rather than (d+d); the reaction is p+d -> (3)He plus heat. A new twist, which could go towards explaining the absence of emitted radiation in the presence of heat. (3)He is a stable isotope and (see Abell et al) would not escape from the Pd. The theory is quite testable - look for (3)He in the metal, not the evolved gas; there ought to be lots of it.} } @article{Schw1990b, author = {J. Schwinger}, title = {Cold fusion: a hypothesis}, journal = {Z. Naturforsch. A}, volume = {45}, year = {1990}, pages = {756.}, keywords = {Comment, suggestion}, submitted = {10/1989}, published = {05/1990}, annote = {Just a suggestion, without any supporting theory (which is presented by the author in his paper in Z. Phys. D: At., Mol. Clusters 15 (1990) 221), that the nuclear reaction giving rise to the observed effects is not a d-d, but a p-d one. This has the consequence that "controls" with light water may not be true controls and also cause cold fusion due to traces of deuterium; and implies some test experiments.} } @article{Scot1990a, author = {C.~D. Scott and J.~E. Mrochek and T.~C. Scott and G.~E. Michaels and E. Newman and M. Petek}, title = {Measurement of excess heat and apparent coincident increases in the neutron and gamma-ray count rates during the electrolysis of heavy water}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {103--114}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, excess heat, neutrons, gammas, res+}, submitted = {03/1990}, published = {08/1990}, annote = {Excess power, at a level of 5-10\%, was found for periods of many hours. In one case, neutron excursions above background was correlated with excess heat. The team used a cooling jacket calorimeter, with and without recombination of D2 and O2. A single NE-213 neutron detector, with gamma-ray correction, was used and had a background corresponding to a fusion rate of $3 \times 10^{-24}$ fusions/s/pair. Gamma emission was also detected, by a NaI device, at somewhat lower sensitivity. Tritium analysis was performed on aliquots taken from the electrolyte at intervals. Cell temperatures were usually around 28-38 degC, with some controlled excursions to higher and lower temperatures imposed. In the closed (recombining) system, the calorimetry calculation is simple: applied power versus measured power from the cooling flow. Both the open and closed systems showed bursts of heat excess at 5-10\%, well outside the claimed experimental error, with the open cell being more consistent. Changes in the current density did not affect the excess heat (this implies that the deuterium loading did not change markedly with current). In the closed cell run, there were small but significant emissions of neutrons and gammas, the latter at unexpected energies, indicating a possible neutron-proton interaction. Tritium production could not be shown. The authors conclude that they have consistent excess heat, out of proportion with neutron and gamma which were small but definite. Low cell temperatures, meaning higher deuterium loadings, are favourable.} } @article{Scot1990b, author = {C.~E. Scott and E. Greenbaum and G.~E. Michaels and J.~E. Mrochek and E. Newman and M. Petek and T.~C. Scott}, title = {Preliminary investigation of possible low-temperature fusion}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {115--119}, keywords = {Experimental, neutrons, gammas, res-}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {A calorimetry cum neutron detection experiment. The cell was cooled by a constant flow water jacket, whose temperature was monitored at inlet and outlet. A single NE-213 scintillation counter was used for the neutrons, with gamma discrimination. A 2-foot thick concrete surround shielded (?) the cell. There was also a separate NaI gamma detector to also detect neutrons indirectly. Results show a single neutron event at 3.5 standard deviations above background, and no sustained excess heat, although there were some short excess heat events. This preliminary experiment does not confirm cold fusion.} } @article{Seel1990, author = {D. Seeliger}, title = {Physical problems of the investigations into nuclear fusion in condensed media}, journal = {Isotopenpraxis}, volume = {26}, year = {1990}, pages = {384--395}, note = {In German}, keywords = {Comment}, submitted = {02/1990}, annote = {A commentary on cold fusion as of Dec-89. The experimental evidence is reported. Drawing on prior work by Jarmie, S then makes some rough calculations of low energy fusion, and concludes that the branching ratios may well differ from the high-energy cases, thus perhaps enhancing weak branches like the (4)He one. A host of other fusion reactions is considered, including a number involving Li. There is a summary of some theories, including the more speculative ones like Hagelstein's and Walling \& Simons'. The fractofusion work in the USSR is mentioned and considered plausible. 114 refs.} } @article{Segr1990, author = {S.~E. Segre and S. Atzeni and S. Briguglio and F. Romanelli}, title = {A mechanism for neutron emission from deuterium trapped in metals}, journal = {Europhys. Lett.}, volume = {11}, year = {1990}, pages = {201--206}, keywords = {Theory, fractofusion}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {02/1990}, annote = {This is one of the first papers (I know of) that attempts more than an arm-wave at a theory of what has been called fracto-fusion. It is theorised that small temperature changes in a MD(x) lattice (M being a given metal) will move the system away from equilibrium. For metals such as Cu, temperature decreases will do this, while for transition metals (Pd, Ti etc), temperature increases will. Then, D2 gas will tend to form, expanding into bubbles to cause voids and cracks and potential fields etc - the familiar fracto-picture. The paper lists a number of necessary conditions for fracto-fusion, which ought to help experimenters looking for it. The tentative conclusion is that it is possible.} } @article{Shoh1990, author = {N. Shohoji}, title = {Unique features of hydrogen in palladium metal lattice: hints for discussing the possible occurrence of cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {J. Mater. Sci. Lett.}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {231--232}, keywords = {Comment}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {02/1990}, annote = {Entirely speculative. S seems not to know about Jones+ Ti work, nor of the Italian work with gas phase charging with D2. S tries to find some characteristics of palladium that make it special, in order to suggest other metals that might be even better. He finds (i) hysteresis behaviour in the p(H2) vs x in PdD(x) and (ii) the fact that the metal and its hydride have the same crystal structure, claiming that fcc is a requirement (Ti does not have this structure). All this leads S to suggest Ni, Ce (which forms a trihydride) and Ac as candidates for a closer look.} } @article{Silv1990, author = {I.~F. Silvera and E. Moshary}, title = {Deuterated palladium at temperatures from 4.3 to 400K and pressures to 105 kbar: search for cold fusion}, journal = {Phys. Rev. B}, volume = {42}, year = {1990}, pages = {9143--9146}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, gas phase, diamond anvil, res-}, submitted = {02/1990}, published = {11/1990}, annote = {The authors used their diamond anvil to achieve these pressures. Detectors for neutrons, gamma radiation and heat were mounted around the press. From the volume compression, a loading of up to 1.34 was inferred. Several days at the various temperatures and pressures evinced no evidence for cold fusion.} } @article{Sima1990, author = {E. Simanek}, title = {Quantum tunnelling through a fluctuating barrier. Enhancement of cold-fusion rate}, journal = {Physica A (Amsterdam)}, volume = {164}, year = {1990}, pages = {147--168}, keywords = {Theory}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {03/1990}, annote = {The Feynman functional integral formulation of quantum mechanics is used to derive tunnelling rate enhancement of cold fusion in a Pd lattice. Strong temperature dependence of this enhancement is found. Enhancement is positive above Tc, the temp corresponding to "the energy spacing of the bath oscillator". Additionally, due to the covalent Pd-D bonding, Pd lattice oscillations induced by thermal phonons will assist in the tunnelling. No real numbers are given.} } @article{Sobk1990, author = {J. Sobkowski}, title = {Cold fusion - facts and opinions}, journal = {Wiad. Chem.}, volume = {44}, year = {1990}, pages = {587--602}, note = {In Polish}, keywords = {Review}, submitted = {02/1990}, annote = {The author was apparently asked by the journal editor to write this review, shortly after a cold fusion conference in Poland in May 1989. This review was submitted in February 1990, and is a summary of the field, without much in the way of contribution by the author himself. The problems raised by cnf are described, such as the branching ratio, and some of the motivation background is mentioned (the alleged anomalous (3)He/(4)He ratio in the atmosphere, in some metals etc). Some of the possible ways to detect cold fusion are named such as neutron and gamma detection. There is a detailed description of the Jones+ and FPH work, and the critical papers of Keddam, Horanyi, Kreysa and others. Supporting work is also included, such as works suggesting the (4)He branch, and the quiet dissipation as heat of the 24 MeV released from that branch. The author concludes that cold fusion will continue to live for some time, but that practical applications are unlikely.} } @article{Sobo1990, author = {L.~G. Sobotka and P. Winter}, title = {Fracture without fusion}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {343}, year = {1990}, pages = {601.}, keywords = {Experimental, fractofusion, res-}, published = {02/1990}, annote = {The authors note that there appears to be a lot of evidence for fracture-induced fusion, and have a shot at it themselves, by shooting steel pellets (0.131 g mass, going at 168 m/s) at heavy ice. After 75 shots they average less than one neutron per shot, 1/10 the level measured by the Soviet team (Deryagin et al). They note that this experiment was a good reproduction of the Soviet work, and conclude that there is no compelling evidence for fractofusion.} } @article{Sohl1990, author = {K. Sohlberg and K. Szalewicz}, title = {Fusion rates for deuterium in titanium clusters}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {144}, year = {1990}, pages = {365--370}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, submitted = {08/1989}, published = {03/1990}, annote = {Calculations for hydrogen atoms placed in small Ti clusters, using the ab initio Hartree-Fock self-consistent field method. The possibility is explored that there might be a stable H atom configuration in a Ti lattice with d-d distance smaller than that in D2 gas. Results show that the H atoms are reasonably mobile in the Ti lattice. There are no stable close d-d states. The closest configuration - occupation of adjacent tetrahedral sites - gives a d-d distance > than that in D2 gas. Fusion rates of $10^{-84}$/s result.} } @article{Soif1990, author = {V.~N. Soifer and V.~A. Goryachev and A.~N. Salyuk and F. Sergeev}, title = {Neutron yield in heavy-water electrolysis}, journal = {Sov. Phys. Dokl.}, volume = {35}, number = {6}, year = {1990}, pages = {546--548}, note = {Orig. in: Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR 312 (1990) 860--863, in Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, TiV alloy, Pd, Pt, electrolysis, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {06/1990}, annote = {In the absence of information about cold fusion experiments, this team from Vladivostok designed their own, using NaOH dissolved in heavy water. They are experienced in (heavy) water analysis for isotope content, and they note at the start, that heavy water contains about 5 to 6 orders of magnitude more tritium than normal water and therefore also an elevated content of (3)He, from tritium decay. The neutron detector was a 4 litre proportional methane counter, allowing anticoincidence discrimination of cosmic influx. For the cathode, they tried Ti, stainless steel, Ti/V alloy, Pt and Pd, as plates and wires, under a variety of current densities. No neutrons were measured.} } @article{Sona1990a, author = {P.~G. Sona and M. Ferrari}, title = {The possible negative influence of dissolved O2 in cold nuclear fusion experiments}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {678--679}, keywords = {Comment, suggestion}, submitted = {05/1990}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {As Appleby has stated elsewhere, it is possible that a layer containing Li needs to be deposited, in order for deuterium to get into the Pd, instead of forming D2 gas and bubbling off (this is in fact a fast reaction) - i.e. the Li-containing layer is a poison for bubble formation. If the layer has holes, it works less well. The layer, being a compound of Pd, Li and D, would clearly be sensitive to oxygen, which would dissolve it as LiOD, leaving Pd. So it is a good idea to prevent access of oxygen to the Pd cathode (O2 is generated at the anode). This can be done by, among other things, putting a porous membrane between the cathode and anode (standard electrochemical practice in fact), or using a hydrogen anode, i.e. one where hydrogen (or deuterium) gas is oxidised to water. Sona \& Ferrari also speed up the layer's formation by increasing the LiOD concentration from the usual 0.1M to 2.4M.} } @article{Sona1990b, author = {P.~G. Sona and F. Parmigiani and F. Barberis and A. Battaglia and R. Berti and G. Buzzanca and A. Capelli and D. Capra and M. Ferrari}, title = {Preliminary tests on tritium and neutrons in cold nuclear fusion within palladium cathodes}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {713--717}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, tritium, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {Did 12 experiments with electrolytic D-loading of Pd, and two of them showed positive results: one cell produced tritium without neutrons, the other neutrons without tritium, both at significant levels. The conditions that seem to be necessary are solution preelectrolysis, long wait at zero current prior to electrolysis, and care in avoiding CO2 contamination.} } @article{Sout1990, author = {J.~R. Southon and J.~W. Stark and J.~S. Vogel and J.~C. Waddington}, title = {Upper limit for neutron emission from cold deuteron-triton fusion}, journal = {Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys.}, volume = {41}, year = {1990}, pages = {R1899--R1900}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, electrolysis, tritium loading, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {10/1989}, published = {05/1990}, annote = {Although theory seems to favour dd over dt fusion, theory is out by 30 orders of magnitude compared to experimental claims, so this, too, may be wrong. A Ti cathode was preloaded to a t/Ti ratio of about 0.5 using T2 gas. This tritide was quite stable; no leakage was detected from it. This was then used as the cathode in a solution of 0.1 M lithium carbonate in D2O, adjusted with HNO3 to pH 2.5. A NE213 scintillation neutron detector, coupled to an RCA 8850 photomultiplier, was used to detect neutrons, in such a way as to exclude neutrons from dd fusion. Detector efficiency was about 1.3\%. No difference between background and running cells was found, setting an upper limits for dt fusion at $10^{-23}$/s/pair. So either there is no such thing as cold fusion, or the wrong conditions were used.} } @article{Spin1990, author = {B.~I. Spinrad}, title = {On cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {343.}, keywords = {Comment}, submitted = {10/1989}, published = {03/1990}, annote = {A conjecture: since palladium hydride is still a conductor, a high electron density inside it can be achieved by "pushing" electrons into it. This may be what is happening in the FPH experiments. The electrons might then enhance fusion rates by shielding deuterons from each other. This suggests the experiment of charging palladium with deuterium and then putting it into contact with a charged plate - standing well back.} } @article{Stei1990, author = {C. Steinert}, title = {Laser-induced 'semicold' fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {206--208}, keywords = {Comment, suggestion}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {01/1990}, annote = {Suggests the combination of palladium deuteride and laser-induced fusion; i.e. shoot a high-power laser at PdD(x) and stand back. Some possible configurations are suggested.} } @article{Stil1990, author = {D.~E. Stilwell and K.~H. Park and M.~H. Miles}, title = {Electrochemical calorimetric studies on the electrolysis of water and heavy water (D2O)}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {333--336}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, excess heat, res-}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {This paper reports excess heat, which was correlated in another paper with He. Two kinds of calorimetric cells were used. In one (type A), the temperature was measured directly inside the cell; in the other (type B), the cell heated up a bath surrounding it, and the temp. was measured there. Both were without recombination, which was in fact minimised. For the excess heat calculation, the power going into water electrolysis (current * thermoneutral potential) was subtracted. The cells were operated at 13-37 degC above room temp. For type A cells, both light and heavy water appeared to give about 7\% excess heat, so something was wrong here. Type B cells showed no excess heat. The conclusion is that these experiments do not support cold fusion, and that calorimetry with type A cells is not easy. Note that in a (presumably) later paper, the same authors find excess heat, using shorter, thicker, cathodes than here (Miles et al, J. Electroanal. Chem. 296 (1990) 241) and still later, they report helium and radiation (J. Electroanal. Chem. 304 (1991) 271).} } @article{Stor1990, author = {E. Storms and C. Talcott}, title = {Electrolytic tritium production}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {680--695}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, tritium, res+}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {53 electrolytic cells were run, electrolysing heavy water containing LiOD, at Pd electrodes; the electrolyte was sampled at intervals for tritium for each cell. Some of the cells appeared to produce tritium up to about twice that originally present, while others did not. Reverse electrolysis (Pd as anode) after charging revealed no extra tritium, so none was produced within the Pd. Surface pretreatment of the Pd electrodes with paraffin vapour and H2S, followed by cathodic cleaning, appeared to improve the results, assumed to be a poisoning effect aiding deuteration of Pd in competition with gas formation.} } @article{Tabe1990a, author = {E. Tabet and A. Tenenbaum}, title = {A dynamical model for cold fusion in deuterated palladium}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {143--146}, keywords = {Theory, loading}, submitted = {02/1990}, published = {08/1990}, annote = {A thermodynamic instability can, under favourable circumstances, trigger a coherent and concentric collapse in the metal and thus enable fusion. Some preliminary calculations lead to reasonable figures. This could also explain the experimental difficulties with repeatability, because the model predicts a strong dependence on loading.} } @article{Tabe1990b, author = {E. Tabet and A. Tenenbaum}, title = {Nuclear reactions from lattice collapse in a cold fusion model}, journal = {Physics Lett. A}, volume = {144}, year = {1990}, pages = {301--305}, keywords = {Theory, phase change}, submitted = {10/1989}, published = {03/1990}, annote = {Another phase-change explanation of cold fusion, here on a micro scale. Under nonequilibrium conditions, the random movement of deuterons in Pd- or Ti-deuteride might lead to d-deficient micro-volumes, which may collapse, due to the dependence of the molar volume of PdD(x) on x. This sudden collapse causes energy transfer from the collapsing metal atoms to deuterons and in some small fraction of cases, this may drive them together with enough force for fusion. Estimated fusion rates are within a ballpark of claimed rates.} } @article{Taji1990, author = {T. Tajima and H. Iyetomi and S. Ichimaru}, title = {Influence of attractive interaction between deuterons in Pd on nuclear fusion}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {437--440}, keywords = {Theory, screening, res+}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Another paper calculating the rate of (possibly enhanced) d-d fusion in a PdD lattice. The authors here invoke the 10 d-shell electrons of Pd, a dielectric constant and effective electron mass. They find that screening does enhance the fusion rate significantly by as many as 40 orders of magnitude, and the preferred rate, based on some knowldge of parameters, is consistent with experimental findings (Jones+). But the d's have to be on the hop (itinerant) and this explains why the reaction stops when the current is off. The p-d fusion rate is comparable to d-d, d-t is not much faster, while d-(3)He is negligible.} } @article{Takah1990a, author = {A. Takahashi and T. Takeuchi and T. Iida and M. Watanabe}, title = {Emission of 2.45 MeV and higher energy neutrons from D2O-Pd cell under biased-pulse electrolysis}, journal = {J. Nucl. Sci. Technol.}, volume = {27}, year = {1990}, pages = {663--666}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, neutrons, tritium, res+}, submitted = {05/1990}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {The authors update an earlier report, submitted to Fusion Technol., of positive cold fusion results; here, they obtained neutron emissions at 2.45 MeV and at higher energies 3-7 MeV, from biased-pulse electrolysis of 0.2-0.4 M LiOD in D2O, with a Pd cathode. Biased-pulse means alternating higher with lower current densities, e.g. 0.8A with 0.5A at about 2 cm$^2$, each level for a couple of minutes or so. Light irradiation simultaneous with either the high- or the low-level currents was also tried. Water temperature was measured with a thermocouple, neutrons by a cross-checking system of a (3)He with a NE213 detector, and tritium in aliquots taken from the electrolyte (to be reported later). The emissions at higher energies cannot be explained by hitherto known fusion reactions.} } @article{Takah1990b, author = {H. Takahashi}, title = {Dynamical screening of potential by mobile deuteron and fusion rate of accelerated deuteron in PdDx}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {441--445}, keywords = {Theory, screening, res+}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Like the Tajima et al work, this paper stresses that deuterons under motion are better than stationary d's. In fact, d-d screening is not only done by electrons but by moving deuterons as well. Takahashi develops his previous model further and finds that, for accelerated deuterons, fusion might occur at observed rates. The acceleration might be provided by the joint movement of groups of deuterons, creating a sort of whip, or surfing, effect.} } @article{Takah1990c, author = {Y. Takahashi}, title = {After effects of the cold nuclear fusion experiments}, journal = {Kagaku (Kyoto)}, volume = {45}, year = {1990}, pages = {54--55}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {A survey of the papers following those of FPH and Jones+ (10 references). No paper reports the excess heat of FPH although some do report some neutrons or protons.} } @article{Tama1990, author = {J.~M.~M. Tamayo and J.~M. Rivas and B.~Z. Celis and F.~P.~R. Garcia and O.~N. Penaloza}, title = {Experiments on cold fusion at IMP}, journal = {Rev. Inst. Mex. Pet.}, volume = {22}, year = {1990}, pages = {42--47}, note = {In Spanish}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, gama, tritium, excess heat, res0}, annote = {A number of experiments on cold fusion were run at the Mexican Petroleum Institute IMP, to prove or disprove the effect. IR spectra were measured for both H2O and the D2O used; the latter showed no H2O peak, but some HDO impurity. LiOD was prepared by electrolysis from LiCl in D2O. Gamma radiation background was measured over 24 hours with NaI, and during electrolysis runs. Tritium was also monitored. No significant radiation was detected, although there was, upon magnification, a very small gamma peak at 2.224 MeV. No heat was observed. Some tritium increases, roughly in line with electrolysis time, was observed. No conclusions as to the reality of cnf are drawn.} } @article{Tani1990a, author = {N. Taniguchi and S. Baba and K. Kawamura and T. Gamo}, title = {Conditions for cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Nippon Kagaku Kaishi}, year = {1990}, number = {9}, pages = {992--998}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, Ti, electrolysis, neutrons, gammas, res+}, annote = {Used a pulse shape discriminator to measure neutrons and gammas in electrolysis experiments with palladium, and D2 experiments with titanium. The counting equipment was able to detect fusion at a rate of $10^{-22}$ fusions/atom/s and found nothing in either setup, except when D2 was released from Ti, where a signal at 30-600 times the background was detected, presumed to be due to gamma emission from a p-d reaction.} } @article{Tani1990b, author = {R. Taniguchi and T. Yamamoto and S. Irie}, title = {Fine structure of the charged particle bursts induced by D2O electrolysis}, journal = {Bull. Univ. Osaka Prefect., Ser A}, volume = {39}, number = {2}, year = {1990}, pages = {233--240}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, cps, res+}, submitted = {11/1990}, annote = {The authors join others in pointing out that low-level neutron measurement is more difficult than that of charged particles, also expected from cold fusion. The sensitivity is one order of magnitude better and the background is lower by two. A thin foil Pd cathode, plated onto a Cu backing was placed at the bottom of the cell, close to the SSB detector. A video recorder recorded the signals obtained on a video screen. Some abnormal counts, at ten times the background, were recorded. This fixes the fusion rate at about $10^{-23}$ fus/pair/s, in agreement with Jones+. Some burst-like emissions were seen, and the fine structure of one such burst analysed. It was found to consist of a number of very short bursts. An energy spectrum was obtained also, and show that the bursts cannot be due to the simple d-d fusion reaction. They have some features in common with the Ti + D2 heat cycle experiments.} } @article{Tani1990c, author = {R. Taniguchi and T. Yamamoto}, title = {High sensitivity measurement of charged particles using a silicon surface barrier detector}, journal = {Hoshasen}, volume = {16}, year = {1990}, pages = {29--35}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, cps, res+}, annote = {"A Si surface barrier detector (Si-SSD, charged particle detector), is rather insensitive to background radiation. The detection of a few charged particles emitted in electrolytically induced cold nuclear fusion was attempted using the Si-SSD attached near to the thin foil Pd cathode which formed the bottom of an electrolysis cell. Using the pulsed electrolysis technique, the background and foreground data were measured alternately. The expt. results, counting rate and the energy spectrum suggested that the some [sic] species of nuclear reaction occurred in the cathode. The reaction rates were 2 orders of magnitude lower than that reported by S.E. Jones et al (1989)." (Quoted from CA 115:17193 (1991))} } @article{Tesc1990, author = {S. Tesch}, title = {Yet again 'cold' nuclear fusion.}, journal = {Radio. Fernsehen Elektro. (East Ger.)}, volume = {39}, year = {1990}, pages = {53--54}, note = {In German}, keywords = {Commentary}, annote = {The author brings us up to date with the latest results of experiments attempting to duplicate the Fleischmann and Pons demonstration in March 1989 of cold fusion during the electrolysis of deuterium on palladium electrodes (by claiming to have detected neutrons, gamma radiation and tritium). As a background, he summarises the F and P experiment and describes various known methods of nuclear fusion. He then brings the subject up to date (1.9.1989) by commenting on the results of a few experiments (largely in the German-speaking world) attempting to reproduce F and P's discovery. Finally, he mentions the damage caused by the attendant media publicity.} } @article{Thom1990, author = {D.~T. Thompson}, title = {A report from the meeting in Salt Lake City}, journal = {Platinum Metals Rev.}, volume = {34}, year = {1990}, pages = {136--141}, keywords = {Comment}, annote = {Thompson, of Johnson Matthey Technology Centre, went to the "First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion" in Utah, March 1990, and here reports. The 200 strong audience was active, responsive to the generally high quality talks. Most of these came from the USA but also from India, Japan and some European countries such as Russia [sic] and Italy. Many speaker referred to Johnson and Matthey palladium, notes Thompson. Positive calorimetric results were reported again by Pons, as well as by Murphy (TAM), Hutchinson (Oak Ridge) and Scott (Oak Ridge). Tritium was discussed, and some positive results reported by Iyengar (Babha), Bockris (TAM) and Storms (LANL) and some correlation between heat and tritium was claimed, albeit with puzzling ratios; the same holds for the neutron:tritium branching ratio which should be about unity but seems to be far from this. The possible role of lithium, particularly (6)Li, was discussed. At least one theoretical paper (Andermann, Hawaii) was given. Fleischmann summed up the conference on a positive note and was given a standing ovation.} } @article{Tome1990, author = {M. Tomellini and D. Gozzi}, title = {On the possibility for local oversaturation of deuterium in palladium}, journal = {J. Mater. Sci. Lett.}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {836--838}, keywords = {Comment, suggestion}, submitted = {10/1989}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {Some explanations of cold fusion require an overload of deuterium in the Pd. The authors look at the possibility of this happening, by considering the key role of both the electrode internal structure and and the non-equilibrium conditions imposed by electrolysis. Some effects are locally high current density (at, e.g., dendrites), and point- and line-defects; perhaps even their combined action, although improbable, could be put to work.} } @article{Tran1990, author = {D.~N. Tran and D.~T. Tran and T.~A. Truong and T.~H. Phi and V.~V. Tran}, title = {Investigation of nuclear fusion at the normal temperature}, journal = {Tap Chi Vat Ly}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, year = {1990}, pages = {29--32}, note = {In Vietnamese}, keywords = {Experimental, gas phase, heat, gammas, neutrons, tritium, res-}, annote = {At the Center for Nuclear Physics, an experiment was performed, both the Fleischmann-Pons electrolysis, and a gas-phase experiment with an applied electric field. No heat, gamma or tritium were found, and neutrons were not found reproducibly.} } @article{Tsar1990, author = {V.~A. Tsarev}, title = {Cold fusion}, journal = {Sov. Phys. Usp.}, volume = {33}, number = {11}, year = {1990}, pages = {881--910}, keywords = {Review}, submitted = {01/1990}, published = {11/1990}, annote = {A review of cold fusion, written in Jan-90, i.e. 8 months into the affair. 131 references are given, many of which, perforce, are to preprints and talks given at conferences. Clearly a physicist, Tsarev makes a number of good points. Like other physicists, he points to the necessity of x-ray emissions from any proposed nuclear process taking place in the metal lattice. A thorough discussion of all the issues (emissions, calorimetry, theories) is followed by one on the Soviet view of cold fusion - which can be said to date back to 1986 - i.e. fractofusion. Fairly, Tsarev points out that these results all come from a single laboratory (Klyuev et al) and need to be confirmed by others (in the meantime they have, and have also been refuted). The biggest problem with fractofusion is the conductivity of palladium deuteride, and Tsarev suggests that at high loadings and under nonequilibrium conditions, the material might become a dielectric, making this mechanism possible. He makes a number of suggestions for future work, both practical and fundamental.} } @article{Turn1990, author = {L. Turner}, title = {Peregrinations on cold fusion}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {447--450}, keywords = {Comment}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Peregrination: journey, travel. Have deuteron, will travel? Turner turns to thoughts of potential barriers in PdD lattices, and resonance effects to enhance d-d tunnelling. The many-body nature of the lattice make resonance effects possible, and thus cold fusion, maybe. Just as an electron going through a double slit makes an interference pattern, so deuterons moving through the lattice might do so, in a complicated manner. Cold fusion might result from the interference, and one should perhaps look for patterns of fusion sites. The walk through these musings ends on a careful note; cold fusion has not been verified but if it is, this theory might help.} } @article{Ulma1990, author = {M. Ulman and J. Liu and J. Augustynski and F. Meli and L. Schlapbach}, title = {Surface and electrochemical characterization of Pd cathodes after prolonged charging in LiOD + D2O solutions}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {286}, year = {1990}, pages = {257--264}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, surface analysis, deposits, poisoning}, submitted = {04/1990}, published = {06/1990}, annote = {Long electrolysis leads to accumulation of impurities on the Pd cathode, and the hydrogen evolution reaction (better: hydrogen production) is known to be very sensitive to these. One effect observed is that for a given current, the overvoltage becomes higher with time. This is clearly seen in a comparison between a 220 hour electrolysis in an untreated electrolyte with one for 16 h in a preelectrolysed solution (removes some of the impurities): in the latter case, lower overvoltages are seen. The team performed surface analysis after electrolysis, using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Apart from large values for carbon and oxygen, platinum, lead, zinc, chromium and in some cases copper, calcium, magnesium and sodium were found, differing in concentrations according to conditions. Particularly Pb and Zn will increase the overvoltage. The Ca and Mg came from the D2O used, as did Cu and Cr (note that we are talking about ultratrace bulk amounts, which accumulate at the surface during electrolysis). There were differences between LiOD made up from LiOH + D2O, and from Li metal + D2O (the metal contains some Ca and Mg). The point emerges that even relatively short electrolysis leads to deposits. Zn is particularly bad, increasing the overvoltage; codeposited Pt (from the anode) cannot counteract the Zn. The poisoning by Zn opens the way to secondary reactions, among them the incorporation of Li into Pd and Zn and possibly the formation of ZnD2 and LiD. All this causes a pronounced blocking of the electrode surface and this, in turn, causes local strong electric fields.} } @article{Vand1990, author = {P. D. T. {Van der Merwe}}, title = {Enhanced fusion induced by affiliated muons}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {696--698}, keywords = {Theory, muons}, submitted = {11/1989}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {Highly theoretical paper, looking at the possibility and the consequence of muon pairs cooperating in assisting d-t fusion. The rough result is that a pair of muons leads to about 10 times the fusion rate for d-t, d-t and p-d fusions. The paper gives little indication of why the muons should associate, being repelled from each other, beyond the statement that in the hydride crystal lattice, something might push them together.} } @article{Vele1990, author = {O.~A. Velev and R.~C. Kainthla}, title = {Heat flow calorimeter with a personal-computer-based data acquisition system}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {351--355}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, heat, res+}, submitted = {04/1990}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {Here, a calorimeter system essentially like that used by FPH, was used, for 24 cells simultaneously. A PC did all the work. Accuracy was about 3\% and recombination of gases was possible. Although constant values for the thermoneutral electrolysis potentials were used (which can lead to spurious excess heat observations), no excess heat within the 3\% limits, was detected in most cases, for experiments during 7 months and using 27 electrodes. In only four cases, some excess heat, at a level of 15-25\%, was seen, as reported by Kainthla et al in 1989. The authors conclude that their system is a good one.} } @article{Waan1990, author = {F.~B. Waanders and J.~J.~A. Smit}, title = {Koue kernsmelting (Cold fusion)}, journal = {Spectrum}, volume = {28}, year = {1990}, pages = {46--47}, note = {In Afrikaans}, keywords = {Discussion}, annote = {This is an early report and discussion of 'cold fusion' by a pair of physicists in South Africa. There is the usual mention of the close d-d approach required for d-d fusion, and an exposition of the normally expected products of such fusion. As well, the rise in price of Pd after the news of 'cold fusion' is mentioned, and the simplicity of F\&P's setup as reported in 1989. The authors remarks that F\&P made some great errors in their calculations and that some corrections are seen in their final paper (FP89). They are also critical of the press conference given by F\&P, prior to publication. They conclude by saying that it is not, at the time of writing, certain whether 'cold fusion' is real or not.} } @article{Wada1990, author = {N. Wada}, title = {Possibility of room temperature nuclear fusion}, journal = {Suri Kagaku}, volume = {330}, year = {1990}, pages = {69--71}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {A review with no refs. is given. (Cited from Chem. Abstr. 114:193695 (1991)).} } @article{Wagn1990, author = {F.~T. Wagner and T.~E. Moylan and M.~E. Hayden and U. Naerger and J. L. Booth}, title = {A comparison of calorimetric methods applied to the electrolysis of heavy water on palladium cathodes}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {295}, year = {1990}, pages = {393--402}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, calorimetry, res-}, submitted = {05/1990}, published = {11/1990}, annote = {Two kinds of calorimeters were compared in a number of electrolysis runs with water and heavy water in open and recombination cells. One was cooled by a cooling tube going through it (the "inverse labyrinth water flow calorimeter" ILWFC, described in another paper) and so keeps a low temperature during the run; the other was the isoperibolic type used by FPH, where the temperature is measured at some points in a cell in which there is a significant temperature gradient, and a heater is used to calibrate the measurement. The ILWFC type worked very well, with an excess heat of about zero, $\pm$0.4\% or so, calculated on the basis of the thermoneutral electrolysis potential. The isoperibolic one gave apparent excess heats, because heating by the calibrator lowered this thermoneutral potential and therefore more power went into heating rather than into the electrolytic reaction, than might be assumed. Clearly, this is a major error source. Temperature fluctuations in a cold fusion cell need to be accounted for, and the electrolysis potential used for the calculation needs to be adjusted as a function of this temperature. Other experiments showed that the isoperibolic method is capable of good results if used properly but the accuracy is never as good as with the ILWFC. Another factor leading to erratic results is the lowering electrolyte level during electrolysis.} } @article{Waka1990, author = {S. Wakao and K. Ozeki and H. Sawa}, title = {Gamma-ray emission from hydrogen-absorbing metal cathodes in D2O}, journal = {J. Adv. Sci.}, volume = {2}, number = {3}, year = {1990}, pages = {149--152}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, Ti, TiNi alloys, ZrV \& ZrNi alloys, gamma, res+}, submitted = {11/1989}, note = {In Japanese, Engl. abstr.}, annote = { Several metals and alloys (Pd, Ti, TiNi0.5, TiNi, ZrV1.8Ni0.2 and ZrV1.5Ni0.5) were electrolysed in D2O containing LiOD or D2SO4, as well as the corresponding normal hydrogen mixtures. During electrolysis, gamma emissions were monitored by a survey gamma meter. All metals emitted some gammas, and those that have a higher hydrogen absorbing capacity emitted more. The emission flux did not much depend on the loading, therefore the fusion rate decreased (as fus/pair/s) with increasing loading. This allows the conclusion that fusion happens in a deuterium diffusion layer, at phase change boundaries or in micro-cracks.} } @article{Wang1990, author = {R. Wang}, title = {Remarks on the possibility of cold fusion}, journal = {Commun. Theor. Phys. (China)}, volume = {13}, year = {1990}, pages = { 549--556}, keywords = {Theory, branching ratio, res-}, submitted = {02/1990}, annote = {Looks at some possible explanations. The suggested (4)He + gamma branch is dismissed, because the fusion reaction takes place within a space about $10^{-13}$ cm across, so the Pd atoms, with their $10^{-8}$ cm spacing, cannot affect it; the usual neutron/proton branch is expected. This is supported by some quantitative theory. Another explanation is the group of solid state, plasma, nonequilibrium thermal and electrochemical effects. None of these will do. Nor can Thomas-Fermi screening help. Palladium crystal dislocations might do it but only with the help of a new screening effect. Finally, heavy electrons might do it, but where are they to come from, except as muons? Wang concludes that cold fusion is not possible without muons.} } @article{Wei1990a, author = {S.~H. Wei and A. Zunger}, title = {Instability of diatomic deuterium in fcc palladium}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {367--370}, keywords = {Theory, res0}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {(fcc = face centred cubic). Using the all-electron full-potential semirelativistic linearized augmented plane wave (LAPW) method, including interelectronic Coulomb and exchange-correlation interactions (I am quoting), an accurate solution to the electronic Schroedinger problem for a static periodic atomic configuration of the combined (Pd,H) system is obtained. The question is: what is more stable in the (Pd,H) system, H2 molecules or H+ ions? What is the d-d distance? The answer is that H2 does not form in the lattice, being very unstable, and d-d distance is much greater than in D2 gas. Therefore, explanations of cold fusion do not lie in diatomic deuterium but elsewhere; perhaps conditions at grain boundaries or defects.} } @article{Wei1990b, author = {S.~H. Wei and A. Zunger}, title = {Stability of atomic and diatomic hydrogen in fcc palladium}, journal = {Solid State Commun.}, volume = {73}, year = {1990}, pages = {327--330}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {02/1990}, annote = {Another attempt to calculate the bond distances of D-D within the PdD(x) lattice. Like others, the authors find that these are greater than in D2 gas, for a wide range of loadings x.} } @article{Whal1990, author = {K.~B. Whaley}, title = {Boson enhancement of finite-temperature coherent dynamics for deuterium in metals}, journal = {Phys. Rev. B}, volume = {41}, year = {1990}, pages = {3473--3481}, keywords = {Theory, res0}, submitted = {10/1989}, published = {02/1990}, annote = {Unusual isotopic anomalies observed in tungsten/hydrogen systems suggest that at high concentrations, collective effects may obtain. Whaley presents a theory, using a generalised Hubbard Hamiltonian model acting on spin -1/2 states (fermions) for H and T, and -1 spin (bosons) for D. Results: for PdD, no good, but possibly for PdD2, but under special conditions. Boson screening is of interest.} } @article{Whit1990, author = {C.~T. White and B.~I. Dunlap and D.~W. Brenner and R.~C. Mowrey and J.~W. Mintmire}, title = {Limits of chemical effects on cold fusion}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {363--366}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {The authors examine theoretically the idea that d-d fusion can occur at the sort of d-d distances seen in the PdD lattice. They detail here their local density functional (LDF) theory. Solution of the relevant differential equation allowed the calculation of the total energy of the cluster formed by a pair of deuterons plus the immediately surrounding Pd atoms. These calculations rule out cold fusion as an explanation of the Jones+(89) or FPH(89) results.} } @article{Wies1990, author = {H. Wiesmann}, title = {Examination of cathodically charged palladium electrodes for excess heat, neutron emission, or tritium production}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {350--354}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, heat, neutrons, tritium, res-}, submitted = {10/1989}, published = {03/1990}, annote = {An attempt at a FPH reenactment, monitoring for temperature, neutrons and tritium in the electrolyte and using palladium plates. No evidence for cold fusion was found.} } @article{Wilh1990, author = {Z. Wilhelmi and Z. Szeflinski and J. Tarasiuk and A. Turowiecki and J. Zlomanczuk}, title = {Search for neutron emission in the deuterium-palladium system}, journal = {Nukleonika}, volume = {35}, number = {7-9}, year = {1990}, pages = {175--186}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, neutrons, gammas, res-}, annote = {This Polish team of physicists carried out an electrolysis experiment at a $10\times 50$ mm$^2$ Pd rod, in 0.1M LiOD, while monitoring for neutrons and gammas, using two scintillation detectors with pulse shape discrimination. The cell was replaced with one containing H2O as a control. The authors remark that the cold fusion phenomenon, if it exists, is highly capricious, and that the time structure of any neutron emissions must be looked at; background neutrons follow a Poisson distribution. In the event, there was no deviation from this distribution, nor differences between the experiment and the control, over long periods of electrolysis, setting the upper limit for cold fusion at about $10^{-26}$ neutrons/deuteron/s, three orders of magnitude lower than the results of Jones et al.} } @article{Wolf1990, author = {K.~L. Wolf and N.~J.~C. Packham and D. Lawson and J. Shoemaker and F. Cheng and J.~C. Wass}, title = {Neutron emission and the tritium content associated with deuterium-loaded palladium and titanium metals}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {105--113}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, Ti, electrolysis, neutrons, tritium, res+}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {Presumably submitted to the journal shortly after the conference, of which this was one of the papers, this predates Wolf's tritium retraction of June 1990. Here, neutron emission is sporadically seen at the Jones+ level, as well as tritium. Neutron detection was by a NE-213 time-of-flight detector, and backed up with calculations of the expected energy/intensity function. This confirmed some weakly positive results, though in a rather indirect manner. The tritium results would be significant (a rise to a plateau by 3 orders of magnitude over a period of 4 hours upon bumping the current) if it were not for Wolf's later retraction. Bockris, however, still accepts these results and rejects the retraction. The paper does present very clean background values, with small inter-batch fluctuations, and the increase is not explicable in terms of electrolytic enrichment. It might be thought strange that tritium, originally present in the palladium, should appear in the electrolyte so quickly. Wolf et al do in fact carefully consider the possibility of contamination from various sources, including the electrodes. They sent some of these for analysis but results were still pending. No neutron/tritium/heat correlations were observed.} } @article{Yagu1990, author = {A.~R. Yague}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion and its history}, journal = {Metal. Electr. (Spain)}, volume = {54}, number = {618}, year = {1990}, pages = {134--136}, note = {In Spanish}, keywords = {History of CNF}, annote = {A run-through of the history of cold fusion, starting with Paneth and Peters, through Frank's and Sakharov's ideas of the 1940's, Alvarez's discovery of muon catalysed fusion (which got the name "cold fusion", in 1957), Rafelski and Jones's work along the same lines, a thumbnail sketch of the background to the Jones \& FPH relationship, publication problems and world-wide attempts to reproduce the phenomenon. The breadth of all this is, unfortunately, not matched by the reference list, which is skimpy, referring mostly to what appear to be Spanish popular science publications.} } @article{Yamag1990, author = {E. Yamaguchi and T. Nishioka}, title = {Cold fusion induced by controlled out-diffusion of deuterons in palladium}, journal = {Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Part 2}, volume = {29}, year = {1990}, number = {4}, pages = {L666--L669}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, gas phase neutrons, res+}, submitted = {01/1990}, published = {04/1990}, annote = {The authors observed a "gigantic neutron burst" and inferred intense heat effects, at a Pd plate charged with D2. One side of the 1mm Pd plate was coated with a thin film of Au, which blocks outgassing of D2 on that side. The key process on the other side is then the "formation of D accumulation layers by controlling the D-atom out-diffusive transport with heterostructures". This is done by coating that side with a < 100 A layer of something containing Mn and O (no more is said about it). The idea is that the Au-covered side is - after loading under 0.5 atm D2 - in the alpha phase and the other side, at least during outgassing (I think) in the beta form. The paper is not 100\% explicit about the steps. After D-loading for 24 hours, the samples were placed in a chamber which was evacuated, and a BF3 neutron counter placed near it, as well as a Varian TPS-451S leak detector for gases of mass number < 6. Three hours after evacuation, a 2-3 sec burst of neutrons at an intensity of 0.1-0.2 mSv/h, simultaneously with "explosive release of gas from the samples" and biaxial bending of all the plates due to the uniform expansion of the surfaces with the Mn-O film. Also, the Au film was gone, from which a temperature of at least 1064 degC is inferred. D2 was reintroduced, followed by re-evacuation and this time, there was another neutron burst of 0.06-0.09 mSv/h after 150 s (they don't mention whether they reapplied the Au film). Then they introduce 1 atm of nitrogen [sic] and evacuated. Again, the same neutron emission and gas release after 150 s. 20 more separate experiments did not show any of these events. Other experiments using H2 gave no explosive release nor neutrons. The authors legitimise their BF3 counter by calibrating with a D+ beam experiment (self targeting) and got the correct measurements. They calculate that if the observed event is at 2.45 MeV, then 0.1 mSv/h corresponds to 72 n/s/cm$^2$ or about $1-2 \times 10^6$ n/s from their plate. This is about $2.5-5 \times 10^6$ larger than that reported by Jones et al and 25-50 larger than FPH's. Also, the gas evolved must have been D2, because the leak detector showed a mass of 4, as well as some of mass 3 ("slightly detected"). The heat could come from decomposition of PdD(0.6), as suggested by Pauling. The authors then go on to some speculations about the origin of the explosive outgassing, to do with lattice strain under bending, the Gorsky effect and "degradations of the Pd crystals".} } @article{Yamam1990a, author = {T. Yamamoto and T. Oka and R. Taniguchi}, title = {In-situ observation of deuteride formation in palladium electrochemical cathode by x-ray diffraction method}, journal = {Annu. Rep. Osaka Prefect. Radiat. Res. Inst.}, volume = {30}, year = {1990}, pages = {79--82}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, x-ray diffraction, loading study}, annote = {In conjunction with their cold fusion experiment, the team used x-ray diffraction to determine the deuterium loading of the Pd. It was about 0.73. In their other work, this was estimated higher.} } @article{Yamam1990b, author = {N. Yamamoto and T. Ohsaka and T. Terashima and N. Oyama}, title = {In situ electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance studies of water electrolysis at a palladium cathode in acidic aqueous media}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {296}, year = {1990}, pages = {463--471}, keywords = {Experimental, quartz crystal microbalance, Pd film}, submitted = {07/1990}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Another go at following the crystal oscillation frequency as a result of electrolysis under various conditions. As expected, the frequency decreases as hydrogen is loaded into the Pd film, but not (as others have found) in the way expected for simple loading; there are (not unexpectedly) structural changes in the film, affecting the frequency. There is some irreversible change, possibly due to surface roughening upon electrolysis. Future work, using D2O electrolytes, is planned.} } @article{Yang1990, author = {F. Yang}, title = {On cold fusion}, journal = {Nucl. Tech. (China)}, volume = {13}, year = {1990}, number = {12}, pages = {705--707}, note = {In Chinese}, keywords = {Review}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {"The work on so-called cold fusion is reviewed. The prospects for cluster-impact fusion and the importance of studying the interactions between cluster molecules (or atoms) and solids are described. (5 refs.)". (Direct quote from Phys. Abstr. 94:101095 (1991)).} } @article{Yao1990, author = {Y.~D. Yao and C.~W. Wang and E.~K. Lin and J.~K. Wu}, title = {Observation of cathodic charging on a palladium electrode in heavy water}, journal = {J. Mater. Sci. Lett.}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {228.}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, heat, gammas, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {02/1990}, annote = {Did some electrolysis experiments with Pd and Pt sheet, in different electrolytes in D2O and H2O, with and without the addition of thiourea (which can suppress D2 formation from adsorbed D and so favour absorption of adsorbed H or D) and monitored for heat, gammas and neutrons. Heating effects were the same for all cells, whether Pd or Pt, H2O or D2O were used. The spectra cannot be reconciled with nuclear reactions either. Gives a value for the diffusion coefficient of D in alpha PdD as $10^{-11}$m$^2$/s, no reference; calls it large.} } @article{Zahm1990, author = {L.~L. Zahm and A.~C. Klein and S.~E. Binney and Jr. Reyes JN and J.~F. Higginbotham and A.~H. Robinson}, title = {Experimental investigations of the electrolysis of D2O using palladium cathodes and platinum anodes}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {281}, year = {1990}, pages = {313--321}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, heat, neutrons, gammas, tritium, res-}, submitted = {01/1990}, published = {03/1990}, annote = {These authors tried to reproduce as closely as possible the experiments of FPH (though not using jam jars), measuring cell temperature with thermocouples and monitoring for neutrons, gamma radiation and tritium. Oddly, they found five temperature "events" but smothered them by topping up with more D2O whenever they were observed. No evidence of tritium production or radiation above background was found.} } @article{Zele1990a, author = {V.~F. Zelenskii and V.~F. Rybalko and A.~N. Morozov and G.~D. Tolstolutskaya and V.~G. Kulish and S.~V. Pistryak and I.~S. Martynov}, title = {Experiments on cold nuclear fusion in Pd and Ti saturated with deuterium by ion implantation}, journal = {Vopr. At. Nauki Tekh., Ser.: Fiz. Radiats. Povrezhdenii Radiats. Mater.}, year = {1990}, number = {1}, pages = {65--77}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, Ti, ion beam, neutrons, cp's, MS, fracto, res+}, submitted = {12/1989}, annote = {Pd and Ti targets were loaded with deuterium by means of a D2+ ion beam at 25 keV, 30-40 microamp, at 100K. The loaded targets were then warmed up to 1200-1300K and emissions monitored: neutrons by a boron-containing detector, charged particles (cp's) by a surface barrier detector, and gas emissions with masses 1..6 by a mass spectrometer (MS), to detect possible production of (3)He, T, protons. Another neutron monitor was placed at 4 m from the experiment, to monitor the background. Neutron emission intensity depended on the temperature: for Pd, they were max. at 100-400K and 900-1300K, for Ti at 100-300K and 600-1200K, with highs up to twice background, meaning about 100 n/s. Cp's were observed only during charging, i.e. these must have been from self-targeting. MS detected no masses in the range 1..6 during warming up. The authors conclude that dd-fusion occurred and point to fractofusion as the likely mechanism.} } @article{Zele1990b, author = {V.~F. Zelenskii and V.~P. Bozhko and V.~Ya. Golovnya and S.~N. Oleinik}, title = {Experimental investigation of cold D-D-fusion by ion implantation}, journal = {Vopr. At. Nauki Tekh. Ser., Fiz. Radiats. Povrezhdenii Radiats. Mater.}, year = {1990}, number = {1}, pages = {91--93}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, ion implantation, Pd, Ni, Ti targets, neutrons, gamma, CP's, res+}, submitted = {12/1989}, annote = {An ion (d) implantation experiment on the metals Pd, Ni and Ti. For Pd, there was a simultaneous steady increase with time of neutron, gamma and charged particle emission. In two series, positive results were obtained, giving a fusion rate of $0.8\times 10^{-22}$/s/dd, or about Jones+ levels.} } @article{Zhu1990a, author = {S.~B. Zhu and J. Lee and G.~W. Robinson}, title = {Nonlinear effects on thermonuclear reaction rates}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, year = {1990}, volume = {144}, pages = {361--364}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {03/1990}, annote = {Coulomb screening and nonlinear effects, together with many-body collisions, may enhance nuclear fusion rates by many orders of magnitude at low temperatures.} } @article{Zhu1990b, author = {S.~B. Zhu and J. Lee and G.~W. Robinson}, title = {Non-Maxwell velocity distributions in inhomogeneous materials}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {465--467}, keywords = {Theory, tail energy, res+}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Physicists generally assume, say the authors, that the Maxwell distribution of gas particle velocity v, falling off exponentially with v$^2$/T (T=temp.), also applies to liquids and solids. With a supercomputer, one can examine this, and this has been in progress for some years here. They have applied their techniques to deuterons in a PdD lattice, and find a non-Maxwellian velocity function for the d's, as they move away from their potential minima. The tails of the distribution correspond to temperatures at least 10 or up to 100 times ambient, and this would enhance the fusion rate by many 10's of orders of magnitude. So how do we know, ask the authors, that Fleishman [sic], Pons and Hawkins do not have something new?} }