% Year 1992; there are 100 entries. @article{Adac1992, author = {G. Adachi and H. Sakaguchi and K. Nagao}, title = {(3)He and (4)He from D2 absorbed in LaNi5}, journal = {J. Alloys Comp.}, volume = {181}, year = {1992}, pages = {469--476}, keywords = {Experimental, mass spec, 3He, alloy, gas phase, res-}, annote = {One of the branches of the d-d fusion reaction leads to the formation of 3He, and this should be possible to detect if allowed to accumulate in a closed system. Mass spectrometry was used here to do this, from deuterium absorbed in LaNi5 alloy. The alloy (52.2 g) was carefully degassed at 1123 K and 1.3E-03 Pa for half a day. 99.5\% pure D2 at 7.9E05 Pa pressure was then admitted and the temperature cycled between 363 and 273 K to ensure absorption. After this, two experiments were run for 40 days and 28 days, respectively, cycling the temperature. Samples of the initial gas were also taken as background. Finally, the alloy was degassed again to obtain absorbed gases. In the MS measurements, the ratios of (3)He to (4)He, as well as to the impurity gases Ne, Ar Kr and Xe were measured as checks. Both in these ratios and the absolute amounts of (3)He found, there was a clear increase in (3)He, not explicable in terms of contamination from the air. The amount corresponds to a fusion rate of about 1.3/s, which is roughly equal to 1E-23 fusions/dd- pair/s. The possibility that this helium came from tritium contamination in the deuterium gas was not tested, however.} } @article{Arat1992a, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang}, title = {Reproducible 'cold' fusion reaction using a complex cathode}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {22}, year = {1992}, pages = {287--295}, keywords = {Experimental, composite cathode, palladium, nickel, electrolysis, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {08/1991}, published = {09/1992}, annote = {This is essentially the same paper as published by the authors in Kagu Yugo Kenkyu 67 (1992) 432, in Japanese. It describes a Pd or Ni cathode "plasma-sprayed" with a Pd layer. The authors point out that if cnf takes place, it does so within the cathode, and it is there the temperature should be measured. Neutron emissions from an electrolysis cell were measured with two detectors; a 3He and a BF3 one, with surrounding paraffin blocks and Cd shielding. A complex Pd cathode, after charging for 240 h, was held in air and a strong heating effect was observed. A similar cathode but without the extra Pd layer did not do this. When sand-blasted, this one, too, heated up in air after being charged again. Thus, an uneven surface favours fusion. Neutron counts, too, were higher than blanks or runs with H2O, with these sprayed rods.} } @article{Arat1992b, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang}, title = {'Cold' fusion in deuterated complex cathode}, journal = {Kaku Yugo Kenkyu}, volume = {67}, number = {5}, year = {1992}, pages = {432--444}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Experimental, nickel, palladium, electrolysis, heat, res+}, submitted = {12/1991}, annote = {A new type of cathode, either Ni or Pd, was prepared by plasma spraying its surface with Pd. This layer activated the surface and a new type of heat generation was observed reproducibly. The experiment was done by electrolysis in 0.07 M LiOH in D2O, with a thermocouple to monitor the heat, and two neutron counters (one BF3 and one (3)He). Accumulated neutron counts as a function of time showed clear differences between D2O runs (higher) and control H2O runs (lower), the latter matching blank runs in air.} } @article{Bart1992, author = {B.~I. Barts and D.~B. Barts and A.~A. Grinenko}, title = {Theory of nuclear reactions with the participation of slow charged particles in solids}, journal = {Sov. J. Nucl. Phys.}, volume = {55}, year = {1992}, pages = {45--48}, keywords = {Theoretical, screening, res-}, submitted = {07/1991}, published = {01/1992}, annote = {Two aspects of the crystal environment of purported solid state cold fusion are investigated. One is the screening of d-d pairs by valence electrons of the crystal. It is shown that at low energies, this is very important and the rate of fusion can be enhanced by many orders of magnitude. The other is the possibility of two deuterons moving together into a region of minimum crystal potential at the centre of a cell, where their wave functions might overlap and the fusion rate can increase by one or two tens of orders of magnitude. These effects are not enough, however, to explain experimental claims.} } @article{Behr1992, author = {R. Behrisch}, title = {Comment on: H. Gentsch, DD-fusion reactions at a PdAg(D) target in a minireactor, Ber. Bunsenges, Phys. Chem. 95, 1283 (1991)}, journal = {Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem.}, volume = {96}, year = {1992}, pages = {733.}, note = {In German}, keywords = {Polemic, self targeting.}, submitted = {12/1991}, published = {05/1992}, annote = {Gentsch had a hollow tube as the cathode in a cold fusion electrolysis, with a near vacuum inside, into which he aimed a deuteron beam and got more neutrons and tritium than expected. Behrisch writes here that Gentsch is wrong, that the results are explained by self targeting without invoking anomalous effects. See Gentsch's answer, ibid p.734.} } @article{Bock1992, author = {{J. O'M}. Bockris and C.~C. Chien and D. Hodko and Z. Minevski}, title = {Cold fusion as a consequence of high fugacity among hydrogen isotopes}, journal = {Int. J. Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {17}, year = {1992}, pages = {445--450}, keywords = {Discussion, fugacity, pressure, res+}, annote = {Bockris et al here argue for the high-fugacity theory of cold fusion. In the original FPH paper, FPH calculated, from the overpotential, an equivalent "pressure" of 1E26 atm. This is supported here, although called fugacity. The authors refer to 1967 work of Landau and Lifshits, which says that a pressure exceeding 1E17 atm might cause electron capture by deuterium nuclei and thus loss of charge. There is some qualitative argument for equating fugacity with pressure, away from walls. The steep fugacity rise at pressures of around $10^4$ atm is still mentioned.} } @article{Bott1992a, author = {E. Botta and T. Bressani and D. Calvo and A. Feliciello and P. Gianotti and C. Lamberti and M. Agnello and F. Iazzi and B. Minetti and A. Zecchina}, title = {Measurement of 2.5 MeV neutron emission from Ti/D and Pd/D systems}, journal = {Il Nuovo Cimento A}, volume = {105}, year = {1992}, pages = {1663--1671}, keywords = {Experiment, gas phase, Ti, Pd, neutrons, res0}, submitted = {04/1992}, published = {11/1992}, annote = {Report of an improved series of experiments, using both Ti and Pd, loaded with deuterium from the gas phase. Blanks with hydrogen were also run. With both metals, thousands of minutes worth of neutron measurements were taken. Background measurements were also taken. The detector was a time-of-flight neutron spectrometer, two blocks of plastic scintillators. The authors point out that the Ti, covered as it is with oxide, does not absorb D2 or H2 unless heat treated, which they did. Temperature-time curves showed phase transitions for low-loaded Ti (x=0.7), but not for highly loaded Ti (1.8). Both metals, initially in the form of sponge (Ti) or small pellets, broke down. Subtraction of the average background in two slightly different ways clearly showed an excess of neutrons at around 2.5 MeV with the metal deuterides at about 4-5 sigma (Ti) and 2 sigma (Pd) but not with the hydrides. The neutron flux was about 1/10 of that found by this team previously, at (Ti) 0.1 n/s/g, and (Pd) 0.02 n/s/g. No bursts were found.} } @inproceedings{Bott1992b, author = {E. Botta and D. Calvo}, title = {Results of cold fusion experiments on Ti/D22 and Pd/D2 systems with gas loading}, booktitle = {Conf. Proc., Common Problems and Trends of Modern Physics, Folgara, Italy}, editor = {T. Bressani and S. Marcello and A. Zenoni}, publisher = {World Scientific}, address = {Singapore}, year = {1992}, pages = {331--340}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, Pd, gas loading, neutrons, res+}, annote = {An improved neutron detector was designed, and some statistically significant neutrons observed, especially for the Ti case, but not as much at Pd.} } @article{Bril1992, author = {E. Brillas and J. Esteve and G. Sardin and J. Casado and X. Domenech and J.~A. Sanchez-Cabeza}, title = {Product analysis from D2O electrolysis with Pd and Ti cathodes}, journal = {Electrochim. Acta}, volume = {37}, year = {1992}, pages = {215--219}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, Ti, tritium, lithium, res-}, submitted = {03/1991}, published = {02/1992}, annote = {If there be fusion, there must be fusion products; this has been one of the weak points in the cold fusion saga. The Spanish team here looks specifically at the production of tritium and deposition on and diffusion into the metal of lithium and platinum, both at Pd and Ti cathodes, as well as at Pt, as a control. The electrolyte is the usual 0.1M LiOD in pure D2O (and LiOH in H2O as control), as well as some D2O spiked with tritium to about three times the normal contamination level. The metals were high purity sheets and rods and current densities ranged from 5 to 300 mA/cm**2, for many days. The temperature was controlled to 25 degC. Tritium was assayed from aliquots taken from the electrolyte, and near-surface products were detected by SIMS spectra. No unexplained changes in tritium were found, i.e. none was produced by exotic reactions. Lithium was indeed deposited on all cathodes, up to a total content of 30 ppm in the Ti sheet. Much more Pt was deposited (up to 600 ppm).} } @article{Brya1992, author = {S.~R. Bryan and J.~H. Gibson}, title = {Comments on 'Nuclear energy release in metals'}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {21}, year = {1992}, pages = {95.}, keywords = {Polemic, isotope change}, submitted = {08/1991}, published = {01/1992}, annote = {A letter to the Editor, commenting on Mayer and Reitz's previous paper (FT 19 (1991) 552). M\&R claimed that there is experimental evidence for their theory of a nuclear reaction with the Pd atoms, leading to Pd isotope distribution changes. Bryan and Gibson say that this is a misinterpretation, and no such changes took place.} } @article{Bush1992a, author = {R.~T. Bush}, title = {A light water excess heat reaction suggests that 'cold fusion' may be 'alkali-hydrogen fusion'}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {22}, year = {1992}, pages = {301--322}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {07/1991}, published = {09/1992}, annote = {Bush here outlines, in a qualitative manner, his disavowal of the theory of Mills and Farrell (which "is flawed"), and his own theory of how cold fusion takes place in a Pd or Ni lattice. A multitude of reactions of the kind p + M1 ==> M2, and d + M1 ==> M2, are possible, where M1 are alkali metals (as well as hydrogen isotopes), and M2 are ultrastable (or near-ultrastable) elements such as (40)Ca, (4)He, etc. This ultrastability, plus the special conditions in a metal hydride/deuteride lattice, is what enables cold fusion. There is thus a wide choice of fusion fuels, and the good news is that deuterium is not needed. In each case, the resulting high energy is dissipated in a kind of anti-Moessbauer effect, due to the rigidity of the metal lattice at these low temperatures. FPH were lucky because Li can do it with d. The author's TRM model (with Eagleton) is invoked along with all this. There is experimental proof. Using a Ni cathode, a Pt anode and 0.57M Na2CO3 as electrolyte, and a plate of a "Ni alloy", excess heat was found, in contrast with M\&F, whose theory demands light water and a potassium salt (but using Ni itself). Rb salts, too, do the trick. The reaction with potassium should yield some Ca as the ash, and in fact 14 microgram (about the right amount) were found; using a Rb salt, again about the right amount of Sr was found (3 microgram). This subrevolution within cnf could have immense economic ramifications, writes Bush.} } @article{Bushu1992b, author = {V.~S. Bushuev and V.~B. Ginodman and L.~N. Zherikhina and S.~P. Kuznetsov and Yu.~A. Lapushkin and I.~P. Matvienko and A.~I. Nikitenko and A.~D. Perekrestenko and N.~P. Saposhnikov and S.~M. Tolokonnikov and A.~M. Tskhovrebov}, title = {Experiments in the recording of nuclear emissions by electrolysis of heavy water}, journal = {Trud. Ord. Lenin. Ord. Oktyab. Revol. Fiz. Inst. im. P.N. Lebedeva, Ross. Akad. Nauk}, volume = {220}, year = {1992}, pages = {89--95}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd foil, neutrons, gamma, res0}, annote = {Search for neutrons and gamma radiation, in three variants of electrolytic cells, using small Pd foil 0.1 mm*2.5 cm$^2$ (0.3 g), a larger foil, 0.3 mm* 30.4 cm$^2$ (11 g) and a Pd rod 10 mm dia., 90 mm long (86 g). The first two were electrolysed in 30\% D2SO4, the rod in this as well as 7\% LiOD, all in D2O. Neutrons were detected by a battery of 6 3He tubes around the cell, gammas by CsI(Na) scintillation detectors. The Pd was vacuum annealed at 500-600 C for some h, and electrolysis was maintained for about 100 h. The small foil showed no radiation above background. The large samples showed some irreproducible large neutron pulses, up to 4 times background; no gammas.} } @article{Cann1992, author = {F. Cannizzaro and G. Greco and M. Raneli and M.~C. Spitale and E. Tomarchio}, title = {Search for neutrons as evidence of cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {21}, year = {1992}, pages = {86--91}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, Ti, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {05/1991}, published = {01/1992}, annote = {Report of a Palermo effort. Electrolysis was carried out in D2O containing sodium sulphate, and a mixture of sodium sulphate and iron, nickel and calcium salts. The Pd and Ti cathodes were in the form of plates. Two independent systems of BF3 thermal neutron counters were used, with pulse height analysis. Current densities went up to 24 mA/cm**2. The results do not confirm even Jones+ levels, at an upper limit of 3.6E-24 fus/d-d pair/s.} } @article{Cedz1992, author = {K. Cedzynska and F.~G. Will}, title = {Closed-system analysis of tritium in palladium}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {22}, year = {1992}, pages = {156--159}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, tritium, res0}, submitted = {07/1991}, published = {08/1992}, annote = {This describes a method of detecting tritium in Pd and the results of using it on about 90 samples of Pd, supplied by Hoover and Strong and Johnson-Mathey. The metal sample is simply dissolved in a distillation flask and the solution distilled past a catalyst to burn any tritium gas to water. The distillate is then prepared for scintillation analysis for tritium. The method was standardised, and a sensitivity of about 5E07 tritium atoms was found for the 5 ml cell, or a ratio of 1:1E13 t/Pd. None of the 90 commercial Pd samples showed any tritium contamination, in contrast with the claims of prior tritium contamination by Wolf. Thus, commercial Pd appears to be free of tritium.} } @article{Cela1992, author = {F. Celani and A. Spallone and F. Croce and L. Storelli and S. Fortunati and M. Tului and N. Sparvieri}, title = {Search for enhancement of neutron emission from neutron-irradiated, deuterated, high-temperature superconductors in a very low background environment}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {22}, year = {1992}, pages = {181--186}, keywords = {Experimental, HTSC, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {10/1991}, published = {08/1992}, annote = {The authors consider that copper-oxide-based high temperature superconducting materials (which absorb hydrogen) should also aid d-d fusion. Preliminary results were obtained by Jones. These materials have a perovskite crystal structure, similar to some geological crystals in the Earth's mantle. A two-(3)He-tube neutron detector and Pb shielding bricks were arranged around a cell containing variously a calibrating neutron source or a sample of the material, exposed to D2 gas at 40 and 36 bar. Some thermal cycling was carried out. Generally there were no deviations from background or blank detections, but there was one triple neutron event during a superconducting transition; such a triple event is likely to occur once in about 80 h, whereas all the thermal cycle runs lasted only 2.4 h. Other significant multiple events were seen in some other runs, going up to 30 sigmas above background. Thus, HTSC materials are suitable for cold fusion experiments and nonequilibrium conditions are favourable.} } @article{Cero1992, author = {C.~F. Cerofolini and A.~F. Para}, title = {Alternatives in low energy fusion?}, journal = {Springer Proc. Phys. (Exot. At. Condens. Matter)}, volume = {59}, year = {1992}, pages = {129--147}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, annote = {While hot fusion meets with increasing problems as it approaches break-even, there are appearing many claims for low-energy (cold) fusion. Here, cold fusion and the related cluster impact fusion (CIF) are examined and a unified model proposed to explain them, including their poor reproducibility. Muon catalysis, fractofusion, electrolytic fusion and CIF are discussed. The authors' "hot cloud" theory of CIF also implies that deuterium atoms explosively released from supercharged titanium deuteride might fuse at the levels found by Jones et al. At these levels, one is about 5 orders of magnitude below break-even.} } @article{Chie1992a, author = {C.~C. Chien and D. Hodko and Z. Minevski and J.~O.~M. Bockris}, title = {On an electrode producing massive quantities of tritium and helium}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {338}, year = {1992}, pages = {189--212}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, tritium, helium, res+}, submitted = {01/1992}, published = {10/1992}, annote = {Pd, from original bullion rather than scrap, was formed into cathode rods in a fairly conventional cold fusion electrolysis cell. Pd pretreatment included acid etching and anodic treatment. The rods were 16 mm long and 10 mm diameter. A rod from a cell that produced tritium was cut into a number of sections with a jeweller's saw, and stored in liquid nitrogen to preserve the gases. The samples were then analysed for helium and tritium, and by XPS and EDS surface analysis. The He assay was done by an external lab; extensive controls were used. Results were: there was a marked tritium production, as measured from electrolyte aliquots, well above the background, and increasing with time; this could be quenched by addition of light water, and the rate of tritium emission increased with increasing cathodic potential. It was observed (by MS water analysis) that the heavy water was contaminated with around 10\% of light water after 22 days of electrolysis in the fairly well closed cell. During 761 h of electrolysis, a total of around 1E15 tritium atoms were estimated to have been produced. The original Pd material was checked, and no tritium found in notable amounts; neither was there any in the laboratory air. Out of 10 cells, 9 produced (4)He, ranging from 0.4 to 167E09 atoms, with an uncertainty of 0.5 to 2E09. No (3)He was found. Surface postmortem analysis showed some Cu, Zn, Pt and Si (in small amounts). Surface morphology differed between cells producing tritium and those without. There is some speculation that high fugacity is the explanation of the results.} } @article{Chie1992b, author = {C.~C. Chien and T.~C. Huang}, title = {Tritium production by electrolysis of heavy water}, journal = {Fusion Technology}, volume = {22}, year = {1992}, pages = {391--394}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, tritium, res+}, submitted = {08/1991}, published = {11/1992}, annote = {An effort of the Institute of Nuclear Energy Research in Taiwan. Mild charging conditions were used, and tritium production measured as a function of applied voltage and bath temperature. An open style cell was used, with outlet vent holes, holes for D2O refilling and for insertion of a thermocouple. Pd rods, 10 mm diameter and 10-20 mm long were used as cathodes and thin Pt wire as anode, in 0.1M LiOD in D2O. A recirculating cooler kept cell temperature constant. Acid etching and anodic pretreatments were tried. Results show that tritium in the electrolyte increased roughly linearly with time, the slope depending upon temperature; a rise in temperature during a run (20 C to 30 C) clearly increased this slope. Similarly, increasing cell voltage increased tritium production. Interruption of the current stopped tritium production, but it could be revived by resuming electrolysis. Surface treatment was important and showed that the reaction takes place near the surface.} } @article{Chu1992, author = {L. Chu and S. Wang}, title = {Coulomb screening of deuterium in metal crystal}, journal = {Yuanzineng Kexue Jishu}, note = {In Chinese, Engl. abstr.}, volume = {26}, number = {6}, year = {1992}, pages = {80--81,88}, keywords = {Theory, screening}, published = {11/1992}, annote = {(English abstract:) "The Poisson equation is solved to discuss the Coulomb screening for deuterium in metal crystal". It is not clear to this abtracter whether there is any conclusion.} } @article{Clar1992, author = {B.~W. Clarke and R.~M. Clarke}, title = {Search for (3)H, (3)He, and (4)He in D2-loaded titanium}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {21}, year = {1992}, pages = {170--175}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti sponge, gas phase, helium, tritium, res-}, submitted = {02/1991}, published = {03/1992}, annote = {A very careful experiment, using titanium sponge and D2 gas. The D2 was prepared from heavy water that had been stored since 1946 and was therefore exceptionally low in tritium contamination (T/D was measured as 1.800E-15). A very sensitive mass spectrometer was used to determine He and tritium; sensitivity to (3)He and (4)He was 2E04 and 4E09 atoms, respectively. The Ti samples were outgassed at various temperatures and found to contain at most 3E03 and 3E09 atoms of the two resp. He isotopes. The D2 gas was passed over the Ti sponge to be absorbed, to form TiD. The gas was then driven off at 900 degC and reabsorbed further down the flow line; this sort of transfer was repeated many times, going to D/Ti ratios up to 2, and using D2 as well as H2 gas, and mixtures thereof. Each time, the (3)He and (4)He levels evolved were measured. There appeared to be a release of these gases but careful accounting showed that it was all due to the He initially present in the metal, so cold fusion did not need to be invoked. An upper limit on the fusion rate of 1.4E-21 fusions/d-d pair/s was calculated and said to be in reasonable agreement with the Jones+ results. Tritium measurements showed an apparent excess of 9E07 atoms; of four possible sources of tritium contamination, two could not be ruled out and thus the figure gives an upper fusion rate limit of 1.6E-19 f/pair/s. The paper ends with a long discussion of origin of He and T contamination.} } @article{Craw1992, author = {O.~H. Crawford}, title = {Examination of a proposed phonon-coupling mechanism for cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {21}, year = {1992}, pages = {161--162}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, submitted = {06/1991}, published = {03/1992}, annote = {In this paper, Crawford takes a critical look at Schwinger's theory how cold fusion might work, i.e. the idea that coupled harmonic motion of deuterons in the palladium lattice might lower the fusion barrier; in particular, Schwinger proposed that the p-d reaction is favoured. It is shown here that Schwinger's model does not lead to any such thing, that the p-d interaction potential has nothing to do with cold fusion, which cannot be expected to be enhanced by this mechanism.} } @article{Czer1992, author = {A. Czerwinski and R. Marassi}, title = {The absorption of hydrogen and deuterium in thin palladium electrodes. Part II: Basic solutions}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {322}, year = {1992}, pages = {373--381}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, loading study}, submitted = {06/1991}, published = {01/1992}, annote = {A report of the potential dependence of the amount of hydrogen/deuterium sorbed in a thin Pd film (supported on Au) in basic solutions of different electrolytes (NaOH, LiOH, NaOD, LiOD, all 0.1 M). It appears that Li+ ions favour absorption but hinder desorption of hydrogen/deuterium, with respect to Na+. Cyclic voltammetry was carried out, and the results show that absorption is strongly potential dependent, that basic electrolytes behave differently from acidic electrolytes, Li+ ions seem to affect the alpha-beta transition more than Na+ ions, maximum H(D)/Pd ratios are not affected by the electrolyte composition, and that sorption causes irreversible changes in the palladium.} } @article{Dong1992, author = {Q. Dong and W. Qiu and F. Gan and N. Cai}, title = {Studies on behavior of deuterium and hydrogen in palladium}, journal = {Chem. J. Chin. Univ.}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, year = {1992}, pages = {847--849}, keywords = {Experimental, positron annihilation, res0}, annote = {"The absorption, reserve, diffusion of deuterium and hydrogen in palladium, and the positron lifetime of palladium during electrolysis are investigated by hydrogen permeation method and positron annihilation spectroscopy. The results show that the electrochemical behavior of deuterium is almost the same as that of hydrogen, but the amount of deuterium reserved in palladium is slightly less than that of hydrogen and the diffusion coefficient of deuterium is slightly greater than that of hydrogen. The positron lifetime in palladium after electrolysis is increased by 10.5\%. The behavior similarity of deuterium and hydrogen and the possibility of 'cold nuclear fusion' are discussed". The same authors have published an English-language paper in the same year (see: Qiu WC, Dong QH, Gan FX, Wang SJ; Mat. Sci. Forum 105-110 (1992) 1961.), in which they state that they not able to draw conclusions about cold fusion from the results.} } @article{Enyo1992, author = {M. Enyo and P.~C. Biswas}, title = {Hydrogen absorption in palladium electrodes in alkaline solutions}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {335}, year = {1992}, pages = {309--319}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd foil, Li deposition, fugacity, res0}, submitted = {05/1992}, published = {09/1992}, annote = {The entry of hydrogen into palladium has mainly been observed in acid solution; the cold fusion controversy makes alkaline solutions interesting as well. Small foil samples of Pd of 5 mu thickness were subjected to galvostatic transients and the overpotentials monitored against time. From this, it was concluded that normal Butler-Volmer behaviour is observed at these electrodes in alkaline media. There was evidence of underpotential deposition of Li, explaining the disintegration of bulk Pd; this implies that similar deposition of Na and K is not ruled out. Maximum hydrogen pressure as a result of overpotential was less than that calculated from the Nernst equation, at up to about 10000 atm.} } @article{Fedo1992, author = {G.~V. Fedorovich}, title = {Quantum-mechanical screening}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {164}, year = {1992}, pages = {149--154}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {06/1991}, published = {04/1992}, annote = {Apparently motivated by cold fusion, F here tackles atom-atom (or ion-ion) interaction in a free-electron gas, with implications to crystalline solids, and particularly for the possible enhancement of fusion rates in such solids. The model, not yet complete, nevertheless may throw some light on cold fusion, in particular its relation to the author's E-cell proposal, published elsewhere. At large electron density, electron wavelengths can become large and strong screening may occur.} } @article{Fili1992a, author = {V.~A. Filimonov}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion: Its possibility in principle and means of realization}, journal = {Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys.}, volume = {37}, number = {6}, year = {1992}, pages = {689--690}, keywords = {Theory, suggestion}, published = {06/1992}, annote = {The movement of a deuterium soliton is coherent with the palladium antisoliton, and the deuterium shock compression is coherent with the shock rarification of the Pd sublattice; these cause Pd atom displacements much greater than thermal vibrations. Self organisation of a system of particles makes it easy for them to go to higher energies than the probability calculated from the individual jumps up the sub-levels. So energy may be passed from excited Pd atoms to deuterons, thereby enhancing fusion rates, and Filimonov calculates a rate of $4\times 10^6$ fusion acts/s at a loading (D/Pd) of 0.3. To optimise the cnf rate, Filimonov suggests coating the electrode with Pd black, use of an alkaline electrolyte to raise the cathode potential, and to promote a longitudinal potential gradient along the electrode for nonequilibrium.} } @article{Fili1992b, author = {V.~A. Filimonov}, title = {On the probability of cold nuclear fusion implementation: Synergetic hypothesis}, journal = {J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.}, volume = {162}, year = {1992}, pages = {99--109}, keywords = {Theory, res0}, submitted = {11/1991}, annote = {An alternative theory of cold fusion is attempted here. It consists of the division of an energy gap into a series of smaller gaps and this, together with nonequilibrium (dissipative structure formation) suggests higher fusion probability. State segregation si required for this theory, and this might be provided by lattice distortions as a result of deuteration. Some mathematics is used to describe this idea, and there is a table. Its contents seem to contradict F's conclusions: that this is a possible mechanism. The table shows that rather high energies are needed.} } @article{Fish1992, author = {J.~C. Fisher}, title = {Polyneutrons as agents for cold nuclear reactions}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {22}, year = {1992}, pages = {511--517}, keywords = {Theory, polyneutrons, res+}, submitted = {01/1992}, published = {12/1992}, annote = {This attempts to address the problem of anomalies in cold fusion, which clearly cannot be "normal" d-d fusion. Electrostatic repulsion demands that the new mechanism involves at least one neutral species; it cannot be a single neutron (not observed), so perhaps it is polyneutrons. This assumes the existence of a precursor super-heavy isotope (A)H (with A=6, for example) and the reaction n + (A)H --> (A)n + H, which is mildly exothermic. The poly- neutron (A)n could then enter a number of different reactions, including fusion and growth to a higher A value, up to 1E09. Much of this takes place in the electrolyte, involving lithium, so the role of the PdD phase is not clear here. This new physics opens up a rich new field of study.} } @article{Flei1992, author = {M. Fleischmann and S. Pons}, title = {Some comments on the paper Analysis of experiments on the calorimetry of LiOD-D2O electrochemical cells, R.H. Wilson et al., J. Electroanal. Chem. 332 (1992) 1}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {332}, year = {1992}, pages = {33--53}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {03/1992}, published = {08/1992}, annote = {A strong rebuttal of the cited polemic paper. F\&P find it full of misconceptions and misrepresentations of their own previous reports. In particular, F\&P write that they did not neglect evaporation effects, did not overestimate heat transfer, and that they used modern data treatment methods such as Kalman filtering, unlike Wilson et al. } } @article{Garf1992, author = {M. Garfinkle}, title = {Ion implantation as a definitive means of investigating any possibility of intracrystalline nuclear fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {22}, year = {1992}, pages = {160--163}, keywords = {Suggestion, ion implantation}, submitted = {07/1991}, published = {08/1992}, annote = {Electrochemical loading of a metal with deuterium has several drawbacks, among them the large iE heat term in calorimetric experiments, the presence of oxygen in the solution, and others. Ion implantation is suggested here. It would make mass spectrometry easier; also, with sufficient ion energies, quite large penetration depths up to a micrometer or so can be achieved, and loadings up to $10^{19}$ ions per cm$^3$. Also, the beam composition can be varied, allowing experiments with p, d, t or mixtures of these ions. Thin metal foils should be used, and reaction products can then be measured directly.} } @article{Gent1992, author = {H. Gentsch}, title = {Reply to: R. Behrisch, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 96, 733 (1992)}, journal = {Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem.}, volume = {96}, year = {1992}, pages = {734.}, note = {In German}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {01/1992}, published = {05/1992}, annote = {Answer to Behrisch's polemic criticising Gentsch's 1991 paper. True, Gentsch did not read all the relevant literature, but his figures are maybe 10\% accurate, not totally out as Behrisch writes.} } @article{Gerl1992, author = {I.~L. Gerlovin and R.~Kh. Baranova and P.~S. Baranov}, title = {New approach to low-temperature nuclear fusion}, journal = {Zh. Obshch. Khim.}, volume = {62}, year = {1992}, pages = {230--232}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Theory, suggestion}, submitted = {12/1991}, annote = {The author here outlines, in a qualitative manner, their explanation of cold fusion, on the basis of the new unified fundamental field theory, invoking spin orientation, the energy of vacuum, and the existence of different kinds of space interacting, as well as magnetic effects. The vaccum energy effect might explain long-term properties of cnf results, due to diurnal and other rhythms that are a result of the Earth's movement with respect to the vacuum of space. Best results should be achieved at 10 and 11 am, and noon. This preliminary paper will be followed by both more theoretical and experimental work.} } @incollection{Gier1992, author = {T.~F. Gieryn}, booktitle = {The Social Dimensions of Science}, editor = {E. McMullin}, publisher = {U. Notre Dame Press}, address = {Notre Dame, USA}, title = {The ballad of Pons and Fleischmann: Experiment and narrative in the (un)making of cold fusion}, year = {1992}, pages = {214--243}, keywords = {Science sociology, discussion}, annote = {A sci-soc/phil paper. The author narrates the development of the 'cold fusion' affair, in a somewhat light vein. He describes how P\&F have kept the subject alive, and have thrown doubt on their critics and generally have succeeded in keeping it in the public consciousness.} } @article{Gozz1992, author = {D. Gozzi and P.~L. Cignini and M. Tomellini and S. Frullani and F. Garibaldi and F. Ghio and M. Jodice and G.~M. Urciuoli}, title = {Neutron and tritium evidence in the electrolytic reduction of deuterium on palladium electrodes}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {21}, year = {1992}, pages = {60--74}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, neutrons, tritium, res0}, submitted = {04/1991}, published = {01/1992}, annote = {A FPH reenactment, using 10 cells and lasting 3 months, was carried out. All 10 cells were placed in the same water bath and shared the same current. A neutron detector was placed in the centre, and gamma detectors outside the ring. Tritium was measured in the recombined evolved gases. One of the 10 cells contained an H2O solution instead of D2O. Pd electrodes were gas (D2 or H2) charged prior to electrolysis. Current densities were changed according to a program suggested by a Texas A\&M result, up to 500 mA/cm$^2$, and there is a correlation between neutron emission and current density, with a threshold at about 320 mA/cm$^2$. Also, 3 cells out of the 9 showed tritium in excess of enrichment, at the same currents as produced neutrons. Some anomalous thermal effects were found but are in doubt. No gamma emissions were found. The authors conclude that more work is needed.} } @article{Gran1992, author = {P. Graneau and N. Graneau}, title = {The role of Ampere forces in nuclear fusion}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {165}, year = {1992}, pages = {1--13}, keywords = {Discussion, ampere forces}, submitted = {10/1991}, published = {05/1992}, annote = {Not referring to cold fusion, this paper points to deuterium fusion in conductors exploded by heavy current pulses. Neutrons and x-rays have been observed, not due to thermonuclear fusion, but presumably due to accelerated deuterons formed by the longitudinal Ampere forces along the axis. This might be a cheap alternative to Tokamak fusion, and is called filament fusion by the authors. There is reference to cluster impact fusion, now known to be an artifact.} } @article{Groe1992, author = {F. Gr{\o}nlund}, title = {Electrolysis in calorimetry}, journal = {J. Thermal Anal.}, volume = {38}, year = {1992}, pages = {229--238}, keywords = {Discussion, polemic, res-}, published = {01/1992}, annote = {This paper takes a critical look at the paper of Fleischmann et al 1990 or FPALH-90. Instead of the empirical and hard-to-follow method of analysis used by FPALH, Groenlund starts from basics, not unlike Balej and Divisek. Only known thermodynamic relations and reactions are considered. Input power, heat flow out of the cell, enthalpy of electrolysis and of water evaporation (in the saturation of evolved gases) are all known and can be related. The numbers from the grand Table in FPALH are used; the only missing variable, cell temperature, is calculated indirectly. The calculated excess heats are about an order of magnitude smaller than those given by FPALH, i.e. 0-5\% of input power. There is a linear, rather than power-, relation between excess heat and current, and an exponential one with -Ea/RT (Ea = activation energy). The heat bursts of FPALH remain unexplained but no evidence exists for an anomalous effect for their origin. Conclusions are: At low current densities, the present analysis agrees with FPALH, i.e. FPALH's method agrees with the thermodynamic approach; at higher cd's, FPALH's values are too high by an order of magnitude and may be due to error; the apparent large accumulation of excess energy could be due to small rates of recombination, despite FPALH's insistence that no recombination occurred.} } @article{Hage1992, author = {P.~L. Hagelstein}, title = {Coherent and semicoherent neutron transfer reactions I: The interaction Hamiltonian}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {22}, year = {1992}, pages = {172--180}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {11/1991}, published = {08/1992}, annote = {Highly theoretical work, with quintuple discrete and continuous integrals, taxing this bibliographer's ability to keep up. The interaction Hamiltonian describing coherent neutron capture and neutron removel from a lattice are presented, leading to a new nonlinear phonon operator. Increased phonon coupling relative to Lamb theory predictions is an immediate result. Old work by Lamb, Moessbauer and Josephson etc is invoked. Under some conditions, gamma emissions are expected.} } @article{Jaen1992, author = {M. Jaendel}, title = {The fusion rate in the transmission resonance model}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {21}, year = {1992}, pages = {176--178}, keywords = {Theory, res0}, submitted = {06/1991}, published = {03/1992}, annote = {The model of Turner, worked out in more detail by Bush, is examined. In this model, it is proposed that although there is a large potential barrier to cold fusion, a pair of such barriers might, by resonance, enhance the process. Bush did not offer any quantitative calculations of expected fusion rates based on this model; Jaendel makes these calculations, based on the WKB model. The conclusion is that transmission resonance cannot account for the observed cold fusion rates. Jaendel notes that this does not exclude some other mechanism, and that experimental evidence is paramount.} } @article{Jone1992, author = {S.~E. Jones}, title = {Current issues in cold fusion research: heat, helium, tritium, and energetic particles}, journal = {Surf. Coatings Technol.}, volume = {51}, year = {1992}, pages = {283--289}, keywords = {Discussion}, annote = {Four major issues current in cold fusion are explored in this paper. Transfer, by some cooperative process, of released nuclear energy into the metal hydride lattice a heat: the distances are too large, and the Moessbauer effect is not relevant in this context. Thus, the (4)He branch, without the accompanying commensurate radiation, is impossible. There is considerable doubt about the China Lake results. At least two data points were thrown out, both of some significance. The results are considered in error, the helium no doubt coming in as contamination. The calorimetry at China Lake, too, was poor and the excess heat well within the probable error. Thirdly, tritium production without secondary neutrons is inconsistent. Lastly, large amounts of heat without commensurate nuclear emissions are not possible, so excess heat claims, too, are in error. This leaves the Jones et al findings of very low level neutron emissions, possibly connected with geological tritium and (3)He production; the phenomenon is of academic, rather than practical, importance.} } @article{Kama1992, author = {K. Kamada}, title = {Electron impact H-H and D-D fusions in molecules embedded in Al. 1. Experimental results}, journal = {Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.}, volume = {31 Part 2}, year = {1992}, pages = {L1287--L1290}, keywords = {Experimental, electron beam, cp's, res+}, submitted = {05/1992}, published = {09/1992}, annote = {Hydrogen and deuterium were embedded into Al and then bombarded by electron beams of 200 keV and 400 keV. Fusion events during the bombardment were detected by a CR39 polymer film, as charged particles. Fusion was detected for both hydrogen and deuterium in the Al, not strongly dependent on the energy of the electrons. The author is able to differentiate the rates of fusion not due to and due to electron-hydrogen/deuterium collisions and concludes that most of the fusion is not due to such collisions.} } @article{Karab1992, author = {A.~B. Karabut and Ya.~R. Kucherov and I.~B. Savvatimova}, title = {Nuclear product ratio for glow discharge in deuterium}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A170}, year = {1992}, pages = {265--272}, keywords = {Experimental, electrical discharge, Pd, neutrons, heat, helium, res0}, submitted = {09/1992}, published = {11/1992}, annote = {A chamber with a Pd foil of 0.1-1 mm thickness in an atmosphere of D2 at 3-10 Torr was used. Thermistors measured the foil temperature and this served as calorimeter. Also in the chamber were detectors for neutrons, gammas and charged particles (cp's) as well as x-rays. The Pd foil acted as cathode for a discharge beam of 10-100 mA at 100-500V in the chamber. During running, excess heat, neutrons, gammas and cp's were detected. These paramaters were however not in the ratios expected from a fusion reaction. Postmortem examination of the foil revealed some increase in (3)He and an increase by factors of 4-100 in (4)He. All nuclear products, however, were at levels 3-4 orders of magnitude lower than commensurate with excess heat. The authors regard the calorimetry results as promising.} } @article{Kawa1992, author = {J. Kawarabayashi and H. Takahashi and T. Iguchi and M. Nakazawa}, title = {Low level neutron detection system for cold-fusion}, journal = {J. Facul. Eng., Univ. Tokyo B}, volume = {41}, year = {1992}, pages = {595--602}, keywords = {Experimental, neutron detector design}, submitted = {04/1992}, annote = {A new neutron detector is described, using a new digital waveform analysis technique in order to suppress noise and to resolve bursts of pile-up. High sensitivity 3-He detectors were used to catch neutrons (8 set around the detection space) optimally. Pulse height and wave for analysis completes the setup. The lowest observable neutron rate was 0.022 n/s. This was tested in a mixture of heavy and light water, irrradiated by a gamma ray source (24Na) and the count rate found to be linear with heavy water concentration, as required. It works.} } @incollection{Kitc1992, author = {P. Kitcher}, title = {Authority, deference, and the role of individual reason}, booktitle = {The Social Dimensions of Science}, editor = {E. McMullin}, publisher = {U. Notre Dame Press}, address = {Notre Dame, USA}, year = {1992}, pages = {244--271}, keywords = {Soc/sci discussion}, annote = {A sci-soc/phil paper; it is concerned with "the constitution of epistemic authority", as seen in the case of 'cold fusion'. There is mathematical handling of such topics as authority functions, prestige effects, alliances, assessment of others' work, replication and more.} } @article{Kuzm1992, author = {E. Kuzmann and M. Varsanyi and L. Korecz and A. Vertes and T. Masumoto and Y. Ujihira and A. Kiss and L. Kiss}, title = {Moessbauer study of cold nuclear fusion in Fe-Zr alloy}, journal = {Hyperfine Interactions}, volume = {71}, year = {1992}, pages = {1417--1420}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Fe-Zr alloy, neutrons, gammas, Moessbauer, res-}, published = {04/1992}, annote = {Amorphous Fe89Zr11 ribbon was used as cathode and deuterised electrolytically both "in air and nitrogen" (i.e. in the cell head space), in an electrolyte of D2O or H2O and 0.005 M D2SO4 (or H2SO4) + 0.495 M Na2SO4, for 5000 s at constant potential. A plastic scintillator and a BF3 tube detected neutrons, a Ge-Li device detected gamma emissions, and Moessbauer spectra were taken in transmission geometry using a $10^9$ Bq activity (57)Co(Pd) gamma source. No dependence of the neutron emissions on cathode potential was found. Moessbauer spectrum changes with loading could be explained simply by changes in deuterium (hydrogen) occupancy in the alloy. Spectrum changes due to the gas in the cell head space were likely due to the gases' effect on loading. So no cold fusion effects were seen.} } @article{Laso1992, author = {L. Lason and M. Przytula and R. Wojtkiewicz and J. Baczynski and J. Bauer}, title = {Search for neutrons from cold fusion of deuterium absorbed in palladium}, journal = {Acta Univ. Lodz., Fol. Phys.}, volume = {16}, year = {1992}, pages = {3--12}, keywords = {Experimental, gas phase, Pd, neutrons, res-}, annote = {A Pd tube, closed at one end, could be filled with deuterium up to a pressure of 1 atm, and heated by an electric coil around its outside. A BF3 and a 3He detector of neutrons were arranged around the chamber, with a paraffin moderator allowing detection of continuous neutron emission, and the pulses from the 3He detector were recorded as well. To detect bursts, a GM beta counter with a Ag or In sample was used. The Pd tube was saturated with deuterium and measurements performed over 7 days, twice. No continuous or burst neutron emissions above background were observed.} } @article{Lewe1992a, author = {B. Lewenstein}, title = {Cold fusion saga: Lesson in science}, journal = {Forum Appl. Res. Public Policy}, volume = {7}, number = {4}, year = {1992}, pages = {67--77}, keywords = {Sci-soc}, annote = {The author examines the question whether cnf is a unique phenomenon in the science sociological sense. He briefly outlines the history of events for the three years up to the time of writing, and then finds that the characteristics one might name for cold fusion, are in fact not anything new after all. The role of the press, press conferences, the intrusion of politics, competition between universities, double discovery (Jones and FPH), controversy; all are fairly normal in science. The one special feature might be the confluence of all these in a single issue.} } @article{Lewe1992b, author = {B.~V. Lewenstein}, title = {Cold fusion and hot history}, journal = {Osiris}, volume = {7}, year = {1992}, pages = {135--163}, keywords = {Sci-soc}, annote = {A soc-sci paper, following the cold fusion saga and its conflicts and problems it engendered. There is a chronology up to mid-1991 and some publication statistics. Some interviews are quoted.} } @article{Liaw1992, author = {B.~Y. Liaw and P. Tao and B.~E. Liebert}, title = {On charging palladium in an Al|LiCl-KCl eutectic, excess LiH(D)|Pd cell}, journal = {Proc. Electrochem. Soc. (Proc. 8th Int. Symp. Molten Salts)}, volume = {16}, year = {1992}, pages = {1--13}, keywords = {Experimental, molten salt, excess heat res+}, annote = {On high current-density charging of Pd with deuterium, excess heat was found. Various aspects of the experiments are discussed. Excess heat was observed only sporadically.} } @article{Lips1992a, author = {A.~G. Lipson and B.~V. Deryagin and V.~A. Klyuev and Yu.~P. Toporov and M.~G. Sirotyuk and O.~B. Khavroshkin and D.~M. Sakov}, title = {Initiation of nuclear fusion by cavitation action on deuterium-containing media}, journal = {Zh. Tekh. Fiz.}, volume = {62}, year = {1992}, pages = {121--130}, number = {12}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, some alloys, vibromill, fractofusion, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {11/1991}, annote = {This is an update of an earlier work by the same team (in Pis'ma Zh. Teo. Fiz. 16(9) (1990) 89), providing much the same data. Heavy and light water cells, with and without suspensions of LaNi5 or LaNi5Dx particles, were subjected to an ultrasonic Ti vibrator (22 kHz) while neutrons were measured by a block of 7 proportional counters immersed in an oil bath and shielded by 1mm of Cd; overall efficiency: 1.5\%. As before, the ultrasound vibrations induce cavitation and for D2O, and D2O plus LaNi5Dx suspension, this produces neutrons at about 5 sigmas above the background, ceasing when the ultrasound is turned off. For a suspension of LaNi5, neutrons are only detected after the ultrasound is turned off - the "after-effect". } } @article{Lips1992b, author = {A.~G. Lipson and V.~A. Kluev and V.~N. Mordovin and D.~M. Sakov and B.~V. Derjaguin and Yu.~P. Toporov}, title = {On the initiation of DD reactions in the zirconium-deuterium system}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {166}, year = {1992}, pages = {43--46}, keywords = {Experimental, Zr, vibromill, fractofusion, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {03/1990}, published = {06/1992}, annote = {The authors suggest that group IV metals should be good materials, and high dispersivity should, by favouring cracks and dislocations, favour the dissociation of D2 into atoms, and thus loading into the metal. Here, Zr is tried, in a vibromill, together with several deuterated substances such as D2O and polypropylene PP(D6). 10 g of untreated Zr chips were used, mixed with 4\% PPD6 + 10\% D2O, placed into a steel cylinder with steel balls and milled at an applied power of 10W/g. Seven proportional counters measured neutron emission. The cosmic background was 0.03 n/s. Control experiments with just Zr in the mill produced no excess neutrons. The charged mill was frozen to -160 C and then vibrated for 3 min, then allowed to warm up to about 25 C to get the "post-effect" previously reported. The cell was then again taken down to -160 C. This cycle was repeated several times. Spectra show neutron event differences between these runs and blank runs, both during freezing and the post-effect, of 7 and 6 sigmas, and of a strongly unsteady nature. Other transition metals that form deuterides should do the same.} } @article{Lips1992c, author = {A.~G. Lipson and V.~A. Kutsnetsov and D.~M. Sakov and B.~V. Deryagin}, title = {Yield of nuclear fusion products from absorption of elastic energy in deuterated metals}, note = {In Russian}, journal = {Dokl. Akad. Nauk}, volume = {323}, number = {6}, year = {1992}, pages = {1097--1101}, keywords = {Theory, fracto-, res+}, submitted = {11/1992}, annote = {An explanation is sought for the source of energy, about 5-10 keV, required for deuterons to overcome their mutual repulsion, in a metal deuteride. The authors state that in a conducting medium, acceleration to these energies (by the fracto-mechanism) is improbable. The present theory involves supercondensates, i.e. small volumes with high energy, supplied by external forces such as vibration (the Ti vibrator, ultrasonics, cavitation), or internal phase transitions. Feynman diagrams are invoked, as well as phonons, and the model seems to explain observed results reasonably well, both for the Ti vibrator and electrolysis.} } @article{Lips1992d, author = {A.~G. Lipson and B.~F. Lyakhov and B.~V. Deryagin and D.~M. Sakov}, title = {Parallel recording of pulsed thermal effects and neutron bursts in heterostructural Au/Pd/PdO, saturated with deuterium by electrochemical means}, journal = {Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz.}, volume = {18}, number = {20}, year = {1992}, pages = {58--63}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, Pf film, electrolysis, neutrons, heat, res+}, submitted = {10/1992}, published = {12/1992}, annote = {A 30 mu cold-rolled Pd film was heated and annealed at up to 600 C, forming an oxide layer. A 5000 A layer of gold was then electrolytically laid down on one side, and the sandwich electrolysed in NaOD/D2O at 20-30 mA/cm$^2$. Temperature was measured by a gas thermometer, and neutrons by a block of 7 proportional counters with 3\% efficiency. Overall, no correlation between thermal and neutron events was observed.} } @article{Lips1992e, author = {A.~G. Lipson and D.~M. Sakov and V.~B. Kalinin and B.~V. Deryagin}, title = {Neutron emission in monocrystals of KD2PO4, stimulated by ferroelectric phase transition}, journal = {Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fis.}, volume = {18}, number = {16}, year = {1992}, pages = {90--95}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {** Experimental, ferroelectrics, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {06/1992}, published = {08/1992}, annote = {Essentially the same paper as that published by the same authors (with Khodyakov) in Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 103 (1993) 2142, or JETP 76 (1993) 1070 in English translation. See the abstract for that paper.} } @article{Lope1992, author = {A. R. {Lopez Garcia} and H. Vucetich and A.~E. Bolzan and A.~J. Arvia}, title = {Gamma-radiation detection limits for electrochemically induced deuterium cold-fusion rates}, journal = {Il Nuovo Cimento A}, volume = {105}, year = {1992}, pages = {987--992}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, gama, res-}, submitted = {12/1991}, published = {07/1992}, annote = {The fact that the 2.45 MeV neutrons expected from d-d fusion are thermalised by water and then yield 2.224 MeV gamma radiation, was made use of here; a single NaI scintillation detector was used here, in conjunction with an electrolysis cell, with LiOH in D2O, at a Pd rod cathode, and rather small currents. These were stepped occasionally from 0.8 mA/cm$^2$ to double or ten times that, in order to provoke fusion. Measured emissions were three orders of magnitude below those of FPH but more in line with those of the Jones team. The FPH results may be due to errors.} } @article{Ma1992, author = {Y. Ma and H. Yang and X. Dai}, title = {A theoretical study of the possibility of cold nuclear fusion in condensed matter}, journal = {Nucl. Fusion Plasma Phys.}, volume = {12}, year = {1992}, pages = {171--177}, note = {In Chinese}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, annote = {(From the English abstract:) A strongly couple cold plasma model of cold fusion. Strong Coulomb screening and micro-heat analysis show that the fusion rate is insensitive to temperature and density of deuterium ions, but sensitive to the screening correction factor of the total deuterium ions. For certain values of this factor, cold fusion may be detectable.} } @article{Matsu1992a, author = {T. Matsumoto}, title = {Interference phenomena observed during cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {21}, year = {1992}, pages = {179--182}, keywords = {Analysis, film tracks, quad neutrons, res+, no FPH/Jones refs}, submitted = {02/1991}, published = {03/1992}, annote = {Matsumoto has previously observed circular areas of damage on nuclear emulsions held outside a cold fusion electrolysis cell, and attributes them to micro-explosions of quad neutrons produced in palladium deuteride. These quad-neutrons decay within the metal lattice and produce two different kinds of waves: gravitational and antigravitational. M has now done more experiments and sees evidence of both of these. Known radiation such as electromagnetic or sonic, do not behave in this way, so these must be due to entirely new particles; one of them seems to oppose gravity.} } @article{Matsu1992b, author = {T. Matsumoto}, title = {Observation of gravity decays of multiple-neutron nuclei during cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {22}, year = {1992}, pages = {164--171}, keywords = {Analysis, film tracks, nattoh, gravity decay, res+, no FPH/Jones refs}, submitted = {07/1991}, published = {08/1992}, annote = {According to M's nattoh (soya bean) theory of cold fusion involving the new elementary particle, the iton, cold fusion should leave behind di- and quad- neutrons; these, as described earlier by M, should suffer gravity decay, leading to micro-explosions. Nuclear emulsions previously placed in a cold fusion cell space were examined for evidence of such events. Under the microscope, many circles, clearly indicating gravity decay, were seen. The first group of such circles were up to 0.364 mm large; in a second group of smaller circles, these were always smaller than those of the first group, at about 22 mu. A third group had circles of intermediate size. There were other groups. Some of these could be assigned to the decay of di-neutrons, others to higher-n assemblies. Clearly, many-body fusions of hydrogen atoms at grain boundaries are responsible, leading to the production of heavy elements such as Zn, Fe, and even Ru and In. All this might lead to a change in mass, but this has not been observed, which supports transmutation. There are 10 references, all of them to previous work by the author.} } @article{Matsu1992c, author = {T. Matsumoto}, title = {Searching for tiny black holes during cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {22}, year = {1992}, pages = {281--286}, keywords = {Analysis, film tracks, black holes, res+, no FPH/Jones refs}, submitted = {12/1991}, published = {09/1992}, annote = {The author continues in his efforts to support his Nattoh theory of cold fusion, which proposes the formation of neutron clusters which collapse by gravity and then explode. This might also be expected to produce tiny black holes, and a careful search for these is described here. As before, post-experiment microscopic analysis of the Pd surface was carried out. The several figures clearly show black holes, from 10 to 100 mu in diameter, one of them with a tail. The region of space around this tail has asymmetrical curvature. Some others show associated other particles. There are six references, all to prior work by the author.} } @article{Matsu1992d, author = {T. Matsumoto}, title = {Observation of stars produced during cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {22}, year = {1992}, pages = {518--523}, keywords = {Analysis, film tracks, star formation, res+, no FPH/Jones refs}, submitted = {01/1992}, published = {12/1992}, annote = {M has searched for more features on nuclear emulsions held close to a cnf electrolysis at a thin Pd foil. His theory of quad-neutrons predicts various events. Multiple neutrons formed within the PdD matrix are covered with the itonic mesh. This slowly fades, but it might be so sticky that it will allow the multiple neutrons to react with the nuclei of the media, e.g. in the emulsion. One of the expected features is the formation of star-shaped tracks, and they were indeed found. Some of these have long tracks and some have short tracks, and they obviously are the result of cold fusion taking place in the cell.} } @article{Maye1992, author = {F.~J. Mayer and J.~R. Reitz}, title = {Response to 'Comments on "Nuclear energy release in metals"'}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {21}, year = {1992}, pages = {95--96}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {08/1991}, published = {01/1992}, annote = {Answer to Bryan and Gibson's polemic (FT 21 (1992) 95) denying the validity of M\&R's claim for nuclear reactions between deuterium and Pd, leading to changes in Pd isotope distribution. M \& R agree that the evidence for such changes is not there, but insist that their hydron theory of cold fusion fits the facts.} } @article{McAl1992, author = {J.~W. McAllister}, title = {Competition among scientific disciplines in cold nuclear fusion research}, journal = {Science in Context}, volume = {5}, year = {1992}, pages = {17--49}, keywords = {Soc/sci discussion}, annote = {Science sociologist and philosopher McAllister looks at the sociological phenomenon of cold fusion, as rare evidence of competition between different disciplines (here: chemistry vs. physics), rather than the more usual intra- discipline strife. He gathers convincing evidence for such inter-discipline competition; certainly "the chemists" appear at times to have cheered each other, while "the physicists" have damned the phenomenon of cold fusion. He also cites some dissent from chemists. The paper concludes that cold fusion put at stake the corporate interests of parts of the communities of chemists and physicists; that these challenges evoked corporate responses; and that the knowledge claims of the participants are molded in part by their disciplines' roles in the controversy.} } @article{McKe1992, author = {J.~S.~C. McKee and G.~R. Smith and J.~J.~G. Durocher and H.~L. Johnston and M.~S. Mathur and J.~K. Mayer and A. Mirzai and Y.~H. Yeo and A. Hempel and H. Hnatiuk and S. King}, title = {The role of fractofusion in the creation of anomalies in neutron production from deuterium-implanted solids}, journal = {Nucl. Instr. Methods Phys. Res. B}, volume = {67}, year = {1992}, pages = {448--451}, keywords = {Discussion, fracto}, annote = {Purely on the basis of d-d separation (389 pm in Pd, 404 pm in PdD, 74 pm in D2 gas), cold fusion is unlikely. Here, the fracto-scenario is examined. Can the material fracture, and might there be metal-dielectric transitions in the deuteride? Cracks are well documented, and in an ionic crystal, the time constant of potential decay of a 1 mu crack is long enough to support the required acceleration. In a metallic conductor, however, the times are much smaller, unless the region around a crack becomes a dielectric, and this is thought to be possible. Fusion from acceleration should be accompanied by the emission of x-rays, and work is in progress.} } @article{Mell1992, author = {R.~E. Mellican}, title = {From fusion frenzy to fraud: Reflections on science and its cultural norms}, journal = {Bull. Sci. Tech. Soc.}, volume = {12}, year = {1992}, pages = {1--9}, keywords = {sci-soc}, published = {01/1992}, annote = {The philosopher author here associates cold fusion and science fraud in one article. Again, science-by-press conference is mentioned. Merton's conception of modern science is discussed. One of the features of "science" is that of "organised skepticism", or self-doubt, mentioned also by CP Snow. Peer review acts as a social control. Cold fusion researchers have been charged with a lack of this self-doubt, and criticised for their press conferences. However, this is not unusual for exciting new fields; what is more, the critics themselves engaged in the same activity. However, Mellican points out that one feature of the cold fusion affair is that money plays a large role, and that this is an increasingly important aspect of research. The author concludes that society may need to reconsider, in the light of "scientific misconduct and the cold fusion episode", the relationship between science and the public.} } @article{Meng1992, author = {G. Mengoli and M. Fabrizio and C. Manduchi and G. Zannoni and L. Riccardi and A. Buffa}, title = {Tritium and neutron emission in D2O electrolysis at Pd and Ti cathodes}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {322}, year = {1992}, pages = {107--117}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, Ti, tritium, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {07/1991}, published = {01/1992}, annote = {Previous work by this team, in which some evidence of tritium was found, indicated that large cathode area would be favourable, as would be some sort of nonequilibrium. Here, this is followed up with larger Ti and Pd plates, rods and tubes, with the geometry providing asymmetric electric fields for nonequilibrium (unequal current densities over the cathode surfaces). The Ti was cleaned prior to use in either boiling 20\% oxalic acid (3 min) or 5\% HF, to remove the blocking oxide layers; Pd was dipped in 5M HCl to remove traces of contaminant metals (Fe, Cr, etc). Tritium was looked for in the electrolyte and evolved gases; tritium in the cathodes was believed to appear in these phases eventually, so was not looked for in the metals. Neutrons were detected by a single scintillation counter, in a constant temperature room, regarded as important; pulse height discrimination was used; overall efficiency was 0.3-0.35\%. No significant neutrons were found, and none correlating with tritium peaks. This is probably due to the high background of above 100 c/s. Tritium enrichment was observed, but could not account for all of the tritium found, even if an infinite separation factor is assumed; no relationship (other than one negative one) between current and tritium produced could be discerned. Some tritium deficit was observed as well and put down to evaporation loss. What tritium excess was found appeared early in the electrolysis at Ti, in conformity with a near-surface effect.} } @article{Mill1992, author = {R.~L. Mills}, title = {Reply to 'Comments on "Excess heat production by the electrolysis of an aqueous potassium carbonate electrolyte and the implications for cold fusion"'}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {21}, year = {1992}, pages = {96.}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {09/1991}, published = {01/1992}, annote = {Reponse to a polemic by Mayer (FT 20 (1991) 511), who doubts Mills and Kneizys's report; Mills shows that electrolyte conductivity changes due to natural K isotopes are irrelevant. He concludes that, although quantum mechanics is indeed, as Mayer notes, firmly entrenched, this does leave room for new ideas such as his; experimental results rule.} } @article{Mish1992, author = {H. Mishima}, title = {Experimental trial for cold fusion using electrolysis technique of heavy water with palladium electrode Part 1}, journal = {Shigen to kankyou, Resources and Environment}, volume = {1}, year = {1992}, pages = {273--281}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, gamma, neutrons, heat, res-}, annote = {"Possibility of the cold fusion by the electrolysis method with deuterized water and palladium and palladium alloy as the cathode has been studied. Gamma ray, neutron, and change in the solution temperature were measured as parameters as evidence for the cold fusion. The present experiments, however, did not indicate clear evidence for the cold fusion, since no significant difference in above parameters was obtained between electrolysis and background." (Direct reproduction of the English abstract).} } @article{Mizu1992, author = {T. Mizuno and T. Akimoto and K. Azumi and M. Enyo}, title = {Diffusion rate of deuterium in Pd during cathodic charging}, journal = {Denki Kagaku oyobi Kogyo Butsuri Kagaku}, note = {In Japanese, Engl. abstr.}, volume = {60}, year = {1992}, pages = {405--411}, keywords = {Experimental, fundamental, electrolysis, Pd, loading, diffusion}, submitted = {12/1991}, annote = {A more fundamental paper on the absorption and release rates for deuterium during electrolysis at a Pd cathode in 0.5M LiOD. The Pd rod was degassed in vacuum at 200 degC for about 20 h. This abstractor infers that loading was measured by gas volumetry. At a charging current of 44 mA/cm$^2$, the rod was fully charged to a D/Pd ratio of close to 0.8 in 16 days; discharge (presumably by current reversal) led to a rapid initial decrease of this ratio to about 0.3, followed by a slower decline to zero over a 25-day period. From these experiments, the authors draw the conclusion that there exist phases within the metal with different diffusion coefficients for deuterium, i.e. $10^{-6}$ cm$^2$/s in the alpha and beta phases, and and $10^{-8}$ cm$^2$/s in a new hypothetical gamma phase.} } @article{Noni1992, author = {V.~C. Noninski}, title = {Excess heat during the electrolysis of a light water solution of K2CO3 with a nickel cathode}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {21}, year = {1992}, pages = {163--167}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, light water, calorimetry, res+}, submitted = {07/1991}, published = {03/1992}, annote = {The Mills \& Kneizys scenario; Noninski has visited the Franklin and Marshall College where Mills and Farrell work, and carried out a confirmation experiment. He points out in the introduction that Pons, too, initially reported excess heat from H2O solutions. Calorimetry was by means of the difference between two identical Dewar cells, both containing the same solutions and components. One cell had electrolysis plus an inactive heater, the other the reverse. Blank Dewars were also used as checks. Ni foil, 7.5 * 4 * 0.0125 cm$^3$ was used as cathode, and the electrolyte was 0.57 M Na2CO3 and K2CO3. There were significant differences in the behaviour of the solutions, with the K2CO3 electrolyte showing an excess heat at about 60\% over the input power. Noninski cannot see any trivial explanation for this excess; neither can it be due to temperature gradients in the cell, which were checked for by means of multiple thermistors, all showing the same. The extent of recombination of evolved hydrogen with oxygen is not known, although this was assumed zero in the calculation of excess heat. N does not comment further, except to say that a closed cell with a recombiner would add to the complications. As others have done, N ends with a statement that experimental evidence is more important at this stage than theory.} } @article{Pinc1992, author = {T.~J. Pinch}, title = {Opening black boxes: Science, technology and society}, journal = {Social Studies of Science}, volume = {22}, year = {1992}, pages = {487--510}, keywords = {Soc/sci}, annote = {This was given as a talk at a conference and later published here. It is a sci-soc/phil paper, discussing 'the role of errors and mistakes' in 'cold fusion', among other subjects. Pinch points out that different standards are applied by critics of 'cold fusion' to its advocates and its critics. Authors Close and Broad are singled out as examples.} } @article{Pons1992, author = {S. Pons and M. Fleischmann}, title = {Concerning the detection of neutron and gamma-rays from cells containing palladium cathodes polarized in heavy water}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento A}, volume = {105}, year = {1992}, pages = {763--772}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, gammas, neutrons, helium, res+}, submitted = {04/1991}, published = {06/1992}, annote = {P\&F have apparently now improved their expertise in radiation measurement, and here admit that their first attempt was insufficient. They now report the use of an efficient Ge detector for gamma rays, placed in a lab together with three electrolysis cell baths, each containing 4-6 cells, with various sized Pd cathodes, various current densities, plus a Pt cathode control. The Ge detector presumably would pick up radiation from any of these cells. This was left to itself for up to 205 days, while some of the cells gave off excess heat. The integrated gamma spectrum has some sharp peaks at 2224 keV, and some other features convince P\&F that this indeed comes from thermalisation of neutrons given off d-d by cold fusion, that branch that also produces (3)He. There is some polemic about the Salamon measurements.} } @article{Prat1992, author = {P. Prati and G. Ricco and M. Taiuti and C. Boragno and R. Eggenhoffner and U. Valbusa}, title = {Search for neutron emission from titanium-deuterium systems}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento A}, volume = {105}, year = {1992}, pages = {293--299}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, gas phase, neutrons, detector design, res-}, submitted = {10/1991}, published = {02/1992}, annote = {This team designed a new type of multiparameter, high-efficiency neutron detector, recognising that this is required for cold fusion experiments. The aim was to verify the results of Scaramuzzi et al, for high D loadings in Ti. Three coaxial scintillator shells were used, 20 cm long and about 5 cm thick. The inner shell was filled with NE213 liquid and the two outer ones are plastic NE102A. Cd sheets between the shells capture neutrons thermalised within the detector. An anticoincidence cosmic ray detector was placed over the setup and the whole surrounded by a paraffin (20 cm) and Cu (2 cm) and Pb (10 cm) wall. A 30 cm$^3$ sample could be placed in the centre of all this. A pulse shape discriminator separated gamma events from neutrons. Detection efficiency at 2.45 MeV was calibrated at 12.5\%. Ti shavings were exposed to D2 gas under pressure; when the Ti was not heated in vacuum, no D2 was absorbed and the neutron count was the same as the background; the same was obtained with Ti powder. When the powder was heated in vacuum at 560 C for about 7 h, and then exposed to 16 atm of D2 gas, it did absorb it and the temp. went up to 600 C; still no neutrons were detected. This loaded Ti was then subjected to several thermal cycles between liquid N2 and room temperature, and at no time was there any neutron emission above background. The authors conclude that the Scaramuzzi-type experiment is not suitable, because no D2 is absorbed.} } @article{Qiu1992, author = {W.~C. Qiu and Q.~H. Dong and F.~X. Gan and S.~J. Wang}, title = {PAS studies on the new topic: Cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Mat. Sci. Forum}, volume = {105-110}, year = {1992}, pages = {1961--1964}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, positron anihilation, fracto-, res-}, annote = {The behaviour of H and D in palladium hydride might be analogous to positrons in electric flows, so positron annihilation spectroscopy might be a useful tool. By this method, as well as by the electrochemical hydrogen permeation (EHP) method, the behaviour of H and D in Pd were compared. The Pd plates (15*15*2 mm$^3$) were annealed at 550 C for 8 h, and electrolysis carried out in 0.5 M LiOH/D for 5 h at 800 mA. An Ortec lifetime spectrometer with a fast-fast coincidence system and BaF2 detectors was used, with a (22)Na source, for 1E06 counts. Results are that H and D behave in nearly the same way; both change one of the PAS parameters (tau1) but this can be attributed to volume changes and not to crack formation, since the value recovered after final annealing. No cold fusion effects were observed.} } @article{Ramb1992, author = {M. Rambaut}, title = {Double screened Coulomb barrier accounts for neutrons productions in cluster and other fusion experiments}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {164}, year = {1992}, pages = {155--163}, keywords = {Theory, screening, CIF connection, res+}, submitted = {09/1991}, published = {04/1992}, annote = {A dense medium like Pd deuteride can be considered as a non-ideal plasma. Assuming full ionisation, electron mobility and a Poisson ion spatial distribution, the rate of d-d fusion is enhanced by both collisions between d-d pairs and electron screening, and this might explain both cold fusion and cluster impact fusion (the latter is now disproved, however.} } @article{Ray1992, author = {M.~K.~S. Ray and R.~D. Saini and D. Das and G. Chattopadhyay and R. Parthasarathy and S.~P. Garg and R. Venkataramani and B.~K. Sen and T.~S. Iyengar and K.~K. Kutty and D.~N. Wagh and H.~N. Bajpai and C.~S.~P. Iyer}, title = {The Fleischmann-Pons phenomenon - a different perspective}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {22}, year = {1992}, pages = {395--399}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, multiparameter, oxygen, res+}, submitted = {10/1991}, published = {11/1992}, annote = {Lacking precise definitions of the conditions favourable for cold fusion, this team tried a wide variety of physical, chemical and electromagnetic perturbations of a cold fusion experiment in an attempt to elicit the effect. A divided cell was chosen, which separates the evolved gases from the start. The porous alumina membrane also acted as a thermal separator, increasing the sensitivity of thermal transient measurement. Ti and Pd cathodes of various shapes, size and metallurgical charactersistics were used, in various concentraions of LiOH, LiOD, NaOH and NaOD, over electrolysis periods going up to 300 h. The Pd electrodes were degassed at 800 C in vacuum. Loadings exceeding 0.8 in Pd were repeatedly achieved, but none of the perturbations resulted in any tritium, neutron or temperature rise effects in any runs, and no explosions took place; other attempts at perturbing the cell failed equally (cooling with ice water, ultrasonics, cooling to liquid nitrogen temperature). It is concluded that dividing the cell removes the effect. Three isolated incidents, where oxygen was allowed to enter the cell, led to both tritium and excess heat production; conventional (chemical) explanations having to do with oxygen etc, were not sufficient to explain this. Thus it appears that oxygen plays a role in cold fusion.} } @article{Rile1992, author = {A.~M. Riley and J.~D. Seader and D.~W. Pershing}, title = {An in-situ volumetric method for dynamically measuring the absorption of deuterium in palladium during electrolysis}, journal = {J. Electrochem. Soc.}, volume = {139}, year = {1992}, pages = {1342--1347}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, loading, diffusion, res0}, submitted = {03/1991}, published = {05/1992}, annote = {This team refined the method used by Divisek et al, i.e. they measured the deuterium loading in real time by the deuterium volume lost. The paper thoroughly reviews a large number of other methods for loading monitoring. A thermostated cold fusion electrolysis cell is attached to a pair of gas burettes (not thermostatted but room temperature was controlled to some extent). Pressure in the sealed cell was kept at 1 atm by adjusting the burette levels. The cell was initially cleared of air by evacuating and refilling with deuterium, repeating once. A catalytic recombiner in the cell removed all the oxygen and a stoichiometric amount of deuterium with it, which registered in the gas burette as a loss. Electrolytes were 0.1 M LiOD as well as an acid solution made by acidifying that solution to a pH of 1.7 by addition of D2SO4. Control experiments were carried out, and gave small signals, setting the measurement error. Results showed loadings generally of 0.75-0.8. At current density above about 30-60 mA/cm$^2$, loading rate was constant, being controlled by the diffusion within the Pd; at lower current densities, loading is slowed down. From these results, the diffusion coefficient of deuterium in the deuteride could be determined, and was $1.7\times 10^{-11}$m$^2$/s, in good agreement with the literature (Lewis, $1.6\times 10^{-11}$). In a few experiments, loading levels of about unity were achieved; it was not possible to identify the factors leading to this. The conclusion is that gas volumetry is a good method of monitoring the loading within about 5\% accuracy and is useful for closed-system calorimetry.} } @article{Robe1992, author = {D.~A. Roberts and F.~D. Becchetti and K. Ashktorab and D. Stewart and J. Jaenecke and H.~R. Gustafson and M.~J. Dueweke}, title = {Deuterated liquid scintillator (NE230) as a fast neutron detector for cold fusion and other research}, journal = {IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.}, volume = {39}, number = {4}, year = {1992}, pages = {532--535}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, neutrons, res-}, annote = {NE230 scintillator detectors with deuterium can provide neutron spectra without time of flight, unlike the type NE213. The authors report the use of these. They are small and and have good collection efficiency and n-gamma discrimination. One of these was used around a cold fusion electrolysis cell, with a Pd wire and a 13 g Pd casting. An upper limit for the fusion rate of $< 7\times 10^{-24}$ fusions/s/dd-pair was measured. In another experiment, Ti sponge was charged from the gas phase at liquid nitrogen temperature, and here the upper fusion limit was $< 3\times 10^{-24}$ fusions/s/d-d-pair. No comment is made.} } @article{Rous1992, author = {D.~L. Rousseau}, title = {Case studies in pathological science}, journal = {Amer. Scientist}, volume = {80}, number = {Jan-Feb}, year = {1992}, pages = {54--63}, keywords = {Discussion}, annote = {Polywater, cold fusion and Benveniste's homeopathic paper in Nature are used here as examples of PS. The author was himself involved in the first of these three, and its debunking; he found the impurities that caused the "anomalous" behaviour of water, i.e. traces of sweat. DLR believes that cold fusion, like the other two cases, is one of self delusion. There is a good Johnny Hart cartoon.} } @article{Shah1992, author = {M. Shaheen and M. Ragheb}, title = {Anomalous deuteron to hydrogen ratio in naturally occurring fission reactions and the possibility of deuteron disintegration}, journal = {J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.}, volume = {158}, year = {1992}, pages = {323--342}, keywords = {Comment}, submitted = {06/1991}, annote = {This paper chiefly addresses the Oklo phenomenon, i.e., anomalous (235)U/(238)U ratios in geological samples from that region in Gabon, Africa, and an anomalous D/H ratio. A theory is deuteron disintegration, followed by reaction with metal nuclei, is described and quantified.It can explain the anomalies. The authors then go on to speculate that a similar disintegration might be at the base of cnf in metals, and suggest that isotopic changes be searched for.} } @article{Shib1992, author = {T. Shibata and M. Imamura and S. Shibata and Y. Uwamino and T. Ohkubo and S. Satoh and K. Yamakoshi and N. Oyama and T. Ohsaka and N. Yamamoto and O. Hatozaki and N. Niimura}, title = {A low background neutron measuring system and its application to the detection of neutrons produced by the D2O electrolysis}, journal = {Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A}, volume = {316}, year = {1992}, pages = {337--342}, keywords = {Experimental, neutron detector design, res-}, submitted = {08/1991}, annote = {For cold fusion experiments as well as others, it is important to be able to measure low-level neutron emission and distinguish it from the background, largely due to cosmic rays and natural radioactivity. A suitable system was developed and tested in an underground lab, on a cold fusion electrolysis. The choice was two spherical (3)He detectors at 10 atm pressure, 5 cm diameter and buried in polyethylene moderator, with another (background) detector in another part of the moderator block. The block was shielded by paraffin blocks containing boric acid. Counts and discriminator counts were stored on a floppy disk. The lab's temperature was kept constant at about 23 C, humidity at 65\%. An air flow prevented radon accumulation. The detector's efficiency was 4\% or so, and the background was 1/20 that at sea level, depending on the material placed into the cell (i.e. its atomic mass). For pure Cu, it was about $0.3 \times 10^{-4}$ n/s/mol. A number of Pd cathodes were tried for D2O electrolysis, and the measured neutron emission did not deviate, either in intensity or in count frequency distribution, from the background. There was also analysis of the electrolyte for tritium before and after, with none found.} } @article{Siod1992, author = {R.~E. Sioda and T.~Z. Fahidy}, title = {A simplified approach to the thermal behaviour of electrolytic Dewar cell calorimeters}, journal = {J. Appl. Electrochem.}, volume = {22}, year = {1992}, pages = {347--350}, keywords = {Comment, suggestion, calorimetry}, submitted = {05/1991}, published = {04/1992}, annote = {Calorimetry is central to much of cold fusion research, and has' been dogged by problems. In this paper, the authors describe a simplified thermal analysis in terms of a single nonlinear thermal balance for the prediction of temperature time variations in such cells. The overall heat loss coefficient can be estimated accurately. The model can be reduced to a simple one, or made more complex. In the simplest case, constant input power is assumed, as well as constant radiative emissivity and emission area for both source and sink. The heat balance differential equation can then be solved, and numbers are tabulated as examples. Varying input power is also allowed. Results show that heat loss can be estimated experimentally and this may help decide whether excess heat is produced.} } @article{Soyf1992, author = {V.~N. Soyfer and V.~A. Goryachev and A.~N. Salyuk and A.~F. Sergeyev}, title = {Neutron emission during heavy water electrolysis}, journal = {Appl. Radiat. Isot.}, volume = {43}, year = {1992}, pages = {1041--1044}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, Pd, TiV alloy, electrolysis, discharge, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {09/1989}, annote = {Electrolysis in heavy water and NaOH at Ti (and other) cathodes and Ni anodes at a range of current densities from 0.05 to 300 A/cm$^2$ was carried out, motivated by press reports of the FPH work. Neutrons were detected using a proportional methane counter, with cosmic background rejection by an anticoincidence chamber. This had a neutron efficiency of about 7\%. Ti plates, a stainless steel wire, a Ti-V alloy and Pt and V wires were tried as cathodes. Spark discharges were also tried. No neutrons even 16 orders of magnitude lower than the rates required by the excess heats reported by FPH were seen in any of these runs. This seems to be the same paper as that of Soifer et al.} } @article{Sun1992, author = {D.~L. Sun and Y.~Q. Lei and Y.~L. Chen and J. Wu and Q.~D. Wang and X.~N. Lu}, title = {A study of existing forms of deuterium in palladium by positron lifetime spectroscopy}, journal = {Chinese Sci. Bull.}, volume = {37}, year = {1992}, pages = {1073--1075}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, positrons, res-}, submitted = {12/1990}, published = {07/1992}, annote = {It is of value to know what form deuterium takes in palladium deuteride. Positron lifetime spectroscopy can produce some information. The authors did such an experiment, and conclude that (1) electrochemical loading of Pd with deuterium causes increases in the density of dislocations and vacancies, and (2) that part of the deuterium exists in the Pd lattice as D+ ions and that this prevents nuclear fusion by simple electron screening.} } @article{Swar1992, author = {M.~R. Swartz}, title = {Quasi-one-dimensional model of electrochemical loading of isotopic fuel into a metal}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {22}, year = {1992}, pages = {296--300}, keywords = {Theory}, submitted = {01/1992}, published = {09/1992}, annote = {A cold fusion electrolysis cell, with a Pt anode, a Pd cathode and intervening electrolyte, is modelled as a 1-D system for the transport of deuterium ions. The flux of deuterons in the direction of the model is derived, using 18 equations in all. The implications for cold fusion are that loading and D2 formation are mutually antagonistic, and the crystal structure of the Pd is important (defects, dislocations, zeolite-like diffusion of deuterons in the lattice), as well as its overall shape and small surface features such as spikes.} } @article{Szef1992, author = {Z. Szeflinski and M. Kozlowski and S. Osuch and P. Sawicki and G. Szeflinska and Z. Wilhelmi and K.~B. Starowieyski and M. Tkacz}, title = {Upper limit of neutron emission from the chemical reaction of LiD with heavy water}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {168}, year = {1992}, pages = {83--86}, keywords = {Experimental, chemical, LiD, heavy water, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {06/1992}, published = {08/1992}, annote = {Claims (Arzhannikov et al 1991) that chemical reactions, too, can cause cold fusion, inspired this work, in which neutrons were measured next to a test tube of heavy water, to which crystals of LiD were gradually added. Five liquid scintillation neutron detectors were used to exclude noise events, with additional shape discrimination. The upper limit for neutron emission was measured to be $1.2 \times 10^{-26}$ n/d-atom/s, one order of magnitude lower than the previous workers (Arzhannikov et al). No bunched emissions were seen either. The authors conclude that no fusion was seen.} } @article{Szpa1992, author = {S. Szpak and P.~A. Mosier-Boss and S.~R. Scharber}, title = {Charging of the Pd/(n)H system: role of the interphase}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {337}, year = {1992}, pages = {147--163}, keywords = {Experimental, basic study, loading}, submitted = {11/1991}, published = {10/1992}, annote = {The success of electrochemical compression of a hydrogen isotope into Pd - and of obtaining the Fleischmann-Pons effect - depends on what happens at the interface between the Pd surface and the electrolyte. Most of what is known refers to hydrogen, and cannot simply be transferred to deuterium, hence this study. Slow scan cyclic voltammetry was employed. Examined were: the time behaviour of voltammograms, effect of scan rate, the difference between light and heavy water, pH effects, weakly adsorbable ions (Cl-, OH-), and surface active species such as CN-. The team concludes that the interphase is an active participant in the bulk charging process.} } @article{Takah1992a, author = {A. Takahashi and T. Iida and T. Takeuchi and A. Mega}, title = {Excess heat and nuclear products by D2O/Pd electrolysis and multibody fusion}, journal = {Int. J. Appl. Electromagn. Mater.}, volume = {3}, year = {1992}, pages = {221--230}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, excess heat, res+}, submitted = {05/1992}, annote = {A detailed description of a series of electrolysis experiments, in which both cell temperature and neutron emission were monitored, cell temp. by a single thermistor between the cathode and a cooling coil, and neutrons by an method described elsewhere. The cathodes were Pd plates, 25*25 mm$^2$ by 1 mm thick, mounted between two polyethylene insulators, which was wound with the Pt anode at a pitch of 5 mm. This allowed a loading of close to 1, believe the authors. The cell temperature (mixing) time constant was measured at about 15 min, and a rough calibration of power output vs cell temperature was made. The applied (controlled) current was either ramped or pulsed at around 1A/cm$^2$, for long periods, with topping up of D2O every 4-8 days. Several anomalous excess heat events were observed, in one instance an accumulated excess of 160 MJ over a week. Some neutron events were seen, but correlated somewhat negatively with excess heat events. Neutron flux was generally higher for high current, however. Also, neutron flux remained low for 1-2 days after one D2O topping up. The authors present their theory to explain the dearth of neutrons. At high loadings, 3-body and 4-body fusions might take place, some producing no neutrons or tritons, but alpha particles instead.} } @article{Takah1992b, author = {A. Takahashi}, title = {Cold fusion research: Recent progress}, journal = {Kaku Yugo Kenkyu}, volume = {68}, number = {4}, year = {1992}, pages = {360--367}, keywords = {Review}, submitted = {07/1992}, annote = {Review of three years' accumulated cold fusion work, observing weak neutron emission, tritium generation with anomalous n/t ratios, charged particle emission with anomalies, (4)He generation, excess heat, and anomalous D/Pd loading. Some of these suggest a nuclear process, but the relationship between excess heat and nuclear products is not yet clear. 14 refs.} } @article{Tana1992, author = {M. Tanaka}, title = {Parametric enhancement of the tunneling transmission through a potential barrier}, journal = {J. Nucl. Sci. Technol.}, volume = {29}, year = {1992}, pages = {1129--1132}, keywords = {Theory}, submitted = {06/1992}, published = {12/1992}, annote = {On the basis of a simple model, it is shown that an auxiliary potential in parametric resonance with incident particles may effectively modify the tunneling transmission of particles through a potential barrier. This might explain neutron bursts observed by some cold fusion workers.} } @article{Tian1992, author = {Z.~Q. Tian}, title = {A proposal for a cold fusion study in the Ti/D system}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {21}, year = {1992}, pages = {92--94}, keywords = {Comment, suggestion}, submitted = {06/1991}, published = {01/1992}, annote = {Three conditions are required for cold fusion to take place: (1) a high deuterium loading; (2) triggering the system to a nonequilibrium state and (3) capturing the reaction products to sufficient sensitivity. Point (2) is often overlooked, says the author. The most promising system is the Ti/D system. The use of a special electrolysis method would ensure high loading, and triggering might be done by passing a high current through the sample. Electrolysis can, for example, be carried out at low temperatures in methanol or other nonaqueous electrolytes. Surface treatment, to control oxide layers, is also important.} } @article{Tsar1992a, author = {V.~A. Tsarev and V.~A. Chechin}, title = {On the nonstationary quantum-mechanical nature of anomalous nuclear effects in a solid}, journal = {Kratk. Soobshch. Fiz.}, year = {1992}, number = {9--10}, pages = {47--52}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Suggestion, theory}, submitted = {11/1992}, annote = {A model of nuclear fusion enhancement in a solid matrix is proposed, in which Coulomb barrier penetration is increased by the breaking of the stationary state of deuterons in the crystal lattice. This effect is said to be well known, and confirmed. Roughly, the argument hinges on the tails of energy distributions, and some mathematics such as Joost functions, Fourier transforms and ikonal functions are invoked to support this.} } @article{Tsar1992b, author = {V.~A. Tsarev and D.~H. Worledge}, title = {Cold fusion studies in the USSR}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {22}, year = {1992}, pages = {138--155}, keywords = {Review}, submitted = {10/1991}, published = {08/1992}, annote = {This sums up cold fusion work in the (former) USSR up to mid-1991, mainly drawing on the first Soviet National Conferencue on Cold Nuclear Fusion, in March 1991. There is very modest support for cnf research in the USSR [sic], at about 0.5 million roubles. Some thorough work has been done, but little on calorimetry. "Mechanofusion", normally called fractofusion in the West, is given the prominence it deserves. Ten research institutes in the USSR [sic] are named as places where cnf research is being done. Of the 59 references given, 30 are unresolved (unpublished or conferences), although known to others (e.g. contained in this bibliography).} } @article{Tsar1992c, author = {V.~A.~Sov. Tsarev}, title = {Anomalous nuclear effects in solids ("cold fusion"): questions still remain}, journal = {Sov. Phys. Usp.}, note = {Orig. in: Usp. Fiz. Nauk 162 (1992) 63; this journal now goes under the new name of Physics Uspekhy in translation.}, volume = {35}, year = {1992}, pages = {842--856}, keywords = {Comment, res0}, submitted = {04/1992}, published = {10/1992}, annote = {A short history of LTF (low temperature fusion, as the Russians call it) mentions the quick succession of surprise and demise, and some juicy quotes are given. Tsarev writes that the hard words are justified. LTF enthusiasts are inclined to acknowledge as fully reliable all positive results, and call their critics the scientific mafia; again, a few quotes. Tsarev draws no conclusions from all this, but turns to recent experimental data, which is summarised compactly. Theories are classified into exotic or more natural models; the acceleration model (fractofusion) falls into the latter class, although Tsarev points out problems here as well. No conclusion is drawn.} } @article{Uhm1992, author = {H.~S. Uhm and W.~M. Lee}, title = {High concentration of deuterium in palladium}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {21}, year = {1992}, pages = {75--81}, keywords = {Comment, suggestion}, submitted = {07/1991}, published = {01/1992}, annote = {A high ratio D/Pd is required for solid state fusion, say the authors, as well as being interesting for other electrochemical studies. At beyond 1, the substance PdD2 forms, with a d-d distance of only 0.94 A. New schemes for high loading are presented here. One is plasma ion implantation into a Pd rod coated with a diffusion-barrier layer. Parameters are found for which large loadings are possible. The other scheme is the use of a temperature gradient, with the D-loaded Pd rod placed into a snugly fitting steel tube; a portion of the Pd is heated, which leads to high concentrations in some regions. Both proposed techniques can increase the D/Pd ration to several times the usually obtained values.} } @article{Vokh1992, author = {O.~M. Vokhnik and B.~I. Goryachev and A.~A. Zubrilo and G.~P. Kutznetsova and Yu.~V. Popov and S.~I. Svertilov}, title = {Search for effects related to nuclear fusion in the optical breakdown of heavy water}, journal = {Sov. J. Nucl. Phys.}, volume = {55}, number = {12}, year = {1992}, pages = {1772--1773}, keywords = {Experimental, laser beam, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {04/1992}, published = {12/1992}, annote = {Going by the accelerator (fracture) model of cold fusion, this team reasoned that laser breakdown of water, resulting in strong cavitation, laser sparking and acoustic signals, should produce similar results. A ruby laser with pulses of 20-30 mJ energy was used; the cell was placed in a 130-L fast neutron scintillation detector. No neutrons beyond the background were detected.} } @article{Wass1992, author = {A. Wasserman}, title = {Electrochemical method of reducing aluminum oxide and producing additional energy}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {21}, year = {1992}, pages = {168--169}, keywords = {Discussion, suggestion}, submitted = {05/1991}, published = {03/1992}, annote = {W has, for a long time, observed that when aluminium is used as the cathode to clean the surface of oxides, ready for plating, more heat is produced than is put in. This has been a puzzle for 35 years, until the appearance of the FPH paper, suggesting an explanation. Heat production was never accompanied by weight loss of the Al cathode, so cannot be due to dissolving metal. W writes that the oxide layer is not reducible by hydrogen, except at high temperatures, so such high temperatures must be produced at the sample. He does not suggest an origin of this heat.} } @article{Wils1992, author = {R.~H. Wilson and J.~W. Bray and P.~G. Kosky and H.~B. Vakil and F.~G. Will}, title = {Analysis of experiments on the calorimetry of LiOD-D2O electrochemical cells}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {332}, year = {1992}, pages = {1--31}, keywords = {Analysis, experimental, Pd, electrolysis, heat, neutrons, tritium, res-}, submitted = {06/1991}, published = {08/1992}, annote = {This paper is in two parts. The first is a detailed analysis of the calorimetry and data treatment of Fleischmann, Pons et al (1990) (FPALH-90). The authors conclude that FPALH-90 overestimated their excess heat, by neglecting some crucial factors such as evaporation at high temperatures, and overestimated the cell's heat transfer coefficient. Also the errors in the FPALH work are likely to be in the 5-10\% range, which brings most of the excess heats, when correctly calculated, within the error. Further, the correlation between excess heat and current reported in FPALH disappears upon correct calculation. Short-term excess heat excursions remain apparently valid, however. In a smaller part of the paper, the authors' own calorimetric experiments are described. Several kinds of cells were used and a number of palladium cathodes, including ones as used by FPALH, with and without pretreatment, using open and closed cells. All of these experiments resulted in zero excess heat, i.e. excess heat within the error band, fluctuating above and below the zero line. A manganese nitrate solution was used to capture any possible neutrons, and none were found; nor was any tritium, beyond that from electrolytic enrichment.} } @article{Yang1992, author = {J. Yang}, title = {$^2_1 H-e$ touched capturing and $^2_1 H - ^2_0 N$ fusion}, journal = {Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Norm. Hunan}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, year = {1992}, pages = {18--25}, keywords = {Theory, res0}, submitted = {05/1991}, published = {03/1992}, annote = {The two nuclei are deuterium and a dineutron, respectively. The author puts forward a theoretical model for the fusion of a deuteron and a dineutron produced by the capture of an electron by a deuteron. This would explain some of the anomalies of cold fusion, such as neutron bursts. The fusion leads to (3)He and a free neutron, plus energy; secondary processes would also take place, producing some tritium and beta and gamma emission. One of these secondary reactions is the absorption of neutrons, which would explain the anomaly of heat but few neutrons observed by FPH. Some interesting questions remain.} } @article{Yasu1992, author = {K. Yasui}, title = {Fractofusion mechanism}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {22}, year = {1992}, pages = {400--406}, keywords = {Theory, fracto-, res+}, submitted = {01/1992}, published = {11/1992}, annote = {There is a lot of experimental and theoretical evidence for the fracture mechanism of cold fusion. Yasui addresses three important problems of this theory: the origin of the electrical field; the necessary conditions; whether cold fusion can in fact be ascribed to this effect. The first of these might be crack formation, leading to separation of crystal faces with different work functions. Considering the speed of crack formation and gas pressure within a crack, a high resistance would be required around the crack, for a discharge to occur. As well as this, cracks must form at grain boundaries with high grain angles; the cracks must form rapidly and be wide; there must be many of them. In general, cnf shows few neutrons, and these often in bursts, and the Pd is deformed at the same time. All can be explained by fractofusion, so this is a possible mechanism, roughly in line with observations, although some other mechanism might be at work simultaneously. Corrigendum: Fusion Technol. 24 (1993) 130. Equations 3, 7, 8, 9, 19, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33 and 34 are changed, and some changes indicated to Figs. 1 and 2. The conclusions are basically unchanged.} } @article{Zhan1992, author = {W.~X. Zhang}, title = {Possibility of phase transitions inducing cold fusion in palladium/deuterium systems}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {21}, year = {1992}, pages = {82--85}, keywords = {Theory, suggestion, phase transitions}, submitted = {04/1991}, published = {01/1992}, annote = {The authors believe that cold fusion is a real phenomenon, and propose a mechanism for it. There are two possibilities: (1) localised energy concentrations, giving small numbers of deuterons in the Pd lattice an energy of some 100 eV and thus enabling low-efficiency fusion; (2) muon catalysis. The latter does not agree with observations, so the local-energy mechanism must be responsible. In this paper, it is suggested that local transitions from the beta phase to a mixture of alpha- and beta- produce very high local stresses and thus cracks, which induce fusion. This leads to some of the observations, such as long charging times before something happens, irregular neutron emission, deactivation of the Pd samples, poor reproducibility, and the fact that the effect appears only in Pd and Ti.} } @article{Zywo1992, author = {A. Zywocinski and H.~L. Li and P. Campbell and J.~Q. Chambers and W. A. {van Hook}}, title = {Calorimetric measurements during long-term electrolysis of some LiOD solutions}, journal = {Thermochim. Acta}, volume = {197}, year = {1992}, pages = {277--283}, keywords = {Experimental. Pd, electrolysis, heat, res-}, submitted = {07/1991}, annote = {This team has also measured (4)He and tritium production under electrolysis in heavy water (in press), and supplements that here with calorimetry. A simple diathermal calorimeter, able to operate for long times without attendance, was used. Thermal power is exchanged with the bath at a constant rate (at equilibrium), the bath being held constant; if the temperature difference (bath/cell) is not large, then heat transfer is first order with the difference. Then the time-function of cell temperature changes is simple and parameters can be extracted by simple least-squares analysis. The accuracy appears to be a few \%. Electrodes (Pd) were a rod, 6.35 mm dia. and 25 mm length, and Ti of the same dia and 60 mm length, in 0.25 M LiOD in D2O, and 0.25 M LiOH in H2O as a control. The thermal relaxation of the system is long compared with the sampling interval, so heat bursts would be seen. Runs lasted from 2 days to 2 weeks. During 18 months of such operation, no bursts were seen and there was no excess heat at any time. Pulsed operation also showed good heat balance.} }