% Year 1991; there are 188 entries. @article{An1991, author = {X.~W. An and H.~K. Yan and B.~X. Han and D.~J. Guo and D.~Y. Xie and Q.~H. Zhu and R.~H. Hu}, title = {Calorimetric investigation of electrochemically induced nuclear fusion of deuterium}, journal = {Thermochim. Acta}, volume = {183}, year = {1991}, pages = {107--115}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, palladium, heat, res-}, submitted = {09/1990}, annote = {A thoroughly performed experiment. Two cells, one with heavy and one with light water, were operated in series, closely matched. Over longer periods, the same constant current was run through the two cells, and the cell voltages were monitored throughout. Calibration heating was used to check the cell constants as a function of temperature. The identical Pd rods, 5.9 mm in dia. and 47 mm exposed lengths, were pretreated in molten NaOH; the electrolytes were purified by preelectrolysis with Pt cathodes. It was noted here that the heavy water electrolyte (0.1 M LiOD) was markedly more viscous than the light electrolyte (0.1 M LiOH). Mechanical stirring, beyond the bubbles generated, was provided, and it was found that the bubbles alone were not adequate. The cell constants were temperature dependent. The volumes of evolved gases were as expected from the electrolysis current. Currents of 0.6A, 0.8A, 1 A and finally 1.3 A were applied for respectively 98 h, 13 h, 16.5 h and (21+72) h. No recombination was found to take place, and no excess heat outside the error limits of about 5% was found. The authors conclude that in the FPALH-90 paper, there was insufficient stirring and that it is important to know the cell constant, as a function of temperature.} } @article{Anuf1991, author = {G.~S. Anufriev and B.~S. Boltenkov}, title = {Helium isotopes and hydrogen in aluminium and other metals}, journal = {Vopr. At. Nauki Tekh. Ser.: Fiz. Radiats. Povr. Radiats. Materialoved.}, volume = {56}, year = {1991}, number = {2}, pages = {73--81}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, isotope distribution, helium, tritium, aluminum, res+}, submitted = {11/1990}, annote = {Isotopic distributions and amounts of the isotopes of 3He, 4He, T and H were studied in some samples of Al produced by electrolysis. Out of several samples, one had not only larger than normal concentrations of both 3He and tritium, but also unusual T/H and 3He/4He ratios ($4*10^{-8}$ and 1.2, resp., against the more normal values $10^{-11}--10^{-12}$ and $10^{-4}$, resp., it is not clear what is normal here). Some conventional hypotheses are advanced, all based on contamination from the lab; all can be rejected mostly in terms of diffusion arguments. An experiment is done with Ag, in which D is much more mobile, and yet it had less T; other experiments with Ni foils, too, did not achieve the same results as the Al. Although no detail is given, there are also correlations between 3He and T content in the Al and time of electrolysis in the cryolite bath. Some materials associated with Al in its manufacture, such as cryolite, lime stone, alumina, AlF3, "nephelitic concentrate" and Al(OH)3, did not have the extra isotopes, so they do not come from these raw materials. Only cold fusion, strongly stimulated by the electrolysis, is left.} } @article{Aoya1991, author = {T. Aoyama and C. Mori and A. Uritani and T. Matsui and K. Naito}, title = {Highly reliable low-level neutron detection using (3)He proportional counters}, journal = {Radioisotopes}, volume = {40}, year = {1991}, pages = {188--192}, keywords = {Experimental, neutron detector, electrolysis, res0}, submitted = {12/1990}, annote = {For the very low-level neutron fluxes in cold fusion experiments, special precautions must be taken. This paper describes some techniques for this. Perfect noise rejection is required as well as the application of Poisson statistics. The paper gives details of the construction of three identical (3)He counters with 42\% efficiency. These were placed around a cold fusion electrolysis cell, and there had an overall efficiency of 2.5\%. Noise comes from high voltage leakage and external noise. Humidity control can eliminate the first, and are in any case rejected by not being coincident on all three. External noise is common to all detectors, on the other hand, and is eliminated completely by using a high detector voltage (1300V) and setting the pulse height discriminator high.} } @article{Arzh1991, author = {A.~V. Arzhannikov and G.~Ya. Kezerashvili}, title = {First observation of neutron emission from chemical reactions}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {156}, year = {1991}, pages = {514--518}, keywords = {Experimental, LiD, fracto, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {10/1990}, published = {07/1991}, annote = {A pair of nuclear physicists from Novosibirsk have had a go at cold fusion, and report their first results. Two chemical reactions were used as a test: in the first test, solid LiD granules were dropped gradually into a test tube containing D2O; in the second, a mixture of zinc metal and the complex beta-trans-Pd(ND3)2Cl2 (both deuterated as shown, and hydrated, ..NH3..) were ground to a powder and dropped into the tube. Temperature changes were monitored. Neutrons were measured using 6 (3)He counters with pulse height discrimination and calibration, to optimise these. The 6 counters' signals seem to have been added. Results: for LiD into D2O, temperature rose to 70 degC, the neutron emissions rose from background to about 1.7 times, and showing some spikes not seen in the background. For the complex powder, the temperature rose to 250 degC and the emission/background ratio to about 2. The paper concludes that these chemical reactions caused neutron emission but offers no explanations for the effect.} } @article{Asta1991, author = {I.~I. Astakhov and A.~D. Davydov and N.~V. Katargin and V.~E. Kazarinov and I.~G. Kiseleva and L.~B. Kriksunov and D.~Yu. Kudryavtsev and I.~A. Lebedev and B.~F. Myasoedov and O.~P. Shcheglov and G.~L. Teplitskaya and V.~M. Tsionskii}, title = {An attempt to detect neutron and gamma radiations in heavy water electrolysis with a palladium cathode}, journal = {Electrochim. Acta}, volume = {36}, year = {1991}, pages = {1127--1128}, keywords = {Experimental, neutrons, gamma, palladium electrolysis, lithium, res-}, submitted = {08/1990}, published = {05/1991}, annote = {10 3He neutron counters were used, with pulse-height analysis, to detect neutrons; a scintillation spectrometer was used for gamma emissions. Electrolysis was done at a bulky Pd cathode, with membrane separation of the two electrodes. Results were that whether the cell was in the detection space, or heavy or light water was being electrolysed, made no difference to the neutron count, nor was any gamma emission detected. Lithium was found to be incorporated into the Pd, up to 0.5%. Its diffusion is finite in Pd, about 1E-10 cm**2/s, compared with 1E-07 for deuterium. Lithium incorporation might explain some of the anomalies observed by others, such as apparent excess heat. This will be reported in a future paper.} } @article{Bash1991, author = {V.~A. Bashko and V.~I. Vit'ko and I.~G. Goncharov and V.~F. Zelenskii and G.~D. Kovalenko and S.~M. Krivoruchko and Yu.~N. Ranyuk and I.~K. Tarasov}, title = {Study of the nuclear fusion reaction in palladium by the emission of neutrons upon electrolysis}, note = {In Russian. Chem. Abstracts (117:199600) has the first author as "Rashko", and this will probably be the entry in the CAS database}, journal = {Vopr. Atom. Nauk Tekh. Ser.: Fiz. Radiats. Povrezhden. Radiats. Materialoved.}, volume = {56}, number = {2}, year = {1991}, pages = {54--63}, submitted = {06/1991}, keywords = { Experimental, neutrons, massive Pd, res-}, annote = {This team from Kharkov undertook essentially a pure neutron search, from a CNF electrolysis, using two Pd cathodes, one of 182 g and the other 38 g, of chunky cylindrical shape and charged with 0.23 A/cm$^2$ and 1 A/cm$^2$, resp. The experiment runs stretched over many days, individual runs lasting 4-5 days. The cell was alternately placed within, and outside the detection volume with 1-hour periods of time. Several figures show neutron counts for these periods. An array of 14 (3)He neutron counters was divided into two sets of 7 and the detections treated by analogue and digital means. Careful statistical data reduction led to the conclusion that nothing other than noise was observed.} } @article{Bazh1991, author = {Yu.~N. Bazhutov and A.~B. Kuznetsov and T.~D. Surova and Yu.~P. Chertov}, title = {Study of the possibility of a cold nuclear fusion reaction by electrolysis of heavy water with a titanium electrode}, note = {In Russian}, journal ={Teo. Eksp. Issled. Vopr. Obshch. Fiz., Min. Obshch. Mashin. SSSR}, year = {1991}, pages = {37--40}, keywords = {Experimental, 5M LiOD, Ti, tritium, x-ray film, res+}, annote = {Two series of experiments were run in Apr-May 1990, using a 20*10*2 mm$^3$ Ti plate in 5M LiOD/D2O, and 5A or ca. 1A/cm$^2$. Tritium was monitored from aliquots taken out, by scintillation counts. In one series, 7 hours of electrolysis roughly tripled the tritium counts from 124000 to 412000 c/min/ml. In another series, the current was reversed twice while checking for tritium; there was an increase in the tritium count at those periods when Ti was the cathode (roughly doubling during these times, 40 min and 20 min, resp.). The paper does not state what the other electrode was, it was presumably an inert metal like Pt. There was also an x-ray film in some runs, placed close to the electrodes, and this was found to be fogged only at the Ti cathode, indicating x-rays.} } @article{Belt1991, author = {I.~L. Beltyukov and N.~B. Bondarenko and A.~A. Janelidze and M.~Yu. Gapanov and K.~G. Gribanov and S.~V. Kondratov and A.~G. Maltsev and P.~I. Novikov and S.~A. Tsvetkov and V.~I. Zakharov}, title = {Laser-induced cold nuclear fusion in Ti-H2-D2-T2 compositions}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {234--238}, keywords = {Experimental, heating, laser, phase transition, Ti, fractofusion, neutrons, gamma, res+}, submitted = {09/1990}, published = {09/1991}, annote = {In the search for the right nonequilibrium conditions, considered by many to be required for cold fusion, this team tried laser heating to effect phase transitions across the beta/(beta+gamma) and (beta+gamma)/gamma boundaries. Ti rods were used, prehydrided and flushed in vacuum; the rods were recharged by the respective gas at around 773-823K under various pressures. Two neutron and two gamma counters were nearby and thermocouples mounted within the rod to record the axial temperature gradients. It was found that neutron and gamma emissions coincided with phase transitions in the Ti-D system (presumably the transitions were known from the temperatures and reference to phase diagrams). After the experiment, the Ti showed a wide net of cracks. Despite the title, no Ti-H or Ti-T systems are reported but there is a control of Ti in air, with no emissions detected. } } @article{Bitt1991a, author = {M. Bittner and A. Meister and D. Ohms and E. Paffrath and D. Rahner and R. Schwierz and D. Seeliger and K. Wiesener and P. Wuestner}, title = {Indication for the temporary production of deuteron-deuteron fusion neutrons during electrolytic infusion of deuterons into a massive palladium slab}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {334--348}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd slab, large currents, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {02/1991}, published = {11/1991}, annote = {The team from Dresden continues with its cnf experiments, and here reports the use of a slab, initially 50*40*7 mm**3, loaded by a 8A current in 3M LiOD. The authors subscribe to a dense plasma model of cold fusion, and predict (and have shown) a maximum fusion rate at intermediate D loadings, in contrast to most other workers. A maximum loading of 0.615 was reached over 900 h of electrolysis in all. There were some weak but significant neutron emissions but not as definite as the team's previous reports with other cathodes. The upper limit was set at 1E-26 fusions/pair/s for fully loaded Pd.} } @article{Bitt1991b, author = {M. Bittner and G. Ludwig and A. Meister and J. M{\"u}ller and D. Ohms and E. Paffrath and D. Rahner and R. Schwierz and D. Seeliger and P. Stiehl and K. Wiesener and P. W{\"u}stner}, title = {Evidence for the production of d-d fusion neutrons during electrolytic infusion of deuterons into a palladium cylinder}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {2119--2124}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, large currents, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {08/1990}, published = {07/1991}, annote = {This team has previously described their method, without many results, and also has a theory (same journal, p.2114). Here, they report their experimental results. Electrolysis at their chunky Pd cathode (32.1 mm diameter, 19.3 mm long) was kept up for 606 h, at 4A (i.e. ca. 0.5/cm**2) in 3M LiOD and D2O. The electrolyte was topped up regularly, and the temperature and cell voltage measured. The cell was periodically removed from the neutron detectors for one hour, so that there was a total of 110 hours of neutron measurements and 116 hours of background measurement. Weighing after the experiment showed that a D/Pd loading of 0.801 had been achieved. During the first 220 h, effect and background are the same, then the effect increases to up to 4 sigma above background, and decreases again later, confirming these authors' theory on that count, for a loading time constant of 350 h.} } @article{Bitt1991c, author = {M. Bittner and A. Meister and D. Ohms and E. Paffrath and D. Rahner and R. Schwierz and D. Seeliger and K. Wiesener and P. W{\"u}stner}, title = {Emission of DD-fusion neutrons from a massive palladium cyclinder during electrolytic infusion of deuterons into the metal}, journal = {Isotopenpraxis}, volume = {27}, year = {1991}, pages = {274--280}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, large currents, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {01/1991}, annote = {A 92 g cyclinder of Pd, 22.6 mm dia and 20.2 mm length, was electrolysed for over 700 h at a current of 4A in 3M LiOD in D2O, while periodically monitoring the neutron flux, alternating with the background, as previously described. Post-mortem weighing indicated a D/Pd loading of 0.812. Some positive results were obtained; as before, there was a maximum neutron emission at about one charging time constant, i.e. below maximum saturation. The maximum neutron emission rate is 160 n/h, which I translate into about 1E-26 fus/pair/s; the authors make that 1E-44/s/cm**3. The introduction says that there will be a comparison with an H2O electrolysis but this is not found in the paper.} } @article{Bres1991a, author = {T. Bressani and D. Calvo and A. Feliciello and C. Lamberti and F. Iazzi and B. Minetti and R. Cherubini and A.~M.~I. Haque and R.~A. Ricci}, title = {Observation of 2.5 MeV neutrons emitted from a titanium-deuterium system}, journal = {Il Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fiz. A}, volume = {104}, year = {1991}, pages = {1413--1416}, keywords = {Experimental, gas phase, Ti, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {08/1991}, published = {09/1991}, annote = {** This team recognised the difficulties of low-level neutron measurement and started, some time ago, to design a suitable detector system. They chose a time-of-flight system, together with a scattering trick which, although lowering the sensitivity to 3E-04, had the advantage of almost complete immunity to background. 3g of Ti shavings were pressurised under H2 or D2 at up to 2 atm at temperatures from 25-540 degC. The Ti was degassed for one day at 540 degC. During pressurising, the temp. was cycled up and down. At the high temps., all gas escaped the Ti, and was reabsorbed during the down cycle. During the downs with D2, small enhancement of the neutron spectrum around 2.45 MeV were observed; none with H2 gas. Signal averaging of up cycles and down cycles separately and subtracting these averages gave a much clearer 2.45 MeV peak than reported previously. The intensity amounts to about 13 n/s/g Ti, or a fusion rate of about 1E-21 fus/pair/s.} } @article{Bres1991b, author = {T. Bressani and D. Calvo and A. Feliciello and C. Lamberti and F. Iazzi and B. Minetti and R. Cherubini and A. M. I. Haque and R. A. Ricci}, title = {ERRATA: Observation of 2.5 MeV neutrons emitted from titanium-deuterium system}, journal = {Il Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A}, volume = {104}, year = {1991}, page = {1587.}, annote = {In the paper referred to here, same journal 104A (1991) 1413, some of the corrections requested by the authors were not carried out in the final version. On p.1417, line 19, there should appear (4.0 +- 1.5) n/s, and in the following row, (1.3 +- 0.5) n/s/g. (Original dates)} } @article{Brit1991, author = {D. Britz}, title = {Parameter correlations in cold fusion measurements}, journal = {J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett.}, volume = {155}, year = {1991}, pages = {377--382}, keywords = {Discussion, calculations, correlations, res0}, submitted = {08/1991}, published = {12/1991}, annote = {Besides listing some of those few cold fusion experiments in which correlations between different measured parameters were found, the author looks closely at the paper of Birgul et al, which clearly shows some remarkably correlated gamma emissions and cell temperature; Birgul et al do not seem to make much of this. Britz calculates the cross correlation function and finds a peak of 0.34 at a lag of 16 min, i.e. the temperature tends to lead gamma emissions by 16 minutes on average. No explanation is offered.} } @article{Bunc1991, author = {K.~J. Bunch and R.~W. Grow}, title = {Self-consistent field calculations on diatomic hydrogen in a potential well}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {2131--2134}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, submitted = {11/1990}, published = {07/1991}, annote = {Diatomic dd in a well, i.e. in an octahedral or tetrahedral site in the PdDx lattice, or in a defect or crack, are looked at here. The Schroedinger equation for such a pair plus electron cloud (an overall neutral region) is solved by the Method of Roothaan and Blinder. Results show that the dd pairs are squeezed together in the well, but not enough to explain cold fusion. The model can however be adjusted and might be useful anyway.} } @article{Bush1991a, author = {B.~F. Bush and J.~J. Lagowski and M.~H. Miles and G.~S. Ostrom}, title = {Helium production during the electrolysis of D2O in cold fusion experiments}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {304}, year = {1991}, pages = {271--278}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, helium, calorimetry, correlations, res+}, submitted = {02/1991}, published = {04/1991}, annote = {The "China Lake" paper. The gas effluent from cold fusion electrolysis cells was analysed for He by a sensitive mass spectrometer. Great care was taken to establish that there was no contamination; the N2 gas used to flush the sample flask was checked and found to contain no He, and blank runs showed none. The Pd cathode was surface-ground with wet silicon carbide paper to remove any possible helium from it (?). The MS detection limit for He was about 8E11 atoms of (4)He. Results show that those electrodes that had produced excess heat (reported elsewhere) also gave off (4)He in amounts large compared to the detection limit, while those that gave little or no excess heat did not. None gave off any detectable (3)He. The He detection limit corresponds to around 8\% excess heat, and up to 27\% had been observed. For the cell giving out 0.46 W, about 5.4E14 He atoms are expected during the electrolysis time of 4440 s; this is certainly well above their detection limit. The amount of He found is roughly proportional to the excess power (with large uncertainties because the amounts are still small). Dental x-ray film, placed next to the electrodes, showed evidence of radiation emitted from the electrode. Control electrolyses with light water showed no helium; these electrodes had been used previously in heavy water and contained some residual D, so d+p fusion could not be ruled out; indeed, some unexpected excess heat was found, despite the lack of (3)He, expected from this reaction. There was no evidence of radiation on the film. The fact that He was detected implies that it is produced at the metal surface and that most of it escapes.} } @article{Bush1991b, author = {R.~T. Bush}, title = {Cold 'fusion'. The transmission resonance model fits data on excess heat, predicts optimal trigger points, and suggests nuclear reaction scenarios}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {313--356}, keywords = {Theory, transmission resonance, res+}, submitted = {05/1990}, published = {03/1991}, annote = {Bush, in this 40+ page paper, outlines his model, which explains the neutrons, tritium, excess heat and even cluster impact emissions claimed by various experimenters. When an odd integer multiple number of quarter waves of the de Broglie waves of diffusons (here deuterons diffusing within Pd) match the potential well widths of the lattice particles, 100\% transmissivity can be achieved, and the deuteron can get close to others on the way, and may fuse. The model not only explains the experimental evidence but also makes detailed predictions of, e.g., the shape of the function excess power vs. current density (it finds a relative minimum, matched to a measured point set). It also leads to optimal conditions ("trigger points") for observing cold fusion, and even goes as far as some preliminary reactor design. The nuclear reaction taking place is not d-d fusion but most likely neutron transfer from deuteron to Pd: d + $^{105}$Pd --> p + $^{106}$Pd + energy.} } @article{Case1991, author = {L.~C. Case}, title = {The reality of 'cold fusion'}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {478--480}, keywords = {Discussion, suggestion, res+}, submitted = {05/1991}, published = {12/1991}, annote = {The fact that the positive results of cold fusion experiments are few in number and widely scattered is not evidence against the phenomenon, but instead evidence of a lack of understanding of the required conditions, writes Case. He then looks at the results of Yamaguchi and Nishioka and concludes that these can only be due to a nuclear process, most likely d-d fusion. He proposes a tentative mechanism, catalysed (initiated) by traces of tritium present in heavy water. D+T fusion releases neutrons, which then catalyse the main D+D fusion reaction, which releases further tritium, etc. There remains the lack of neutrons. These might be captured, e.g. by tritium or (3)He, both present. This leads to suggestions for improving experiments.} } @article{Cedz1991, author = {K. Cedzynska and S.~C. Barrowes and H.~E. Bergeson and L.~C. Knight and F.~G. Will}, title = {Tritium analysis in palladium with an open system analytical procedure}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {108--112}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, tritium, res-}, submitted = {02/1991}, published = {08/1991}, annote = {Palladium from three different suppliers (45 samples in all) were subjected to open-cell electrolysis, as done by Wolf et al, with the aim of throwing light on tritium analysis. This was done on both the cathode materials and the electrolyte. There was no evidence of any tritium being produced but some evidence of possible artifacts and even artifactal low readings.} } @article{Cham1991, author = {G. Chambaud and B. Levy and J.~G. Esteve}, title = {Estimate of Ti effects on D-D fusion}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {156}, year = {1991}, pages = {395--398}, keywords = {Theory, screening, res-}, submitted = {10/1989}, published = {07/1991}, annote = {A theoretical attempt to explain both cold fusion and cluster impact fusion claims, by looking at possible screening effects in Ti. In the employed model, Ti-D and D-D interactions are taken as additive, and this leads to an overestimate of the tunnelling rate. Nevertheless, this turns out too low to account for observation claims.} } @article{Chan1991, author = {C.~P. Chang and J.~K. Wu and Y.~D. Yao and C.~W. Wang and E.~K. Lin}, title = {Hydrogen and deuterium in palladium}, journal = {Int. J. Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {16}, year = {1991}, pages = {491--497}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, neutrons, gamma, tritium, calorimetry, res-}, submitted = {03/1991}, published = {07/1991}, annote = {A wide-ranging experiment that aimed to determine the permeability of Pd to hydrogen and deuterium, the capacity of Pd to absorb these elements and their diffusion coefficients in the metal, all parameters as a function of temperature; further, gammas, neutrons, tritium, excess heat and changes in lattice parameters (by x-ray diffraction) were measured, and scanning electron microscopy employed on the Pd surface after electrolysis. Permeability, diffusion rate and solubility were measured by electrolytic flushing of the gas from the metal by anodic polarisation. Rather low loadings (D/Pd = 0.1) were achieved in the Pd foil used; there are Arrhenius plots. Deuterium diffuses faster through Pd than hydrogen and is more soluble, at all temps. Excess heat is claimed for both light and heavy water electrolyses, at about 30\% but there are few details. No nuclear products were found. There was lattice expansion of 0.5\% \[sic\] linear, from a measured 3.88 A for pure Pd (the known value is 3.89) and there were (scanning electron microscopy) cracks and pits over both surfaces.} } @article{Chap1991, author = {I.~M. Chapnik}, title = {Possibility of electrochemically induced transmutation in PdD}, journal = {Physics Lett. A}, volume = {161}, year = {1991}, pages = {111--113}, keywords = {Theory, suggestion for optimisation}, submitted = {09/1991}, published = {12/1991}, annote = {Chapnik here follows up an earlier paper in which he suggested that the process in cold fusion is the Oppenheimer-Phillips reaction, in which neutrons from deuterons tunnel into other, heavier atoms, such as Pd. This would emit beta, gamma and proton radiation, any of which can be detected. This paper considers optimal conditions for the observation of the effect. One method of promoting this reaction might be mechanical distortion (twisting, bending) of the PdD sample, to cause inhomogeneities.} } @article{Chat1991a, author = {L. Chatterjee and A. Chakraborty and G. Das}, title = {Non-radiative exit channels in low energy d-d fusion}, journal = {Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys.}, volume = {29}, year = {1991}, pages = {781--786}, keywords = {Theory, res0}, submitted = {04/1991}, published = {12/1991}, annote = {A theoretical look at collisional and muon-catalysed d-d fusion at low energies (the two differ in important ways). Phase space effects might alter the ratio of the two main exit branches t-p and (3)He-n. Indeed, calculations support this, though deviations from unity are smallish except for muon catalysed d-d fusion at high muon energies.} } @article{Chat1991b, author = {L. Chatterjee and G. Das}, title = {Sub-barrier nuclear fusion of amuonic and muonic flavour}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {154}, year = {1991}, pages = {5--8}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {03/1991}, annote = {The physics of cold fusion is analysed in terms of Allis-Morse potentials, to decide in which way this apparently amuonic process might take place. Under the special nonequilibrium conditions during deuterium charging of the metal, abnormal electron pile-up could provide strong screening. The authors arrive at a necessary d-d distance of close to 0.1 A and feel that this can be achieved, especially during the later phases of charging. Thus, the delay before onset of neutron emission is explained and nonequilibrium confirmed as a requirement.} } @article{Chat1991c, author = {L. Chatterjee}, title = {On a weak flavor for cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {358--360}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {04/1991}, published = {11/1991}, annote = {The author explores the possibility that "cold fusion" is not just pure fusion but a reaction flavoured by weak interaction, which might ease the way over the barrier suppressing fusion. Hagelstein considered superradiant neutrinos and the doubtful virtual neutrons, but LC takes a different approach. Excess electron cloud density in the deuterated metal may, with their fluctuations, put some reactions at threshold; the electron participates in the reaction, rather than being - as in screening models - just a spectator. This model does not require exotic physics to explain cold fusion. LC goes on to speculate that the natural deuterium in sea water might have come from p-p reactions in pure H2O over long times. The model also has astrophysical ramifications.} } @article{Chat1991d, author = {L. Chatterjee}, title = {The two faces of the Coulomb barrier}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {365--366}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {04/1991}, published = {11/1991}, annote = {LC examines the problem that the Coulomb barrier response is different for approaching and receding particles, from the mathematical boundary conditions. But wave function solutions show no such difference. A simple mechanism to resolve this paradox is proposed, and may have practical applications. For example, the exit channel (branch) t-p would be enhanced over the n-(3)He one, as claimed by some cold fusion experimenters.} } @article{Chu1991, author = {S.~Y. Chu and B. Shen}, title = {Can the color force be used to achieve fusion?}, journal = {Mod. Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {6}, year = {1991}, pages = {237--244}, keywords = {Theory, color force}, submitted = {04/1990}, annote = {The basic question of cold fusion is: what are the possible forces that can overcome the Coulomb barrier to fusion? So far, muons, quarks and diquarks have been proposed, and the remaining unexplored possibility is the color force. Small deviations from absolute color neutrality might collectively be able to produce a color field sufficient to overcome the Coulomb barrier. The paper examines this question and concludes that the process is feasible. It further suggests that a favourable condition for cold fusion is the creation and maintenance of a deuteron concentration gradient in the Pd, possibly by using a thin Pd sheet with different deuterium concentrations on the two sides.} } @article{Chub1991, author = {T.~A. Chubb and S.~R. Chubb}, title = {Cold fusion as an interaction between ion band states}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {93--99}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {02/1991}, published = {08/1991}, annote = {The authors add to their theory of cold fusion, in which they propose an interaction between deuteron and (4)He++ ion band states and a new form of matter, namely ion band state matter or Bose Bloch condensate matter. This leads to the release of heat as observed by FPH but not to high-energy particle emission, thus accounting for this phenomenon. The theory also says that pretreatment of the Pd with He improves its cold fusion performance; also it suggests experiments with silver, in which similar processes ought to take place, even though Ag does not form a deuteride. The theory suggests the way to improve reproducibility, by control of the (4)He level.} } @article{Clar1991, author = {R.~W. Clark}, title = {What ever happened to cold fusion?}, journal = {J. Chem. Ed.}, volume = {68}, year = {1991}, pages = {277--279}, keywords = {Discussion}, annote = {Clark gives a summary of the cold fusion field, devoting one of three pages to muon catalysed fusion, the "real" cold fusion. He consistently spells Fleischmann as Fleishmann, perpetuates the myth that cnf divided chemists and physicists, and states that physicists have not succeeded in fusing hydrogen nuclei (apart from the muon variety). The other cold fusion, in certain experiments in making superheavy elements, is also mentioned. No conclusion.} } @article{Corr1991, author = {D.~A. Corrigan and B.~K. Schwemmin and E.~W. Schneider}, title = {Radiochemical measurements of tritium during heavy water electrolysis at palladium cathodes in closed cells}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {312}, year = {1991}, pages = {175--184}, keywords = {Experimental, tritium, electrolysis, Pd, res-}, submitted = {05/1991}, annote = {In previous experiments on long-term electrolysis in heavy water at Pd, open cells were used, allowing the possibility that tritium was introduced by the repeated water top-up. Here a closed cell is used, with a recombiner catalyst, to eliminate the problem. The Pd cathodes were vacuum annealed at 900C. Tritium analysis ws on 1 ml aliquots taken out after electrolysis (11 days, some for 100 days), by scintillation. Some samples were spiked with tritium. After electrolysis, the Pb were unloaded anodically to drive out the hydrogen isotopes. None showed any significant increase of tritium, the changes were all around zero. The results suggest that when tritium was found by others, it may have been artifactual.} } @article{Czer1991, author = {A. Czerwinski and R. Marassi and S. Zamponi}, title = {The absorption of hydrogen and deuterium in thin palladium electrodes. Part I. Acidic solutions}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {316}, year = {1991}, pages = {211-221}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, loading study}, submitted = {05/1991}, published = {10/1991}, annote = {A cyclic voltammetric study with coulometry, on thin Pd film overlaid on Au on glass, in H2SO4 or D2SO4. Coulometry measured the H/Pd or D/Pd loading as a function of potential. Maximum loading was about 0.7. This was independent of the film thickness.} } @article{Dano1991, author = {M. Danos and V.~B. Belyaev}, title = {Estimate of the neutron transfer fusion rate}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {354--357}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {03/1991}, published = {11/1991}, annote = {The use of higher-order terms leads to fusion enhancement up to 40-50 orders of magnitudes. A three-body process of neutron transfer is postulated and treated as a quantum electrodynamic problem. The Feynman diagram is replaced by its non-relativistic time-ordered form, a reaction graph. The results indicate that observational claims for cold fusion are not unreasonable within the framework of nonexotic physics.} } @article{Daut1991, author = {D.~P. Dautovich}, title = {What do we know? What do we think?}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {10}, year = {1991}, pages = {117--119}, keywords = {Panel Discussion}, published = {03/1991}, annote = {The author took part in a panel discussion on cold fusion, later published in this journal. He presents a potted history, referring to the two approaches of a wet electrolysis cell and the dry gas/metal experiments at Frascati. Some work was also done in Canada, the author's country, in several places, but no convincing results were achieved. There follows some theory. See also Rees1991.} } @article{Dien1991, author = {J.~K. Dienes}, title = {On nuclear reactions in defects}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {543--546}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {06/1990}, published = {05/1991}, annote = {The object of this analysis is to see whether atoms can approach very closely to each other as a result of lattice slip processes. The model of Frenkel and Kontorova, considered an early example of soliton behaviour, is extended here. It appears that close approach is indeed possible, in a self organised wave propagation process. This hangs together with crack-induced fusion, and the burst nature of fusion, claimed by some observers, including the large bursts of Arata and Zhang and the De Ninno group. } } @article{Dmit1991, author = {V.~N. Dmitrenko and I.~P. Dryapachenko and M.~V. Sokolov}, title = {On the possibility of the study of electron screening in three-particle nuclear reactions}, note = {In Russian}, journal = {Ukr. Fiz. Zh. (Russ. Ed.)}, volume = {36}, year = {1991}, pages = {993--999}, keywords = {Theory, screening, res+}, submitted = {02/1991}, annote = {Screening by electrons is looked at in this paper. In palladium deuteride, the electrons behave in a different way to that in either Pd or D2 itself and fusion is enhanced far beyond the rate in, say, D2. Reactions with three particles in the final state are interesting from the point of view of scattering at low energies. The model of Migdal and Watson is invoked, being a stepped reaction sequence, a + A --> 1 + (2+3)* --> 1 + 2 + 3. An example is the new reaction pair d + D --> p + T + gamma and --> n + (3)He + gamma, both three-particle final states.} } @article{Dong1991, author = {S.~Y. Dong and K.~L. Wang and Y.~Y. Feng and L. Chang and C.~M. Luo and R.~Y. Hu and P.~L. Zhou and D.~W. Mo and Y.~F. Zhu and C.~L. Song and Y.~T. Chen and M.~Y. Yao and C. Ren and Q.~K. Chen and X.~Z. Li}, title = {Precursors to 'cold fusion' phenomenon and the detection of energetic charged particles in deuterium/solid systems}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {330--333}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, Ti, gas phase, emr, UV, x-rays, cps, res+}, submitted = {12/1990}, published = {11/1991}, annote = {To verify cold fusion, fusion products have been searched for, mostly in vain. This Chinese team suggests that there may be precursors to these products, that should be found and correlated with the products. Such findings might also aid in understanding the phenomenon. They assume that only electron screening, helping to overcome the Coulomb barrier, can be an explanation, and this requires the emission of the precursor, electromagnetic radiation in the range 10-3000 eV, i.e. ultraviolet to soft X-rays. Another emission should be energetic charged particles. Both these were searched for here. Pd and Ti foil was gas-loaded with D2 and thermoluminescent detectors (TLD) used for the em radiation measurement, and the plastic track detector (CR-39) for the charged particles (protons and alphas). Both D2 cells and H2 controls showed em radiation at about the same level, but only the D2 cells emitted cp's. Thus something appears to be happening, probably very near the metal surface, since cp's do not get very far.} } @article{Dono1991, author = {D.~L. Donohue and M. Petek}, title = {Isotopic measurements of palladium metal containing protium and deuterium by glow discharge mass spectrometry}, journal = {Anal. Chem.}, volume = {63}, year = {1991}, pages = {740--744}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, isotope changes, res-}, submitted = {10/1990}, published = {04/1991}, annote = {The question addressed here is whether there are changes in the isotope distribution of Pd upon electrolysis of D2O at such Pd, acting as a cathode. The Pd was arc melted under argon, and annealed at 900 degC in vacuum. Three kinds of electrolysis were carried out: in 0.1 LiOH in H2O, in LiOD in D2O, and LiOD in D2O followed by LiOH in H2O with the same cathode. Mass spectrometry was the main analytical tool. It was found that pure Pd gave a characteristic isotope pattern, deviating somewhat from the expected. After electrolysis, the spectra included various protonised and deuteronised Pd species such as PdH+, PdH2+, etc. Heating, to drive out the hydrogen isotopes, then restored the original Pd isotope distribution in all cases. That is, electrolysis did not change the Pd isotope distribution. It will be of interest to cold fusion workers that even in 99.9\% pure D2O, something like 25\% of the hydrogen in the Pd after electrolysis was (1)H; thus, the supposedly tiny fraction of H in the D2O seems to be very preferentially taken up. At the low end of the mass spectra, species with masses 3-6 were found; these were assigned to respectively H3+, (DH2+ and D2+), D2H+ and D3+. Tritium or helium species either were not present or were not able to be discriminated from H- and D-species; the authors do not say. } } @article{Drag1991, author = {G. Dragan}, title = {Topoenergetic evidence of cold fusion phenomena}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {361--364}, keywords = {Suggestion, res+}, submitted = {10/1990}, published = {11/1991}, annote = {Dragan has previously applied the title technique in the field of polymer thermodynamics, to clear up a puzzle, and applies it here to the calorimetry of a metal deuteride. The overall energy circuit is modelled by capacitive, inductive, dissipative components, potential and flow sources etc. Such an analysis, applied to the excess heat claims of the FPH and FPALH papers, points to structural disclination states in the deuteride and shear stresses on the deuterium diffusing in the intercrystalline spaces. This might make cold fusion possible, if the stresses are sufficiently large. The author also mentions biological transmutations arising from the same effect, citing a 1972 study. The paper ends with some suggestions for better experiments, e.g. attention to the cathode processing conditions and the crystal structure, a high-resolution calorimeter, the use of different electrolytes.} } @article{Eagl1991, author = {R.~D. Eagleton and R.~T. Bush}, title = {Calorimetric experiments supporting the transmission resonance model for cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {239--245}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {01/1991}, published = {09/1991}, annote = {In a previous paper, the authors' TRM was outlined and predicts a rather characteristic dependence of excess heat with current density and temperature. This paper reports an attempt to verify this, both for varying cd at constant T, and constant cd with varying T. A closed cell with total recombination was used, with a magnetic stirrer. The cell was of Teflon to avoid contamination from corrosion. There was a light water blank. Of the five non-blank cells, two produced excess heat. The fact that some cells do not behave is also explained by the TRM, which predicts chaos. The calorimeter was of the cooling coil type. The results can be roughly fitted to the predicted TRM theory, but the authors admit that the fit is not highly significant. The fit to the temperature dependence is somewhat better. More work is planned, using an improved set-up.} } @article{Enyo1991, author = {M. Enyo}, title = {Is the cold fusion reaction possible?}, journal = {Kagaku to Kogyo, Tokyo}, volume = {44}, year = {1991}, pages = {47}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {"A review, with 18 refs., on feasible cold fusion reactions, detection and measurement of neutrons, tritium and excess heat, theor. treatment of electrochem. models and their fundamental understanding". (Direct quote from CA 115:121407 (199)).} } @article{Fang1991, author = {P.~H. Fang}, title = {Deuterium fusion through nonequilibrium induction}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {369--370}, keywords = {Suggestion}, submitted = {06/1990}, published = {03/1991}, annote = {Fang notes that a number of authors have appeared to induce cold fusion by a nonequilibrium condition - current pulses, warming up, mechanical fracture and so on. Fang suggests another efficient method of forcing nonequilibrium, using ultrasonics applied to, e.g., Pd powder in heavy water etc. The ultrasound would increase the frequency of collision between metal and deuterium atoms. Many configurations are possible, and can be augmented by electric fields.} } @article{Farl1991, author = {F.~J.~M. Farley}, title = {Cold fusion}, journal = {New Scientist}, volume = {129}, number = {1756}, year = {1991}, pages = {3}, keywords = {Suggestion}, published = {02/1991}, annote = {Farley has an explanation for the fact (?) that the larger the Pd electrode in FPH's experiment, the bigger the excess heat. He assumes that the Pt anode was the same cylinder all the time, and that therefore the gap between the two electrodes is smaller, the larger the Pd cathode. He further says we all know that nascent hydrogen and nascent oxygen are generated by electrolysis, and that these generate heat when they combine with other. This effect is the greater, the smaller the gap. The heat, in other words, comes from recombination of evolved (nascent) gases.} } @article{Fedo1991a, author = {G.~V. Fedorovich}, title = {The Coulomb interaction in the E-cell}, journal = {Physica B}, volume = {172}, year = {1991}, pages = {491--498}, keywords = {Theory, suggestion, res+, no FPH/Jones refs}, submitted = {09/1990}, published = {07/1991}, annote = {The author suggests that neutron capture by light atoms such as (3)He, (6)Li, (7)Be or (10)B lead to E-cells, i.e. small regions in the lattice in which there is, briefly, a very high concentration of free electrons. This could happen in, e.g., LiH. If a pair of hydrogen atoms should find themselves in the centre of such an E-cell, there is a larger than normal probability of their fusing. No cold fusion references.} } @article{Fedo1991b, author = {G.~V. Fedorovich}, title = {Coulomb interaction in an E-cell}, journal = {Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys.}, note = {Orig. in: Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 61 (1991) 1}, volume = {36}, year = {1991}, pages = {847--850}, keywords = {Theory, fractofusion, res+}, submitted = {02/1990}, published = {08/1991}, annote = {If the width of the tunnelling barrier were reduced, the fusion tunnelling rate would increase. This takes place in an E-cell, a radiation defect created by a thermal neutron in a crystal cell of hydrides of certain light elements such as Li or B. So in, e.g., LiD, there might be appreciable d-d fusion, as suggested by the Soviet fractofusion results.} } @article{Flan1991, author = {T.~B. Flanagan and W. Luo and J.~D. Clewley}, title = {Calorimetric enthalpies of absorption and desorption of protium and deuterium by palladium}, journal = {J. Less Common Met.}, volume = {172-174}, year = {1991}, pages = {42--55}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, loading enthalpies, calorimetry, res-}, published = {08/1991}, annote = {This is only tangentially a cold fusion paper but was in part motivated by it. The team, long-time experts in metal hydrides, make accurate measurements of the enthalpy of palladium hydride and -deuteride formation and break-down, as well as the entropy at 298K and some other lower temperatures. The metal was a heap of foil pieces, and H2 or D2 gas was used for charging. H(f) for PdH was -19.1 kJ/molH and for PdD, -17.3 kJ/molD, with entropies of 46.3 J/K/molH and 46.7 J/K/molD, resp. There were some hysteresis effects but these could be compensated out. For the first time, enthalpies of formation in the beta phase were measured. At loadings around 0.7 (D/Pd), these begin to decline towards zero, reflecting the difficulty of hydriding beyond this degree. No anomalous heats were detected in any of the many measurements.} } @article{Gajd1991, author = {M. Gajda and J. Rafelski}, title = {Jovian limits on conventional fusion}, journal = {J. Phys. G}, volume = {17}, year = {1991}, pages = {653--661}, keywords = {Discussion, Jupiter}, submitted = {11/1990}, published = {05/1991}, annote = {Fusion rates are evaluated for the interior of Jupiter and compared to those assumed by conventional wisdom; might these explain Jovian excess heat? Also, terrestrial cold fusion experiments are looked at. The authors take as given that these latter have now been established to give a rate of $10^{-23}$ fusions/s/dd-pair. A central density of 4 g/cm$^3$ and a temperature of 1.4 eV are assumed for Jupiter, as well as a degenerate Fermi gas state for the electrons, and a d/p ratio of $10^{-5}$. Theory then yields fusion rates that are not sufficient to explain Jupiter's excess heat. Maybe other factors? Such as local high densities and/or higher temperatures, maybe 2.8 eV? G\&R now say that, given Jones+(89), and transferring this knowledge to Jupiter, the heat is still unexplained. But, if a similar enhancement for the dp fusion reaction is assumed, the heat is explained. Unfortunately, there are no reports of laboratory pd cold fusion, for which gamma emission should be seen. So Jones+(89) might help astronomers explain the Jupiter enigma.} } @article{Gaje1991, author = {R. Gajewski}, title = {Fuzja, nadzieja czy iluzja? (Nuclear fusion, hope or illusion?)}, journal = {Postepy Fiz.}, volume = {42}, year = {1991}, pages = {85--95}, note = {In Polish}, keywords = {Discussion}, annote = {Prof. Ryszard Gajewski, who works for the DOE in Waszyngton, USA, gave a talk to the Polish Academy of Science in 1989, on fusion. This is an account of the lecture. Most aspects of fusion, including hot, cold, muon catalysed and ion beams, are discussed. No references.} } @article{Gent1991, author = {H. Gentsch}, title = {DD-fusion reactions at a PdAg(D) target in a minireactor}, journal = {Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem.}, volume = {95}, year = {1991}, pages = {1283--1286}, note = {In German}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd-Ag alloy, ion beam, neutrons, gamma, tritium, res+}, submitted = {07/1991}, published = {10/1991}, annote = {An electrolysis cell, in which the cathode was a hollow cylinder of the PdAg alloy, is described. The electrolyte is 0.1M LiOD in D2O, and a small current of 0.1 A charges the thin-walled (0.3 mm) cyclinder. Within it is a near-vacuum, and a small D2 pressure after a time indicates that the alloy is deuterated. Down the middle of the cyclinder is an ion source, bombarding the alloy deuteride with ions up to 30 keV. Neutrons were measured by a Bonner sphere and a (6)LiI scintillator, gammas with NaI. The emissions were found to be larger than expected by theory, and more tritium accumulated in the electrolyte than expected. This means either that the ions penetrated more deeply into the alloy surface than thought possible, or that some unexpected fusion reactions were taking place in the alloy deuteride. The apparatus should lend itself to mass spectrometric detection of fusion products such as helium or tritium, and is quite simple.} } @article{Gior1991, author = {N. Giordano and A.~S. Arico and V. Antonucci}, title = {Thermal effects during the electrolytic charging of deuterium in the palladium lattice}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {105--107}, keywords = {Discussion, res0}, submitted = {09/1990}, published = {08/1991}, annote = {The absorption of deuterium into Pd may be an uneven process, producing small centres (clusters) of deuteride, and local overheating at length scales small with the electrons' mean free path. This will delay heat conduction, and large internal temperatures may be attained. This effect may explain some of the cold fusion observation and, although it could not account for a sustained excess heat as claimed by FPH, might enter into the process inducing cold fusion.} } @article{Golu1991a, author = {P.~I. Golubnichii and F.~F. Kayumov and G.~I. Merzon and O.~A. Petrii and V.~A. Tsarev and G.~A. Tsirlina}, title = {Proton emission in low-temperature nuclear fusion}, journal = {Sov. Phys. - Lebedev Inst. Rep.}, year = {1991}, number = {12}, pages = {6--9}, note = {Orig. in Sb. Kratk. Soobshch Fiz. AN SSSR 1991(12) 41 (in Russian)}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd film, protons, res-}, submitted = {12/1991}, annote = {Detection of protons is easier than that of neutrons, so this fusion branch is studied here, despite the small yield of protons, which are stopped within 30 micrometres in Pd. An electrolysis cell with 0.1M LiOD in heavy water and a control cell with LiOH in light water were arranged such that the Pd film cathode was the cell floor, beneath which was the detector, consisting of a proportional counter (PC) and broad-gap track spark chamber (SC). This had a 2\% efficiency and 4s dead time. In 8 series of measurements, lasting 1010 min and using a current density of 31 mA/cm$^2$, 141 events were recorded, one every 7 min on average. Of these 141, 2 could be said to be coming from the heavy water cell (the tracks point to their origin), the rest are cosmic rays. Even these 2 could be cosmic noise. A 940 min control run with no current produced again 1 ev per 7 min, 2 from the heavy and one from the light water cells. The results set the upper limit for cnf at $10^{-24}$ fus/pair/s.} } @article{Golu1991b, author = {P.~I. Golubnichii and V.~V. Kuz'minov and G.~I. Merzon and B.~V. Pritychenko and A.~D. Filonenko and V.~A. Tsarev and A.~A. Tsarik}, title = {Correlated neutron and acoustic emission from a deuterium-saturated palladium target}, journal = {JETP Lett.}, volume = {53}, year = {1991}, pages = {122--125}, keywords = {Experimental, fracto, Pd, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {12/1990}, published = {01/1991}, annote = {What the fractofusion school of thought has been waiting for; are the cracks sources of neutrons? Experiments were done under low background conditions, underground. The Pd was electrolytically saturated with deuterium. Neutrons were moderated in paraffin and detected with an array of 10 SNM-18 counters, with an overall efficiency of 10\%. Sound was measured with a ceramic piezoelectric device. Correlation measurements were carried out for 3.5 h. There were 42 correlated events (with a time shift, due largely to the finite propagation of the acoustic signal), while 6 are expected if they were random. So the results appear to support the fractofusion model.} } @article{Goro1991, author = {V.~G. Gorodetskii and B.~G. Polosukhin and E.~M. Sulimov and P.~I. Novikov and V.~P. Bychin}, title = {Emission of neutrons and gamma quanta from palladium upon its saturation with deuterium in the gas phase}, journal = {Fiz. Metal. Metalloved.}, year = {1991}, number = {7}, pages = {176--178}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, gas phase, Pd foil, neutrons, gamma, res+}, submitted = {06/1990}, annote = {Pd foil, 0.2 mm thickness, 28 g in all, rolled into a cyclinder (15 mm dia, 80 mm long) and wire of 2mm dia, 6 g, were placed into steel and quartz holders, respectively, and D2 admitted into the evacuated holders at 1-4 atm. Two groups of neutron detectors, each consisting of 15 type SI 19N counters, were placed "around" the holders; they had an optimal sensitivity at about 2 MeV. Blocks of scintillation NaI gamma detectors were also placed, max sens. at 662 keV. At room temp., the background neutron count was 0.17/s. The samples were now heated from room temp to 570 K while monitoring neutrons and gammas. The foil showed a maximum of 0.29 n/s and the wire a maximum of 0.4 n/s; these took place in the range 420-570 K, where both alpha- and beta-phases of the deuteride exist. The authors speculate that fluctuating phase transitions, as suggested by Petrillo+ (89), cause fusion.} } @article{Gran1991, author = {E. Granite and J. Jorne}, title = {A novel method for studying electrochemically induced cold fusion using a deuteron-conducting solid electrolyte}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {317}, year = {1991}, pages = {285--290}, keywords = {Experimental, solid state electrolysis, Pd, neutrons, res0}, submitted = {11/1990}, published = {11/1991}, annote = {Most previous cnf experiments have used either a wet cell with electrolysis or metals under pressurised dry deuterium, to load deuterium into a metal. These workers combine the two. They have a beta''-alumina sandwich on Pd film, in a dry D2 atmosphere, and apply a voltage between the Pd films. The alumina is an ionic conductor and D+ ions, generated at the anode, can reach the cathode, there to be reduced to D, which loads into the Pd film. Neutrons were measured by means of two NE 213 counters, with gamma discrimination. Over two days of electrolysis, no deviations from the background were seen, except for some bursts. The authors cannot with certainty attribute these to the cell but do say that a run with hydrogen produced no such bursts. The cell also has a small heat capacity and is thus more sensitive than aqueous systems to heat effects. Calorimetry showed no heat effects, however. Mass spectroscopy did not detect any helium, and tritium was not produced.} } @article{Hawk1991, author = {N. Hawkins}, title = {Possible natural cold fusion in the atmosphere}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {2112--2113}, keywords = {Discussion, suggestion}, submitted = {11/1990}, published = {07/1991}, annote = {Atmospheric disturbances, electron bonding (Cooper pairs), Abrikosov electron vortices (AEV), free floating fire balls and more are invoked here along with the proposition that such atmospheric phenomena may cause or help along cold fusion. For example, there seems to be some evidence that cold fusion cells "work" during electrical storms, due to the influx of AEV's between the cathode and anode. More work is needed, says H.} } @article{Hira1991, author = {T. Hirabayashi and Y. Yoshida and Y. Aradono}, title = {Verification of room temperature nuclear fusion. 2}, journal = {Genshiryoku Kogyo}, volume = {37}, number = {4}, year = {1991}, pages = {31--39}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {A review with 44 refs. is given on the verifications of room temperature nuclear fusion (RTNF) by the electrolysis method and by heavy hydrogen gas dry pressurization method, exptl. results of the verification of RTNF by new dry methods, and exptl. results disproving the RTNF. (Quoted from CA 115:58485 (1991)).} } @article{Horo1991, author = {C.~J. Horowitz}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion in dense metallic hydrogen}, journal = {Astrophys. J.}, volume = {367}, year = {1991}, pages = {288--295}, keywords = {Remark, astronomical connection}, submitted = {11/1989}, published = {01/1991}, annote = {H writes that the extreme conditions required to overcome the fusion barrier, although impossible to realise in the laboratory, might have astrophysical relevance; in particular, cold fusion might explain excess heat from Jupiter. Fractofusion is also mentioned, and the possibility that low level cold fusion takes place inside the Earth, producing tritium and (3)He, as suggested by some (I am not sure anyone has found T). Finally, a pp fusion rate in the Sun, greater than expected, might explain the solar neutrino puzzle. H calculates cnf rates in dense metallic hydrogen, possibly existing within Jupiter, at a density of 4-5 g/cm$^3$. At high densities, the electrons degenerate to a Fermi gas. Numerical integration of the Schroedinger equation yields expected fusion rates (i.e. pp and dp; dd is not likely, with the small d-content of H) that, under certain conditions, such as high density could account for Jupiter's heat; unfortunately, Jupiter is not large enough to provide such densities. But wait: maybe other enhancement factors can be found. One avenue is the fairly high temperature (1-5 eV), making the hydrogen liquid. This leads to higher rates at realistic densities, though still not enough. There are still unexplored factors such as fluctuations, collective effects and phase transitions. If only Jupiter were a brown dwarf. An Appendix shows how to do a numerical Runge-Kutta integration of the Schroedinger equation.} } @article{Hugg1991, author = {R.~A. Huggins}, title = {Fundamental considerations relating to the insertion of hydrogen isotopes into mixed conductors at high activities}, journal = {Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc.}, volume = {210}, year = {1991}, pages = {317--322}, keywords = {Discussion, catalysis}, annote = {A discussion of some issues involved in cold fusion, with attention to the behaviour of hydrogen (isotope) at and in a metal. Some old results in surface catalysis are quoted to (tacitly) support the electrolytic compression argument. There is mention of permeation studies and the light they might throw on conditions at the surface of hydrogen entry. The role of stresses and microstructural metal features in hydrogen transport is discussed, as is that of surfactants as promotors and inhibitors of hydrogen uptake. There is a very useful list of references (but none to cold fusion itself), and the article ends by pointing out the sporadic nature of the effects discussed, which fact correlates with the nature of cold fusion observations.} } @article{Ichi1991, author = {S. Ichimaru}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion in pressurized liquid metals}, journal = {J. Phys. Soc. Japan}, volume = {60}, year = {1991}, pages = {1437--1440}, keywords = {Theory, p-d, p-Li fusion, res+}, submitted = {02/1991}, published = {05/1991}, annote = {The author develops a theoretical model for the rate of p-d and p-Li fusion under widely different conditions: solar interior, the white-dwarf progenitor of a supernova, a metal hydride and pressurised liquid hydrogen. The Schroedinger equation, Coulomb repulsion, electron screening and careful Monte Carlo simulations lead to a table of fusion rates. For metal hydrides containing both deuterons and protons, the rates approach those of Jones et al, but might be reduced by some orders of magnitude. The highest rates are obtained for liquid DH and LiH under pressures of the order of 1E07 bar. This system is the author's main interest, and he concludes that it may be feasible to extract energy, e.g. around 10 kW/cm$^3$, from such systems.} } @article{Ikeg1991, author = {H. Ikegami}, title = {Present and future of cold fusion. Nuclear products from cold fusion}, journal = {Oyo Buturi}, volume = {60}, year = {1991}, pages = {212--219}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Review}, submitted = {01/1991}, published = {03/1991}, annote = {A review, in the context of fusion in general, of the cold fusion claims of neutrons and tritium. The control, i.e. the reproducibility of experiments is essential. The major results of the past few years are summarised, ranging over about 14 orders of magnitude in intensity from the neutron emissions of Menlove to excess heat of Pons and Fleischmann. There is an English-abstract section of this Japanese-language journal.} } @article{Ilic1991, author = {R. Ilic and J. Rant}, title = {The search for cold nuclear fusion with track-etch and bubble damage detectors}, journal = {Int. J. Radiat. Appl. Instrum. Part D: Nucl. Tracks Radiat. Meas}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {619--625}, keywords = {Experimental, passive detectors, neutrons, cps, res-}, annote = {These authors have previously suggested the use of passive radiation detection devices, and here discuss the two in the title. The advantages of these devices are (1) simultaneous detection of neutrons and cp's and the direct determination of the (controversial) branching ratio; (2) particle charge, energy and propagation direction can be determined; (3) in situ detection is possible because of the small size; (4) bursts can be detected, because there is no finite response time. There is a summary of results of experiments with such devices, including the authors'. None of these has so far supported cold fusion.} } @article{Jin1991a, author = {S. Jin and F. Zhang and D. Yao and Q. Wang and B. Wu and Y. Feng and M. Chen}, title = {Anomalous nuclear effects in palladium-deuterium systems during the gas discharge process}, note = {In Chinese; English abstr.}, journal = {Gaojishu Tongxun}, volume = {1}, number = {5}, year = {1991}, pages = {25--27}, keywords = {Experimental, discharge, gas phase, nuclear products, res+}, submitted = {04/1991}, annote = {"A burst of nuclear products far larger than background was reproducibly detected for the first time by using CR-39 solid state nuclear track detector during the experiments of Pd-D system stimulated by a high voltage discharge. No any anomalous effects were found in the control experiments of Pd-H and Cu-D systems under the same experimental conditions. This indicates that anomalous nuclear effects were definitely produced in the Pd-D system under certain conditions" (Direct cite of the abstract). This looks like a Wada and Nishioka reenactment, with similar results.} } @article{Jin1991b, author = {S.-X. Jin and Y.-B. Ding and B.-L. Wu and Y.-Z. Liu and D.-C. Yao}, title = {The possibilities of electrochemically induced nuclear fusion of deuterium}, journal = {Science in China A}, volume = {34}, year = {1991}, pages = {697--707}, keywords = {Discussion, theory, res0}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {06/1991}, annote = {Rather than what the title suggests, this paper looks for some possible explanations for cold fusion. First the paper calculates the charging time, based on current density (not diffusion). In section II, the lattice system is said to be a strongly coupled plasma, and the screening effect of the mobile electrons might allow closer d-d approach than otherwise. In section III, two possible mechanisms are suggested. One is the thermal motion of and collision between deuterons; this results in a large enhancement of fusion at normal temperatures, but still not enough to measure it. Only at temperatures higher than the Pd melting point might there be a sufficient effect. The other possibility is the fusion of D2 molecules formed in the lattice. Again, the enhancement due to screening is not enough, and loadings thousands of times that which can be achieved would be required. So some nonequilibrium process in the lattice may be responsible for the observations.} } @article{Jone1991, author = {S.~E. Jones}, title = {Nuclear reactions in deuterated solids versus excess heat claims}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {915--923}, keywords = {Discussion}, published = {12/1991}, annote = {Jones has collected a great number of cnf results and tabulated them, along a vertical scale for neutrons/cp's or watts, for one group of searches for nuclear emissions, and one of searches for excess heat. There is a ten-order difference between the two. Jones writes that excess heat must accompany a commensurate emission of nuclear products, if it is to be a product of a nuclear reaction, and it clearly is not. Claims for helium or tritium must also show secondary emissions; the one study claiming (4)He commensurate with excess heat does not show the necessary tritium or (3)He, and is therefore likely to be a result of contamination. Lattice absorption of high energies by some Moessbauer-like effect is not possible.} } @article{Jorn1991, author = {J. Jorne}, title = {Neutron and gamma-ray emission from palladium deuteride under supercritical conditions}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {371--374}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, gas phase, nonequilibrium, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {03/1990}, published = {03/1991}, annote = {Another try at forcing nonequilibrium; here, Pd under pressurised D2 gas is cycled between 75 and 295 degC, the critical point for PdDx, beyond which the alpha- and beta phases merge and large fluctuations in density might enhance the sought-after effect. Pd foil and sponge were kept for three days under up to 90 atm pressurised D2, at -80 degC, then slowly allowed to warm up, then heated up to 320 degC. Two NE-213 scintillation neutron counters were placed around the cell, with pulse-shape discriminators to reject gamma radiation. Neutron counting efficiency was about 1\%. Gamma radiation was taken from the same pulse-shape separation. No significant increase over background levels were observed during the warm-up to room temperature, nor upon going to 473K; the cell was then held under 36 atm pressure at room temperature for >2 months, then heated to 620K, well above the critical temp., and significant neutron emissions were recorded above about 550K, the two counters being very well correlated. A similar increase was seen in the gamma emission. Control runs, with empty cells or Pd + H2 gas, showed no emissions of this sort. Rough estimation of the fusion rate leads to about Jones+(89) levels, at $10^{-21}$ or so.} } @article{Juli1991, author = {P. Julin and L.~A. Bursill}, title = {Dendritic surface morphology of palladium hydride produced by electrolytic deposition}, journal = {J. Solid State Chem.}, volume = {93}, year = {1991}, pages = {403--417}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd foil, light water, res-}, submitted = {12/1990}, annote = {The authors used a number of small Pd foil disks, electrolytically worn down to the point where a pin hole appeared in the centre, and used very high resolution transmission electron microscopy to look at the foil before and after electrolysis. The electrolyte was one common in electropolishing but unusual in cold fusion experiments: 5\% ethanol and 50(mol)\% sulphuric acid, the rest presumably being H2O, for the cathodic polarisation to "compress hydrogen galvanistically" into the Pd. An interesting result is that there is extensive dendrite formation, i.e. dendrites of the Pd hydride. Prolonged electrolysis changes the dendrites into blunter forms. These dendrites will increase the surface area of the electrode enormously, and thereby the double layer capacitance. The authors suggest that the FPH effects may originate from this capacitance.} } @article{Karab1991, author = {A.~B. Karabut and Ya.~R. Kucherov and I.~B. Savvatimova}, title = {The investigation of deuterium nuclei fusion at glow discharge cathode}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {924--928}, keywords = {Experimental, glow discharge, excess heat, neutrons, gamma, res+}, annote = {The authors had at the time already published some results from their glow discharge experiments with Pd cathodes in D2 gas, and here follow up with further results. They monitored for neutrons, gammas and heat, and found all. Rough neutron spectra fitted with some of the d-d fusion reaction energies but the gamma results did not. Radiation fluxes were 7 orders of magnitude above the background, and some persisted for 30 min after the discharge was switched off.} } @article{Karam1991, author = {N.~A. Karamdoust and A. Majeed and S.~A. Durrani}, title = {Cold fusion: Radon contribution to neutron production ?}, journal = {Int. J. Radiat. Appl. Instrum. Part D: Nucl. Tracks Radiat. Meas.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {627--628}, keywords = {Experimental, suggestion, neutrons, res+}, annote = {Several authors have suggested that neutron emissions from PdD may originate from impurities inherent in the Pd used, such as U, Th or radon, Rn. This team investigated this possibility by experiment. A high-purity Pd foil, as used in the same laboratory in a cold fusion experiment (where some neutrons were found) was sandwiched between CR-39 detector foil for one week. The activity recorded was 3 orders of magnitude below that of the possible cold fusion emission level. In another experiment, Pd foil was allowed to absorb Rn for 9 hours and was then left for 2 hours between CR-39 detector foils. Again, the activity recorded was far below that claimed for cold fusion experiments. Thus U/Th/Rn impurities cannot explain cold fusion results.} } @article{Kaza1991, author = {V.~E. Kazarinov and I.~I. Astakhov and G.~L. Teplitskaya and I.~G. Kiseleva and A.~D. Davydov and N.~V. Nekrasova and D.~Yu. Kudryavtsev and T.~B. Zhukova}, title = {Cathodic behaviour of palladium in electrolytic solutions containing alkali metal ions}, journal = {Sov. Electrochem.}, volume = {27}, year = {1991}, pages = {6--10}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, lithium deposition, artifacts, res-}, submitted = {01/1990}, published = {01/1991}, annote = {Li, and to a lesser extent K, intrude into a Pd lattice upon cathodic polarisation in aprotic as well as aqueous electrolytes. In aprotic media, the result is the formation of intermetallic Li with the Pd, able to react with water, and a solid solution in the bulk of the Pd. In aqueous media, after 74h of electrolysis, a 0.5mm-thick layer of a solid solution was formed, with a mean overall concentration of 5 at\%, but the electrode gradually dissolves during electrolysis. It is concluded that in electrolytic cold fusion experiments, one is dealing not with deuterated palladium, but rather a solid solution system D-Li-Pd and must reckon with heat effects due to the decomposition of these aqueous intrusion products.} } @article{Kees1991, author = {R.~G. Keesing and R.~C. Greenhow and M.~D. Cohler and A.~J. McQuillan}, title = {Thermal, thermoelectric, and cathode poisoning effects in cold fusion experiments}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {375--379}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, excess heat, nuclear, res-}, submitted = {08/1990}, published = {03/1991}, annote = {This team ran FPH-type experiments 24h/day for 10 weeks and observed no excess heat or signs of nuclear emission. However, they gained some understanding of the reaction, thermal effects and heat pumping due to the Peltier effect, as well as the effects of cathode poisoning. Their calorimetric measurements produced negligible excess heat, temperature being monitored at five different points in the cell. During an early run, the cell temperature was lower than expected; heat was being absorbed. The authors believe that this might be due to a Peltier effect at the Pd/Pt junction, and then realised that such an effect might in fact be the cause for excess heat apparently observed by others. The Peltier effect is normally small, but if the Pt is deuterided (near the surface) it becomes as a semiconductor, which would increase the effect. Tests for this were not successful, however. Experiments with poisoning (using cyanide) show that this raises the overpotential; this might lead workers to see excess heat where there is in fact increased ohmic heating. The authors speculate that absorption of CO2 might, by reduction, lead to CO poisoning, with similar effects. The paper concludes that one must be careful to account for exothermicity, any possible Peltier effect and poisoning. No comments about radiation could be made, since nothing was detected.} } @article{Kenn1991, author = {J.~P. Kenny}, title = {Electropionics and fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {547.}, keywords = {Discussion, theory, res+}, submitted = {06/1990}, published = {05/1991}, annote = {Kenny states that pions (pi mesons) undoubtedly must be involved in the cold fusion interaction, having an interaction range about 7 times that of the 7 times heavier protons or neutrons. A model of anomalous nuclear resonances is developed, involving pions. Deuterium fuses into an excited resonant species with a half life of the order of days, and this might explain some of the anomalies seen in cnf. Decay products might be pions, kaons (decaying to leptons), deuterons and dibaryons, or even phonons as suggested by Schwinger. Baryon nonconservation and quarks are invoked as well. Cold fusion demands a new physics and this may be it.} } @article{Kiku1991, author = {E. Kikuchi and K. Nomura and N. Nogawa and H. Saito and K. Itoh and H. Niikura and M. Murabayashi}, title = {Effect of charging current density on release characteristics of tritium from palladium}, journal = {Denki Kagaku Oyobi Kogyo Butsuri Kagaku}, volume = {59}, year = {1991}, pages = {880--884}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Experimental, tritium loading, res0}, submitted = {05/1991}, annote = {"Tritium was charged electrochemically into annealed Pd at various current densities, and the release rates of tritium were measured as a function of time by liquid scintillation counter. Microstructures of Pd were also observed by a transmission electron microscope before and after annealing. The release rates decreased by annealing and with increased in the charging current density". (Direct quote of the English abstract). I glean further, that annealing took place at a pressure of about 1E-04 Torr and 1300-1500K for 1-1.5 hours. There is a figure showing the tritium release rate after charging at 0.1 mA/cm$^2$, as a function of time; this roughly follows the expected $1/\sqrt{t}$ shape, and about one order of magnitude decrease within 1 hour. The tritium surface concentration decreases only slightly in that time. Higher current densities show similar behaviour, but at different absolute discharge rates. Some smallish different discharge curves are seen for annealed, and non-annealed Pd samples.} } @article{Kim1991a, author = {Y.~E. Kim}, title = {Surface reaction mechanism for deuterium-deuterium fusion with a gas/solid-state fusion device}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {558--566}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {07/1990}, published = {05/1991}, annote = {Kim's previously proposed theory of a surface fusion mechanism is applied here to the results of Claytor et al (preprint) said to demonstrate reproducible tritium production from a gas/solid-state (G/S) device. The theory also explains others' irreproducibility. The theory suggests that at D2 bubbles at the cathode surface under electrolysis, or in pockets at the solid state device, electric fields will accelerate deuterons to speeds sufficient to cause fusion upon impact with others. Gas bubbles can cause high electric gradients, up to $10^9$ V/m, etc., and Kim also suggests that breaking of electrolytic contact can lead to "huge" spark discharge currents. This is followed by a mathematical development, leading to cold fusion rates similar to those claimed by some. The theory leads to suggestions for optimisation of the yield: an oxide coating, a pulsed voltage, surface asperities, control of the size and number of the bubbles or pockets and a magnetic field to divert electrons, which might interfere.} } @article{Kim1991b, author = {Y.~E. Kim and R.~A. Rice and G.~S. Chulik}, title = {The role of the low-energy proton-deuteron fusion cross section in physical processes}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {174--177}, keywords = {Theory, p-d fusion, geological and CIF connection}, submitted = {02/1990}, published = {01/1991}, annote = {Drawing on Kim's idea of insulating bubbles causing high voltage discharges at the cathode (which the authors discuss, dismissing the problems with this), the paper examines the p-d fusion reaction theoretically. Using the Maxwell- Boltzmann velocity distribution and some uncertain extrapolation, the result is that at low energies, p-d fusion would dominate. This has implications not only for cold fusion, but also for geophysics (geological heating) and may even solve the solar neutrino problem. It impinges also on cluster impact fusion.} } @article{Kim1991c, author = {Y.~E. Kim and R.~A. Rice and G.~S. Chulik}, title = {The effect of coulomb screening and velocity distribution on fusion cross-sections and rates in physical processes}, journal = {Modern Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {6}, year = {1991}, pages = {929--938}, keywords = {Theory, screening, res+}, submitted = {01/1991}, published = {10/1991}, annote = {The two title effects are examined to see whether they might explain cold fusion observations. Results indicate significant enhancement of fusion rates at energies below 50 eV, which might explain the observations, as well as indicate that pd fusion might be an important astronomical energy source.} } @article{Kim1991d, author = {Y.~E. Kim}, title = {Time-delayed apparent excess heat generation in electrolysis fusion experiments}, journal = {Mod. Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {6}, year = {1991}, pages = {1053--1060}, keywords = {Theory, suggestion, res+}, submitted = {11/1990}, annote = {The 12 orders of magnitude discrepancy between the neutron flux and observed excess heat in cold fusion electrolysis is explained here in terms of a time-delayed chemical effect; namely repeated cycles of deuterium absorption and desorption. This cycle shows hysteresis, from which Kim concludes that excess heat can apparently appear in the form of bursts, during the absorption stage. This raises the Pd internal temperature, initiating the (cooling) desorption phase. Kim makes some calculations based on the experiments of Scott et al (1990) and concludes that this model can account for the observed (about) 10\% excess heat. Kim reiterates his high-field-gradient model of surface fusion, along with his gas bubble arguments in the present connection. The model also suggests that the Pd internal temperature should be measured as a test.} } @incollection{Kim1991e, author = {Y.~E. Kim}, title = {Fission-induced inertial confinement hot fusion and cold fusion with electrolysis}, booktitle = {Laser Interaction and Related Plasma Phenomena}, editor = {Hora, Miley}, publisher = {Plenum Press}, volume = {9}, year = {1991}, pages = {583--591}, keywords = {Theory, surface reaction, res+}, annote = {In a volume otherwise devoted to inertial confinement fusion, Kim presents his surface reaction mechanism for cold fusion by electrolysis. Support for low-energy anomalous branching ratios comes from cluster impact fusion, also showing such anomalies. Whisker formation at the electrode surface is invoked, leading to high voltages across small D2 gas bubbles generated by electrolysis; these then aid fusion as in the Bockris dendrite theory. The neutrons released from this fusion might then initiate a fission/fusion chain: n+(6)Li --> (4)He+T; T+D --> (4)He+n (14.07 MeV); the last-emitted neutron will restart the cycle. Observations are so far not consistent with this, however. The paper continues with conventional fusion, suggesting an alternative to the magnetic or inertial confinement approaches used at present.} } @article{Kimu1991, author = {T. Kimura}, title = {Current problems and future of room temperature nuclear fusion}, journal = {Genshiryoku Kogyo}, volume = {37}, number = {4}, year = {1991}, pages = {49--57}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {A review with 26 refs. is given on the measurement of n, effect of cosmic radiation, effect of environmental radioactivity, and problems in measurement of very low level n in room temp. nuclear fusion (Quoted from CA 115:58487 (1991)).} } @article{Klot1991, author = {I.~M. Klotz and J.~J. Katz}, title = {Two extraordinary electrical experiments}, journal = {Amer. Scholar}, volume = {60}, year = {1991}, pages = {247--249}, keywords = {Soc/sci discussion}, annote = {A sci-soc/phil paper. K\&K juxtapose the 1836 Crosse with the 1989 F\&P affair. Crosse performed a long term electrolysis and observed the formation of small insects in the cell. K\&K note several parallels, such as announcement by press, simplicity of the experiments, eminence of the workers, confirmation by others, refutation by others, lack of controls. K\&K conclude: People yearn to believe.} } @article{Koch1991, author = {D.~I. Kochubey and V.~P. Babenko and M.~N. Vargaftik and I.~I. Moiseev}, title = {Enrichment of deuterium with tritium in the presence of a palladium-561 giant cluster}, journal = {J. Molec. Catal.}, volume = {66}, year = {1991}, pages = {99--104}, keywords = {Experimental, chemical, complex, tritium, res+}, submitted = {06/1990}, annote = {Pd561Phen60(OAc)180, i.e. the complex formed of (ideally) 561 Pd atoms, 60 molecules of 1,10-phenanthroline and 180 acetic ester groups, with the Pd atoms forming a central densely packed structure. This is a catalyst for some chemical reactions, and also can absorb hydrogen up to a 1:1 H/Pd ratio. The authors decided to use this instead of Pd metal, in a cold fusion experiment. They expect this dense Pd cluster not to be subject to cracking. The complex was exposed to D2 gas at atmospheric pressure for 1-11 days, after which the D2 was purged with Ar, passed over a Pt/Al2O3 catalyst with oxygen, and the resulting D2O analysed for tritium. Results show tritium levels at twice and five times the background after resp. 5 and 11 days exposure. Careful checks exclude artifactual tritium sources. Using H2 gas gave exactly the same as the background; using H2 with cluster previously exposed to D2 (but purged) gave some tritium, indicating incomplete purging; D2 used after exposure to H2 gave less tritium than when it was used with fresh complex.} } @article{Kone1991, author = {N.~V. Konenkov and S.~S. Silakov and G.~A. Mogil'chenko}, title = {Quadrupole mass-spectrometric analysis of hydrogen isotopes during deuterium implantation in titanium}, journal = {Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett.}, note = {Orig. in: Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 17(1) (1991) 21, in Russian}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, year = {1991}, pages = {8--9}, keywords = {Experimental, mass spec, Ti, helium, tritium, discharge, res-}, submitted = {10/1990}, published = {01/1991}, annote = {The unequivocal establishment of the presence of 3He and T, as products of the nuclear reaction of D during implantation of the ions into Ti, by the mass-spectrometric method requires a min. resolving power m/delta-m of 510 for the sepn. of ions (3He + T)+ and HD+ and 590 for sepg. the doublet T2+, D3+. A quadrupole mass spectrometer with high resoln. was used by the authors to analyze the compn. of plasma ions of a Ti magnetodischarge pump. The use of this more ideal mass spectrometer did not, however, confirm the hypothesis of cold D-D fusion in solids.} } @article{Kras1991, author = {Yu.~I. Krasnoshchekov and L.~V. Larionov and V.~A. Makovei and E.~Yu. Muryshev and G.~I. Syrenkov}, title = {Possibility of nuclear reaction during phase transitions}, journal = {Sov. Phys. Dokl.}, volume = {36}, year = {1991}, pages = {705--706}, note = {Orig. in: Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR 320 (1991) 1358, in Russian}, keywords = {Discussion, suggestion}, submitted = {05/1991}, published = {10/1991}, annote = {Phase transitions in metal hydrides are considered here. In Fe at high temperature, for example, a gamma-alpha PhT is known in which pressures of hydrogen, thousands of times the equilibrium state are observed. Also, the release of hydrogen from the metal upon PhT is impulsive. As the phase boundary moves through titanium deuteride, reorganisation of the crystal structure and thus displacement of deuterium should occur. This, and the possibility of charge separation upon cleavage, might be a clue to the understanding of cold fusion.} } @article{Kueh1991a, author = {R.~W. K{\"u}hne}, title = {Possible explanations for failures to detect cold fusion}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {159}, year = {1991}, pages = {208--212}, keywords = {Discussion, res0}, submitted = {05/1991}, published = {10/1991}, annote = {K{\"u}hne first gives a summary of some of the explanations for th Jones+89 effect, i.e. statistical (pro and con), cosmic influx variations, solar flares and muon catalysis; all these are now rejected, he says. He then states that what he calls MHF (micro hot fusion or fractofusion) is the likely candidate. This would take place in cracks formed by bubbles at dislocations, and those investigators who did not have the right conditions for this to occur, observe nothing. E.g., the optimum temperature range is -100..0 degC, and most people work outside this. Ion implanation would not lead to bubbles and in any case, any neutrons from MHF would be overwhelmed from self target effects. Neutrons must be measured at very low background, not easy. Lastly, the burst frequency is rather low and one must wait a sufficient time. These four factors conspire to prevent the detection of MHF. The paper gives 108 references, most of which are "real" (as opposed to preprints or conferences).} } @article{Kueh1991b, author = {R.~W. K{\"u}hne}, title = {Cold fusion: pros and cons}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {155}, year = {1991}, pages = {467--472}, keywords = {Review}, submitted = {06/1990}, published = {05/1991}, annote = {A sort of review of the cold fusion scene, stating some of the arguments for and against, as marshalled by the various authors. K himself refrains from suggestions, beyond the odd calculation or small comment. 99 refs.} } @article{Kumag1991, author = {H. Kumagai and S. Nakabayashi and S. Yamagata and S. Isomura and T. Ichihara and K. Yoshida and T. Suzuki and K. Takahashi and A. Kira and I. Tanahata}, title = {Attempts in detection of neutrons on so-called cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {J. Phys. Soc. Japan}, volume = {60}, year = {1991}, pages = {2594--2601}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, Ti, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {02/1991}, published = {08/1991}, annote = {The authors note that there is a substantial discrepancy between the results of Fleischmann and "Ponse" and of Jones et al; they even question whether these teams observed the same phenomenon. In any case, if fusion takes place, they write, neutrons must be emitted. Low background and a stable detection are essential for measuring neutrons. All radiation events were here accumulated one by one, enabling later off-line analysis. Two identical detectors were used, and some anomalous artifacts were rejected. The counters were of the NE-213 scintillation type and Pb blocks shielded them from gammas. Paraffin reduced cosmic fast neutron influx. The background ended up as 0.025 cps neutrons and 25 cps gammas for each detector. Two separate methods for neutron/gamma discrimination were used. In one experiment, a Pd rod, degassed at $10^{-6}$ Torr at 600 degC and cooled in D2 gas was used as cathode in an electrolysis at 100-200 mA/cm$^2$ in 0.1M LiOD. A Pd/Ti rod, and a Pd pipe were also used. Pulsed operation was tried. In another experiment, Pd/Ti alloy and a Ti alloy containing 6\% V, 6\% Al and 2\% Sn, were exposed to D2 gas at 50 atm, cooled to 77K and heat cycled. In no case were any significant neutron emissions detected. Significantly, however, one of the detectors (but not the other) did show increased counts, and the spectrum could have been interpreted as having a peak at 2.5 MeV. The authors warn that multiple detectors are essential.} } @article{Kumar1991, author = {K. Kumar and I.~S. Hwang and R.~G. Ballinger and C.~R. Dauwalter and A. Stecyk}, title = {Analyses of palladium cathodes used for heavy water electrolysis}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {178--187}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, structure, res-}, submitted = {07/1990}, published = {01/1991}, annote = {Since the various cold fusion experiments' results have depended on the particular palladium used, it is important to characterise it. This paper reports a post-mortem examination of some cathodes after long electrolysis, including one that showed positive results. The 4mm*10cm rods were vacuum annealed for 196 h at 800 degC. They were examined later for D/Pd ratio, microstructure, X-ray structure and chemistry. The loading was found to be about 0.7. EDAX showed that the Johnson \& Mathey supplied rods, supposed to be cast, were in fact cold worked and heat treated. There were differences in the grain structure between the top and bottom of the rods; at the top, there was some Pd mixed with PdD0.7. This may be due to uneven current distribution. No dendritic structures were seen on the surface. There was surface degradation. The charging time was measured from evolved gas volumes, and had a time constant of about 5 h (my estimate), being complete at 14-16 h. SIMS showed traces of species with masses 3 and 4 but at very low level, and these findings were not repeated.} } @article{Laws1991, author = {D.~R. Lawson and M.~J. Tierney and I.~F. Cheng and L. S. {van Dyke} and M.~W. Espenscheid and C.~R. Martin}, title = {Use of a coulometric assay technique to study the variables affecting deuterium loading levels within palladium electrodes}, journal = {Electrochim. Acta}, volume = {36}, year = {1991}, pages = {1515--1522}, keywords = {Experimental, loading measurement}, submitted = {07/1990}, published = {08/1991}, annote = {The problem of the determination of deuterium loading is looked at here. One way is to reverse the electrolytic current, and to measure the total charge needed to drive out the deuterium again. This is carefully compared with the rough-and-ready method of wiping and weighing. Some interesting results are obtained. At no current densities did the loading (D/Pd) exceed 0.73 or so; for light water, H/Pd was 0.8; the wipe \& weigh method gives much the same result; gas bubbles, or gas dissolved in the electrolyte do not significantly interfere with the measurements. Two electrochemical poisons were also tried, since some workers believe that these might force a higher D/Pd ratio. Neither thiourea nor As2O3 succeeded in this.} } @article{Lee1991, author = {K.~P. Lee and S.~W. Kim and K.~U. Choi and S.~T. Hwang}, title = {Cold Fusion}, journal = {Anal. Sci. Technol.}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, year = {1991}, pages = {103--107}, note = {In Korean}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {"Review of room temp. nuclear fusion phenomena controversy started by Fleishmann [sic] and Pons with 8 refs." (Direct quote from CA 117:259455 (1992)). The article shows a stylised figure of an electrochemical cnf cell, gives some general fusion background, describes a spectrum of cnf experiments, the problem of Coulomb barrier to fusion, tunnelling and screening.} } @article{Lewe1991a, author = {B.~V. Lewenstein and W. Baur}, title = {A cold fusion chronology}, journal = {J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.}, volume = {152}, year = {1991}, pages = {273--298}, keywords = {Sci-soc, chronology}, submitted = {01/1991}, annote = {Science historian-philosophers Lewenstein and Baur have compiled a useful chronology of key events in the cold fusion saga, starting with Paneth and Peters in 1926, the 1927 patent application of John Tandberg, some early speculation on fusion in hydrides; the idea, and its verification, of muon catalysed cold fusion, the early Jones work, and (now getting denser in time) the recent events that gave a new special meaning to the term "cold fusion". There are 163 references, many of them from the press. This paper is an invaluable aid to anyone studying this science-sociological phenomenon.} } @article{Lewe1991b, author = {B.~V. Lewenstein}, title = {Preserving data about the knowledge creation process. Developing an archive on the cold fusion controversy}, journal = {Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilization}, volume = {13}, year = {1991}, pages = {79--86}, keywords = {Sci-soc}, published = {09/1991}, annote = {A sci-soc paper, using cold fusion as a case. The Cornell Cold Fusion Archive (CCFA) is described, as well as some of the problems of setting it up. The archive comprises published papers, mass media reports, electronic messages, some manuscript material (letters, notebooks, seminar notes etc), even some experimental apparatus and joke items, and taped interviews. L argues that, even if CNF is shown to be false, the process of showing that itself will be of great interest, and this archive will help.} } @article{Lewis1991, author = {D. Lewis}, title = {Some regularities and coincidences in thermal, electrochemical and radiation phenomena observed in experiments at Studsvik on the Fleischmann-Pons effect}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {316}, year = {1991}, pages = {353--360}, keywords = {Discussion, autopolemic, res+}, submitted = {07/1991}, published = {10/1991}, annote = {A previous paper by Lewis and Skoeld reported finding some excess heat. In that paper, it was noted that the start of temperature excursions occurred after topping up with fresh D2O, and other workers have also noted this. The old L\&S data is analysed here and it is seen that out of 11 runs showing excess heat, 9 showed this effect, with a delay time < 15 min (this being the sampling time). Simultaneously, there was a rise in cell voltage, probably due to the change in electrolyte conductance. At the time, no neutron emission flares were found associated with these events. However, now the data has been compared with solar flare data and one such flare correlated with the extinction of a thermal event in the cell. To test this unlikely connection, Lewis placed a (252)Cf neutron source near the cell, and observed the extinction of another thermal event; in a third case, a thermal event was accompanied by some neutron emission, i.e. the opposite effect. The first effect might be consistent with resonance theories, and the second effect with theories involving the (4)He branch. Cold fusion seems to be indicated by the level of the thermal events.} } @article{Liaw1991, author = {B.~Y. Liaw and P.~L. Tao and P. Turner and B.~E. Liebert}, title = {Elevated-temperature excess heat production in a Pd + D system}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {319}, year = {1991}, pages = {161--175}, keywords = {Experimental, salt melt electrolysis, Pd, heat, helium, res0}, submitted = {03/1991}, published = {12/1991}, annote = {This team used a new approach to a cold fusion electrolysis, employing a molten salt electrolyte instead of the usual 0.1M LiOD heavy water one. They perform the electrolysis at a Pd anode [sic] in a LiCl and KCl eutectic mixture at above 350 degC; the eutectic was saturated with LiD, providing D- ions in the melt. This strong reductant removes oxide from the metal and is also the source of deuterium, upon oxidation at the Pd anode. The cathode was Al, and Li is deposited there. No gases are generated, a decided advantage from many angles, not least the calorimetry. An isoperibolic calorimeter was used, with resistance heating for calibration. After the prolonged electrolysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine surface changes on the Pd. The graph of power in vs. temperature shows a consistent slope during calibration and a much steeper slope for electrolysis; excess heats are calculated (in an unusual way) as high as 1500\% or over 7 MJ/mol D2, strongly indicating a super-chemical process. There was no correction for the thermoneutral power, so these figures may be low. Some metals, notably Fe and Zn were found on the surface afterwards. Some preliminary experiments using LiH (a possible control) have been carried out without excess heat being found, and will be reported elsewhere.} } @article{Linf1991, author = {R.~K. Linford}, title = {What do we know? What do we think?}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {10}, year = {1991}, pages = {121--122}, keywords = {Panel Discussion}, published = {03/1991}, annote = {The author took part in a panel discussion on cold fusion, later published in this journal. He refers to a conference at Santa Fe on cold fusion and summarises the reported results there, pointing out the discrepancies between reported excess heat and the equivalent numbers of watts from the observed fusion products. Tritium was reported from cells where calorimetry was not done, and other problems existed. More coordination between workers is needed. In Rees1990} } @article{Lips1991a, author = {A.~G. Lipson and B.~F. Lyakhov and B.~V. Deryagin and V.~N. Kudryavtsev and Yu.~P. Toporov and V.~A. Klyuev and M.~A. Kolobov and D.~M. Sakov}, title = {Reproducible neutron emission by the combined effect of cavitation and electrolysis at the surface of a titanium cathode in electrolyte based on heavy water}, journal = {Pis'ma Zh. Teor. Fiz.}, note = {In Russian}, volume = {17}, number = {21}, year = {1991}, pages = {33--37}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, electrolysis, fracto-, vibrator, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {10/1991}, published = {11/1991}, annote = {The Ti cathode was vibrated strongly at a frequency of 15 kHz and amplitude of 15 micrometres; cathodes and anodes were separated by a glass frit membrane. Both alkaline (1M NAOD) and acid (0.2M D2SO4) electrolytes were tried, as well as the use of Ti powder in suspension. Electrolysis currents were in the range 1-100 mA/cm$^2$. A neutron detector as described previously, was used. Many cycles of electrolysis-vibration-electrolysis, were alternated. In alkaline solution, neutrons were observed at about 20-25 times the background during cavitation (vibration), and a post-effect of 30 times background during electrolysis subsequent to vibration. In acid solution, during vibration: 25 times with a post-effect of 5 times background. With the Ti dispersion present, resp. 30 and 15 times the background (alkaline) and 25 and 5 (acid).} } @article{Lips1991b, author = {A.~G. Lipson and V.~A. Kuznetsov and B.~V. Deryagin}, title = {Scenarios of 'cold nuclear fusion' by concentration of elastic energy in crystals}, journal = {Dokl. Akad. Nauk. Fiz. Khim.}, volume = {318}, number = {3}, year = {1991}, pages = {636--639}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Theory, fracto-, res+}, submitted = {01/1991}, annote = {Another in the fractofusion series. Here the authors draw upon earlier work on mechanical crushing of crystals, where the L-factor was conceived, i.e. the compressional resistance of the material. This leads to the idea of nonuniform absorption of elastic energy in isolated crystal microregions, called supercondensates. Application of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle and some mathematics leads to a life time of such (virtual) supercondensates of about $10^{-22}$ s, and further development makes fractofusion feasible by this mechanism. It might be helpful to apply lasers to metal deuterides for extra compression and possibly the production of quarks, perhaps observed by Shaw et al for cryo-shocked Nb spherules.} } @article{Lips1991c, author = {A.~G. Lipson and D.~M. Sakov and Yu.~P. Toporov and V.~V. Gromov and B.~V. Deryagin}, title = {The possibility of 'cold nuclear fusion' in deuterated ceramic YBa2Cu3O(7-x) in the superconducting state}, journal = {Sov. Dokl.}, note = {Orig. in: Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 321(5) (1991) 958, in Russian}, volume = {36}, year = {1991}, pages = {849--851}, keywords = {Experimental, HTSC ceramics, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {10/1991}, annote = {Solid state mechanisms proposed for cold fusion might be illuminated by an experiment using the recently discovered high temperature superconducting (HTSC) ceramic materials such as the title material, for 0.1 <= x <= 0.4. For x = 0.1, the transition temp is 91K, comfortably above 77K, the boiling point of liquid nitrogen. The material was made up into small disks, 6.5 mm dia and 1 mm thickness, and placed variously into D2O or H2O, as such, and also containing 1M NaOD or NaOH, resp. The disks were verified to be without defects and to have the proper transition temp. Pure Cu disks were also used as controls. After a 10-min exposure to the solution, the samples were frozen to 77K and neutron emissions measured by a block of 7 boron neutron detectors of nominal efficiency 1.5\%; subsequently they were warmed up again. A 2-week period established the neutron background, which consisted mainly of single neutron events and a total of only 10 double events, none higher. The superconducting disks, and only these, emitted neutrons at 5 sigma above the background, if frozen below 91K. There were 3-, 4- and even 5-neutron events. At higher temperatures, emissions were as for the background; all controls were like this. The authors speculate on crack formation due to deuteriding, causing oxygen vacancies near the disk surface and the formation of polarons or excitons and the penetration of the Coulomb barrier. An alternative is the qcharge separation in fresh cracks, i.e. fractofusion.} } @article{Loba1991, author = {V.~V. Lobanov and A.~S. Zetkin and G.~E. Kagan and V.~E. Demin and I.~I. Mil'man and A.~I. Syurdo}, title = {Studies of neutron emission from TiFe alloy loaded with deuterium at room temperature}, journal = {Soc. Tekh. Phys. Lett.}, note = {Orig. in: Pis'ma Zh. Teor. Fiz. 17(23) (1991) 22, in Russian}, volume = {17}, year = {1991}, pages = {832--833}, keywords = {Experimental, alloy, Ti, Fe, gas phase, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {06/1991}, published = {12/1991}, annote = {The alloy (46.14 at\% Fe) was loaded preliminarily by exposure to D2 gas to a mass\% of 0.41 D2 (I make that a loading of close to 0.1 D/metal). The temperature was cycled up to 882 degC under 600 Torr of D2; at 600 degC, the alloy went into the alpha phase, and between 600-882, into the mixed alpha- and beta phase. Many cycles of charging and vacuum degassing were carried out. After thermocycling, the sample was cooled in a D2 atmosphere to room temp. and kept for some hours. Neutrons were measured by a scintillation radiometric dosimeter, type MKS-01R, the detector block was of 155 mm diameter and could detect integrated neutrons in the energy range $10^{-3}$ to 14 MeV. Differentiation produced instantaneous neutron fluxes, and were seen to be 125 and 760 times the known background for two runs respectively, arriving in bursts. This shows that neutron bursts are given off by TiFe alloy treated in this way.} } @article{Lowt1991, author = {J.~E. Lowther}, title = {Hot spots in palladium hydride and cold fusion}, journal = {Suid-Afrik. Tydskr. Wetenskap}, volume = {87}, year = {1991}, pages = {17--18}, keywords = { Discussion, suggestion, phase transitions}, published = {01/1991}, annote = {L says that cold fusion has been discredited as a nuclear effect but that the anomalous excess heat is real and significant. In this article, the author reflects on Pd hydride and suggests a possible explanation. This is the segregation of two different phases PdHp and PdHq which form an unstable mixture at their interfaces and thus, perhaps, local hot spots. These may be the origin of the anomalous heat.} } @article{Marti1991, author = {S.~E. Martin}, title = {Using expert sources in breaking science stories: A comparison of magazine types}, journal = {Journalism Quarterly}, volume = {68}, year = {1991}, pages = {179--187}, keywords = {Sci-soc discussion}, annote = {Martin askes the question whether there is a significant difference between scientific journals and the popular press (in which she includes Scientific American) in the number of experts cited in the material. There is not, for the case of 'cold fusion'. There was more variability in the number of expert sources drawn upon by business journals than in all others.} } @article{Marty1991, author = {M.~I. Martynov and A.~I. Mel'dianov and A.~M. Chepovskii}, title = {Experiments on the detection of nuclear reaction products in deuterated metals}, journal = {Vopr. Atom. Nauki i Tekh., Ser. Termoyader. Sintez}, year = {1991}, number = {2}, pages = {77--81}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, neutrons, gammas, charged particles, electrolysis, ion beam, res+}, submitted = {01/1991}, published = {02/1991}, annote = {This team tried two kinds of experiments: an electrolysis, and an ion beam experiment. For electrolysis, LiOD in D2O was the electrolyte, and a Pd foil of 40 mu thickness and about 1 cm$^2$ area the cathode. One side of the foil was exposed to the electrolyte, the other was isolated from it, and a detector of charged particles (cp's) mounted close to it. At 300 mA/cm$^2$, and over an observation time of 10-20 h, no cp's above background were observed. There were two ion beam runs, using H, D and Xe ions. With a D-beam, run for 200 h at 1-2 keV onto a TiD target at 400 C, the n count went up to about 3 times the background noise, and remained at this level after the beam was switched off. H and Xe beams did not produce n counts above background. The neutron detector was a triple 3He type, with a discriminator. Gamma results are not mentioned.} } @article{Matsu1991a, author = {T. Matsumoto and K. Kurokawa}, title = {Observation of heavy elements produced during explosive cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {323--329}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, MS, transmutation, res+, no FPH/Jones refs}, submitted = {03/1991}, published = {11/1991}, annote = {The authors take it as given that large concentration of hydrogen at Pd grain boundaries will initiate cold fusion. When hydrogen is forced to move in the metal, this will cause such local concentrations and thus bursts of fusion. A Pd rod was charged electrolytically in a 3\% NaCl solution in D2O, and when fully loaded, the top of the rod was exposed to the gas head, thus forcing deuterium to move through the rod. This resulted in a small-scale explosion in one case, due to hydrogen but aided by heat from cold fusion. The gas within the Pd was analysed afterwards by MS and masses of 2, 3, 4, 6, 17, 18, 19 and 20 were found. SEM and EDX showed the presence of ruthenium and indium, as well as a host of other elements, products of the transmutation of Pd, say the authors. Within the grain structure, Si, S and Ca were also seen. So we have explosive cold fusion, and the authors predict its use in car engines, and a future for "industrial alchemy".} } @article{Matsu1991b, author = {T. Matsumoto}, title = {Observation of quad-neutrons and gravity decay during cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {2125--2130}, keywords = {Analysis, film tacks, quad neutrons, res+, no FPH/Jones refs}, submitted = {09/1990}, published = {07/1991}, annote = {M's iton theory of cold fusion might also predict the emission of 4-neutron nuclei, which would escape from the cell, to disintegrate in the emulsion of the detector film. Nuclear emulsions left from the author's previous experiments were carefully reexamined and some ring-shaped tracks found that might be due to these quad neutrons undergoing microexplosions due to gravity, like a neutron star, after being compressed to a single point. Theory says that these quad neutrons have a life time of only $10^{-23}$ s, and thus should not reach the emulsion; their observation, however, means that this theory needs to be modified. Cold fusion, then, because of the extremely high hydrogen pressure, is a small-scale simulation of the processes taking place in a dying star, and we are tapping gravitational energy here.} } @article{Matsu1991c, author = {T. Matsumoto}, title = {Microscopic observations of palladium used for cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {567--575}, keywords = {Analysis, film tracks, res+, no FPH/Jones refs}, submitted = {09/1990}, published = {05/1991}, annote = {The Nattoh model of cold fusion says that cnf takes place as a chain reaction at grain boundaries. One of the candidates would be so energetic as to leave behind marks of damage in the crystal structure of the Pd deuteride, and M looks for evidence in this work, using microscopy. Pd rods, used as cathodes in heavy as well as light water electrolysis, were cut in an axial plane, and first looked at optically, then by SEM. In both H2O and D2O, although the mechanism may be different, cold fusion takes place, and M finds the tell-tale areas of damage.} } @article{Maye1991a, author = {F.~J. Mayer and J.~R. Reitz}, title = {Nuclear energy release in metals}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {552--557}, keywords = {Suggestion, polyneutrons, CIF connection}, submitted = {10/1990}, published = {05/199}, annote = {A new "scenario" is proposed that might explain what is known about cold fusion and can suggest new directions for cnf experiments. The knowns are (all approx.) neutrons: 1000/s; tritium: $10^{11}$/s; little or no (3)He or (4)He; no d-t neutrons or gammas; everything comes in bursts. The lack of energetic secondaries, often cited as THE major problem, is significant. There is some recent speculation about the brief combination of an electron with protons, deuteron or triton, making a virtual mono-, di- or tri-neutron. This might last about 60 microsec, enough time to do stuff. These might incidentally explain the anomalously high diffusion rate of hydrogen (isotopes) in Pd. Virtual trineutrons could react with (106)Pd but there is not enough tritium. Virtual dineutrons cannot do this, but can react with some impurities that are deposited during electrolysis, such as Pt, U. The scenario can be tested by controlling impurity types and levels. It is also consistent with known facts of cnf, as well as with the related field of cluster impact fusion, also anomalous (though now defunct).} } @article{Maye1991b, author = {F.~J. Mayer and J.~R. Reitz}, title = {On very low energy hydrogenic nuclear reactions}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {367--372}, keywords = {Theory, hydron, CIF connection, res+}, submitted = {05/1991}, published = {11/1991}, annote = {The much-discussed hydron theory, which might explain the family of anomalous observations: cold fusion, cluster impact fusion (CIF) and the exploding LiD wires of Lochte-Holtgreven, 1987. A set of calculations is presented for estimating the nuclear reaction rates and characteristics of this new class of hydrogenic objects, and these are tied to data. There is rough agreement with CIF results; the authors have previously also explained excess heat without radiation from CNF by the model. Unfortunately, CIF has been shown to be an artefact.} } @article{Maye1991c, author = {F.~J. Mayer}, title = {Comments on 'Excess heat production by the electrolysis of an aqueous potassium carbonate electrolyte and the implications for cold fusion'}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {511.}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {07/1991}, published = {12/1991}, annote = {FJM comments critically on Mills and Kneizys' paper in ibid 20 (1991) 65. He sets aside the doubtful "theory" (FJM's quote marks) of the authors, but points out an alternative explanation of the excess heat. This is the effect on the electrolyte conductivity of the radioactive decay of (40)K present in all potassium salts. If the conductivity changes, the calorimetry calibration may be wrong. There is no such effect with Na, which accounts for the lack of excess heat with sodium carbonate (M\&K's control), whereas with Rb there is the effect (from the (87)Rb), again consistent with M\&K's paper. Mayer suggests the use of Lu, which also has a radioactive isotope but may not fit with the M\&K theory. Finally, in normal cold fusion calorimetry, the production of tritium may also have this effect on conductivity and should be watched for.} } @article{Mend1991, author = {R.~V. Mendes}, title = {Ergodic motion and near collisions in a Coulomb system}, journal = {Mod. Phys. Lett. B}, volume = {5}, year = {1991}, pages = {1179--1190}, keywords = {Theory}, submitted = {05/1991}, annote = {This explores the possibilities of many body processes taking place between charged particles in chaotic motion, as in metal deuterides, to perhaps find factors that might enhance the rate of d-d fusion. Dynamic effects - near collisions of ergodically moving particles - and/or collective effects are the likely suspects. It is found that three-body collisions would dominate, the bodies being two d's and one electron. The mass of the electron does not need to be greater than normal. Rather large rates of instances of close proximity are calculated, and emphasise the fact that the charged particles are not at rest but in energetic motion. A fusion rate is not computed, however. The author makes some suggestions for how fusion might be favoured, based on this. Cluster impact fusion (now defunct) is mentioned in connection with solid state (cold) fusion.} } @article{Meng1991, author = {G. Mengoli and M. Fabrizio and C. Manduchi and G. Zannoni and L. Riccardi and F. Veronesi and A. Buffa}, title = {The observation of tritium in the electrolysis of D2O at palladium sheet electrodes}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {304}, year = {1991}, pages = {279--287}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, surface poisoning, tritium, res+}, submitted = {11/1990}, published = {04/1991}, annote = {Electrolysis at sheets down to 0.1 mm thickness. Loadings of 0.8-0.9 were achieved, measured by reverse electrolysis. Tritium was analysed by means of aliquots taken from the electrolyte. D2O levels were kept up by addition of more D2O; the authors compensate the tritium results for the fact that the D2O added contained much less tritium than that originally in the cell. Many cells show no tritium produced, but some do, at significant levels, above those that can be attributed to electrolytic enrichment. Thiourea and As2O3 were used to poison the Pd surface, to aid deuterium loading.} } @article{Meye1991, author = {W.~E. Meyerhof}, title = {Statistical analysis of a 'cold fusion' experiment}, journal = {J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., Lett.}, volume = {153}, year = {1991}, pages = {391--398}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {01/1991}, published = {04/1991}, annote = {Meyerhof looks at the results of Yagi et al, which these authors take as evidence for cold fusion neutron emission. If it were, it would have to follow normal neutron emission statistics in the form of Poisson distributions of the number of counts found in a given time interval; certainly the background counts should follow this. Analysis of the results of Yagi et al show that only one set fits this requirement clearly, one is a borderline case and one (the background!) does not fit it at all. All neutron measurement ought to undergo such analysis, says M, to ascertain its trustworthiness. He further points to recent results (Aberdam et al) setting the cold fusion upper limits at a very low $10^{-26}$ fus/s/pair.} } @article{Mill1991, author = {R.~L. Mills and S.~P. Kneizys}, title = {Excess heat production by the electrolysis of an aqueous potassium carbonate electrolyte and the implications for cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {65--81}, keywords = {Theory, experimental, hydrino, light water, Ni, electrolysis, calorimetry, res+}, submitted = {02/1991}, published = {08/1991}, annote = {This paper starts with a long theoretical part, introducing the Mills and Farrel theory (published in a book). It seems that cold fusion shows that, since the Schroedinger equation does not explain it, this equation is not applicable to cold fusion. M\&F's theory, on the other hand, is. It leads to shrunken hydrogen atoms; absorption of energy quanta at 27.21 eV can push electrons down to a lower shell, and these shrunken atoms are then able to approach closer to one another. The theory predicts certain optimal conditions such as the presence of K or Rb ions. This is followed by an experiment with a Ni cathode in a K2CO3 electrolyte in H2O, and rather simple calorimetry. The results are massive excess heats, up to nearly 4000\%, but no excess with a Na2CO3 control. A Rb electrolyte works also. The theory also explains why it works for Pd in D2O, and the skew branching ratio.} } @article{Mizu1991, author = {T. Mizuno and T. Akimoto and K. Azumi and N. Sato}, title = {Tritium evolution during cathode polarization of palladium electrode in D2O solution}, journal = {Denki Kagaku}, volume = {59}, year = {1991}, pages = {798--799}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, tritium, res+}, submitted = {03/1991}, annote = {Tritium in the electrolyte was measured, before and after electrolysis. There was also a temperature probe at the top of the Pd rod. The cell was sealed and heated to various temperatures. There were some pressure peaks lasting a month or so over the 200 day experiment. The tritium level increased by about 50\% and the authors equate this to a fusion rate of $10^{-23}$ fus/pair/s, roughly in line with Jones+89.} } @article{Moiz1991, author = {B.~Ya. Moizhes}, title = {Formation of a compact D2 molecule in interstitial sites - a possible explanation for cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett.}, note = {Orig. in: Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 17 (1991) 15}, volume = {17}, year = {1991}, pages = {540--541}, keywords = {Discussion, theory}, submitted = {04/1991}, published = {08/1991}, annote = {Cold fusion has been observed, says Moizhes, and only remains to be explained. One possibility is the statistical close approach of two deuterons due to screening. The question is whether a stable D2 molecule can form in the deuteride crystal, and what the d-d distance in it would be. Electron overlap between the D2 and the Pd centres would compress the molecule to about 0.3 A and the resulting energy makes it feasible that an electrolysis voltage of 10V or so could force two d nuclei into an interstitial site, enabling Jones levels of fusion. More work is needed to confirm this.} } @article{Morr1991, author = {D.~R.~M. Morrison}, title = {Review of cold fusion}, journal = {Sov. Phys. Usp.}, volume = {34}, year = {1991}, pages = {1055--1060}, keywords = {Review}, submitted = {07/1991}, published = {12/1991}, annote = {DROM reviews cold fusion for this Russian journal. This is taken from an address given by him at a meeting in Honolulu on July 1990. He recites the short history of the field, shows the usual three d-d fusion branches and then a chronology of cold fusion events, up to June 1990. This is followed by a summary of experimental results, reporting steady neutron production, the Frascati-type results, neutron bursts, x-rays, tritium, charged particles and calorimetry. The balance of all this is that nothing can be reproduced, and the evidence is against cold fusion. DROM then states three experiments that should be critical for believers: the Williams et al experiment, the GE report and the Salamon team's monitoring of nuclear products under Pons' experiment. All three were negative and should give pause to a believer. Pathological science is invoked; cold fusion is an error.} } @article{Myer1991, author = {S.~M. Myers and P.~M. Richards and D.~M. Follstaedt and J.~E. Schirber}, title = {Superstoichiometry, accelerated diffusion, and nuclear reactions in deuterium-implanted palladium}, journal = {Phys. Rev. B}, volume = {43}, year = {1991}, pages = {9503--9510}, keywords = {Experimental, ion beam, Pd, neutrons, res0}, submitted = {07/1990}, published = {04/1991}, annote = {Samples of Pd foil, both vacuum annealed and untreated, were exposed to a deuterium beam at 10 keV and 41K, and 30 keV and 81K. At temperatures below about 120K, the authors find that Pd can absorb more than unity D/Pd ratio of deuterium. When the beam is turned off, however, the emission of neutrons has the same spectrum as that of the background. Thus, for this fairly short-term experiment, the upper cold fusion limit is about $10^{-21} \dots 10^{-20}$. The paper goes into some interesting detail about deuterium diffusion in Pd and its temperature dependence.} } @article{Nefe1991, author = {V.~I. Nefedov}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion?}, journal = {Vestnik Akad. Nauk SSSR}, year = {1991}, number = {1}, pages = {49--60}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Review, Russian work}, annote = {A review, paying special attention to work in the Soviet Union. Early history is mentioned, e.g. one V.P. Alikin (1970, newspaper reports only), who electrolysed (heavy?) sulphuric acid at Fe, but also used metal hydrides by gas absorption. In 1986, Deryagin had trouble getting their fracto-work published. This has been actively pursued in 1989 (and later). Several Soviet institutions had a go, notably a large effort at Kharkov, with negative results). The author leaves no doubt that he is a skeptic. He writes that Soviet efforts are in harmony with the rest of the world, that is, the results are mostly negative. The work at the Physics-Energy Institute at Obninsk is cited as an example of a responsible approach. These workers appeared to observe high neutron fluxes from several meters, but on investigating found that this was due to electromagnetic interference. Nefedov concludes with some philosophising, making comparisons with parapsychology and some comments on science sociology.} } @article{Nish1991, author = {K. Nishizawa}, title = {Neutron measurements in cold fusion}, note = {In Japanese, Engl. abstr.}, journal = {Hoshasen}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, year = {1991}, pages = {4--12}, keywords = {Experimental, gas phase, Pd, neutrons, res0}, submitted = {09/1990}, published = {01/1991}, annote = {"This paper describes an experience of neutron monitoring in cold fusion experiments in gas phase. A BF3 neutron dose rate meter was mainly used. The meter in our experiment on D2 gas discharge was free from noise to be counted. A slightly over-discharge of the batteries affects the pulse height of the counter although the rate meter of the counter responds regularly. False pulses were counted in high humidity". (Direct quote from the English abstr.). Fig. 1 shows what look like 5 neutron counters around the cell, and an MCA between the amplifier and the computer. Two Pd rods are used, in a 300 ml glass flask filled with D2 gas, at close to atm. pressure (rubber stoppers are shown). This, together with the referenc to Wada + Nishizawa, looks as if the author might have applied a spark between the two loaded Pd rods. As is seen, the abstract does not say whether neutrons were found but it does say some false readings were obtained.} } @article{Noni1991a, author = {V.~C. Noninski and C.~I. Noninski}, title = {Determination of the excess energy obtained during the electrolysis of heavy water}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {364--368}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, calorimetry, res+}, submitted = {07/1990}, published = {03/1991}, annote = {Calorimetric experiments, using a bundle of thin Pd wire as cathode, and K2SO4 in D2O as electrolyte. After "lengthy" preelectrolysis, in which the Pd is saturated with deuterium, the cell is moved into the calorimeter. Gases evolve into an airbag, also within the calorimeter. Very short measuring times (electrolyses) of about 3 min, are used. During this time, the cell temperature rose, and the rises were converted to heat produced by precalibration. With or without recombination, most of the 10 runs reported show some excess heat. No controls are reported, but the authors claim that this calorimeter solves a number of problems.} } @article{Noni1991b, author = {V.~C. Noninski and C.~I. Noninski}, title = {Comments on 'measurement and analysis of neutron and gamma-ray emission rates, other fusion products, and power in electrochemical cells having palladium cathodes'}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {579--580}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {11/1990}, published = {05/1991}, annote = {The paper by Albagli et al, F. Fusion Energy 9 (1990) 133, is commented upon here. Albagli et al did an open-cell calorimetry comparison, and the paper shows a drift in cell temperature, and the heat required to keep the cell at the same temperature. They attribute this to loss of solvent. Noninski and Noninski point out that this is not valid and that there in fact was evidence of excess heat in that paper.} } @article{Olof1991, author = {G. Olofsson and I. Wads{\"o} and L. Eberson}, title = {Design and testing of a calorimeter for measurements on electrochemical reactions with gas evolution}, journal = {J. Chem. Thermodyn.}, volume = {23}, year = {1991}, pages = {95--104}, keywords = {Design, instrumental, calorimetry}, submitted = {09/1990}, published = {01/1991}, annote = {Cold fusion calorimetry places great demands on the experimenter, because of the high currents and gas evolution, over long periods. Many calorimeter designs allow substantial rise in cell temperature, which itself introduces problems. Here, the authors present a better design, using thermopile heat conduction to carry heat out of the cell. Accuracy was 0.2\%. In this kind of setup, the calibration constant is not a function of the heat capacity of the cell, unlike with other calorimeters. During electrolysis, even at the highest applied powers (up to 1W), cell temperature was not raised by more than 0.5K. The results show no excess heat for any cell, within the experimental limits.} } @article{Ono1991, author = {H. Ono and S. Takahashi and H. Morisaki and K. Yazawa}, title = {Absorption and desorption of hydrogen and deuterium into palladium}, journal = {Denki Tsushin Daigaku Kiyo}, volume = {4}, year = {1991}, pages = {235--242}, note = {In Japanese, Engl. abstr.}, keywords = {Experimental, SEM, electrolysis, Pd, neutrons, res-}, published = {12/1991}, annote = {SEM was used to look at the surface morphology of Pd upon electrolysis in 0.1M LiOH and LiOD in normal and heavy water, resp. In LiOD, crater-like features appear on the Pd, but not in LiOH, after thousands of electrolysis hours. A neutron detector was placed into a Wada-Nishizawa-type glass bulb containing Pd and pressurised D2 gas, with an electric discharge passed between the Pd rods. No neutrons were observed above background.} } @article{Oyam1991, author = {N. Oyama and O. Hatozaki}, title = {Present and future of cold fusion - nuclear fusion induced by electrochemical reaction}, journal = {Oyo Butsuri}, volume = {60}, year = {1991}, pages = {220--226}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Critical review}, published = {01/1991}, annote = {Seems to be a review-type discussion of the CNF field, naming a few problems and describing the experimental variants.} } @article{Pali1991, author = {E. Palibroda and P. Gl{\"u}ck}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion in thin foils of palladium}, journal = {J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett.}, volume = {154}, year = {1991}, pages = {153--161}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd foil, poisoning, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {03/1991}, annote = {A 20 mu-thin foil of Pd was electrolytically charged with deuterium from an electrolyte 0.1M LiOD in D2O, and then poisoned with thiourea. Neutrons were measured with a (ZnS(Ag)?) detector not sensitive to gamma rays, another one being placed at 1.5 m for background monitoring. Counts were integrated over 10 min intervals. The cell was double-walled and inside a thermostat, with a recombination catalyst feeding the evolved gases back into the cell. There were 7 periods of neutron emissions, lasting from 3.2 to 12.7 hours each, with a neutron intensity from 1.8 to 140 (mean) times the background, or up to 300 times maximum. These emissions convert to fusion rates up to $10^{-18}$ /s/pair. The background was fairly constant throughout at about $112 \pm 12$ counts during inactive periods, and raised slightly to $216 \pm 46$ during active periods. No temperature data is reported, and no controls. The team will now attempt to make the experiment reproducible; they speculate that the poisoning did the trick.} } @article{Petr1991, author = {O.~A. Petrii and G.~A. Tsirlina and E.~F. Simonov and V.~A. Safonov and E.~V. Lapshina}, title = {Attempts to detect electrochemical cold nuclear fusion by determining the excess tritium}, journal = {Sov. Electrochem.}, volume = {27}, year = {1991}, pages = {1240--1248}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, tritium, res-}, submitted = {04/1991}, published = {11/1991}, annote = {Of the various signatures of fusion, tritium is not the most sensitive (lower limit = $10^{-17}$ - $10^{-19}$ fusion rate) but was chosen here nevertheless because it is urgent to detect it reliably. Careful attention was paid to controls, material purity. Pd alloys with different mechanical properties were used, to allow for fractofusion effects, and some trace metals were added in order to raise the overpotential at a given current density. Tritium was looked for in both the electrolyte and the evolved gas. No significant amounts were found in any experiments, beyond normal enrichment effects. The lower limit of the fusion rate is thus found to be $10^{-18}$. Future work, to detect protons from the same reaction, is planned, and should yield four orders of magnitude better sensitivity.} } @article{Prep1991a, author = {G. Preparata}, title = {Some theories of 'cold' nuclear fusion: a review}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {82--92}, keywords = {Review}, submitted = {01/1991}, published = {08/1991}, annote = {The experimental reports are classified into the F-P, BYU, TAMU, BNL and CHY (Caltech-Harwell-Yale) lines and are briefly described. The positive results throw up the two problems of the Coulomb barrier and the fact that the PdDx lattice seems to behave differently from vacuum. The main theories that attempt to get around these problems are outlined. In summary, P concludes that experimental failure may have to do with failure to reach a loading of 1+. Fractofusion is not mentioned.} } @article{Prep1991b, author = {G. Preparata}, title = {A new look at solid-state fractures, particle emission and 'cold' nuclear fusion}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A}, volume = {104}, year = {1991}, pages = {1259--1263}, keywords = {Theory, discussion, fracto}, submitted = {11/1990}, published = {08/1991}, annote = {Preparata goes back to 1953 to find evidence of fractoemission of electrons and electromagnetics; he presents his theory of superradiant motions of solid plasmas. The components of a solid plasma lose their identity and behave in a collective manner. The oscillations are reflected at the boundaries but there exists a field beyond these boundaries, fast decaying with distance. Within the small cracks, however, there will be "evanescent waves" due to this effect, which can impart considerable energy to particles there. Thus fractoemission is explained, and cold fusion is seen to be a likely fracto effect as well.} } @article{Qin1991, author = {G. Qin and Q. Peng and J. Fu and L. Zhang and B. Zhang}, title = {Evolution of hydrogen (deuterium) in palladium-hydrogen (deuterium) system and the distribution of hydrogen near the surface}, note = {In Chinese, Engl. abstr.}, journal = {Wuli Xuebao}, volume = {40}, number = {6}, year = {1991}, pages = {943--948}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, x-ray diffraction, loading}, submitted = {07/1990}, published = {06/1991}, annote = {"Hydrogen and deuterium were introduced into palladium cathode in an electrolysis process for 150 h with light and heavy water as electrolyte, resp. The palladium cathode used had quenched or annealed after a thermal treatment at 950 degC. The variation of diffraction pattern and lattice const. of beta phase of palladium-hydrogen system in air with time were measured by x-ray diffraction method. The distribution of hydrogen in the surface layer of palladium-hydrogen system was measured by the nuclear reaction $^1$1H($^{19}$F,$\alpha,\gamma$)$^{16}$O. Comparing a quenched palladium cathode with annealed palladium cathode, it is shown that the former has higher initial concn. of hydrogen and faster evolution velocity than the latter after electrolysis. The concn. of hydrogen reaches max. at the surface of palladium hydrogen system and its min. at a depth of several hundreds angstroms from the surface". (Direct quote from the English abstract). Further information from the paper itself: NaOH and NaOD were used as electrolytes as well as LiOH (LiOD) and currents of 60 mA/cm$^2$ and 300-400 mA/cm$^2$.} } @article{Qiu1991, author = {W. Qiu and Q. Dong and F. Gan}, title = {Positron lifetime studies on systems of palladium filled galvanostatically with hydrogen or deuterium}, journal = {Nucl. Sci. Techniques}, volume = {2}, number = {3}, year = {1991}, pages = {157--163}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, positron anihilation, fracto-, res-}, submitted = {01/1991}, published = {08/1991}, annote = {There are two types of theories to explain cold fusion. One of them does so by invoking high d-d pressures (piezofusion) in the Pd lattice, the other by electric fields in cracks (micro-hot fusion). In either case, positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) can throw light on the theory, by defects in the crystal structure. So PAS should be useful. Sheets of 2 mm thick Pd were cleaned and annealed (550 degC, 8 h) and electrolysed in H2O and D2O resp. at about 200 mA/cm$^2$ for 5 h, thereby galvanostatically compressing d or p into the metal. After a 2-week period of stabilation, the samples were analysed by the PAS spectrometer, with $10^6$ counts for each spectrum. Differences in the positron annihilation between before- and after electrolysis point to lattice expansion upon hydriding/deuteriding (decreased electron density). Also, no cracks seemed to be be formed during loading, although large pressures must be generated during the expansion. H and D have very similar properties but "most people pay more attention to deuterium as precious fusionable material, but elbow hydrogen out..", even though it would be the cleanest energy source if we could get it to fuse.} } @article{Quic1991, author = {J.~E. Quick and T.~K. Hinkley and G.~M. Reimer and C.~E. Hedge}, title = {Tritium concentrations in the active Pu'u O'o crater, Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: implications for cold fusion in the Earth's interior}, journal = {Phys. Earth Planet. Interior}, volume = {69}, year = {1991}, pages = {132--137}, keywords = {Experimental, tritium in volcanoes, res-}, submitted = {01/1991}, published = {11/1991}, annote = {Cold fusion might be an important planetary heating mechanism, if it takes place. (3)He and T out of volcanoes might be indicators of such fusion, with T being the more definite. To avoid contamination by man-made sources (bomb test fallout etc), the study focussed on the Pu'u O'o crater, where there is large release of magmatic water. Comparisons with rainwater and similar controls reveal no extra tritium emissions from the volcano, in fact, in-crater levels were lower than those for rain.} } @article{Rafe1991, author = {H.~E. Rafelski and D. Harley and G.~R. Shin and J. Rafelski}, title = {Cold fusion: muon-catalyzed fusion}, journal = {J. Phys. B}, volume = {24}, year = {1991}, pages = {1469--1516}, keywords = {Review, muon-catalysed fusion}, annote = {This is a longish and up-to-date review of muon-catalysed fusion. It does, however, briefly mention Jones+(89)-type cold fusion, and presents very clearly some of the theoretical approaches to its explanation. The authors, like others before them, come up with an effective electron mass of about five times normal, as a requirement, if this is invoked as explanation. Worth reading, if not new.} } @article{Rajan1991, author = {K.~G. Rajan and U.~K. Mudali and R.~K. Dayal and P. Rodriguez}, title = {Electromigration approach to verify cold fusion effects}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {100--104}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Ti, nonequilibrium, neutrons, x-rays, res-}, submitted = {12/1990}, published = {08/1991}, annote = {It is well known that the application of an electric field to a metal bar produces a large concentration gradient of interstitial ions along the length of the bar. This can be exploited in cold fusion electrolysis, by applying an electric field along the length of the Ti rod during the electrolysis. This will then produce a strong nonequilibrium deuterium concentration in the rod. This was tested by an experiment. A 500 mV static field produces a ratio of [d)(one end)/[d](other end) of $10^{10}$, which is large and might enhance fusion. A well shielded NE-213 neutron detector was used, along with superheated drop drop neutron detectors placed around the cell. Post-mortem tritium assays were carried out, and the Ti rods placed close to medical x-ray films overnight. No significant neutrons or tritium were measured. The films did, however, show some faint fogging, not shown by unused Ti controls. The question is whether this can be something picked up from the D2O. It is also concluded that the nuclear reactions taking place are aneutronic.} } @article{Rees1991, author = {L.~B. Rees}, title = {What do we know? What do we think?}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {10}, year = {1991}, pages = {111--116}, keywords = {Panel Discussion}, published = {03/1991}, annote = {The author took part in a panel discussion on cold fusion, later published in this journal. Rees describes muon catalysed fusion, which preceded the later "cold fusion" by some years. Jones' team then tried loading metals such as Ti, Ni and Pd with deuterium to see whether anything interesting might happen without muons. As is known, they considered that they observed very low but significant levels of neutron emissions. The team speculates what might be causing these, and such ideas as piezofusion, or fractofusion, were suggested. Rees concludes that Fleischmann and Pons simply did not observe fusion, because of the lack of fusion products. The pdf file contains other contributions.} } @article{Riek1991, author = {A. Rieker and B. Speiser and K.~M. Mangold and M. Hanack}, title = {Potential error sources in combined electrochemistry/neutron detection experiments}, journal = {Z. Naturforsch. B}, volume = {46}, year = {1991}, pages = {1125--1125}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, neutrons, error sources, res-}, submitted = {01/1991}, published = {08/1991}, annote = {A long electrolysis of a 0.1M LiOD solution in D2O was run, with a Pd rod as cathode, Pt as anode, the two electrodes in separate arms of a U-shaped cell, so that the gases are led off separately. Two separate scintillation neutron counters are used, and pulse-shape analysis used to distinguish between neutrons and gammas. The cell was periodically inserted into the detector space for 1000 s, and taken out for 1000 s. Total electrolysis time: 75 h. There was a 2\% neutron level fluctuation, and it appeared that, when the cell was "in", neutrons were up by, on average, by 2.7\%. However, at the same time, gammas were down. This was attributed to an effect on the photomultiplier amplification, changing the discrimination, and this was confirmed by trying the alternation with a heated resistor instead of the cell. The authors point out that exterior effects of magnetic and electrostatic fields on photomultiplier tubes are well known. Another effect they observed is that the total cell voltage rose with cell temperature, and this could be controlled by sparging the anode compartment with N2. They write that the FPH paper did not account for this effect. Thus, they have discovered two artifacts that might fake cold fusion results.} } @article{Ritl1991, author = {K.~A. Ritley and K.~G. Lynn and P. Dull and M.~H. Weber and M. Carroll and J.~J. Hurst}, title = {A search for tritium production in electrolytically deuterided palladium}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {192--195}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, He, tritium, res-}, submitted = {05/1990}, published = {01/1991}, annote = {Ten Pd cathodes were used in the electrolysis of both heavy and light water containing 0.1M LiOD or LiOH, over an extended period. Some cells were closed (with recombination) and some were open to a greater or lesser degree. The metal, from Johnson \& Mathey, was found to contain an initial impurity of (4)He, to the extent of He/Pd of $3\times 10^{-10}$. The cathodes were predeuterided in D2 gas before electrolysis. Aliquots were taken out for tritium analysis. Some erratic tritium levels could be put down to counting errors, and the only cells showing a tritium increase were the more or less open cells. This is due only to selective escape of gases, as an experiment with a completely open cell confirmed.} } @article{Roli1991, author = {D.~R. Rolison and W.~E. O'Grady}, title = {Observation of elemental anomalies at the surface of palladium after electrochemical loading of deuterium or hydrogen}, journal = {Anal. Chem.}, volume = {63}, year = {1991}, pages = {1697--1702}, keywords = {Experimental, transmutation, res0}, submitted = {11/1990}, published = {09/1991}, annote = {The main result of this paper is the detection of significant traces of the elements Rh and Ag at the surface of Pd after electrolysis. An electrolyte containing Li2SO4, which etches the cell's glass less than the basic LiOD, was used, and XPS surface analysis. Both Rh and Ag did indeed accumulate at the surface, to several at\%. If a nuclear reaction takes place in the Pd, the interaction of resulting energetic particles with Pd might produce such elements. However, this happened for both heavy and normal water and R\&O'G conclude that Rh and Ag were initially present in the Pd at much lower levels, and migrated to the surface during electrolysis. They were able to exclude electrolytic deposition from the electrolyte.} } @article{Romo1991, author = {V.~A. Romodanov and V.~I. Savin and M.~V. Shakhurin and V.~T. Chernyavskii and A.~E. Pustovit}, title = {Nuclear fusion in the solid state}, journal = {Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys.}, note = {Orig. in: Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 61 (1991) 122--125}, volume = {36}, number = {5}, year = {1991}, pages = {572--574}, keywords = {Experimental, glow discharge, res+}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {05/1991}, annote = {Gaseous deuterium was put into a glow discharge chamber with various metals, such as Pd, Ti, Zr, etc. Voltages of 100-1000V were applied, while the gas pressure was at 500-15000 Pa. Neutrons were detected, and tritium was enriched by about an order of magnitude.} } @article{Rosa1991, author = {J.~M. Rosamilia and J.~A. Abys and B. Miller}, title = {Electrochemical hydrogen insertion into palladium and palladium-nickel thin films}, journal = {Electrochim. Acta}, volume = {36}, year = {1991}, pages = {1203--1208}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, Pd-Ni alloys, films, loading, res0}, submitted = {06/1990}, published = {05/1991}, annote = {Cold fusion has raised a number of fundamental questions about electrode potentials, limiting compositions, hydrogen mobility, outgassing etc. This paper addresses some of these, experimentally, using films of palladium deposited on Pt, and Pd-Ni alloys. Thin films have the advantage of being saturated by the hydrogen (isotope) in a short time (about 10 s). The ring-disk electrode was used, where the ring can "catch" hydrogen generated by oxidation at the disk, upon reoxidation to estimate the extent of hydriding, and also for the outgassing resulting from switching the charging current off, as has been observed. These measurements at the ring showed that the D/Pd loading was about 0.81, independent of the film thickness; the time scale for the unloading (reoxidation), however, was much larger than the diffusional time scale. Experiments with charging current interruption showed the expected detection transient at the ring; integration and the decay time indicate that the error made by the normal procedure of taking out the cathode and weighing it, is no more than about 6\% in the D/Pd figure, if one is reasonably speedy. Addition of nickel to the film drastically reduce the D/Pd loading; other codeposits can be expected to do the same.} } @article{Rote1991, author = {D. Rotegard}, title = {Fusion, cold fusion, and space policy}, journal = {Space Power}, volume = {10}, year = {1991}, pages = {205--215}, keywords = {Sci-soc/phil discussion}, annote = {A science-philosophical work by a space economist. Rotegard believes that hot fusion advocates are suppressing cold fusion, and is critical of USA policy with respect to the financing of hot fusion. He suggests that more support should be given to both cold fusion (to avoid a Japanese lead), and asteroid mining.} } @article{Rout1991a, author = {R.~K. Rout and A. Shyam and M. Srinivasan and A. Bansal}, title = {Copious low energy emissions from palladium loaded with hydrogen or deuterium}, journal = {Indian J. Technol.}, volume = {29}, year = {1991}, pages = {571--578}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, gas phase, spark discharge, loading, cps, autoradiography, x-ray, res0}, submitted = {10/1991}, published = {12/1991}, annote = {Most samples, disks of 2mm thickness and 16 mm diameter, were loaded with hydrogen or deuterium in a plasma focus (PF) chamber, by evacuating and filling with the gas to a few mbars and discharging, repeating this 15-30 times for each loading. Some Pd needles were also 'loaded' using the spark discharge method of Wada \& Nishizawa, with 10kV and the gas at 600 mbar. As well, some Pd foils and hundreds of Pd chips were loaded by evacuating at 600C and cooling in the respective gas at 1 atm, without any discharge. D/Pd or H/Pd loadings varied from 0.1-0.6, measured by gas pressure drop. The samples were then placed close to x-ray sensitive film; all of them fogged it. Fogging by chemical reaction with H2 or D2 was ruled out by control experiments. Also, dosimeters were applied to the samples, and 7 times the background measured typically. X-ray emissions were measured using NaI and SiLi detectors; no x-rays were detected. Heavy charged particles were searched for using surface barrier detectors, but only rarely observed. In addition, some Pd was electrolytically loaded and autoradiographed, but no fogging was observed. Some samples were loaded in the PF with 4He, and autoradiographed; no fogging was seen, showing that the effect is specific for H2 and D2. Other metals, such as Zr, Hf and Ni-Ti superconductors were tried, but none of them showed any effects. The effects are 100\% reproducible, even at low loading, and likely to be due to electron emission from the samples, possibly due to cold nuclear fusion.} } @article{Rout1991b, author = {R.~K. Rout and M. Srinivasan and A. Shyam and V. Chitra}, title = {Detection of high tritium activity on the central titanium electrode of a plasma focus device}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {391--394}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, plasma beam, tritium, res+}, submitted = {09/1990}, published = {03/1991}, annote = {This team loaded a Ti cylinder in a vaccum chamber with deuterium from a plasma beam. They then measured the near-surface tritium content of the rod, and find more tritium there than can be accounted for, they say, by the fusion reaction due to the plasma, or by impurities in the D2 gas used. Therefore, they say, it was produced by a cold fusion process.} } @article{Ruga1991, author = {S.~L. Rugari and R.~H. France and B.~J. Lund and S.~D. Smolen and Z. Zhao and M. Gai and K.~G. Lynn}, title = {Upper limits on emission of neutrons from Ti in pressurized D2 gas cells: A test of evidence for 'cold fusion'}, journal = {Phys. Rev. C}, volume = {43}, year = {1991}, pages = {1298--1313}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti-Pd alloy, gas phase, neutrons, res-}, annote = {This Yale/Brookhaven joint paper presents the results of a "dry cell" experiment, i.e. metal (Ti-Pd alloy) chips are deuterated from the gas phase. The team observes that in most such experiments, rather a short time is spent under those conditions thought to provoke cold fusion; i.e. during the warming up phase, after cooling the deuteride down to liquid nitrogen temperature. Here, this phase was prolonged, so as to maximise the chances of observing cold fusion. A very sensitive, low background neutron detector was used, consisting of 12 NE213 liquid scintillators operable in single mode (28\% efficiency, moderate background of 100 c/h) or coincidence mode (2\%, 2 c/h). There is a detailed description of the neutron detection procedure, background discrimination etc. No neutrons were detected in any runs. Thus the upper limit on cold fusion was much lower than that claimed by Menlove et al. No numbers are given, but from the background of 2 c/h at 2\% efficiency and about 40 g Ti, I calculate $10^{-25}$ fus/pair/s. There is some additional comment about Ti's ability to absorb deuterium. Surface oxides prevent this, and are difficult to remove. Treatments such as used by Menlove et al allowed a loading of 0.013 only. Ti-Pd alloy chips did absorb D2. Also, Briand et al (to be published) report that the Jones+(89) setup would merely deposit metals on the Ti, and no deuterium would be absorbed. Erratum: Rugari SL, France RH, Lund BJ, Smolen SD, Zhao Z, Gai M, Lynn KG; Phys. Rev. C 43 (1991) 2899. "Erratum: Upper limits on emission of neutrons from Ti in pressurized D2 gas cells: A test of evidence for 'cold fusion'". Equation 6 in the named paper , ibid 43 (1991) 1298, was incorrect and is corrected here.} } @article{Russ1991a, author = {J. L. {Russell Jr}}, title = {Virtual electron capture in deuterium}, journal = {Ann. Nucl. Energy}, volume = {18}, year = {1991}, pages = {75--79}, keywords = {Theory, discussion}, submitted = {08/1990}, annote = {Russell has previously suggested that cold fusion could be due to dineutron formation in deuterons, by electron capture by the nucleus. In this paper, he has a more detailed look at the scenario, which can explain how the Coulomb barrier is overcome (it isn't there), why tritium is produced (is it?) and the excess heat. A neutrino is released upon dineutron formation, and the dineutron, during its short life (aye, there's the rub) might capture a nearby nucleus. Can this work? Weak interaction theory, the Schroedinger equation and a cloudy crystal ball show that the dineutron formation rate and lifetime are well within the range required for cold fusion. Remarkably, this range is narrow; if the lifetime were one order of magnitude smaller, no cold fusion would be observed; if it was one order of magnitude larger, it would would have been seen long ago.} } @article{Russ1991b, author = {J. L. {Russell Jr}}, title = {Proposed heat producing nuclear reaction for cold fusion}, journal = {Ann. Nucl. Energy}, volume = {18}, year = {1991}, pages = {305--308}, keywords = {Theory, discussion}, submitted = {10/1990}, annote = {Russell has a theory to explain the anomaly of excess heat without energetic emissions. None of the standard nuclear reactions fill the bill; there is a good discussion of what one would get from charged particles at given energies (gamma, x-rays, etc), none of which is observed. Russell's model of a small dineutron/dineutrino population, which possibly allows d-d fusion to (4)He with transfer of the excess energy to the lattice as heat. This implies amounts of He commensurate with that heat, but Russell muses that helium might be "swept" from the Pd somehow. The model does not lead to any useful suggestions for experiment except perhaps to look for energetic sonic emissions, one per fusion.} } @article{Sait1991, author = {N. Saito and K. Sakuta and S. Sawata and M. Tanimoto and N. Takata}, title = {Measurement of neutrons from cold fusion}, note = {In Japanese, Engl. abstr.}, journal = {Hoshasen}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, year = {1991}, pages = {31--36}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, gas phase, electrolysis, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {09/1990}, published = {01/1991}, annote = {"Some comments on neutron measurement technique in cold fusion experiment are given. In order to detect the neutrons emitted as a result of the cold fusion reaction, BF3- and (3)He-detectors were used and careful analysis of output pulses was carried out to distinguish neutron signals from noise. Also, great efforts were made to shield the detectors from background neutrons and noise. No convincing evidence for occurrence of cold fusion was observed in various froms [sic] of palladium metal loaded with deuterium". (Direct quote from the abstr.). Fig. 1 shows a Cd foil shield around the cell, which seems to have just one detector (the He type in the Fig.). The rest is in Japanese, inscrutable to this bibliographer.} } @article{Sann1991, author = {V.~I. Sannikov and V.~G. Gorodetskii and E.~M. Sulimov and B.~G. Polosukhin and V.~Ya. Kudyakov}, title = {Emission of neutrons and gamma-quanta from a titanium electrode polarised by a current in the gas phase over LiD}, journal = {Rasplavy}, year = {1991}, number = {4}, pages = {86--89}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, gas phase, discharge, neutrons, gammas, res+}, submitted = {01/1991}, annote = {Ti metal, D2 gas, solid LiD and electric discharges have all been used in one way or the other in cold fusion experiments; why not combine them all in one? A Ti rod is the cathode in low-pressure D2 gas, the anode being a steel cup, with a LiD crystal lying in its bottom. The system is held at various temperatures, and various D2 pressure regimes applied to charge the Ti with the gas. High voltages are then applied between the electrodes, to cause discharges, and neutrons and gammas monitored. Beautiful violet hues were seen during the discharges, especially if small amounts of oxygen were present in the cell. The emission of gammas was dependent both on temperature and voltage but it was not possible to separate the effects. Both gamma and neutron emissions were close to the background noise but nevertheless the authors believe that more neutrons were emitted in the temperature regions (270-380 degC and 530-620 degC) of TiD phase transitions. There were some small differences in the neutron count distributions between the absence and presence of the LiD. No explanations or mechanisms can be suggested; the cold d-d fusion reactions suggested by FPH and Jones+ cannot be the answer. Future studies must decide which of the low-mass species Li, Be, B and alpha particles, may be involved.} } @article{Sato1991, author = {T. Sato and M. Okamoto and P. Kim and Y. Fujii and O. Aizawa}, title = {Detection of neutrons in electrolysis of heavy water}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {357--363}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {07/1990}, published = {03/1991}, annote = {A divided electrolysis cell, with a Pd plate cathode and 1M LiOD electrolyte was used. Neutron detection was by means of 9 (3)He counters, grouped into three channels, with pulse height discrimination. Shielding all around, by polyethylene blocks, cadmium plates and boric acid. Neutron count efficiency was calibrated to be 7\%. The background was carefully recorded and showed some bursts due to a nuclear reactor nearby. Three electrolyses were run; two of them evinced large neutron counts at about 5 h, the third at 20 h. These bursts were 2-3 times the background bursts. There will be further measurements using a large NE-213 scintillator, allowing energy assignment, to be reported later.} } @article{Schw1991a, author = {J. Schwinger}, title = {Nuclear energy in an atomic lattice}, journal = {Prog. Theor. Phys.}, volume = {85}, year = {1991}, pages = {711--712}, keywords = {Comment}, submitted = {01/1991}, published = {04/1991}, annote = {A brief note of criticism of simple physics theories to dismiss cold fusion. The simple models sometimes used may be missing something. JS here looks at causality. Taking as an example the d-p fusion reaction (which he has suggested as the more likely culprit), this has a stable bound state: (3)He. There may, thus, be a resonance between p-d and (3)He, rather than the causal sequence d+p --> He. JS concludes that research evidence is required, not simple theory.} } @inproceedings{Schw1991b, author = {J. Schwinger}, title = {Cold fusion: Does it have a future?}, booktitle = {Springer Procs. in Physics (Evolutionary Trends in the Physical Sciences)}, editor = {M. Suzuki and R. Kubo}, volume = {57}, year = {1991}, pages = {171--175}, publisher = {Springer Verlag}, address = {Heidelberg}, keywords = {Comment, review}, annote = {This is the publication of an address given by Nobelist Schwinger, in Japan. Cold fusion, says S, could have significant implications for mankind, especially for the Japanese. S mentions the prehistory of cold fusion, i.e. the work of Paneth et al during the Showa era (1926). We then move forward to P\&F in 1989. Schwinger makes the point that neither intermittency of the emissions (heat, neutrons etc) nor the irreproducibility of the results prove that there is no effect. Nor is it fair to level the charge that the effect is not theoretically understood; other phenomena (such as high temperature superconductivity) have this problem. Cold fusion is not the same as hot fusion, and cannot be measured by that yard stick; metal lattice effects make this a quite different phenomenon. At high loading, for example, there may appear d-d separations much smaller than those known for normal loadings, and lattice fluctuations might also help. S suggests that lower temperature might enhance the process, by providing a better environment for such close approaches. Schwinger concludes that pressure of scientific conformity precludes a future for cold fusion in Europe and the USA, but in Japan, there is some hope.} } @article{Seel1991a, author = {D. Seeliger and A. Meister}, title = {A simple plasma model for the description of d-d fusion in condensed matter}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {2114--2118}, keywords = {Comment, loading}, submitted = {08/1990}, published = {07/1991}, annote = {The authors first consider previous attempts to account for enhanced fusion rates in PdDx, such as the expected rate in D2 gas, electron screening, ion screening and fluctuation tunnelling. They then develop a new model, which takes the transport itself of d-d pairs through the lattice to be important. This implies that it is during charging that fusion is enhanced. At a time corresponding to about one charging time constant, the fusion rate goes through a broad maximum and declines towards zero at full loading. This is in fairly good accord with the authors' own experiments (see also Bittner et al, ibid p.2119) and those of others. The model is only a start but does not invoke unknown nuclear processes.} @article{Seel1989, author = {D. Seeliger and K. Wiesener and A. Meister and H. Marten and D. Ohms and D. Rahner and R. Schwierz and P. W{\"u}stner}, title = {Search for DD-fusion neutrons during heavy water electrolysis}, journal = {Electrochim. Acta}, volume = {34}, year = {1989}, pages = {991--993}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis Pd, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {07/1989}, annote = {Used a largish Pd plate, which deformed, while giving off a statistically significant 0.1 n/s, but no heat. A light-water control did not emit statistically significant counts of neutrons.} } @article{Seel1991b, author = {D. Seeliger}, title = {Theoretical limits of nuclear fusion in condensed matter}, journal = {Acta Phys. Hung.}, volume = {69}, year = {1991}, pages = {257--267}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {08/1990}, annote = {The two dd reactions, and the dp and dt reactions, are considered, with the main emphasis on the dd --> (3)He + n one. Solid state screening effects are considered, and it gives enhancements over the D2 gas rate of $10^{-63}$/s by 10-15 - maybe even 20 - orders of magnitude. Dynamical effects and fluctuations give another 6-8 orders of magnitude, and there is a chance of further gain by temperature and density fluctuations. The bottom line is that rates of $10^{-46} \dots 10^{-29}$ fusions per dd pair per s are not impossible.} } @article{Seif1991, author = {W. Seifritz}, title = {No end to cold fusion (Kalte Fusion und kein Ende)}, journal = {GIT Fachz. Lab.}, volume = {35}, year = {1991}, pages = {114--118}, note = {In German}, keywords = {Comments, theory}, published = {02/1991}, annote = {Prof. Seifritz, who has earlier weighed in with a theory he himself here describes as improbable, lists some of the attempts at explaining cold fusion, and comments on them. The greatest attention is given to Bockris's dendrite "theory" and his theory that cnf is fusion of spin-polarised nuclei, explaining the anomalous branching ratio. Neither theory is watertight. All explanations fall down on the experimental evidence in some way. S has the impression that all try to explain some specific effect - i.e. every theory, a different effect. The bottom line that we do not know whether cnf is real or not.} } @article{Sevi1991, author = {J. Sevilla and F. Fernandez and B. Escarpizo and C. Sanchez}, title = {Some characteristics of titanium and palladium samples used in cold fusion experiments}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {188--191}, keywords = {Comment}, submitted = {02/1990}, published = {01/1991}, annote = {Looking at the state of the cathode after a cold fusion experiment might be fruitful. The authors have used a variety of techniques to do this, including differential scanning calorimetry and SEM. It appears that electrolysis at Ti does not enable deuterium to reach more than slight depths, and the overall loading D/Ti was found to be 0.02, while higher-temperature gas charging reached a value of 2. DSC confirmed this. Nevertheless, cold fusion was equally successful in either case, implying that it is a surface effect. SEM showed that gas loading caused little surface change, while electrolysis caused surface cracking and polishing by bubbles, as well round craters; these were larger for those samples where cold fusion had been observed.} } @article{Shen1991, author = {G. Shen and S. Li and W. Jing and Q. Sui and Z. Li and Z. Yang}, title = {The efficiency calculation of a low background neutron detection system}, journal = {Yuanzineng Kexue Jishu (Atomic Energy Science and Technology)}, volume = {25}, year = {1991}, pages = {93--96}, note = {In Chinese, Engl. abstr.}, keywords = {Suggestion}, published = {11/1991}, annote = {"The results of efficiencies calculated by Monte Carlo methods are reported for a low background neutron detection system to be used for cold fusion study" (Direct quote of the English abstract). An ST-451 type detector seems to be used; there is mention of a mixture of 73.3\% SiO2, 7.5\% Al2O3, 13.0\% (6)LiO and 5.9\% Ce2O2, and there are tables of calculated efficiencies and space distributions of efficiencies at several (MeV) energies, such as 3.5, 2.45 (!), 1.75 and 1.00 MeV.} } @article{Shir1991, author = {O. Shirai and S. Kihara and Y. Sohrin and M. Matsui}, title = {Some experimental results relating to cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Bull. Inst. Chem. Res., Kyoto Univ.}, volume = {69}, year = {1991}, pages = {550--559}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, excess heat, gammas, res+}, submitted = {11/1991}, annote = {Newly devised conditions for provoking cold fusion in an electrolysis at Pd in D2O containing 0.1M DCl and 0.01M PdCl2, are described here. A chunky Pd cylinder was used, and besides the electrolytic current (constant 0.5 A), a larger electric current (5A) was passed through the cathode, and called the "indifferent current". A thermometer measured the cell temp. near the Pd, and a gamma probe (GM counter, model TGS-113, Aloka) mounted just outside the cell. There were also some studies of the electrochemistry of D2O reduction at this cathode and of D2 permeation in another cell. More than 50 runs showed that the indifferent current was able to start excess heat events, and sometimes gamma events above the background and persisting for 1-2 min. One gamma event followed the addition of light water to the cell; thus, the fusion might be that of d + p, giving 3He. Therefore, the use of an indifferent current, as well as the use of PdCl2 (leading to Pd deposition) are recommended.} } @article{Shun1991, author = {W. Shunjin}, title = {Effect of Coulomb screening on deuterium-deuterium fusion cross section}, journal = {Gaoneng Wuli Yu Hewuli}, volume = {15}, number = {8}, year = {1991}, pages = {761--764}, note = {In Chinese}, keywords = {Theory}, submitted = {10/1990}, published = {08/1991}, annote = {"The popular Gamow formula for the deuterium-deuterium fusion cross-section is generalized to take into account the Coulomb screening effect. The generalized formula has been used to discuss the fusion process occurring in the metal medium" (English abstract). Using the WKB approximation and Gamow approach, some mathematical expressions for fusion rates are derived, but no conclusions about cold fusion reached.} } @article{Srin1991, author = {M. Srinivasan}, title = {Nuclear fusion in an atomic lattice: An update on the international status of cold fusion research}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {60}, year = {1991}, pages = {417--439}, keywords = {Review}, published = {04/1991}, annote = {A review of cold fusion concentrating on conferences to a large extent. It is written by a well informed researcher but clearly from a positive viewpoint, and this shows in the importance given to marginal results in some places. An unusual claim is that cold fusion has already exceeded the power density yield of conventional nuclear fission reactors, i.e. in terms of W/cm$^3$ fuel. There is an outline of the "puzzles of cold fusion" and the author believes that the phenomenon is due to "many different nuclear reactions induced by deuterons". There are 174 references, most of them to actual papers.} } @article{Stop1991, author = {G. Stoppini}, title = {Coulomb screening in superconducting PdH}, journal = {Il Nuovo Cimento D}, volume = {13}, year = {1991}, pages = {1181--1188}, keywords = {Theory, superconductivity}, submitted = {01/1991}, published = {09/1991}, annote = {Although this paper alludes to d-d fusion in the metal hydride lattice, it confines itself to the temperature range, i.e. T <= 11K, where PdH is superconducting. Electron screening might be supplied by the electron pairs that give rise to the superconductivity phenomenon, and this might enhance d-d fusion at these temperatures.} } @article{Stor1991a, author = {E. Storms and C. Talcott-Storms}, title = {The effect of hydriding on the physical structure of palladium and on the release of contained tritium}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {246--257}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrpolysis, tritium, res+}, submitted = {12/1990}, published = {09/1991}, annote = {To have convincing tritium results, one must be careful to eliminate the possibility of contamination, which might come from outside the cell or from the Pd itself. The authors here examine the latter possibility by looking at the behaviour of tritium, as well as protium present in Pd, from charging in D2O deliberately contaminated with T2O and H2O. The hydrogen isotopes were in each case driven out by anodic discharge. There is an interesting figure showing mole fraction D/H in the Pd against the same fraction in the electrolyte. H is favoured. Many experiments are reported. An 11\% expanded sample showed pits but no cracks. Deuterium is taken up preferentially over tritium and tritium discharge is a first-order process. The study supports the view that tritium that appears mainly in the gas after many days of electrolysis cannot have come from prior contamination of the metal. In the authors' own work, however, the tritium appears in the electrolyte, rather than in the gas. This reviewer is not clear about what the conclusions of the paper are, beyond rejecting contamination charges.} } @article{Stor1991b, author = {E. Storms}, title = {Review of experimental observations about the cold fusion effect}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {433--477}, keywords = {Review}, submitted = {05/1991}, published = {12/1991}, annote = {A review of the experimental evidence for cold fusion as of July 1991. Storms believes that careful work has shown evidence for heat, tritium, neutron and helium production. The author has himself read all the papers (he does not refer to others) and gives a competent and detailed account, complete with tables and figures. Fractofusion is included. The key ideas in favour of cold fusion are outlined, such as dendrites (suggesting large voltages but naming only gradients), or the use of the Nernst equation for an overpotential (suggesting immense pressures). The paper concludes that the evidence is overwhelmingly for cold fusion. Of the 359 references, about 200 are real experimental papers.} } @article{Swit1991, author = {A.~C. Switendick}, title = {Electronic structure and stability of palladium hydrogen (deuterium) systems, PdH(D)n, $1 \le n \le 3$}, journal = {J. Less-Common Met.}, volume = {172-174}, year = {1991}, pages = {1363--1370}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, published = {09/1991}, annote = {Self-consistent augmented plane-wave total energy calculations were performed as a function of the cubic lattice constant within the local density approximation using Hedin-Lundquist exchange, on the mono-, di- and trihydrides of Pd (and deuterides), correcting an earlier erroneous paper. The results are compared with cold fusion inspired theoretical work of Sun+Tomanek, Wang et al and others. The monohydride is the only stable species, and p-p or d-d distances greatly exceed that in the corresponding gas, i.e. 0.74 A. There is a large energy barrier against close approaches.} } @article{Szpa1991a, author = {S. Szpak and P.~A. Mosier-Boss and J.~J. Smith}, title = {On the behavior of Pd deposited in the presence of evolving deuterium}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {302}, year = {1991}, pages = {255--260}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, codeposition, excess heat, res+}, submitted = {11/1990}, published = {03/1991}, annote = {This preliminary publication (a fuller account is promised) describes a new experimental twist in the area. Palladium and deuterium are deposited together by electrolysis from a solution containing both the usual 0.1M LiOD and 0.05M PdCl2. This creates a growing layer of PdDx, continually freshly laid down and possessing the attribute of nonequilibrium, considered by many to be the magic ingredient of cold fusion. The authors also claim that this method eliminates the need for a uniform current distribution and long charging times. A copper foil is used as the cathode initially, being progressively coated by the PdDx, and a thermocouple mounted behind it (on the dry side) (T1), as well as in the electrolyte (T2). A photographic film was mounted up close to the cathode and, in one cell, a metal grid was placed between the cathode and this film. During electrolysis, T1 > T2 by 2-4 degC, which cannot be explained by electrical resistance of a deuterium gas film on the growing surface, say the authors. Also, when the current is switched off, there is a sudden temperature rise in T1, not explained. One might suspect a chemical decomposition of the PdDx. The authors crudely calculate an excess heat of 10-40\% from the T1-T2 differences. Experiments with light water showed no such differences; T1 and T2 were about the same, and there was no temperature jump upon current switch-off. Tritium levels went up by a factor of 10 in the electrolyte but not in the light water controls. The film showed fogging, and clear shadowing by the metal grid, suggesting soft x-ray emission; again, this was not observed with the controls.} } @article{Szpa1991b, author = {S. Szpak and C.~J. Gabriel and J.~J. Smith and R.~J. Nowak}, title = {Electrochemical charging of Pd rods}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {309}, year = {1991}, pages = {273--292}, keywords = {Theory, loading kinetics}, submitted = {10/1990}, published = {07/1991}, annote = {It is of interest to cold fusion experimenters using electrolysis, how long it takes to charge a Pd rod and what the electrode potential is as function of current density and time. This paper goes into excruciating detail on all processes taking place, complete with a set of rate constants, all unknown. The model is then solved numerically, putting in some sets of values. There are no firm conclusions but the paper gives valuable detail of the many reactions contributing to deuterium charging of Pd.} } @article{Tach1991, author = {E. Tachikawa}, title = {Outline of room temperature nuclear fusion}, journal = {Genshiryoku Kogyo}, volume = {37}, number = {4}, year = {1991}, pages = {11--20}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {"A review with no refs. is given on nuclear fusion energy, room temp. nuclear fusion, and the trend of the research on room temp. nuclear fusion". (Quoted from CA 115:58483 1991).} } @article{Taka1991, author = {R. Takagi and H. Numata and I. Ohno and K. Kawamura and S. Haruyama}, title = {Neutron emission during a long-term electrolysis of heavy water}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {2135--2139}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, elecytrolysis, excess heat, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {12/1990}, published = {07/1991}, annote = {A chunky (121.3 g, 21.1 mm dia., 32.4 mm long) Pd electrode was vacuum annealed and then used as cathode in 0.1M LiOD, and subjected to a variety of current densities from 0.05-102.4 mA/cm$^2$, over a long period, after gas-charging in D2 at 1.2 atm. A single NE-213 detector measured neutron emissions, and two thermocouples, one within the cathode bulk and one in the electrolyte, the temperature. A Luggin capillary allowed measurement of cathode potential plus iR drop. There were no neutron background measurements, but the authors take this to be equal to the lowest emissions. There were some neutron emissions higher than others, including some spike-like excursions, and the authors take this to be support for cold fusion. They also noted some cathode potential swings and these tell them that cold fusion might be a surface effect.} } @article{Takah1991, author = {A. Takahashi and T. Iida and F. Maekawa and H. Sugimoto and S. Yoshida}, title = {Windows of cold nuclear fusion and pulsed electrolysis experiments}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {380--390}, keywords = {Theory, screening, experimental, electrolysis, neutrons, res0}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {03/1991}, annote = {A hypothetical excitation-screening model is proposed as a possible mechanism for nuclear heating, and some experiments to confirm it, are reported. The model rules out cold fusion under stationary conditions, so nonstationary conditions are examined as well. Pd is unusual with its 10 valence electrons. An incoming deuteron will be surrounded by many free electrons, resulting in strong screening. As more and more d comes in, the probablity of a d-d meeting increases, while electron screening decreases. At a certain loading, the fusion rate will be at a maximum. At full charging, screening is very weak; no more fusion. This might explain some of the observed results. Some rough estimations using the excitation model indicate the feasibility of observed fusion rates. An experiment using biased pulsed electrolysis current was then run, involving two different neutron detectors (a Bonner (3)He thermal neutron detector, and a NE-213 one) and simple cell temperature measurement. No definite emissions were detected, although there were some slight increases over the background. Nevertheless, the authors say that cold fusion exists, and encourage further work, including that with "crazy ideas".} } @article{Take1991, author = {T. Takeda}, title = {Theory of room temperature nuclear fusion}, journal = {Genshiryoku Kogyo}, volume = {37}, number = {4}, year = {1991}, pages = {40--48}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {"A review with 42 refs. is given on 2-body collision nuclear fusion by the shielding of the Coulomb field, collective nuclear reaction, and apparent room temp. nuclear fusion". (Quoted from CA 115:58486 (1991)).} } @article{Tate1991, author = {H. Tateno and Y. Iwashita}, title = {An attempt to observe nuclear fusion in titanium by internal friction}, journal = {Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Suppl.}, volume = {30--31}, year = {1991}, pages = {41--42}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, gas phase, internal friction, res-}, submitted = {01/1991}, annote = {The internal friction and resonant frequency of oscillation of Ti charged with deuterium from the gas phase were measured, and compared with those using hydrogen. The Ti was degassed at 600 C and loaded at liquid nitrogen temperature. Upon warming up, there were changes in internal friction and resonant frequency and some differences between deuterium and hydrogen; however, nothing was observed at the temperature at which other workers reported neutron emissions.} } @article{Tayl1991, author = {C.~A. Taylor}, title = {Defining the scientific community: A rhetorical perspective on demarcation}, journal = {Commun. Monogr.}, volume = {58}, year = {1991}, pages = {402--420}, keywords = {Soc/sci}, published = {12/1991}, annote = {A scholarly paper by a science sociologist/philosopher on how science defines its borders; cold fusion is used as a case study. The idea is propagated here, that Big Science, i.e. hot fusion, felt itself under attack and reacted. Reaction focussed on the errors committed by cold fusion researchers, and on the lack of universality (reproducibility), a clear criterion for the demarcation of what is science from what is not.} } @article{Thom1991, author = {K.~I. Thomassen}, title = {What do we know? What do we think?}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {10}, year = {1991}, pages = {123--124}, keywords = {Panel Discussion}, published = {03/1991}, annote = {The author took part in a panel discussion on cold fusion, later published in this journal. After two months of intense international focus on cold fusion, including experimmnts at the LLNL, it was possible to come to some understanding of the phenomena. The author considers that cold fusion is unlikely to yield useful power, but is interesting as a scientific curiosity. He believes that excess heat and neutron emissions are not connected. Although it is possible that cold fusion is an error, there are sufficient positive results that it may not be. Thom1990, contained in Rees1990.} } @article{Tsar1991a, author = {V.~A. Tsarev and P.~I. Golubnichii}, title = {Geological manifestations of cold fusion}, journal = {Sov. Phys. - Lebedev Inst. Rep.}, year = {1991}, number = {3}, pages = {22--24}, note = {Orig. in: Kratk. Soobshch. Fiz. (1991) 24}, keywords = {Comment, geological, fracto}, submitted = {01/1991}, annote = {The actual role of cold fusion in the Earth is not yet clear, since we do not yet fully understand the cold fusion mechanism, write the authors. But the geological level of fusion suggested by Jones is far too high, and dd fusion contributes more than pd fusion. One problem with any scenario is that steady fusion rates over long periods are required, whereas experiments with Pd or Ti show that the effect dies away after some time. This can be understood in terms of fractofusion, first demonstrated in 1986 by Soviet workers. This reasoning also has importance to geological tritium and (3)He.} } @article{Tsar1991b, author = {V.~A. Tsarev and D.~H. Worledge}, title = {New results on cold nuclear fusion: a review of the conference on anomalous nuclear effects in deuterium/solid systems, Provo, Utah, October 22-24, 1990}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {484--508}, keywords = {Report, comment}, submitted = {06/1991}, published = {12/1991}, annote = {It all started with the Jones group in Utah, say the authors (clearly defining their loyalties) and this is where this conference was held. The most important conclusion was that there is a body of quality evidence for the phenomenon, although it is sporadic and has little to do with nuclear fusion as understood up to now; hence also the conference name. The paper then outlines the successful detection of neutrons, charged particles, tritium, and some correlations (acoustic/electromagnetic radiation (emr), neutrons/acoustic, protons/emr. The geological evidence, which is the driving force behind the Jones group's work, is reiterated, such as "natural" tritium, anomalous ratios of (3)He/(4)He etc. In summary, the phenomena are not normal d-d fusion; the theory is not yet in line with experiment; the quality of experiments is going up; widely varying experiments are giving much the same results; the field deserves wider support.} } @article{Tsuc1991, author = {K.~I. Tsuchiya and Y.~H. Ohashi and K. Ohashi and M. Fukuchi}, title = {Interaction between two neighboring deuterium atoms in palladium}, journal = {J. Less-Common Met.}, volume = {172-174}, year = {1991}, pages = {1371--1374}, keywords = {Theory, res0}, published = {09/1991}, annote = {Again an approach to the feasibility of cold fusion in terms of the possible close approach of two d's in the lattice. Here, electron screening is looked at, to see whether it could allow a closer approach than previously thought. In principle, there might be sufficient space for an extra deuterium atom between lattice sites. The jellium model is invoked, and potentials are calculated. The potential well is broad and flat, with a minimum at about 0.66 A, which is closer than the D2 gas value of 0.74 A. No conclusions are drawn as to whether this might explain cold fusion.} } @article{Uhm1991, author = {H.~S. Uhm and W.~M. Lee}, title = {High concentration of deuterium in palladium from plasma ion implantation}, journal = {Phys. Fluids B}, volume = {3}, year = {1991}, pages = {3188--3193}, keywords = {Comment, suggestion}, submitted = {03/1991}, published = {11/1991}, annote = {The authors propose plasma ion implantation, in order to obtain high loadings of D/Pd for cold fusion and other experiments where this is of interest. A plasma of up to $10^{12}$/cm$^3$ and an electron temperature of up to 10 eV is generated by either rf, glow discharge or thermionic filaments. The Pd sample may be presoaked with deuterium, to about 0.6 loading. A negative charge applied to the Pd sample will then lead to the plasma deuterons making their way into the sample. If the surface is coated with a material in which deuterons are not highly mobile, their escape will be largely prevented; a good candidate here is 60\% Fe+40\% Ni. The barrier does not prevent ingress of the ions during charging. Calculations predict that the loading could be three times the normal 0.6 - but only if the lattice is not deformed. In any case, high loadings can be expected from this method.} } @article{Vaid1991, author = {S.~N. Vaidya}, title = {On the possibility of coherent deuteron-deuteron fusion in a crystalline Pd-D lattice}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {481--483}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {05/1991}, published = {12/1991}, annote = {The author proposes that in the PdD lattice with its periodic fields, there may be coherent interaction between this lattice and the wave-propagated deuterons, and that this interaction might enhance d-d fusion rates greatly. The condition for this is that the de Broglie wavelength of the deuterons are equal to the lattice spacing. This may be the case only sporadically in polycrystalline Pd and thus may explain the sporadic nature of cold fusion. Resulting fusion rates are in the observed range. The theory opens the possibility of optimising the process.} } @article{Vara1991, author = {A.~N. Varaksin and A.~A. Zhivoderov and N.~B. Bondarenko and V.~F. Shipitsin}, title = {Computer modelling of phase transitions in deuterised palladium (possible mechanism of low-temperature nuclear fusion)}, journal = {Fiz. Metal. Metalloved.}, year = {1991}, pages = {30--34}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Theory, modelling, res+}, submitted = {12/1990}, annote = {A cubic microcrystallite of 500 Pd and 250 D atoms was simulated by molecular modelling on a computer; open boundaries were assumed, and 450K. Results show that up to 10eV can be achieved for D atoms arising from the beta-alpha transition, and D-D distances down to 0.07 nm. In vacuum, this is not enough to cause fusion but in a metal lattice, maybe, what with potential barrier heights of about 10-20 eV. In reality, there might be even more energetic and close DD pairs, and fusion rates up to $10^{-21}$ fus/pair/s. This does not apply to the alpha-beta transition. The suggested mechanism is: (1) formation of high-energy (>10eV) D atoms and pairs; (2) formation from such pairs of metastable D-D which, with collective interaction with electrons from the palladium might fuse by tunnelling.} } @article{Viel1991, author = {W. Vielstich and T. Iwasita and H. {von Buttlar} and K. Farzin and K. Uebelguenn}, title = {Search for neutrons from controlled deuterium concentrations in palladium}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {303}, year = {1991}, pages = {211--220}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {08/1990}, published = {03/1991}, annote = {Basically, a FPH(89) experiment with careful neutron detection, and using a cell divided with a membrane, so that the evolved gases do not mix (why is not everybody doing this, being standard electrochemistry?). Three separate cells were used, the cathodes being rather thin Pd plates, which can be fully charged in a conveniently short time. Loading was measured by reversing the current and integrating it. Some deuterium is lost as bubbles but results indicate that a loading of about 0.85 was achieved. Neutrons were measured with a single high-efficiency (43\% at 2.5 MeV) NE-213 detector; pulse-shape discrimination separated neutron from gamma detection very well. Shielding was by 44 cm block of paraffin (more for the second experiment); the authors note that metals like Pb or Fe lower the gamma background, but raise that of neutrons. The three experiments gave three different upper limits for the cold fusion rate; the best of these, with the largest Pd cathode and the heaviest shielding, gave about $10^{-25}$ fus/s/pair, or about 1/50 that claimed by Jones+(89).} } @article{Welb1991, author = {V. Welborn}, title = {The cold fusion story: A case study illustrating the communication and information seeking behavior of scientists}, journal = {Sci. Technol. Librarian}, year = {1991}, number = {Spring}, pages = {51--60}, keywords = {Library science}, annote = {Biologist and librarian Victoria Welborne is concerned with the refereeing process, and finds fault with the haste with which the cold fusion story was made public, without proper refereeing, initially. A cold fusion chronology, based largely on newspaper and magazine articles (but also the FPH-89 and Jones+89 papers) is given. The extreme brevity of the FPH-89 paper and its lack of detail are criticised, somewhat unfairly, as most electrochemists knew some of what was left out. VW concludes that this affair has clarified the role of the referee in scientific publication.} } @article{Whit1991, author = {C.~T. White and D.~W. Brenner and R.~C. Mowrey and J.~W. Mintmire}, title = {D-D (H-H) interactions within the interstices of Pd}, journal = {Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Part 1}, volume = {30}, year = {1991}, pages = {182--189}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, submitted = {05/1990}, published = {01/1991}, annote = {Over a period of one year, the authors have examined several different theoretical models, to examine d-d and p-p interactions within the Pd deuteride lattice. They report on three: a) the bulk embedded-atom method gave good agreement with known facts like bulk expansion upon hydriding, and the migration energy; it showed that if you try to squeeze deuterons together by chemical or other forces, you only cause lattice expansion instead. b) the cluster local-density-functional, and Hartree-Fock methods showed that for all cases considered, there is strong d-d repulsion with resulting large d-d distances. c) they also looked at what happens at 0.1 Bohr d-d distance, a la Koonin and Nauenberg, but still found nothing promising. They conclude that neither squeezing deuterons together, nor electron screening, can account for cold fusion.} } @article{Wu1991, author = {B. Wu and S. Jin and F. Shang and D. Yao and Y. Ding and J. Yao and P. Yao}, title = {The SEM observation of palladium-deuterium system after the gas discharge process}, journal = {Gaojishu Tongxin}, volume = {1}, number = {9}, year = {1991}, pages = {1--5}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, gas discharge, surface analysis, res+}, note = {In Chinese, Engl. abstr.}, annote = {"The palladium-deuterium system after the gas discharge process was observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A species of round hole 1-200 micron in diameter with a melting boundary was found on the cross section of the sample on which the nuclear track had been detected by CR-39 detector. This phenomenon may be the trace of a high temperature and high pressure burst caused by some anomalous localised nuclear process under certain experimental conditions" (Direct quote from the English abstract).} } @article{Yamam1991, author = {T. Yamamoto and R. Taniguchi and T. Oka and K. Kawabata}, title = {In situ observation of deuteride formation in palladium foil cathode by an x-ray diffraction method}, journal = {J. Less-Common Met.}, volume = {172-174}, year = {1991}, pages = {1381--1387}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, x-ray diffraction, loading.}, published = {09/1991}, annote = {Since some theories of cold fusion focus on high deuterium loading in Pd, it is worthwhile looking at what can be achieved. The aim here was to look at the lattice constants and loadings as a function of electrolysis overpotential in 0.18M LiOD (D2O), by means of x-ray diffraction. Use of a Pd foil allowed this; the electrolyte was on one side, the x-ray equipment on the other. This showed the progression from pure Pd through a mixture of the alpha and beta phases to pure beta. Later, some alpha phase reappears. It is concluded that the maximum loading was no greater than 0.8.} } @article{Yang1991, author = {J. Yang}, title = {A new fusion mechanism}, journal = {Hunan Shifan Daxue Ziran Kexue Xuebao}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, year = {1991}, pages = {126--132}, note = {In Chinese}, keywords = {Suggestion, theory}, annote = {"The nuclear fusion of d-d can not be accomplished at room-temp., so the phenomena of the cold fusion in expt. may be from a new fusion-mechanism. Based on 2 basic hypotheses, the author expounds to explain some exptl. phenomena that is incomprehensible in normal d-d fusion. Furthermore, the author suggests a series of expts. to check the fusion mechanism" (Direct quote from CA 115:288601 (1991)).} } @article{Yoshid1991, author = {Y. Yoshida and Y. Aradono and T. Hirabayashi}, title = {Verification of room temperature nuclear fusion. 1}, journal = {Genshiryoku Kogyo}, volume = {37}, number = {4}, year = {1991}, pages = {21--30}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {A review with 16 refs. Means to detect room temp. nuclear fusion (RTNF) (measurements of n, p, T, and x-ray, etc) and the reaction system for RTNF are discussed (Quoted from CA 115:58484 (1991)).} } @article{Yun1991, author = {K.~S. Yun and J.~B. Ju and B.~W. Cho and W.~I. Cho and S.~Y. Park}, title = {Calorimetric observation of heat production during electrolysis of 0.1 M LiOD + D2O solution}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {306}, year = {1991}, pages = {279--285}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, heat, res0}, submitted = {02/1991}, published = {05/1991}, annote = {An apparently carefully done series of experiments with electrolysis at two kinds of Pd electrodes: as supplied and annealed at 800 degC in vacuum or in D2 gas. Both kinds gave essentially the same results. The calorimeters were open and closed, with and without recombination and with small temperature rises in the electrolytes. At a rate of about 4-5 experiments out of 20, excess heat bursts were observed at times, going up to over 20\%. This level cannot be accounted for as chemical artifacts, given the calorimeters' accuracy (about 2\%). The authors draw no strong nuclear conclusions, however, noting that more experiments, particularly correlated heat and emission events are needed for this.} } @article{Zako1991, author = {W. Zakowicz}, title = {Possible resonant mechanism of cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {170--173}, keywords = {Theory, res0}, submitted = {04/1990}, published = {01/1991}, annote = {Theoretical paper, looking for resonance effects, due to a combination of the short-range attractive nuclear interactions at close distances and the longer-range Coulombic repulsion. Solution of the Schroedinger equation yields reasonable reaction rates for d-d fusion, and shows the importance of screening. The remaining question is whether the resonance in fact exists. Inclusions and dislocations in the Pd lattice would be detrimental to this model, acting against resonance.} } @article{Zele1991a, author = {V.~F. Zelenskii and V.~F. Rybalko}, title = {Studies of neutron emission by mechanical destruction of Ti and Pd samples, saturated with deuterium}, journal = {Vopr. At. Nauki Tekh. Ser.: Fiz. Radiats. Povredzh. Radiats. Mater.}, year = {1991}, number = {2}, pages = {46--47}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, fracto, Ti, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {06/1991}, annote = {Samples of Ti, about 40 g mass, were shot at by a high speed steel projectile, reducing them to granules. There was a group of samples with the stoichiometric D/Ti ratio at 1.8..2, and another group, at 0.3..0.8. Neutrons were detected by 2 BF3 tubes at 20 cm from the targets. Neutrons were looked for over a period up to 1500 s after each shot. Controls were run, without the Ti. Out of a number of runs, no significant neutrons were observed.} } @article{Zele1991b, author = {V.~F. Zelenskii and V.~F. Rybalko and A.~N. Morozov and S.~V. Pistryak and G.~D. Tolstolutskaya and V.~G. Kulish}, title = {Preliminary results of the second series of experiments on cold fusion}, journal = {Vopr. At. Nauki Tekh. Ser.: Fiz. Radiats. Povredzh. Radiats. Mater.}, year = {1991}, number = {2}, pages = {48--53}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, Ti, ion beam, cp's, res0}, submitted = {06/1991}, annote = {More results from ion beam (D2+) bombardment of Pd and Ti targets, saturated from the gas phase, and one case of Ti saturated with tritium gas, with charged particle (cp) detection, greatly improved (by 2 orders of magnitude in sensitivity). Bombardment was sustained for $10^5$ s at 25 keV (20 keV for the TiT sample) and 20-30 $\mu$A/cm$^2$. Additionally, the samples were cycled in temperature down to liquid N2 and up to room temp. No cp's were found, setting an upper fusion limit at $1.5 \times 10^{-22}$ fus/dd-pair/s. Cold fusion was thus not found, but not excluded either.} } @article{Zhan1991, author = {J.~S. Zhang}, title = {The estimation of the difference between d(n,n)3He and d(d,p)T cross sections in the cold fusion}, journal = {Commun. Theor. Phys.}, volume = {16}, year = {1991}, pages = {439--442}, keywords = {Theory, branching ratio, res0}, submitted = {02/1991}, annote = {A theoretical attack on the assumption that, at low energies, the d-d fusion reaction must have the same roughly 1:1 branching ratio as at high energies. A rough approach, taking into account differences in wall transmission, angular distribution of the reaction channels and deuteron nuclear structure, show that p-t is favoured, and that the branching ratio might be as high as 100. "One should study further".} } @article{Zhu1991a, author = {R. Zhu and X. Wang and F. Lu and D. Ding and J. He and H. Liu and J. Jiang and G. Chen and Y. Yuan and L. Yang and Z. Chen and H.~O. Menlove}, title = {Measurement of neutron burst production in thermal cycle of D2 absorbed titanium chips}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {349--353}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, gas phase, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {02/1991}, published = {11/1991}, annote = {A Chino-USA effort to find neutrons in a Ti/D2 gas system with thermal cycling - the "Italian" mode. The experiment was done 580 m underground to minimise cosmic influx. Humidity had to be avoided, to avoid fake neutron bursts from the (3)He detectors (18 of them). The setup was not sensitive to mechanical knocks. H2 dummy batches were run to eliminate other artifacts. There were 10 D2 batches and only 3 of these showed no neutron emissions. The others showed neutron bursts of up to 535 from a burst. The burst intensity was up to 2 orders of magnitude above the carefully monitored background. The bursts occur during the first one or two thermal cycles, between -100 degC and room temperature; thereafter, the Ti seems to be inactive. They could be reactivated by vacuum degassing and reloading but the activity was lower. The controls with H2 ruled out interference effects.} } @article{Zhu1991b, author = {R. Zhu and X. Wang and F. Lu and L. Luo and J. He and D. Ding and H.~O. Menlove}, title = {Measurement of anomalous neutron from deuterium/solid system}, journal = {Yuanzineng Kexue Jishu (Atomic Energy Science and Technology)}, note = {In Chinese}, volume = {25}, year = {1991}, pages = {84--92}, note = {In Chinese}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, gas phase, neutrons, res+}, published = {11/1991}, annote = {"A series of experiments on both D2O electrolysis and thermal cycle of deuterium absorbed Ti Turnings are designed to examine the anomalous phenomena in Deuterium/Solid System. A neutron detector containing 16 BF3 tubes with a detection limit of 0.38 n/s for two hour counting is used for electrolysis experiments. No neutron counting rate statistically higher than detection limit is observed from Fleischmann \& Pons type experiments. An HLNCC-II neutron detector equipped with 18 3He tubes and a JRS-11 shift register unit with a detection limit of 0.20 n/s for a two hour run are employed to study the neutron signals in D2 gas experiments. Different material pretreatments are selected to review the changes in frequency and size of the neutron burst production. Experiment sequence is deliberately designed to distinguish the neutron burst from fake signals, e.g. electronic noise pickup, the cosmic rays and other sources of environmental background. Ten batches of dry fusion samples are tested, among them, seven batches with neutron burst signals occur roughly at the temperature from -100 degrees centigrade to near room temperature. In the first four runs of a typical sample batch, seven neutron bursts are observed with neutron numbers from 15 to 482, which are 3 and 75 times, respectively, higher than the uncertainty of background. However, no bursts happened for H2 dummy samples running in-between and afterwards and for sample batch after certain runs" (Direct quote from the English abstract).} } @article{Zywo1991, author = {A. Zywocinski and H.~L. Li and A.~A. Tuinman and P. Campbell and J.~Q. Chambers and W. A. {van Hook}}, title = {Analysis for light atoms produced in the bulk phase of a tubular palladium/ silver alloy cathode working electrode}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {319}, year = {1991}, pages = {195--205}, keywords = {Exxperimental, Pd, electrolysis, tritium, helium, MS, res-}, submitted = {03/1991}, published = {12/1991}, annote = {This is the counterpart of the calorimetric paper by the same team. Here, the cathode was a 81:19 atom-fraction Pd-Ag alloy tube of 85 microns wall thickness, 1.6 mm outside diameter and 75 mm length; the outside of the tube acted as a cathode in D2O + LiOD, and the inside was connected to a vacuum system to withdraw gases from it. During electrolysis, tritium is expected to go through, while helium is not; He was pulled through into the vacuum system after electrolysis by heating to 870 K and pulling hydrogen through for several hours. Mass spectroscopy was used to detect the species searched for; any (4)He+ ions were distinguished from D2+, present in large excess, by removing all hydrogen species by oxidation and cold-trapping. During electrolysis, species with masses 1,2,3,4,5 and 6 were found and assigned to various HnDm+ species by the high-resolution MS used. At this stage, some (4)He was found, peaking when the current was on - but was found due to contamination of the electrode from the laboratory atmosphere. Similar results were obtained from electrolysis in H2O and LiOH. The final results for (4)He were all at about the level expected from atmospheric levels, i.e around $(1-3)\times 10^{12}$ atoms. Tritium levels, too, were not above contamination levels, being the same for controls, and initial solutions without electrolysis. The authors comment that the results of Bush et al (same journal 304 (1991) 271) are likely to be due to their not pretreating their electrodes to remove occluded helium. Such helium is degassed electrolytically.} }