% Year 1993; there are 94 entries. @article{Anta1993, author = {R. Antanasijevic and I. Lakicevic and Z. Maric and D. Zevic and A. Zaric and J.~P. Vigier}, title = {Preliminary observations on possible implications of new Bohr orbits (resulting from electromagnetic spin-spin and spin-orbit coupling) in 'cold' quantum mechanical fusion processes appearing in strong 'plasma focus' and 'capillary fusion' experiments}, journal = {Phys. Letters A}, volume = {180}, year = {1993}, pages = {25--32}, keywords = {Theory, spin-spin, res+}, submitted = {04/1993}, published = {08/1993}, annote = {After 1989, there was some disillusionment with cold fusion, because the phenomenon could not be reproduced, and no satisfactory model was proposed. At Nagoya, new evidence appeared which changes the picture: excess heat is confirmed, and ash has been found, although not in sufficient amounts. The nuclear processes may not be due to the same process yielding the heat. This may instead come from new (hitherto neglected) spin-spin and spin-orbit couplings appearing under special conditions. The nuclear ash may be due to large effective electron masses; and this leads to magnetic effects from the splitting of currents in capillaries. All this suggests an experiment, reported in this paper. Both plasma focus PF and capillary fusion CF were tried. For PF, energies up to 40 kJ, with potentials up to 40 kV were applied, with Pd foils mounted on one electrode. For CF, materials used were LiOD, D2O, deuterated ferrocyanide, deuterated Pd powder and Pd. Neutron busts were measured with a large NE232 liquid scintillation tank and 12 photomultipliers around it. Neutron yields smaller than 1000/pulse were obtained in these preliminary experiments; higher input energies may be needed.} } @article{Arat1993, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang}, title = {Excess heat in a double structure deuterated cathode}, journal = {Kakuyuogo Kenkyo}, volume = {69}, number = {8}, year = {1993}, pages = {963--967}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Experimental, complex cathode, palladium, electrolysis, heat, pressure, res+}, submitted = {02/1992}, published = {04/1993}, annote = {"A new type cathode, a double structure cathode which contained another Pd inside a Pd-rod was developed. Using the new cathode, remarkable excess heat larger than the input energy was observed consistently after a certain incubation period". (Cited directly from the English abstract). There are some Figures showing excess heat, and a picture of a double structure, with pressures of H and D marked, as well as the Nernst equation, noting pressures up to 5000 atm. One cathode apparently deformed explosively after prolonged electrolysis.} } @article{Azum1993, author = {K. Azumi and S. Ishiguro and T. Mizuno and M. Seo}, title = {Acoustic emission from a palladium electrode during hydrogen charging and its release in a LiOH electrolyte}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {347}, year = {1993}, pages = {111--121}, keywords = {Experimental, acoustic emission, electrolysis, fracto, res0}, submitted = {04/1992}, published = {04/1993}, annote = {A Pd plate was mounted tightly coupled to a microphone in a 0.1 M LiOH solution in normal water, and the sound emissions collected. Time traces of these emissions showed that they peaked markedly when gas was being evolved, both at the cathodic and anodic potential scale ends. Power spectra showed that during cathodic charging, there were other acoustic components besides those due to hydrogen bubbles, and these were tentatively ascribed to metal cracking.} } @article{Bert1993, author = {L. Bertalot and F. {De Marco} and A. {De Ninno} and A. {La Barbera} and F. Scaramuzzi and V. Violante and P. Zeppa}, title = {Study of deuterium charging in palladium by the electrolysis of heavy water: heat excess production}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento D}, volume = {15}, year = {1993}, pages = {1435--1443}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, loading, correlations, calorimetry, res+}, submitted = {08/1993}, published = {11/1993}, annote = {One of the few things known from all previous excess heat observations is that the D/Pd ratio must be > 0.8. Here, an electrolysis experiment with calorimetry is reported, and was successful; further, some correlations were demonstrated. Special features of the experiment were: high current densities (cd) (hundreds of mA/cm$^2$); forcing of high D/Pd by using an alternating high/low cd with a semiperiod of 6 h; using a cathode whose other side faced a pressure chamber where extra hydrogen/deuterium gas could be introduced; using Pd as anode as well, thereby causing continuous dissolution of Pd from the anode and deposition of Pd on the cathode and thus preventing poisoning, which might prevent a high D/Pd ratio. A constant flow calorimeter was used, with no recombination of evolved gases. A flow meter was used to ensure that the gas evolved checked with the charge passed through the cell. Excess power was found, uncorrelated with current density, at 3W and lasting about 20 h, for a high input of 3 W alternating with a low input of 0.3 W. Shorter periods of high/low alternation are favourable; overpotential was clearly an important factor, as was the flow of deuterium gas into the back of the cathode. A follow-up paper (ADN and VV) is on the way, interpreting these results in terms of matter waves of deuterium through Pd.} } @article{Bitt1993, author = {M. Bittner and A. Meister and D. Seeliger and R. Schwierz and P. W{\"u}stner}, title = {Observation of d-d fusion neutrons during degassing of deuterium-loaded palladium}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {23}, year = {1993}, pages = {346--352}, keywords = {Experimental, degassing, Pd, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {07/1991}, published = {05/1993}, annote = {High temperature degassing Pd charged with deuterium is expected to allow a higher fusion rate than during electrolytic charging, because of the higher deuteron mobility, and the greater concentration of deuterium in the interstitial plasma, as well as higher deuterium energy. Also, the experiment is shorter. Here, 2.45 MeV neutrons from the 3He branch were searched for. Two massive chunky Pd cylinders, respectively 86 and 518 g mass, were electrolytically charged, and then degassed on a heating plate, with temperatures at the plate and top of the samples 375 C and 205 C, resp. and duration of degassing (and neutron monitoring) about 10 minutes per run. A total of 18 runs (large sample) and 11 runs (small sample) were run, in air, for a single deuterium charge. There was heat shielding between the samples and the neutron detector, which was NE-213 liquid scintillators coupled to photomultipliers, detecting recoil protons. Gamma events were suppressed to $2-5.10^{-4}$. Results show significant neutron emission in the 1.9-3.3 MeV slot, but none in the 3.3-5.2 MeV slot. The emissions decayed to background as the samples lost deuterium after about 50-100 min, i.e. neutron emission correlated with deuterium content of the samples. The calculated maximum fusion rate was about $3.10^{-25}$ fus/d-d pair/s.} } @article{Bouc1993, author = {G.~R. Boucher and F.~E. Collins and R.~L. Matlock}, title = {Separation factors for hydrogen isotopes on palladium}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {24}, year = {1993}, pages = {200--201}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, tritium, separation factor, res-}, submitted = {07/1992}, published = {09/1993}, annote = {It is well known that there is hydrogen isotope separation during the electrolysis of water. Until now, there has only been indirect evidence for the separation factor for tritium enrichment due to this effect, in heavy water electrolysis. Here, an experiment is reported where this factor, calculated from that for h/d and h/t separation (about 2) is used to predict tritium concentration in a cell containing heavy water and 0.1M LiOD, and to compare this with measured tritium. The measured points fall on the predicted line. The line showed an "event", i.e. a sudden increase in tritium on day 21, but this was due to a greater tritium background in a replenisher. The cell had a Pd cathode, Pt anode and a recombiner. } } @article{Ceci1993, author = {F.~E. Cecil and H. Liu and J.~S. Yan}, title = {Measurements of branching ratios of low energy deuteron-induced nuclear reactions on 2H, 6Li, and 10B}, journal = {Phys. Rev. C}, volume = {47}, year = {1993}, pages = {1178--1183}, keywords = {Experimental, branching ratio, ion beam, res-}, submitted = {06/1992}, published = {03/1993}, annote = {The Oppenheimer-Phillips effect suggests that different target electric polarisation may, at low energies of impinging deuterons, affect the branching ratio of the fusion path. The deuteron is roughly seen as a proton and neutron, with the neutron leading due to electric effects from the targets, just prior to impact. Deuteron induced reactions have here been measured at d beam energies of 6, 27.5 and 70 keV on targets of 2H (i.e. D), 6Li and 10B. No appreciable dependence of the branching ratios on beam energy was found in the energy range looked at.} } @article{Cero1993, author = {G.~F. Cerofolini and A. {Foglio Para}}, title = {Can binuclear atoms solve the cold fusion puzzle?}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {23}, year = {1993}, pages = {}, keywords = {Theory, suggestion}, submitted = {02/1992}, published = {01/1993}, annote = {The evidence for cold fusion is inconsistent with known physical laws and self-contradictory. The authors have previously proposed a model of binuclear atoms (dd)2e, but this is not a sufficient explanation. Here, they examine the possibility that these binuclear atoms partly activate cold fusion by the capture of a thermal neutron, which then leads to the breakup of the group, into various fragments, among them D, T, and (4)He. This would cause neutron depletion, and delayed emission, and cnf can be stimulated by thermal neutrons. All this can explain tritium enrichment, the formation of (4)He and neutron bursts. The theory can be tested experimentally.} } @article{Chat1993, author = {L. Chatterjee and S. Mandal and A. Chakrabarty}, title = {Electron accumulation and reproducibility of cold fusion}, journal = {Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys.}, volume = {31}, year = {1993}, pages = {131--133}, keywords = {Theory, suggestion}, submitted = {10/1991}, published = {02/1993}, annote = {The authors have previously suggested stochastic electron accumulation as a possible mechanism for fusion, by momentarily increased electron screening; Burrows has also suggested enhanced capture reaction pathways. This paper suggests active promotion of electron accumulation, by making the Pd cathode the negative end of a capacitor, thereby forcing a higher electron density (up to a factor of 100) into the metal. Most suitable as dielectric is TiO2, with its high dielectric constant. The technique would be simple to adapt to gas charging experiments. Enhancement of fusion rates from the observed normal rate of 1E-23 to as much as 1E-13 fusions/pair/s might be achieved, as well as better reproducibility.} } @article{Chen1993, author = {X. Chen and J. Yang}, title = {Studies on dineutron model of cold fusion (I)}, journal = {Hunan Shifan Daxue Ziran Kexue Xuebao}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, year = {1993}, pages = {42--45}, keywords = {Theory, dineutrons, res+}, submitted = {11/1992}, published = {03/1993}, annote = {"This paper review the present condition and new development of nuclear phenomena, deeply discuss the physical foundation of the dineutron modle of cold fusion, and given the formula to calculate the fusion rate of the dinutron, then explain x ray with 20 keV energy and blue light phenomenon". (This is the English abstract provided at the end of this otherwise all- Chinese paper). Clearly, the formation of 2n is suggested and its fusion with a deuteron to produce a triton, a neutron and excess energy.} } @article{Choi1993, author = {E. Choi and H. Ejiri and H. Ohsumi}, title = {Application of a Ge detector to search for fast neutrons from DD fusion in deuterized Pd}, journal = {Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. A}, volume = {32}, year = {1993}, pages = {3964--3967}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd plate, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {03/1993}, published = {09/1993}, annote = {A sensitive Ge detector for fast neutrons was used to measure neutrons at 2.45 MeV, right up close to an electrochemical cold fusion cell. 0.1M LiCl in heavy water, a 5cm * 5 cm * 2 mm Pd plate cathode and two Pt sheets as anode, were the cell; current was held constant at 0.7 A, and cell voltage was 8 V. On both sides of the cell there was a 16mm thick Fe slab to scatter neutrons, with the Ge detector on the other side of one slab. After 471 h of electrolysis, the upper limit of cold fusion rate was about 1.6*10$^{-24}$ fusions/dd pair/s, i.e. this is a null result.} } @article{Chub1993, author = {S.~R. Chubb and T.~A. Chubb}, title = {Ion band state fusion: reactions, power density, and the quantum reality question}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {24}, year = {1993}, pages = {403--416}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {01/1993}, published = {12/1993}, annote = {This paper discusses the QM basis of d ion-band state fusion and the nuclear reactions predicted, and provides a derivation of a relation between d band-state concentration and power density which shows that when electrochemical loading is used, steady-state power should scale with current. Fusion reactions are different in the lattice than in free space. Solid state conditions are important, and different lattices, e.g. PdDx and TiDx may well behave differently. The theory can account for both "standard" cold (dd) fusion, as well as the more recent Ni/H2O fusion results, and accounts also for 4He as ash and heat.} } @incollection{Coll1993, author = {H. Collins and T. Pinch}, title = {The sun in a test tube: the story of cold fusion}, booktitle = {The Golem. What Everyone Should Know about Science}, editor = {H. Collins and T. Pinch}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1993}, ISBN = {0 521 35601}, pages = {57--78}, keywords = {Sci-soc-phil}, annote = {Chap. 3. Collins and Pinch, two sociologists of science, here more or less relate the story of cold fusion "as is", without much attempt at comment. They extract from the story the message that here, the workings of science are exposed; but that claims of greed or publicity seeking are not unusual, i.e. that in this affair, science works as usual.} } @article{Das1993, author = {D. Das and M.~K.~S. Ray}, title = {Fusion in condensed matter - a likely scenario}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {24}, year = {1993}, pages = {115--121}, keywords = {Theory}, submitted = {07/1992}, published = {08/1993}, annote = {Despite mounting evidence for cold fusion, there is still the problem of irreproducibility, and the lack of a "sure success recipe", owing to the lack of understanding of its mechanism. A new approach is tried here to explain it. Pivotal roles are attributed to the presence of negative elements, oxide at the metal surface, and a desorption process. Oxygen forms an oxide film on Pd and this acts on the structure of the deuteride to create the equivalent of heavy electrons, which will bring deuterons close together by muon-like screening. Also, the metal/insulator layer might induce the formation of (D+D+)2e- species, again reducing nuclear separation. This theory is consistent with enhanced fusion rates and a near-surface reaction, and explains a number of observations such as the induction by oxygen of excess heat and tritium anomalies, Matsumoto's explosive cold fusion, heat and neutron bursts during deloading, results with a solid-state cell, and with gas phase systems; also, the theory encompasses the experiments with Ni, light water and K2CO3.} } @article{Demi1993, author = {V.~S. Demidenko and V.~I. Simakov}, title = {The state of deuterium and probability of cold nuclear fusion in solids}, note = {In Russian}, journal = {Izv. Vysch. Uchebn. Zaved. Fiz.}, volume = {36}, number = {10}, year = {1993}, pages = {20--30}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, annote = {It is necessary to focus on electric fields in solids and their effect on fusion, in particular band models. The metals Pd and Ti alloys (with V, Mn, Co, Cu) were considered. The "muffin tin" model was tried, with various electron shell configurations in the Ti atom. Tunnelling was considered, and found most effective at low energies; but not sufficient in itself. The answer might lie in zone (band-) models, and excited Wannier states, related to Bloch wave functions (no real conclusions). Phase transitions may also increase Coulomb screening sharply. In general, the high mobility of deuterons in metals, and the application of external fields (pressure etc) might yield several orders of magnitude in fusion rates, so that solids can favour fusion.} } @article{Dill1993a, author = {C.~T. Dillon and B.~J. Kennedy}, title = {The electrochemically formed palladium-deuterium system. I. Surface composition and morphology}, journal = {Australian J. Chem.}, volume = {46}, year = {1993}, pages = {663--679}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd electrolysis, surface analysis}, submitted = {05/1992}, published = {05/1993}, annote = {To achieve consensus among workers on what processes take place, the role of surface treatment and activation in the formation of PdD(x) must be characterised. This first paper of a series carries out surface analysis upon prolonged electrolysis at Pd cathodes in D2O electrolytes. For particle-induced x-ray emission, Pd foil ($7.5 \times 7.5 \times 0.5$ mm) was used, while for scanning electron microscopy, rods of various sizes up to 1.5 cm diameter were prepared. The D2O was analysed for traces of Zn and Cu, and 1 ppm Zn, 0.03 ppm Cu were found; none in H2O. These traces will deposit on the cathode. Common surface impurities after electrolysis were Pt, Ni, Zn, Cu Cr, Fe and Ag, on one occasion Pb; none of these was present before electrolysis. The use of Ni anodes did lead to some Ni deposition, but not as much as perhaps expected (of similar order as, e.g. Cr); much Ni must be codeposited in the black precipitate formed at the Ni anode. The Ag probably came from the naked Ag/Ag+ reference electrode used. Proton-induced gamma emission analysis was also used to look for Li, but very little was found on the cathodes. Electron microscopy revealed differences between differently pretreated Pd samples, but nothing surprising (to this abstracter); post-electrolysis scans showed cracks due to void formation, ans some black and white deposits. No dendritic growth was observed. An important observation is that if Pd is vacuum annealed and cooled off in vacuum, it will not absorb much deuterium. It can be made to do so by preliminary potential cycling, which seems to work through oxide film formation and reduction, and the formation of some Pd black.} } @article{Dill1993b, author = {C.~T. Dillon and B.~J. Kennedy and M.~M. Elcombe}, title = {The electrochemically formed palladium-deuterium system. II. In situ neutron diffraction studies}, journal = {Australian J. Chem.}, volume = {46}, year = {1993}, pages = {681--692}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, crystal structure}, submitted = {05/1992}, published = {05/1993}, annote = {In this follow-up of Part I, the team examined the crystal structure of deuterated palladium by neutron diffraction, which shows up hydrogen isotope atoms. The aim was to find out how high a loading was possible, and just where the deuterons are in the lattice. Is there supersaturation during electrolysis and are tetrahedral sites occupied? Loading was under potentiostatic control, at -2.5 V vs Ag/AgCl, but the counter electrode was placed so as to favour asymmetric loading. The change in time of the diffraction pattern confirms the formation of the beta phase, and after 36 h electrolysis, no Pd remained as such. The loading was calculated from the diffraction pattern to be 0.59. Attempts to increase this, by long electrolyses at very high overpotentials failed. Despite this, there was vigorous outgassing when the current was stopped; the authors speculate that a super-loaded near-surface layer may exist.} } @article{Dufo1993, author = {J. Dufour}, title = {Cold fusion by sparking in hydrogen isotopes}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {24}, year = {1993}, pages = {205--228}, keywords = {Experimental, spark discharge, calorimetry, Pd, res+}, submitted = {11/1992}, published = {09/1993}, annote = {This (24-page) paper follows a patent by the author, and reports results from a "campaign" of many runs. In all experiments, Pd and stainless steel cylinders were placed in various gases and subjected to a spark discharge. The whole system was placed in a calorimeter bath and the power from the cell measured and compared with the input power. The controls, using nitrogen and argon as well as heater calibrations, all lie close to zero excess heat (for the gas controls: 0.63 W average), while both the deuterium (5 points) and hydrogen (2 points) runs, with Pd and stainless steel, showed excess heat up to 2.4 W or 20\%. Some active and passive radiation devices were also employed, but nothing definite was detected, nor was tritium found. A better detector of ionising radiation was later used, and the level as a function of time during some runs was clearly different for D2 and H2. Since there was excess heat for both hydrogen and deuterium, a theory is needed to explain both. This is provided, in the form of 3-body reactions, of hydrogen isotope particles with virtual neutrons or dineutrons, with most of the energy being carried off by neutrinos. } } @article{Enyo1993a, author = {M. Enyo and P.~C. Biswas}, title = {Hydrogen pressure equivalent to overpotential on Pd + Ag alloy electrodes in acidic solutions in the presence of thiourea}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {357}, year = {1993}, pages = {67--76}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd/Ag, loading, fugacity, res0}, submitted = {09/1992}, published = {10/1993}, annote = {In order to get an estimate of the internal hydrogen(deuterium) pressure in palladium hydride under electrolysis, it is sufficient to measure the chemical potential of the adsorbed monatomic hydrogen on the Pd surface. The electrolytic overpotential yields an overestimate of the pressure (through the Nernst equation). This species, H(ads) can react in two directions, forming either H2 gas, or entering the Pd bulk to form hydride; the relative rates of the two reactions can be controlled by a surface blocker such as thiourea, which suppresses the H2 branch. Enyo and Biswas use current interruption to measure the true chemical potential of H(ads) for a range of Pd/Ag alloy electrodes (it is believed that F\&P are using such alloys in France). Chemical potentials as large as -200 mV were measured, from which the workers infer an internal hydrogen pressure as high as $10^6$ atm. This exceeds their previous results (JEC 335 (1992) 309) by a factor of 100, although still far below the figure of $10^{26}$ atm estimated (simple Nernst argument) by FPH-89. The new figure might, however, be in the range for the formation of metallic hydrogen, thought to be some $10^6$ atm. The figure also allows an estimate of the loading ratio H/Pd, which came to about 1.0.} } @article{Enyo1993b, author = {M. Enyo}, title = {Key points in the evaluation of experimental results (the excess heat)}, note = {In Japanese}, journal = {Oyo Buturi}, volume = {62}, year = {1993}, pages = {716.}, keywords = {Discussion, no references.} } @article{Fedo1993a, author = {G.~V. Fedorovich}, title = {Nuclear fusion in crystal hydrides of light elements}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {23}, year = {1993}, pages = {442--464}, keywords = {Theory, fractofusion, res+}, submitted = {12/1991}, published = {07/1993}, annote = {Radiation defects in the crystal lattice of compounds like AxHy (e.g. LiD) are thought to form so-called E-cells, within which there is Coulomb barrier suppression, and acceleration to around 1 keV of charged particles. This can explain fractofusion in such crystals. This paper examines the theory of these E-cells exhaustively, and the next step is now to obtain experimental evidence.} } @article{Fedo1993b, author = {G.~V. Fedorovich}, title = {A possible way to nuclear fusion in solids}, journal = {Fusion Technology}, volume = {24}, year = {1993}, pages = {288-291}, keywords = {Theory, fractofusion, res+}, submitted = {02/1992}, published = {11/1993}, annote = {Once again, the author proposes his E-cell theory, and an experiment to test it. E-cells are radiation defects in certain low atomic weight element (Li, Be, B) hydrides/deuterides, and fission events, caused by neutron capture, start an E-cell. Within it, extremely high electron densities ($10^{24}/cm^3$) hold and this can act as a Coulomb shield for fusion. Also, crystalline lattice forces can be focussed up to hundreds of eV and reduce internuclear distances to $10^{-9}$ cm, resulting in a measurable hydrogen fusion rate. An experiment is suggested, in which a sample is compressed in a diamond anvil to some Mbar, and a neutron beam aimed at it to stimulate fusion. "The further is the matter of experimental physics".} } @article{Fedo1993c, author = {G.~V. Fedorovich}, title = {Parametric excitation of crystalline structures as a possible cause of high-energy emissions}, journal = {Tech. Phys.}, volume = {38}, number = {10}, year = {1993}, pages = {866--870}, note = {Orig. in: Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 63(10) (1993) 65}, keywords = {Theory, fractofusion, res+}, submitted = {04/1993}, published = {10/1993}, annote = {The well known phenomenon of high energy (radio- to x-ray) emissions from stressed crystals became more interesting with the discovery of fractofusion in 1986 by Kluev et al, who found neutrons being emitted; they were also observed by Yaroslavsky in the same year. In this paper, a theory is developed, based on parametric excitation of vibration in a system of coupled oscillators, to account for these effects. Alternate layers of Pd and deuterium ions oscillate relative to one another in the PdD crystal and this can lead, in regions of shear stress to energies up to 10 eV or $10^5$ K. The simple model needs to be refined.} } @article{Flei1993, author = {M. Fleischmann and S. Pons}, title = {Calorimetry of the Pd-D2O system: from simplicity via complications to simplicity}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {176}, year = {1993}, pages = {118--129}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, calorimetry, res+}, submitted = {12/1992}, published = {05/1993}, annote = {Without providing much experimental detail, this paper focusses on a series of cells that were brought to the boil and in fact boiled to dryness at the end, in a short time (600 s). The analysis of the calorimetric data is once again described briefly, and the determination of radiative heat transfer coefficient demonstrated to be reliable by its evolution with time. This complicated model yields a fairly steady excess heat, at a Pd cathode of 0.4 cm diameter and 1.25 cm length, of about 20 W/cm$^3$ or around 60\% input power (not stated), in an electrolyte of 0.6 M LiSO4 at pH 10. When the cells boil, the boiling off rate yields a simply calculated excess heat of up to 3.7 kW/cm$^3$. The current flow was allowed to continue after the cell boiled dry, and the electrode continued to give off heat for hours afterwards.} } @article{Fox1993, author = {H. Fox}, title = {Comments on 'Experiments of one-point cold fusion'}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {24}, year = {1993}, pages = {347--348}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {02/1993}, published = {12/1993}, annote = {Polemic on a paper by T. Matsumoto. It has been shown in a US patent that under the conditions described by Matsumoto, electron beads can form, and Matsumoto has inadvertently formed high-energy clusters as taught by that patent. The clusters have $10^8$ to $10^{12}$ electrons. Fox suggests that Matsumoto place a radio receiver near his cell and listen to noises like that of a lightning strike from these clusters. These can accelerate deuterons and induce fusion by locally swamping the Coulomb barrier.} } @article{Fred1993, author = {T. Frederico and Groote. de JJ and J.~E. Hornos and M.~S. Hussein}, title = {Microscopic calculation of the molecular-nuclear d + d--> 3He + n $\oplus$ 3H + p reactions at close to zero energies}, journal = {Braz. J. Phys.}, volume = {23(1)}, year = {1993}, pages = {96--99}, keywords = {Theory, res0}, submitted = {04/1992}, published = {03/1993}, annote = {This Brazilian team looks at theoretical fusion rates for a number of fusion reactions (dd, dp, pt) at low energies, in order to assess the likelihood of cold fusion. The model is fully microscopic and the sensitivity of lambda to the short distance behaviour of the radical d+d wave function is of interest, rather than absolute fusion rates. Fadeev functions and the B-O approximation finally yield no clear results.} } @article{Fuka1993, author = {Y. Fukai}, title = {Present status on cold fusion}, journal = {Nippon Butsuri Gakkaishi}, volume = {48}, number = {5}, year = {1993}, pages = {354--360}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {Review with 29 references. A few experimental results are selected and discussed, such as the many excess heats vs D/Pd loading by McKubre. Some theory is discussed, and the Salamon vs Pons story. All the books and conferences on cold fusion to date are in the references.} } @article{Gamm1993, author = {B.~E. Gammon}, title = {Cathode cooling by expansion of hydrogen in calorimetric tests for cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {23}, year = {1993}, pages = {342--345}, keywords = {Polemic, calorimetry}, submitted = {05/1992}, published = {05/1993}, annote = {The author points out an effect that might explain, by conventional means, apparent excess heat observations. It is the negative Joule-Thompson coefficient of hydrogen, which thus becomes warmer as it expands from high to low pressure. Any deuterium escaping from charged palladium, where it exists at high effective pressure, into the electrolyte at atmospheric pressure, will carry some heat with it and therefore cool down the Pd. The heat to keep the Pd at its steady temperature is in part supplied by the metal leads going into the calorimeter, and this is the source of the apparent excess. The effect also explains heat bursts, produced as bubbles of deuterium form. Calorimetric experiments should eliminate this effect by making sure that the leads have the same temperature as the cell at the point of entry into the calorimeter. The author's own experiments with this precaution showed zero excess heat. His calculations show, moreover, that considerable heat can be generated, even sufficient to cause cell boiling.} } @article{Glue1993, author = {P. Gl{\"u}ck}, title = {The surfdyne concept: an attempt to solve (or to rename) the puzzles of cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {24}, year = {1993}, pages = {122--126}, keywords = {Theory, surfdyne (catalysis)}, submitted = {07/1992}, published = {08/1993}, annote = {The author notes that both successes and failures in reproducing cold fusion (success having now increased from an initial 10\% to 35\%) are correct observations, and must be reconciled. He believes that the phenomenon has a "mimosaceous" sensitivity to an extremely small factor, that has not been under control. A body of evidence indicates that the phenomenon takes place at surfaces: the activity of fresh surfaces, fractofusion, the presence of tritium in the electrolyte soon after electrolysis, bursts of neutrons, etc. The cause is likely to be a dynamic effect; this, too, is backed up by observations. This effect is something like heterogeneous catalysis, and information input from this research area is desirable. So fusion takes place not in the lattice, but on the lattice and theory, as well as future experiments, should look along these lines, such as the use of thin or ultra- thin metal films.} } @article{Gran1993, author = {P. Graneau and N. Graneau}, title = {Ampere force calculation for filament fusion experiments}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {174}, year = {1993}, pages = {421--427}, keywords = {Discussion, ampere forces, filament fusion}, submitted = {10/1992}, published = {03/1993}, annote = {Filament fusion, described by the authors in an earlier paper, is here related to cold fusion. Storms and Talcott find evidence of filament capillaries in PdD, and cold fusion may thus be taking place along such channels. Acoustic emissions would be expected, and sometimes have been detected; also, the process would stop when the material breaks up, and this, too, is supported by experiments. The authors attempt to calculate the feasibility of this type of fusion, but under conditions rather more severe that those of cold fusion. Results are not encouraging for cold fusion in these terms, but more work is desirable.} } @article{Hage1993, author = {P.~L. Hagelstein}, title = {Coherent and semicoherent neutron transfer reactions III: Phonon frequency shifts}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {23}, year = {1993}, pages = {353--361}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {08/1992}, published = {05/1993}, annote = {Third in a series, this paper focusses on what the author calls the Duschinsky effect, i.e. that which accounts for the change in the lattice mode definitions in the lattice states before and after the fusion event, to gain an understanding of phonon generation. H recognises the problem of a suitable mechanism for energy transfer from high-energy neutrons, yielding only phonons, but believes he has found one, in terms of frequency shifts of three phonon modes. Results of a lengthy analysis are encouraging, but further work is needed.} } @article{He1993, author = {J. He and Y. Zhang and G. Ren and G. Zhu and Z. Qian and X. Dong and C. Dai and S. Hu and L. Wang and S. Yi}, title = {Study of anomalous nuclear fusion reaction by using HV pulse discharge}, journal = {Chin. Phys. Lett.}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, year = {1993}, pages = {652--655}, keywords = {Experimental, high voltage discharge, neutrons, gamma, res-}, submitted = {07/1993}, annote = {A Pd cathode in a chamber was subjected to high voltage discharges, up to 10 kV. There were detectors for neutrons and gamma rays. As the authors write, if there is emission during the discharge, this would be normal thermonuclear fusion, whereas if there is emission without the discharge, it would be evidence of cold fusion. D2 gas was let into the chamber, for the Pd to absorb for 1 h. Then the HV was applied in pulses of 150 microsec. width and 10 Hz rate. Results showed that no emissions above background were detected between pulses.} } @article{Hodk1993, author = {D. Hodko and J.~O.~M. Bockris}, title = {Possible excess tritium production on Pd codeposited with deuterium}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {353}, year = {1993}, pages = {33--41}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, tritium, res+}, submitted = {06/1992}, published = {07/1993}, annote = {The problem of confusing conventional electrolytic enrichment with the production, by a nuclear reaction, of tritium in a cold fusion cell is tackled here using the Szpak and Boss technique of codepositing deuterium and Pd from an electrolyte containing a Pd salt. This completely excludes contamination with tritium in the Pd, since one starts with a gold cathode. Another precaution was the use of the same supply of heavy water throughout, eliminating the problem of different tritium levels in different D2O batches. The electrolyte was LiCl and PdCl2 in D2O. Tritium was analysed in samples from both the electrolyte and evolved gas. During two weeks, excess tritium, well above enrichment levels, were observed in four out of six cells; the tritium appeared in bursts.} } @article{Hora1993, author = {H. Hora and J.~C. Kelly and J.~U. Patel and M.~A. Prelas and G.~H. Miley and J.~W. Tompkins}, title = {Screening in cold fusion derived from D-D reactions}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {175}, year = {1993}, pages = {138--143}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {12/1992}, published = {04/1993}, annote = {Motivated by earlier experimental work by Prelas et al in 1990, this paper looks at the model of PdD as a dense plasma, with moving ionised deuterium particles, screened from each other both by the swimming electrons and those around the metal nuclei. This model differs from those which consider the deuterons essentially fixed in place. It is found that d-d pairs at an energy of 2.33 eV would, by screening, behave as if they were at 470 eV; i.e. there is fusion enhancement due to the screening. Preparata's similar model also offers an explanation for anomalous branching ratios. These models explain steady cold fusion, where neutrons and (4)He are generated, but an alternative explanation for cold fusion in bursts is needed. These must be associated with phase transitions in the metal deuteride. Neutron swapping with the metal (Pd + d --> Rh + (4)He, or Ni + p --> Co + (4)He) is proposed.} } @article{Ichi1993, author = {S. Ichimaru}, title = {Nuclear fusion in dense plasmas}, journal = {Rev. Mod. Phys.}, volume = {65}, year = {1993}, pages = {255--299}, keywords = {Theory, review, astronomy connection}, published = {04/1993}, annote = {45p theoretical view of the area, considering astrophysical and laboratory condensed plasmas. The theory is based on screening effects and multibody correlations. Of the metal hydrides PdD and TiD2, PdD provides more favourable conditions for fusion, but enhancement yields a fusion rate (independent of temperature) of only 1-2 fusions/year/cm$^3$.} } @article{Ikeg1993, author = {H. Ikegami}, title = {Next step to promote cold fusion research}, journal = {Oyo Buturi}, volume = {62}, year = {1993}, pages = {717.}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Discussion.}, submitted = {03/1993}, published = {07/1993} } @article{Jian1993, author = {S. Jiang and G. Yang and S. Wang}, title = {Coulomb screening effect of deuterium-ion in metal - numerical solution of nonlinear Poisson equation}, journal = {Lanzhou Daxue Xuebao, Ziran Kexueban, J. Lanzhou Univ. Nat. Sci.}, note = {In Chinese, Engl. Abstr.}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, year = {1993}, pages = {70--73}, keywords = {Theory, res0}, annote = {The nonlinear Poisson equation, describing the potential field within Pd deuteride, is here solved numerically for various temperatures and loading densities of deuterium. The abtract says that, based on the results, Coulomb screening and its significance in low-temp. nuclear fusion, are discussed, but does not tell what conclusions are drawn.} } @article{Kali1993a, author = {K.~A. Kaliev and A.~N. Baraboshkin and A.~L. Samgin and E.~G. Golikov and A.~L. Shalyapin and V.~S. Andreev and P.~I. Golubnichiy}, title = {Reproducible nuclear reactions during interaction of deuterium with oxide tungsten bronze}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {172}, year = {1993}, pages = {199--202}, keywords = {Experimental, tungsten bronze, high voltage discharge, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {10/1992}, published = {01/1993}, annote = {This team used Na(0.9)WO(3), which has mobile alkali metal (Na+) ions, which can be replaced by H or D ions, either electrochemically of from the gas phase. Into a stainless steel chamber were placed a monocrystalline Na(0.9)WO(3) plate, 10*10*2 mm, contacting a tungsten anode, and another tungsten piece served as cathode. The chamber was evacuated to $10^{-6}$ to $10^{-5}$ mm Hg, and the sample heated to 720-760 C. A voltage of 500-1000 V was then applied between the two electrodes and the current recorded, for 1-5 h. A total charge of 0.1-1 C was thus passed. The current was switched off, the electrodes allowed to cool, and H2 or D2 allowed into the chamber up to a pressure of 1 mm Hg. From this moment on, neutrons were monitored with two independent blocks of four counters each, of the SNM-42 type, with total efficiency 1.4\%. After 10 min, the chamber was reevacuated, and more gas led in, repeating this cycle 15 times, monitoring neutrons and sample temperature all along. The neutron flow increases sharply every time gas is introduced, and decays again within 10-20 min. A smaller but still significant increase is seen upon evacuating. Sample temperature also increases upon the introduction of both H2 and D2 gas. If the neutrons come from d-d fusion, this roughly translates into a fusion rate of $2 \times 10^{-18}$/s/dd-pair.} } @article{Kali1993b, author = {K.~A. Kaliev and A.~N. Baraboshkin and A.~L. Samgin and E.~G. Golikov and A.~L. Shalyapin and V.~S. Andreev and P.~I. Golubnichii}, title = {Reproducible nuclear reactions by interaction of deuterium with tungsten oxide bronze}, journal = {Dokl. Akad. Nauk}, volume = {330}, number = {2}, year = {1993}, pages = {214--216}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, tungsten bronze, high voltage discharge, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {02/1993}, annote = {The authors note that reproducibility is a major problem in cold fusion work. Here, they use a novel material, for which they have their own technique for growing single crystals of, and an electrochemical method for extracting sodium out of. This is tungsten bronze with the general formula Na(x)WO4, i.e. a range of different stoichiometries. The material had Na removed from it and replaced by deuterium. This was kept in an evacuated chamber and 500-1000 V applied between it and an opposing cathode, for several hours, passing in all 0.1-1 Coulombs. Neutron emissions were measured with two blocks of four SNM-42 detectors and paraffin moderating blocks. As well, the sample's temperature was monitored throughout. After switching off the current, the crystals were brought to room temp. and D2 or H2 gas introduced, still monitoring for neutrons. Results showed that there was a greater temp. rise when introducing D2 gas than for H2 gas, and a correspondingly greater neutron flux for D2, so the process is definitely nuclear. In the acknowledgements, one M. Rambo is thanked for discussions of the results.} } @article{Kali1993c, author = {V.~B. Kalinin}, title = {On the question of the possibility of cold nuclear fusion at the point of ferroelectric phase transition in K2DPO4}, journal = {Neorg. Mater.}, volume = {29}, number = {5}, year = {1993}, pages = {656--658}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Discussion, ferroelectrics}, submitted = {12/1992}, annote = {This is a summarising commentary on previous work by the author and others, showing that the title compound and other related compounds show some anomalies, to do with transitions between the ferroelectric and paraelectric states. In particular, KD2PO4 has been seen by Lipson et al to emit neutrons when thermocycled closely around the temperature of transition, in a bimodal manner. Neutrons at the 15 sigma levels have been observed, while nothing but noise is observed from controls, e.g. KH2PO4, or KD2PO4 cycled around other temperatures. The author theorises that small volume changes and polarisation effects due to the transitions could stimulate fusion of deuterons.} } @article{Kees1993, author = {R.~G. Keesing and A.~J. Gadd}, title = {Thermoelectric heat pumping and the 'cold fusion' effect}, journal = {J. Phys.: Condens. Matter}, volume = {5}, year = {1993}, pages = {L537--L540}, keywords = {Discusssion, res-}, submitted = {08/1993}, published = {10/1993}, annote = {Once again, Peltier heat is considered as an explanation of excess heat, prompted by the observation that claimed excess heat appears to scale with electrolysis current. The thermoelectric coefficient at a Pd/Pt junction reverses and gets four times larger in magnitude, as Pd absorbs hydrogen. K\&G make a rough measurement of the change for the absorption of deuterium. The effect is roughly the same, and amounts to about 6 mW/A. This is still about 2 orders of magnitude too small to explain excess heat claims. But semiconductor junctions do have a sufficiently large Peltier effect, so the authors then speculate that there might be migration of, e.g., Ni within the Pt and Pd towards either the Pt/Pd or the Pd/electrolyte junction; the NiD might act as a semiconductor. They will examine this in future experiments.} } @article{Koba1993, author = {M. Kobayashi}, title = {Present of 'cold fusion'}, journal = {Kagaku Kogaku}, volume = {57(10)}, year = {1993}, pages = {715--717}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {Short review of cold fusion, drawing mainly on the 3rd Int. Conf. at Nagoya (9 out of the 11 references are to papers given there), and focussing on the McKubre work, and that of Takahashi at NTT, both presenting correlations: McKubre correlates excess heat with D/Pd loading; Takahashi correlated heat with the production of (4)He.} } @article{Lewis1993, author = {F.~A. Lewis and S.~G. McGee and R.~A. McNicholl}, title = {Limits of hydrogen contents introduced by electrolysis into palladium and palladium-rich alloys}, journal = {Z. phys. Chem.}, volume = {179}, year = {1993}, pages = {63--68}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, loading, pressure, res-}, annote = {Fundamental study to measure the maximum effective pressure at high loading of Pd and some Pd alloys, loaded electrolytically. Upon current interruption, electrode potentials were followed and gave the result that mostly the pressure did not exceed 100 bar or $10^7$ Pa. This illustrates the need to be careful when using overpotentials to state pressures in these metals while loading with hydrogen (or deuterium).} } @article{Li1993, author = {X.~Z. Li and D.~W. Mo and L. Zhang and S.~C. Wang and T.~S. Kang and S.~J. Liu and J. Wang}, title = {Anomalous nuclear phenomena and solid state nuclear track detector}, journal = {Nucl. Tracks Radiat. Meas.}, volume = {22}, year = {1993}, pages = {599--604}, keywords = {Experimental, gas phase, Pd, cps, res0}, annote = {This team reasoned that the nuclear reactions in cold fusion would produce charged particles, and with gas phase experiments, it is feasible to detect these, using track detectors. A CR-39 can be put on a Pd surface and has much greater efficiency than the usual neutron detectors. This was done. Pd foil (0.02*0.5*0.5 cm$^3$) was sandwiched with CR-39 film, both exposed to D2 gas at 9 atm. at liquid N2 temperature for 4 hours. The sample was then allowed to warm up to room temperature slowly. Preliminary results from 1989-90 showed some pits that could be due to alpha particles from the Pd, but later results were not conclusive.} } @article{Liaw1993, author = {B.~Y. Liaw and P.~L. Tao and B.~E. Liebert}, title = {Helium analysis of palladium electrodes after molten salt electrolysis}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {23}, year = {1993}, pages = {92--97}, keywords = {Experimental, salt melt electrolysis, Pd, helium, res+}, submitted = {10/1991}, published = {01/1993}, annote = {This team, which has previously claimed large amounts of excess heat from an electrolysis in molten LiD, has now both SEM-examined some 4 mm Pd rods used in these runs (as well as controls), and sent them for He assay. The technique used was able to measure a He fraction in the material as low as $10^{-11}$. Although the results showed considerable fluctuations, the deuterated samples stood out with somewhat more (4)He than blanks and controls, especially when looking at a distribution of the number of He atoms released, which brings out a distinct grouping. For some events, the statistical significance (probability of event being random) is $1/2^{14}$. No significant (3)He was found. The amounts of (4)He found were 8 orders of magnitude below the level that would be commensurate with excess heat, and the authors speculate that there was escape of the He from the samples at the elevated melt temperature (about 400 C), only a trace remaining for analysis. Contamination from the atmosphere is considered unlikely but not entirely ruled out.} } @article{Libo1993, author = {R.~L. Liboff}, title = {Feasibility of fusion of an aggregate of deuterons in the ground state}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {174}, year = {1993}, pages = {317--319}, submitted = {12/1992}, published = {03/1993}, keywords = {Discussion, suggestion}, annote = {The author suggests that a ribbon beam of deuterons at about 4 keV will, at a current of 0.2 A, undergo a transition to superconductivity, and the deuterons in the beam will then fuse. This must be called cold fusion, since the fusing deuterons have a low energy relative to each other within the beam. The model is based more on wave function overlap than on Coulomb barrier tunnelling.} } @article{Lihn1993, author = {C.~J. Lihn and C.~C. Wan and C.~M. Wan and T.~P. Perng}, title = {The influence of deposits on palladium cathodes in D2O electrolysis}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {24}, year = {1993}, pages = {324--331}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, post mortem, res0}, submitted = {12/1992}, published = {11/1993}, annote = {Fundamental study of a cell as used in cold fusion electrolysis, but using quartz for purity; post mortem surface analysis was done, as well as a study of permeation of deuterium through Pd, and some cyclic voltammetry to study the electrochemistry of heavy water reduction at Pd. These factors might be involved in the poor reproducibitlty of cold fusion. Despite precautions, after long electrolysis there was (besides Pd) Pt, Si and even Zn on the cathode. When the cell temperature was raised to 90C, the deposits formed very quickly, especially silicon. SEM analysis showed needle-like crystals formed on a Pt cathode, and a black layer of Pt formed on Pd. These layers reduce the diffusivity of deuterium in Pd and change the electrochemistry. The diffusion coeff (D in Pd) was found to be about $10^{-7}$ cm$^2$/s. D/Pd loadings were found to be about 0.72, as expected. } } @article{Lips1993a, author = {A.~G. Lipson and B.~F. Lyakhov and E.~I. Saunin and B.~V. Deryagin and Yu.~P. Toporov and V.~A. Klyuev and D.~M. Sakov}, title = {The generation of nuclear fusion products by a combination of cavitation action and electrolysis at the titanioum surface in deuterated electrolyte}, journal = {Zh. Tekh. Fiz.}, volume = {63}, number = {7}, year = {1993}, pages = {187--196}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, fracto, Ti, cavitation, neutrons, tritium, res+}, annote = {The team used a vibrating Ti electrode, going at an amplitude of about 15 mu and 15 kHz, input power 1W/cm$^2$, in D2O (and H2O as control) in both acid (D2SO4) and alkaline (NaOD) electrolyte, applying a cathodic current of 1-100 mA/cm$^2$ to the Ti electrode. Neutrons were searched for by a block of seven boron detectors (described in another paper), tritium by scintillation. In NaOD, neutrons were seen at 20-30 sigma above the background, with a pronounced "post-effect", i.e. after vibration was stopped, while in the acid there was 25 sigma during, but only 4 sigma after vibration. Significant levels of tritium were found in NaOD but much more while vibrating than with plain electrolysis, and about 7-8 times the neutron emission rate. In some runs, Ti powder was dispersed in the electrolyte and this too gave neutrons.} } @article{Lips1993b, author = {A.~G. Lipson and B.~F. Lyakhov and B.~V. Deryagin and D.~M. Sakov}, title = {Is 'cold nuclear fusion' necessary to understand the anomalous thermal effects in the Pd-D(H) system?}, note = {Orig. in: Dokl. Akad. Nauk 331 (1993) 39, in Russian}, journal = {Phys. Dokl.}, volume = {38}, year = {1993}, pages = {286--288}, keywords = {Discussion}, submitted = {01/1993}, published = {07/1993}, annote = {Reports of excess heat are not accompanied by observations of the required huge amounts of radiation. The Mills et al scenario is even less likely than cold fusion, with its fusion of K with H. The present authors, too, have observed anomalous heat, with their heterostructures of Pd/PdO and Au/Pd/PdO, charged with hydrogen/deuterium. Neutron emissions from some of these have been reported elsewhere. However, again, cold fusion cannot be the cause because of the incommensurate amounts of heat and radiation. It is suggested that the cause is the formation of quasimetallic hydrogen at the Pd-PdO interface. The loss of stability of this phase can lead to bursts of heat. This explains both the fact that deuterium gives more heat than hydrogen, as well as the small neutron emission, due to enhanced dd fusion of metallic deuterium. The two are thus due to two different mechanisms.} } @article{Lips1993c, author = {A.~G. Lipson and D.~M. Sakov and E.~I. Saunin and B.~V. Deryagin}, title = {Possibilities for increasing the neutron emission in KD2PO4 crystals at the phase transition through the Curie point}, journal = {Tech. Phys. Lett.}, note = {Orig. in: Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 19(11) (1993) 74, in Russian}, volume = {19}, number = {11}, year = {1993}, pages = {729--730}, keywords = {Experimental, ferroelectrics, neutrons, res0}, submitted = {10/1993}, published = {11/1993}, annote = {The authors have previously reported observation of cold fusion in this material, due to the ferro-paraelectric phase transition when passing through Tc, the Curie point. The S/N ratio was, however, low at about 2, due to the diffuseness of the transition and the small mass of material used. Therefore, better signals might be obtained by using a larger sample and a sharper transition. This was successful, and a S/N ratio of 10 was obtained using powdered crystalline material mixed and compacted with 70\% (by mass) of Cu powder into 1.5 g tablets to increase the thermal conductivity and thereby sharpen the transition. Another 0.45 g sample of single crystal material, gave the same low S/N as before, while another large (10 g) polycrystalline one gave an even lower signal. This points the way to further work on this system.} } @article{Lips1993d, author = {A.~G. Lipson and D.~M. Sakov and E.~I. Saunin and V.~B. Kalinin and M.~A. Kolovov and B.~V. Deryagin and A.~A. Khodyakov}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion induced in KD2PO4 single crystals by a ferroelectric phase transition}, journal = {JETP}, note = {Orig. in: Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 103 (1993) 2142, in Russian}, volume = {(76}, number = {6}, year = {1993}, pages = {1070--1076}, keywords = {Experimental, ferroelectrics, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {12/1992}, published = {06/1993}, annote = {Most cnf studies have used deuterated group IV and V metals, expecting high local deuteron concentrations, cracking and phase transitions. All this would hold better in ferroelectric deuterated KD2PO4 crystals, where cracking can give us deuteron accelerations of 10-1000 eV, and thus fusion, from strong phase transitions. This team made single crystals of this kind and temperature cycled them from 100 K upwards, measuring neutron emission with an array of 8 proportional BF3 counters. Controls were run, counting neutrons under various non-fusion conditions. The crystals' Curie point Tc was at 222 K, and at this temperature, neutrons at 2.45 MeV were found. The effect wears off after a large number (80-90) of cycles, when there is a network of cracks in the cystals. The suggested mechanism is a combination of close d-d approach (0.45A and acceleration to about 10 eV; this is enough to explain the results.} } @article{Lyak1993, author = {B.~F. Lyakhov and A.~G. Lipson and D.~M. Sakov and A.~A. Yavich}, title = {Anomalous heat release in the Pd/PdO system electrolytically saturated with hydrogen}, journal = {Russ. J. Phys. Chem.}, note = {Orig. in: Zh. Fiz. Khimii 67 (1993) 545, in Russian}, volume = {67}, year = {1993}, pages = {491--495}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd foil, electrolysis, excess heat, res-}, annote = {If d-d fusion were the cause of the F\&P excess heat, the fusion rate would need to be $10^{-10}$q fusions/s/pair, and this is unlikely. Therefore, another explanation must be sought. This team carried out an experiment to observe heat bursts, and provides a clue as to their non-nuclear origin. A Pd foil, 55 mu thick and of 4.5 cm$^2$ area, was used as cathode, and 1M KOH as electrolyte. The current was controlled at 10 mA/cm$^2$, at a cell voltage of 1.5 - 2 V. Hydrogen loading was determined by post-experiment evacuation and measurement of H2 given off; and on occasion electrochemically, as well as by four-probe Pd resistance measurement. In all cases, H loadings of about 0.72 (read off a Fig.) were obtained. Results, showing some heat bursts, indicated that a surface oxide plays a role, leading to the formation of some metallic hydrogen, which breaks down due to mechanical relaxation, forming dihydrogen as well as water by oxidation, thereby releasing heat. This is sufficient to explain excess heat observations. and a nuclear origin is not required.} } @article{Ma1993, author = {Y.~L. Ma and H.~X. Yang and X.~X. Dai}, title = {Nuclear-fusion enhancement in condensed matter with impacting and screening}, journal = {Europhys. Lett.}, volume = {24}, year = {1993}, pages = {305--310}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {06/1993}, published = {11/1993}, annote = {Theory, based on the idea that there is accelerated diffusion and channel collimation in materials that absorb hydrogen, such as Pd, Ti or C. Cluster impact fusion is included, even though it is now admitted to be an artifact even by the original workers in CIF. For cold fusion in a metal, the theory predicts observed fusion rates at energies as low as 0.2 eV.} } @article{Maly1993, author = {J.~A. Maly and J. Vavra}, title = {Electron transitions on deep Dirac levels I}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {24}, year = {1993}, pages = {307--318}, keywords = {Theory, deep Dirac levels, res+}, submitted = {10/1992}, published = {11/1993}, annote = {Quantum mechanics was used, early this century, to explain the spectral lines of hydrogen, helium, etc. Other spectral lines that might exist but had not been observed were not considered. This is done here, and it seems that there are solutions to the Schroedinger equation that have thus been overlooked, such as the deep Dirac levels. Some of these are tabulated, and allow an explanation of both F\&P cold fusion, as well as the Mills \& Farrell results, among other phenomena.} } @article{Marc1993, author = {M. Marcus}, title = {Cold fusion research is alive and well - but not in the mass media}, journal = {St. Louis Journalism Rev.}, volume = {22}, year = {1993}, number = {153, Feb.}, pages = {16--18}, keywords = {Sci-soc discussion}, published = {02/1993}, annote = {A sci-soc/phil/journalism paper. Marcus makes a case for a mass effort by the media to declare 'cold fusion' defunct, by stressing the problems, ridicule, and suppression of positive results. Marshal McKluhan [sic] is quoted "What if they are right?", referring to the decreasing group that still believes in CNF. Funding for CNF research is said to have been affected adversely by the negative publicity.} } @article{Matsu1993a, author = {T. Matsumoto}, title = {Observation of meshlike traces on nuclear emulsions during cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {23}, year = {1993}, pages = {103--113}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd foil, electrolysis, film tracks, res+}, submitted = {11/1991}, published = {01/1993}, annote = {A cold fusion experiment, using as cathode a thin Pd foil at the bottom of a cell, was performed. Below the foil, a stack of 30 nuclear emulsions was mounted and this was examined afterwards by microscope. The foil was then refrigerated to increase the deuterium loading and then taken out. It continued to warm above room temperature for three hours, showing that cold fusion was taking place. This is the process 2d + 2e --> (4)n + i2 + d, the (4)n being a quad neutron (which has been shown to then collapse by gravity and to form black holes) and the i2 is the double iton. In highly compressed deuteride, these itons are in the form of beads with a mesh-like structure, and such meshes have been found on the emulsions.} } @article{Matsu1993b, author = {T. Matsumoto}, title = {Cold fusion experiments with ordinary water and thin nickel foil}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {24}, year = {1993}, pages = {296--306}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Ni, Pd, film tracks, light water, res+}, submitted = {09/1992}, published = {11/1993}, annote = {The Nattoh (soya bean) model encompasses both heavy- and light-water cold fusion. Here, the discoverer of the model performs an experiment on a Ni foil cathode in light water and potassium carbonate. 30 nuclear emulsion plates were placed under the Ni foil and produced a rich harvest of tracks. Another three plates were placed 5m distant from the cell, as references (but not referred to again). Also, the temperature was clearly higher when Ni was used, than when Pt was used as the cathode. Optical examination (50X) of the emulsions revealed circular spots, evidence of "fermented" dineutrons, gravity decays, black and white holes, all as predicted by the theory. Conical shapes, typical of black holes, are also clearly seen, as are stars, white strings and perhaps superstrings. 17 references, 10 of them to Matsumoto.} } @article{Matsu1993c, author = {T. Matsumoto}, title = {Experiments of one-point cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {24}, year = {1993}, pages = {332--339}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Cu, high voltage, gravity decay, res+}, submitted = {10/1992}, published = {11/1993}, annote = {Electrical discharges can be expected to facilitate cold fusion, and pin anodes might be a good way. Here, one-point anodes were tried, and the usual features predicted by the Nattoh model were observed. Copper was used because of its low capacity and permeability for hydrogen, good conductivity and good sensitivity to energy deposit. The first causes a high surface hydrogen concentration, effectively aiding cold fusion. 70-90 V ac voltage was used for the discharge, at 50 Hz, for 5 to 20 min. Afterward, the Cu surface was examined optically (50X). Evidence of gravity decay of dineutrons and single neutrons without the itonic mesh was found, along with itonic hydrogen clusters, tiny black holes, white holes, a whirling trace whose meaning is uncertain and string-like features as evidence of gravity decay. There is a Figure to explain all this. Only 7 self-references out of 13.} } @article{Matsu1993d, author = {T. Matsumoto}, title = {Response to 'Comments on 'Experiments of one-point cold fusion''}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {24}, year = {1993}, pages = {347--348}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {03/1993}, published = {12/1993}, annote = {Matsumoto responds to a Comment by H Fox in the same journal (same page), suggesting that he has inadvertently hit upon huge electron clusters in his experiments. But M refuses to be congratulated by Fox, because he observes something different, i.e the new particles itons, consisting of electrons, positrons and neutrinos and have a mesh structure and cover fusion products such as quad-neutrons. Itons also enclose hydrogen clusters, and it is not possible to decide whether these are the same as the high-charge clusters of Shoulders in his patent. Also, Shoulders believes that the energy is extracted from the vacuum but Matsumoto's Nattoh theory relies on fusion. Zero point energy might be better, and M will search for it in his experiments. If he finds it, he will accept congratulations.} } @article{Maye1993, author = {R.~E. Mayer and N.~E. Patino and P.~C. Florido and S.~E. Gomez and J.~R. Granada and V.~H. Gillette}, title = {Neutron detection system for extremely low count rate. Calculation, construction and employment in search for 'cold fusion'}, journal = {Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. A}, volume = {324}, year = {1993}, pages = {501--510}, keywords = {Experimental, design, neutron detector}, submitted = {12/1991}, published = {02/1993}, annote = {A paper written for those who want to measure the extremely low-level neutrons thought to emanate from cold fusion experiments, but who are not specialists in the field of neutron measurement. The aims were high efficiency and reliability, as well as rejection of background noise. Therefore, the (3)He proportional counter was used, which however restricts a detailed energy analysis. Design calculation dictated a ring of 18 detectors, arranged as three clusters of six each. The tubes were kept at 10 atm helium pressure. High voltage leads were covered with paraffin melted onto them to prevent humidity problems. Pulse shape discrimination and an anticoincidence stage helped to guard against background. Measurements with a blank or no cell established a background of about 0.1 counts/s. No new results are reported, but previously reported results are summarised. These indicate a low-level neutron emission from cold fusion electrolyses.} } @article{Meng1993, author = {G. Mengoli and M. Fabrizio and C. Manduchi and G. Zannoni}, title = {Surface and bulk effects in the extraction of hydrogen from highly loaded Pd sheet electrodes}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {350}, year = {1993}, pages = {57--72}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, light water, loading, res0}, submitted = {07/1992}, published = {05/1993}, annote = {The cold fusion affair has sparked interest in the "hydrogen in metals" field. Most previous work has stayed within the low-loading regime, i.e. the alpha phase. Fundamental questions remain: what loadings can be achieved? What is the hydrogen diffusivity at high loading? Can the absorption- desorption processes be controlled? Some electrolysis experiments are done here, sticking to normal water (hydrogen). Pd foils of thickness of 0.02 cm were used, as well as a rotating Pd disk exposed in an insulating Teflon plane. Electrolysis was at controlled potential of -2 to -2.5 V vs. the reference electrode (SCE), for some minutes to three days. Loading was then determined by anodic extraction at around zero V and values of 0.97 or so were achieved. The surprising result was that different extraction currents (at similar loadings) were observed at different LiOH concentrations; the higher the concs, the higher the currents. Also, different rotation rates of the disk gave different extraction currents, indicating a solution-side process. None of this is followed up; instead, some diffusion theory is presented and a large number of diffusion coefficients tabulated.} } @article{Miles1993, author = {M.~H. Miles and R.~A. Hollins and B.~F. Bush and J.~J. Lagowski and R.~E. Miles}, title = {Correlation of excess power and helium production during D2O and H2O electrolysis using palladium cathodes}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {346}, year = {1993}, pages = {99--117}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, calorimetry, helium, res+}, submitted = {03/1992}, published = {03/1993}, annote = {Two standard CNF electrolysis cells, test-tube shaped, were placed in a water cooling bath, which functioned as heat detector. The electrolyte was 18g of 0.2M LiOD or LiOH in heavy or light water, resp. The Pd cathode was a 0.63 cm dia., 1.1 cm long cylinder, surrounded by a Pt/Rh (80:20\%) wire spiral as anode. The heat response time constant was about 30 minutes. Helium was taken from the effluent gases, and great care was taken to avoid contamination. The helium detection limit was estimated at 1-2 ppb, and analysis was done elsewhere, by high-res. MS, able to distinguish (4)He from D2. Indium and gold foils, as well as dental x-ray film, were also mounted around the cells to detect neutrons or (the film) any radiation. Excess power was calculated with subtraction for the electrolysis power consumed, and evolved gas checked with the assumption that no recombination took place. Excess heat was found, at up to 27\% (a peak value), but remaining positive for long periods. Large excess heat values were accompanied by large (4)He peaks, and small excess heat by small (4)He peaks. Thus, excess heat and (4)He detections were correlated, in roughly commensurate quantities. Controls with light water produced neither excess heat nor helium. No (3)He was found in any experiments. Some dental films registered radiation exposure, but the metal foils showed no activation. This sets the neutron emission limit at $< 10^5$ n/s. Tritium assay of the final electrolyte showed some increase but electrolytic enrichment could not be ruled out as its cause. Subsequent experiments with new Pd cathodes failed to reproduce the excess heat and dental film exposures. Errors were carefully examined but considered insufficient to explain the positive results. The experiment is consistent with the (4)He reaction being the major fusion branch.} } @article{Noni1993, author = {V.~C. Noninski and C.~I. Noninski}, title = {Notes on two papers claiming no evidence for the existence of excess energy during the electrolysis of 0.1M LiOD/D2O with palladium cathodes}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {23}, year = {1993}, pages = {474--476}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {11/1992}, published = {07/1993}, annote = {This is a polemic on the paper by Lewis et al, Nature 340 (1989) 525, and by Albagli et al, J. Fusion Energy 9 (1990) 133, both of which reported a negative result for a cold fusion calorimetry experiment. In both papers, an isoperibolic calorimeter was used, adjusting the power so as to keep the cell temperature constant, above bath temperature. N\&N point out that in both cases the analysis in effect uses two equations to solve for three unknowns, one of them the excess power; this is then assumed to be zero and reported as such. Therefore, both papers are in error.} } @article{Noto1993a, author = {R. Notoya}, title = {Cold fusion by electrolysis in a light water-potassium carbonate solution with a nickel electrode}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {24}, year = {1993}, pages = {202--204}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, light water, Ni, calorimetry, res+}, submitted = {09/1992}, published = {09/1993}, annote = {The Mills-Kneizys/Bush scenario, which predicts the formation of calcium. The author used a sintered Ni slab (10*5*1 mm$^3$) and currents from 10 to 550 mA, with cell voltages up to about 5 V. The cell was placed in a calorimeter with calibration heaters, and the temperature measured as a function of input power (corrected for enthalpy of water electrolysis). The electrolysis runs (2 cells) show a straight line relation of temperature against total input power, much steeper that than for electrical heating, implying excess heat linear with input power, up to close to 4 W, greater than recombination heat. An increase in Ca concentration from 21-22 ppm to about 25 ppm resulted from the electrolysis, confirming Bush's theory of fusion of hydrogen with potassium. Further study is required here.} } @article{Noto1993b, author = {R. Notoya}, title = {Current status of cold fusion research}, journal = {Genshiryoku Koyo}, volume = {39}, number = {9}, year = {1993}, pages = {34--36}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {"A review with 8 refs. is presented on the research of hydrogen electrode reaction of cold fusion in light water using K soln. Emphasis is on the discussion of heavy water-Pd and K-light water-Ni systems" (CA).} } @article{Ohmo1993, author = {T. Ohmori and M. Enyo}, title = {Excess heat evolution during electrolysis of H2O with nickel, gold, silver, and tin cathodes}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {24}, year = {1993}, pages = {293--295}, keywords = {Experimental, light water, Ni, Au, Ag, Sn, calorimetry, res+}, submitted = {11/1992}, published = {11/1993}, annote = {An attempt to verify the Mills and Kneizys results, i.e. electrolysis in light water and potassium carbonate at a Ni cathode, in which excess heat was claimed found (although surprisingly, others claimed tritium as well). These authors, however, also use the other title metals as cathode. All were in the form of foil strips 2-3 cm by 10-20 cm, and the Pt mesh anode was placed flat on the cell bottom. Various electrolytes were tried such as K2CO3, Na2CO3, Na2SO4 and Li2SO4, all at 0.5 M. A constant current of 1A was run for 20 h each time. Hydrogen gas was used to stir the cell contents, and the temperature monitored by a single thermistor. The temp. was 1.3C higher with Ni and K2SO4 than with Na2SO4, thus supporting Mills \& Kneizys' results. Other electrolytes also gave excess heat (up to almost 1 W with Sn, mechanically abraded) with all metals except Ni. Thus, in addition to the Mills proposal of the fusion of K with protons, there might also be fusion of Na and Li with protons, producing, e.g., Mg and 4He.} } @article{Okab1993, author = {S. Okabe}, title = {Some new scientific fields related to exoelectron emission and fracto-emission}, journal = {Poverkhnost. Fis. Khim. Mech.}, year = {1993}, number = {7}, pages = {34--42}, keywords = {Discussion, fracto}, submitted = {06/1992}, annote = {The author is concerned with the field of exoelectron emission (EEE) and deplores the lack of interest in it among scientists. In this paper, he surveys the field and how EEE impinges on, among other areas, cold fusion, through fracto-emission. This started with Klyuev et al in 1986, and there has been some confirmation since then, by others.} } @article{Ota1993, author = {K. Ota and H. Yoshitake and N. Kamiya}, title = {Present status of cold fusion}, journal = {Hyomen Kagaku}, volume = {14}, number = {9}, year = {1993}, pages = {570--573}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Review}, submitted = {08/1993}, published = {09/1993}, annote = {A review with 9 refs. The references are up to 1993, including the F\&P paper in Phys. Lett. A and the Nagoya conference procs, Frontiers of Cold Fusion.} } @article{Park1993, author = {A.~E. Park}, title = {Some thoughts on a simple mechanism for the 2H + 2H --> 4He cold fusion reaction}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {24}, year = {1993}, pages = {319--323}, keywords = {Discussion, suggestion}, submitted = {11/1992}, published = {11/1993}, annote = {Six references are cited as evidence for 4He production correlated with excess heat; thus, the reaction d + d --> 4He must be the one. The author calls it the compressed-rotational-shielded (CRS) cold fusion reaction. It has not been proven not to take place in the cold fusion environment. At one stage of this reaction, two d nuclei are brought close together by momentum, compression and internal ground-state rotations in the presence of an excess of electrons at the Pd surface; e.g. in the presence of a magnetic field. An alternative stage might be the attraction of the two neutrons to each other. The second stage is then the formation of the excited 4He. Other mechanisms are possible. The essence of this seems to be the formation of pn-np pairs by Coulomb repulsion and compression. In the final stage, the excited 4He comes to rest, releasing its energy to photons. Some suggestions are made for experimentally enhancing this mechanism. } } @article{Pokr1993, author = {V.~V. Pokropivnyi}, title = {Bineutron theory of cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Dokl. Akad. Nauk. Ukr.}, number = {4}, year = {1993}, pages = {86--92}, keywords = {Theory, bineutrons}, submitted = {10/1992}, note = {In Russian, Engl. abstr.}, annote = {In a previous paper, the author has suggested, simultaneously with Timashev, that the formation of dineutrons might be the cold fusion mechanism. In this paper, he elaborates on this idea. The abstract says (with some paraphrasing): "Possibilities are considered for stabilisation of the dineutron pair in the deuteron-containing crystals, in particular beta-decay without recoil. Also, the temperature criterion T < Tc are proposed to explain neutron 'flashes'". The author calculates the lifetime of 2n as $2.4 \times 10^{-12}$ s at 3K. More work is needed, and there are many possibilities for reactions other than just 2n-d fusion, e.g. reactions of 2n with the Pd itself.} } @article{Pric1993, author = {P.~B. Price}, title = {Advances in solid state nuclear track detectors}, journal = {Nucl. Tracks Radiat. Meas.}, volume = {22}, number = {1-4}, year = {1993}, pages = {9--21}, keywords = {Detector design, cps, res-}, annote = {Price writes a general paper on nuclear detectors, with a small section on their application to cold fusion, which, he writes, is now (1993) a dead issue. He reports again on his lab's own attempts to detect charged particles (cps) which were not rewarded, yielding about 1/200 the flux claimed by FPH and Jones. Fractofusion is also mentioned and likewise rejected (Price had previously tried it).} } @article{Quic1993, author = {T.~I. Quickenden and T.~A. Green}, title = {A calorimetric study of the electrolysis of D2O and H2O at palladium cathodes}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {344}, year = {1993}, pages = {167--185}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, calorimetry, res-}, submitted = {04/1992}, published = {01/1993}, annote = {A very thorough calorimetric study, with 5 series of 4 experiments each, always comparing heavy and light water electrolysis in the same bath and, as far as possible, the same conditions. Variously (un)treated Pd rods and wires were used, in 0.1 M LiOH(D) and in one case 0.25 M Li2SO4. Gases produced were vented, so the cells were of the "open" type. Calorimetry was by means of a cooling coil, measuring the difference between inlet and outlet temperature. This kept cell temperature down and provided a very accurate calibration of cell power, independent of electrolyte volume. Charging was carried out prior to calorimetry, at low current to avoid fracturing of the palladium. Experiments were continued over a period of up to 6 weeks, and careful error analysis showed an error level in of 1.5\% cell power. Results were within this limit at all times, so no excess (or deficit) heat was observed.} } @article{Rout1993, author = {R.~K. Rout and A. Shyam and M. Srinivasan and M.~S. Krishnan}, title = {Update on observation of low-energy emissions from deuterated and hydrated palladium}, journal = {Indian J. Technol.}, volume = {31}, year = {1993}, pages = {551--554}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, gas phase, x-ray autoradiography, cps, res0}, submitted = {08/1992}, published = {08/1993}, annote = {In a previous paper (1991) the authors reported emissions, most likely of electrons, in the range of tens to hundreds of eV from hydrated or deuterated Pd-Ag alloys. Here, new results are reported. Gas loading was used, at 1 bar, after vacuum treatment at 600C for 2 h. In this new study, pure Pd samples, 18 mm by 2 mm, were used, 10 freshly loaded, and 6 reloaded. Except where fusion products were looked for, only H2 was used, to avoid interference from such fusion emissions. Emissions were measured by autoradiography of sensitive film, typically kept 0.2 mm from the samples for 96 h. No fogging was seen for samples of PdHx held in vacuum, and an average fogging density of 0.08 for samples kept in air (as controls). Similarly, no or little fogging was seen for samples in nitrogen, helium or argon, while pure oxygen seemed to help a little. In other measurements, charged particles (cp's) were detected with a CR-39 detector close up, and in two out of 7 samples of deuterated Pd, above-background cp's were seen, but not with hydrated Pd or pure Pd. The authors conclude that oxygen might be involved in assisting the phenomenon, and that perhaps fractures are the cause of the emissions; but nothing is clear.} } @article{Russ1993, author = {J. L. {Russell Jr}}, title = {On the nature of the cold fusion process}, journal = {Ann. Nucl. Energy}, volume = {20}, year = {1993}, pages = {227--228}, keywords = {Discussion}, submitted = {09/1992}, annote = {Based on reports by Chambers et al at the BYU conference in 1990, of 5.1 MeV tritons produced at Ti irradiated with a deuteron beam at 300-1000 eV, Russell proposes that the only possible reaction to explain this is that of a virtual dineutron (deuteron captures an electron) with two other deuterons. This is expected to be a rare event, accounting for the low yield. It cannot however be the source of excess heat, and cannot be the only one producing tritium in cold fusion experiments. Logically, a more probable reaction is that of a virtual dineutron with a single deuteron; it may be this one that produces the heat, but somehow without energetic nuclear particles.} } @article{Scar1993, author = {F. Scaramuzzi}, title = {La fusione fredda quattro anni dopo (Cold fusion four years later)}, journal = {Chim. Ind. (Milano)}, volume = {75}, number = {5}, year = {1993}, pages = {425--426}, note = {In Italian}, keywords = {Commentary}, annote = {Scaramuzzi, who is one of the Italian contributors to the experimental work in the field, here provides a roundup of the field after four years. There was initial wide skepticism, but after four years of research, the cnf research community has obtained some results, despite being dogged by lack of reproducibility, and more work is needed. No references.} } @article{Shib1993, author = {T. Shibata}, title = {Critical points for the evaluation of measured results on cold fusion}, journal = {Oyo Buturi}, volume = {62}, number = {7}, year = {1993}, pages = {715--716}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Comment}, submitted = {03/1993}, published = {07/1993}, annote = {All in Japanese, this one-page paper baffles this abstracter. There is mention of 3He, 4He, gammas and x-rays, presumably in a discussion about what ought to be given off by cold fusion. No references.} } @article{Shir1993, author = {T. Shirakawa and M. Chiba and M. Fujii and K. Sueki and S. Miyamoto and Y. Nakamitu and H. Toriumi and T. Uehara and H. Miura and T. Watanabe and K. Fukushima and T. Hirose and T. Seimiya and H. Nakahara}, title = {A neutron emission from lithium niobate fracture}, journal = {Chem. Lett.}, year = {1993}, pages = {897--900}, keywords = {Experimental, fracto, Nb, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {02/1993}, published = {05/1993}, annote = {When an ionic crystal is crushed, fracture separates charges on the new surfaces, leading to high fields, which may accelerate deuterons if present. Here, rather than wait for cracking, the team crushed single crystals of lithium niobate in a vibromill in the presence of D2 gas, and monitored the neutrons emitted with a ring of 10 3He proportional counters, a paraffin block thermalising the neutrons; efficiency 2.6\%. This was carried out at an underground, low cosmic background location (100 m water depth equivalent, 7.6 neutrons/h during 132 h). Crushing was maintained for 1 h at a time. 12 such runs were summed, and the neutron spectrum in excess over the background is shown. It is close to zero in the region of channels >1600, but in clear excess (34.8 neutrons) in the region below this. The Fig. states that channel 1400 lies at 760 keV thermalised neutrons. There was no observable effect of D2 pressure (1.1 to 101 kPa), nor of the addition of LiD. No excess neutrons were found when Ti or Pd metal was crushed under D2O, to emulate the Russian work (Klyuev et al), which is thus not confirmed.} } @article{Silv1993, author = {D.~S. Silver and J. Dash and P.~S. Keefe}, title = {Surface topography of a palladium cathode after electrolysis in heavy water}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {24}, year = {1993}, pages = {423--430}, keywords = {Experimental, post mortem, surface, neutrons, gammas, tritium, res-}, submitted = {03/1992}, published = {12/1993}, annote = {It has been suggested that the cold fusion reaction might be d + p, not d + d; here, large amounts of hydrogen have been generated alongside deuterium to test this. Scanning electron, scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopy (SEM, STM, AFM resp.) were used for a post mortem look at the Pd surface. Various features such as pits and craters were found, and suggest violent events, energetically beyond chemistry. In experiments with heavy water, higher temperatures were reproducibly reached than in light water. Attempts to detect fusion products (tritium, neutrons, gammas) were not successful. However, some heavy elements accumulated locally; this has been reported elsewhere.} } @article{Stor1993, author = {E. Storms}, title = {Measurements of excess heat from a Pons-Fleischmann-type electrolytic cell using palladium sheet}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {23}, year = {1993}, pages = {230--245}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, excess heat, res+}, submitted = {07/1992}, published = {03/1993}, annote = {An isoperibolic calorimeter was constructed and here used with a Pd cathode in the form of a sheet about 0.5 mm thick and about 6 cm$^2$ area (similar to that used by Takahashi). The calorimeter was of the closed kind, using a recombination catalyst, and with a cooling coil, the measurement being the temperatures at inlet and outlet. A Pt mesh placed around the cathode served as anode. The electrolyte was 0.3M LiOD in heavy water. There were extra thermocouples at two levels within the cell itself, as a check against gradients in temperature; calibrations proved these not to be significant. Also, an additional Pt plate, similar to the Pd cathode, was used as a control, and cell power showed about 3\% scatter or 1 W at 35 W input. At this input, excess heat was not claimed unless exceeding the 1W level. The sealed cell allowed, initially, the measurement of deuterium loading by D2 pressure; this became inaccurate later due to some artifact. A loading of about 0.82 was achieved. One cathode showed slight excess heat at 0-2 W, then went up to a maximum of 7.5 W (20\%) when the catalyst was renewed; this only at the highest current, 2.5 A. The other cathode never showed excess heat. The excess heat was judged to be coming from the Pd plate.} } @article{Stro1993, author = {A. Stroka and B. Baranowski and S.~M. Filipek}, title = {Search for 3He and 4He in Pd-D2 system long term cumulation experiment in high pressure}, journal = {Pol. J. Chem.}, volume = {67}, year = {1993}, pages = {353--354}, keywords = {Experimental, He, MS, res-}, submitted = {10/1992}, annote = {The He results of the study reported in another paper from this lab (Baranowski et al, J. Less-Common Metals 158 (1990) 347). In an enclosed cnf experiment, it should be easy to detect He, e.g. by mass spectrometry (MS), if any is formed, as it should be. A 1.1*5.63 cm$^2$ Pd cylinder (67 g) was kept for more than 2 years at a D2 pressure of not less than 6 kbar, 298 K. This gives a D/Pd loading of no less than 0.9. This Pd sample is larger than the critical size described by FPA-89, who reported "IGNITION". A quadrupole MS was used, capable of detecting $10^{-10}$ mol He. No He was found above this detection limit. This sets an upper limit of $10^6$ fusions/s, which lies between claimed emission measurements of 1/s and the much larger (and lethal) emissions corresponding to excess heat claims. Another negative.} } @article{Stuk1993, author = {P.~A. Stukan and Yu.~M. Rumyantsev and A.~V. Shishkov}, title = {Generation of hard radiation and accumulation of tritium during electrolysis of heavy water}, journal = {High Energy Chem.}, volume = {27}, year = {1993}, pages = {461--465}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, tritium, radiation, heat, res+}, annote = {In 1990, this team began the experiment described here. They electrolysed a 2\% solution of Li2CO3 in heavy water at cathodes of Pd and Ti, both 4 mm dia. rods and measured hard radiation given off over time, using a beta-type scintillator and photomultipliers. The cell current was 1A/cm$^2$. This showed a radiation sequence with time, roughly 10-20 times in counts/s of the sequence before the current was turned on. A control run with light water shows only the background itself. By using a paraffin shield and noting the effect, they were able to state that the radiation consisted largely of neutrons, and estimated the flux to be about $2\times 10^3$ n/s. They also measured tritium accumulation in the cell, by removing aliquots repeatedly and, after an initial quiescent period, there was a steady, roughly linear rise in the amount of tritium produced vs time, somewhat greater for the Pd cathode than for the Ti one. With the current off, or current on with light water, much smaller amounts of tritium were seen; in the case of light water, the team suspects tritium coming out of the Pd from previous heavy water runs. The tritium production on Pd in heavy water translates into about $2\times 10^8$ t/s, 5 orders of magnitude larger than the neutron flux. They note the discrepancy but do not attempt an explanation. No unexpected heating of the cell was observed.} } @article{Sun1993, author = {D.~L. Sun and Y.~Q. Lei and J. Wu and Q.~D. Wang and R. Wang}, title = {An explanation for the abnormal temperature rise of palladium cathode during electrochemical deuterium charging}, journal = {Science in China A}, volume = {36}, year = {1993}, pages = {1501--1508}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, excess heat, res0}, submitted = {12/1992}, published = {12/1993}, annote = {This team performed 7 long-term 'cold fusion' electrolyses, searching for excess heat. Three types of Pd cathodes rods, 6 mm diameter and 33.5 mm length, were used: as-cast, annealed and deformed. Current densities varied from 54 to 540 mA/cm$^2$, and electrolysis times were up to 300 h. The cell was of the open type and the calorimeter was of the cooling coil type. Measurement accuracy was 1.5-5\%, and all but one experiment resulted in excess heat within this band. In that one experiment (as-cast, 518 mA/cm$^2$), there was a single temperature excursion at about 130 h lasting about 30 h, giving a 28\% excess heat or a total of 112 kJ/cm$^3$ of Pd. The authors possible chemical origins of this heat but dismiss them. D-d fusion, too, is not believed to be possible by the team. There remains the release of stress in microcracks, proposed here.} } @article{Takah1993a, author = {A. Takahashi}, title = {Production of neutron, tritium and excess heat}, journal = {Oyo Butsuri}, volume = {62}, year = {1993}, pages = {707--709}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Review}, submitted = {03/1993}, annote = {Chemical Abstracts (119:280105) calls this a review but it is limited in this respect, with only 11 refs. largely to Japanese work. Storms. The figures are taken from Takahashi's own work, and show neutron counts going up with electrolysis current, a neutron peak at 2.5 MeV, a figure with a large number of points showing excess heat increasing with D/Pd loading.} } @article{Takah1993b, author = {A. Takahashi}, title = {Cold fusion research: present status}, journal = {Koon Gakkaishi}, volume = {19}, number = {5}, year = {1993}, pages = {179--185}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {Chem. Abstr. 120:87961 (1993): "A review with 11 refs. is presented with the emphasis on the important exptl. results and theor. model". The review seems to be up to date to the symposium ICCF3, and shows the familiar graphs of the dependence of excess heat on the D/Pd loading and on current density, mentions surface layers, radiation measurements, He detection.} } @article{Tise1993a, author = {Yu.~A. Tisenko}, title = {Possible ways to achieve cold fusion. I}, journal = {Sov. Phys. J.}, volume = {36}, year = {1993}, pages = {764--768}, keywords = {Comment, suggestion}, submitted = {11/1991}, published = {08/1993}, annote = {An attempt to find conditions (alloys) in which deuterons are close enough to each other for fusion. Indeed, some alloys do cause a reduction in the d-d distance, but not enough. } } @article{Tise1993b, author = {Yu.~A. Tisenko}, title = {Possible ways to achieve cold fusion. II}, journal = {Sov. Phys. J.}, volume = {36}, year = {1993}, pages = {769--773}, keywords = {Comment, suggestion}, submitted = {11/1991}, published = {08/1993}, annote = {In this paper, thought is given to making practical use of cold fusion (e.g. generation of 2.45 MeV neutrons) and the possibility of stimulating it, by mechanically causing vibrational standing waves in single crystal TiD rods.} } @article{Tsve1993, author = {S.~A. Tsvetkov and N.~B. Bondarenko and I.~L. Bel'tyukov and A. Varaksin and A.~A. Zhivoderov}, title = {Molecular-dynamics calculation of phase transitions in the Pd-D system and cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Phys. Metals Metallogr.}, volume = {76}, year = {1993}, pages = {399--401}, keywords = {Theory, calculation, phase transition, PdD, res+, no FPH/Jones refs.}, submitted = {11/1992}, published = {10/1993}, annote = {This team has previously proposed that phase transitions may play a role in initiating cold fusion, and have developed some models. Here, they attempt by means of molecular dynamics to find the optimum conditions. The beta-alpha transition in palladium deuteride in particular was considered. Microcrystallites with free boundaries containing $10^3$ Pd atoms were the basis for the MD calculations, at temperatures 300, 350 400 and 450 K. The results of computer runs are that both energetic deuterons, and favourable d-d approach are possible, optimum at about 300K. This agrees with some experimental results (Zelenskii et al 1990).} } @article{Vaid1993, author = {S.~N. Vaidya}, title = {Comments on the model for coherent deuteron-deuteron fusion in crystalline Pd-D lattice}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {24}, year = {1993}, pages = {112--114}, keywords = {Theory, suggestion}, submitted = {05/1992}, published = {08/1993}, annote = {This builds on earlier work by the author, here trying to estimate the limits of d-d fusion enhancements, and to address a problem with the transmission resonance model of Bush. In Vaidya's approach (quoting him), "only the deuterons that meet the transmission resonance criterion are considered to be fully itinerant and to form a band state". Coherent interactions between these can occur. The theory predicts that fusion enhancement can be increased by the application of ultrasonics. An experiment is suggested.} } @article{Wang1993, author = {D. Wang and S. Chen and Y. Li and R. Liu and M. Wang and Y. Fu and X. Zhang and W. Zhang}, title = {Neutrons, gamma-rays and x-rays in a gas discharge}, journal = {Chin. J. Atomic Mol. Phys.}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, year = {1993}, pages = {2789--2794}, note = {In Chinese}, keywords = {Experimental, gas phase, discharge, neutrons, x-rays, res+}, annote = {An anomalous phenomenon in a metal loaded with D was studied by using the gas-discharge method, and ca. $10^4$ n/s were detected. The prodn. of n is controllable and repeatability is 100\%. Neutrons at energies of 1.0-3.0 MeV were measured by the NE213 detector. Anomalous x-rays of av. energy (27.6 $\pm$2.1) keV were measured. Anomalous gamma-rays of energy ca. 470 keV were measured (Direct quote from CA 120:228892 (1994)).} } @article{Will1993, author = {F.~G. Will and K. Cedzynska and D.~C. Linton}, title = {Reproducible tritium generation in electrochemical cells employing palladium cathodes with high deuterium loading}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {360}, year = {1993}, pages = {161--176}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, tritium, res+}, submitted = {01/1993}, published = {11/1993}, annote = {Reproducible generation of tritium during the electrolysis of heavy water is reported here; it takes place when loading ratios D/Pd near unity are achieved. A closed cell design is used, with gas recombination, and the head space analysed for tritium before and after electrolysis. A light water cell in series with the heavy water cell was run every time as a control; there were also Pd controls. A glass frit was used to physically separate the liquid cathode and anode compartments. The electrolyte was 0.5 M D2SO4, to avoid alkali leaching of the cell walls by LiOD. Cathodes were 1 and 2 mm cold-drawn Pd wire, and 2x0.5 mm cold-rolled ribbon Pd alloyed with 5\% Li. To achieve high loading, repeated charging and discharging at low current densities were required (described in a patent appl.). Only the 2 mm Pd wires produced T, and none was produced in the control cells. Enhancement factors, that is T(after)/T(before) of up to 50-60 were found in the four successful runs, and amount to around $10^5$ T atoms/cm$^2$/s, or of the order of $10^{11}$ atoms/cm$^2$ over the whole run; a survey of previous work by others (10 groups) shows a range of $10^9 - 10^{15}$ T/cm$^2$. Most of the T is in the liquid phase; but the four Pd wires that were successful also had more tritium inside the PdD after the experiment than before, so this must have a nuclear origin.} } @article{Yamag1993a, author = {E. Yamaguchi and T. Nishioka}, title = {Helium-4 production and its correlation with heat evolution}, journal = {Oyo Butsuri}, volume = {62}, number = {7}, year = {1993}, pages = {712--714}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, gas phase, helium, MS, res+}, annote = {The Chem. Abstracts translation (CA 119:280106 (1993) has: "A review with 8 refs. Using the authors' 'in vacuo' method with a heterostructure of deuterated Pd(Pd-D) at low temps. < 300C, the authors have detected in situ 4He prodn. The real-time observation has been performed by high-resoln. quadrupole mass spectroscopy (0.001 amu at 4 amu). The signal attributable to 4He prodn. appeared when the samples exhibited a sudden increase in temp. The system of H-loaded Pd(Pd-H) heterostructure, on the other hand, produced no 4He. A new class of nuclear fusion occurred in condensed matter". The paper's Fig. 1 shows a mass spectrogram and shows a clear distinction between 4He and D2, the major peak. Fig. 2 shows a 4He peak appearing at a time where the temperature rose from about 120C by about 10C. The peak lasts about 100 m.} } @article{Yamag1993b, author = {E. Yamaguchi and T. Nishioka}, title = {Helium-4 production from deuterated palladium}, journal = {Kakuyuogo Kenkyo}, volume = {69}, number = {7}, year = {1993}, pages = {743--751}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, MS, helium, res+}, submitted = {04/1993}, annote = {Another paper describing the heterostructures arising in Pd coated on one side with an oxide film and with gold on the other. High resolution quadrupole mass spectroscopy showed the production of 4He at 4.0026 amu, distinct from the peak due to D2. The authors rule out contamination from the air, and conclude that a new type of nuclear fusion is the cause.} } @article{Zhan1993, author = {F.~X. Zhang and S.~X. Jin}, title = {Effect of electron screening and ionic correlation on the fusion rate of deuterium in Pd/D system}, journal = {Chinese Sci. Bull.}, volume = {38}, number = {9}, year = {1993}, pages = {718--722}, keywords = {Theory, res0}, submitted = {02/1992}, published = {05/1993}, annote = {This team considers the strongly coupled plasma model of PdD, and tries to see if there might be fusion. They conclude that this does not seem possible, unless some effect unaccounted for, such as nonequilibrium or local high energies, cause it. 021992/051993} } @article{Zhu1993, author = {S. Zhu and X. Xiao and T. Lu and Q. Chen and Z. Que and J. Liu and H. Xie and R. Sha and F. Liu and H. Sun}, title = {An investigation of cold fusion}, journal = {Nucl. Techniques}, note = {In Chinese, Engl. abstr.}, volume = {16}, number = {8}, year = {1993}, pages = {475--478}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {06/1992}, published = {08/1993}, annote = {Both an electrolysis experiment (LiOD, 10-30 mA/cm$^2$) and a gas phase experiment were run. Neutron detection was by liquid scintillation and a BF3 counter, and showed much the same results, i.e. a large n burst after 90 h of electrolysis, lasting about 4 h with an intensity of 400 fus/s, with counting rates 15 times background.} }