% Year 1994; there are 66 entries. @article{Andr1994, author = {B.~D. Andresen and R. Whipple and A. Alcazar and J.~S. Haas and P.~M. Grant}, title = {Potentially explosive organic reaction mechanisms in Pd/D2O electrochemical cells}, journal = {Chem. Health Safety}, volume = {1}, year = {1994}, pages = {44--47}, keywords = {Postmortem of explosion}, published = {10/1994}, annote = {One of several papers published by this forensic team, asked to examine some remaining fragments of the cold fusion cell that exploded at SRI and killed Andrew Riley. The cause of the explosion is not clear, there are competing hypotheses. One of them, put forward here, is that some long-chein organic oils spontaneously combusted with pressurised oxygen. Fragments were wiped and the wipings examined by gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. Hydrocarbon (lubricating) oil, silicone oil and some other organics were found in sufficient amounts to uphold the hypothesis. In itself, combustion of these oil residues could account for as much as 10% of the total energy generated in the explosion, but it may have acted as a trigger for the more powerful explosive H2-O2 recombination.} } @article{Arat1994a, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang}, title = {A new energy generated in DS-cathode with 'Pd-black'}, journal = {Koon Gakkaishi}, volume = {20}, year = {1994}, number = {4}, pages = {148--155}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd black, excess heat, res+}, annote = {This is, as far as can be seen and going by the abstract, much the same paper as that of the same authors in Proc. Japan. Acad. 70 Ser. B (1994) 106. It reports on "spill-over deuterium" in a long-term closed-cell electrolysis using a bottle-shaped Pd cathode with Pd powder inside the bottle. Excess energy at ca. 200 MJ was released over a period of 3000 h and there were clear signs of the excess power decreasing after the cell current was turned off, and recovery upon switching on again.} } @article{Arat1994b, author = {Y. Arata and Y.C. Zhang}, title = {A new energy caused by 'spillover-deuterium'}, journal = {Proc. Japan. Acad. Ser. B}, volume = {70}, year = {1994}, pages = {106--111}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd powder, gas phase, surface structure, excess heat. Res+}, submitted = {091994}, annote = {The authors make three points at the outset: (A) surface structure of Pd is important; (B) lattice imperfections, cracks, local stresses are important. From this, they conclude that (C) "bottle-shaped" Pd electrodes, hollow, evacuated but filled with Pd powder, might be ideal for CNF. They used these "double-structured" cathodes in some experiments starting in 1992 and still in progress. Excess heat was found reproducibly and the authors theorise about "spillover deuterium".} } @article{Bara1994, author = {B. Baranowski and S. Filipek and W. Raczynski}, title = {Electrolytic charging of palladium by deuterium at normal and high pressure conditions}, journal = {Pol. J. Chem.}, volume = {68}, year = {1994}, pages = {845--857}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, pressure, loading, res-}, submitted = {12/1993}, annote = {The authors wish to clear up some of the confusion in the 'cold fusion' field, e.g. the figure of $10^{26}$ atm, and comment on the problems of electrolytic loading of Pd with deuterium. High pressure electrochemical loading was also tried. 0.1 M LiOD and D2SO4 were the electrolytes used, and Pd wires as cathodes. Ambient pressure electrolysis at current densities up to 200 mA/cm$^2$ produced loadings corresponding only to some 400 atm, nowhere near the fugacity figure of $10^{26}$ stated by FPH-89. High pressure electrolysis was also carried out, at up to 4.5 kbar. Here, loadings are achieved that place the Pd resistance on the falling branch. The authors conclude that the formation of D2 bubbles limits loading into Pd, and actual pressures within the metal.} } @article{Bast1994, author = {A.~V. Basteev and L.~A. Nechiporenko}, title = {Activation of solid-phase deflagration of hydrogen-containing energy-storing substances}, journal = {Int. J. Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {19}, year = {1994}, pages = {739--741}, keywords = {Suggestion, fractofusion}, submitted = {09/1993}, annote = {The authors do not believe in fractofusion in conductors, pointing to the lack of convincing results. In certain nonconducting substances containing hydrogen (isotopes), however, there may be 'deflagration' effects that just might lead to fusion. The authors here examine ND4NO3 and ND4ClO4, both of which can store energy and release it in deflagration events within the solid matrix when irradiated by gamma rays. Such events might enable d-d fusion. Experiments lend some support to this idea.} } @article{Blag1994, author = {S. Blagus and M. Bogovac and A. Drasner and M. Vukovic}, title = {Evidence for neutron production during heavy water electrolysis on palladium electrode}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26}, year = {1994}, pages = {105--109}, keywords = {Experimental, sintered Pd, electrolysis, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {03/1993}, published = {08/1994}, annote = {An attempt to reproduce the results of Gozzi et al. A Pd cyclinder was made by pressing 99.95\% pure Pd powder at 216 MPa and sintering at 1173 K for 12 H. The final mass of the pellet was 8.2 g at a density of 80\% that of solid Pd. An undivided cell was used, filled with 0.2M D2SO4 in D2O, kept at 298 K; current density was 0.2 A/cm$^2$. Neutrons were monitored with a single 6Li-glass scintillation counter with appropriate electronics for pulse height discrimination etc. Over a period of about 10 days, 12 runs were recorded with an overall duration of 677660 s. All recordings were indistinguishable from those for the background, except in one run, where two neutron bursts were seen, with durations of 200 and 100 s, counting, resp., 193 and 63 neutrons or 256 total in 300 s. Postmortem analysis of the cathode indicated a D/Pd loading of 0.7. The team noted the exact times of x-ray bursts from the Sun (there is a table of such events) and the neutron bursts are not correlated with these. Neutron emissions were about 1/10 of Gozzi et al.} } @incollection{Brus1994, author = {M. Bruschi and U. Marconi and A. Zoccoli}, title = {The neutron spectrometer of the cold fusion experiment under the Gran Sasso Laboratory}, booktitle = {Hadronic. Phys. and Course 8th 1993}, year = {1994}, pages = {332--354}, editor = {M. Giblisco and G. Preparata and A. Zenoni}, publisher = {World Scientific}, address = {Singapore}, keywords = {Experimental, neutron detector design, res0. No FPH/Jones refs.}, annote = {This team designed the sensitive coincidence neutron spectrometer that was used in the Gran Sasso cold fusion studies (Italian style, Ti and D2 gas, temp. cycling). Within the 10*10*10 cm$^3$ cell there were 3 1.5 mm NE905, 6Li glass scintillator plates, in NE213C liquid matched to the glass's refractive index. Pulse shape discriminators filtered out gamma background. This setup was extensively tested and all is reported here. Monte Carlo calculations also confirmed the performance.} } @article{Chec1994a, author = {V.~A. Chechin and V.~A. Tsarev and M. Rabinowitz and Y.~E. Kim}, title = {Critical review of theoretical models for anomalous effects in deuterated metals}, journal = {Int. J. Theo. Phys.}, volume = {33}, year = {1994}, pages = {617--670}, keywords = {Review}, submitted = {08/1993}, annote = {A large review (54 pp, ca. 180 refs) of the field. Most theories come in for heavy criticism, with "acceleration models" the most plausible, albeit not free from problems either. Part of the problem is that "... not all of the experiments are equally valid...". Theories are neatly classified into barrier circumvention, barrier reduction, barrier ascent, narrow nuclear resonances, multibody fusion and exotic chemistry.} } @article{Chec1994b, author = {V.~A. Chechin and V.~A. Tsarev}, title = {On the nonstationary quantum-mechanical origin of nuclear reactions in solids}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {25}, year = {1994}, pages = {469--474}, keywords = {Theory, fractofusion, res+}, submitted = {08/1992}, published = {07/1994}, annote = {A new theory of 'cold fusion'. The authors start by listing the successes and failures of the fractofusion theory in explaining the diverse observations. They then postulate the appearance of high-momentum components in the deuteron wave function in the solid state, due to violation of stationarity there. They give no explanation of the origin of this, but it may indirectly have to do with fracture formation. Thus this model is based on energetic barrier penetration, not on acceleration (as in the fractofusion model). This might be called the 'perestroyka (reorganisation) model'. Preliminary calculations fall roughly within the ball park.} } @article{Chee1994, author = {G.~T. Cheek and W.~E. O'Grady}, title = {Measurement of H/D uptake characteristics at palladium using a quartz crystal microbalance}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {368}, year = {1994}, pages = {133--138}, keywords = {Experimental, EQCM, basic study}, submitted = {01/1993}, published = {04/1994}, annote = {Having previously found that the EQCM (electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance) shows anomalous behaviour when used to measure D-loading of a Pd film, they now extend the study to look at the details of film stress as charging proceeds, especially in mixtures of light and heavy water. At 10\% or more light water, H dominates in the Pd film, but if the Pd is precharged with D, this is not replaced by H upon electrolysis in a mixture, a surprising finding.} } @article{Chen1994, author = {Y.~P. Chen and S.~D. Cai}, title = {Dynamic screening effect from acoustic plasmons}, journal = {Science in China A}, volume = {37}, number = {1}, year = {1994}, pages = {62--69}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {05/1993}, published = {01/1994}, annote = {Theoretical paper. The interaction of charged particles in a medium is shielded by the action of the many other particles around them. Acoustic plasmons may be excited in two-band metals, and will then do such shielding. This is the n applied to deuterons in Pd, and fusion rates are calculated. It comes out many orders of magnitudes higher than normal.} } @article{Czer1994, author = {A. Czerwinski}, title = {Influence of lithium cations on hydrogen and deuterium electrosorption in palladium}, journal = {Electrochim. Acta}, volume = {39}, year = {1994}, pages = {431--436}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, lithium}, submitted = {04/1993}, published = {02/1994}, annote = {Lithium is known to be incorporated to some extent into Pd during electrolysis in an electrolyte containing Li+; various processes have been suggested involving incorporated Li. In this paper, C reports the results of a cyclic voltammetric study of thin (2000-2500 atomic layers) Pd layers laid down on Au. Acidic and basic solutions, in light and heavy water were used. Incorporated Li affects the alpha-beta transition, which in turn has an effect on the oxidation rate of absorbed hydrogen (or deuterium); H/Pd or D/Pd loading ratios were not changed by Li incorporation.} } @article{Davi1994, author = {F. David}, title = {Hypoth{\`e}se de la diafluidit{\'e}}, note = {In French, English translation appended to the pdf file}, journal = {Fusion}, volume = {1994}, number = {49}, year = {1994}, pages = {58--62}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, published = {01/1994}, annote = {The author outlines his hypothesis of cold fusion. It answers the question of excess heat yet few neutrons, as well as irreproducibility. The hypothesis is based on the idea that groups of deuterons assemble in a state similar to superfluid helium(4), inside the Pd lattice, and the author suggests the term "diafluidity" for the phenomenon. This would enable a fusion chain reaction. Some tests of the hypothesis are suggested.} } @article{Deni1994, author = {A. {De Ninno} and V. Violante}, title = {Study of deuterium charging in palladium by electrolysis of heavy water}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26}, year = {1994}, pages = {1304--1310}, keywords = {Experimental. Pd, electrolysis, deuterium, diffusion, loading, res0. No FPH/Jones refs.}, submitted = {03/1994}, published = {12/1994}, annote = {By means of a membrane experiment, with D2 gas on one side of the 0.5 mm thick Pd membrane and 0.1 M LiOD on the other, and a current that is switched between high and low densities, the workers measured the transport of deuterium through Pd. With some numerical analysis, they concluded that transport depends on the current through concentration gradients, and on the surface concentration of adsorbed deuterium. Loadings up to about 0.95 were inferred. No actual 'cold fusion' results are reported.} } @article{Dery1994a, author = {B.~V. Deryagin and E.~I. Andriankin and A.~G. Lipson and E.~V. Metelkin and D.~M. Sakov and G.~V. Fedorovich}, title = {On the possibility of initiation of nuclear fusion in deuterated ferroelectrics by polarisation reversal waves at $T < T_c$}, journal = {Dokl. Akad. Nauk. Fiz.}, volume = {334(3)}, year = {1994}, pages = {291--295}, keywords = {Theory, ferroelectrics, external stimulation, res+}, submitted = {10/1993}, annote = {Previous Russian work has shown that 'cold fusion' takes place at the Curie temp., $T_c$, in ferroelectrics, such as KD2PO4. The authors suggest that at lower temperatures, $T < T_c$, cnf might be initiated by stimulation be polarisation effects. Repolarisation can be induced by the application of an external electric field. The authors theorise about this and conclude that it is feasible. They then performed an experiment to test the idea and were able to detect neutrons at 7 sigma above the background. External stimulation of ferroelectrics is thus a fruitful direction for cnf research.} } @article{Dery1994b, author = {B.~V. Deryagin and E.~I. Andriankin and A.~A. Kutikov and A.~G. Lipson and D.~M. Sakov and G.~V. Fedorovich}, title = {On the initiation of the nuclear fusion reaction in deuterated ferroelectric at its polarisation reversal induced by an electric field}, note = {In Russian}, journal = {Dokl. Akad. Nauk}, volume = {336}, year = {1994}, pages = {753--756}, keywords = {Theory, ferroelectrics, polarisation reversal, fractofusion, res+}, submitted = {01/1994}, annote = {The Deryagin team here theoretically underpins its previous experimental findings of cold fusion in ferroelectrics due to polarisation reversal induced by an externally applied electric field. The old standby DKDP (KD2PO4) as well as some other ferroelectrics are taken as examples. The idea is that polarisation reversal causes abrupt changes in the crystal ions' oscillation and thus oscillating electric fields in the crystal. This inturn can lead to deuteron acceleration. Energies of several hundreds eV might be achieved in DKDP and Ba(0.4)Sr(0.6)Nb2O6 and Pb titanate, and it seems that fusion is feasible as a result in these ferroelectrics. These results agree with experimental results reported in previous publications from this laboratory.} } @article{Fedo1994, author = {G.~V. Fedorovich}, title = {Screening of the Coulomb potential in a nondegenerate hydrogen isotope gas}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {25}, year = {1994}, pages = {120--123}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {11/1992}, published = {01/1994}, annote = {Theoretical look at screening of deuterons from each other by electrons, invoking special (exotic) solid state plasma effects. The result is that cold fusion is feasible, due to this effect in the metal lattice.} } @article{Fern1994, author = {J.~F. Fernandez and F. Cuevas and C. Sanchez}, title = {Deuterium concentration profiles in electrochemically deuterated titanium and their evolution after electrolysis}, journal = {J. Alloys Comp.}, volume = {205}, year = {1994}, pages = {303--309}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Ti, loading, res-}, submitted = {09/1993}, annote = {The techniques of elastic recoil detection (ERD) and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) were used to measure D profiles in Ti plates electrochemically charged with deuterium in heavy water electrolyte. Unlike Pd, Ti is loaded only near its surface by electrolysis. The two techniques could be applied, using the one set-up, conosisting of a 4He beam aimed at the Ti sample at an angle of 78deg to the normal. After 768 hours of electrolysis in 0.1M LiOD, at cd's of 0.5-1 A/cm$^2$, there was a fairly level loading D/Ti of 1.6 to a depth of about 120 mu, falling off sharply there. There is a rather thinner layer, about 10-20 mu thick, in which the loading is a little higher, but not as high as 2, said by the authors to be a requirement for cold fusion to take place.} } @article{Flei1994a, author = {M. Fleischmann and S. Pons and G. Preparata}, title = {Possible theories of cold fusion}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento A}, volume = {107}, year = {1994}, pages = {143--156}, keywords = {Suggestions, res+}, submitted = {06/1993}, published = {01/1994}, annote = {Using 'cold fusion' as the generic name for phenomenology of Pd-hydride anomalies, the authors review some of the key facts, some 'impossible theories' and lastly present their own views of what is happening in CNF. There are anomalies even in the well known fact of the hydrogen absorbing capacity of Pd; in a 600-1000 M sea of electrons, there is a solution of protons at 60-100 M, without the formation of dihydrogen. To explain this, a many-body model must be invoked, rather than single particles or pairs, as well as collective states. Other known anomalies include the high diffusion rate of hydrogen in the Pd lattice and the series D(d) > D(p) > D(t), rather than the expected D(p) > D(d) > D(t) (D being the diffusion coefficient); and the high H/D separation factor under electrolysis. The authors agree that, given the low but definite neutron and tritium production and the anomalous t/n ratio together with the absence of secondary neutrons from the tritium, the process cannot be conventional d-d fusion, but that the conventional branches are a rare occurrence. The main process is the formation of 4He, with absorption of the resultant energy by strong-dipole coupling; hence the absence of gamma radiation. Possible models, then, include collective states and possibly three-body processes.} } @article{Flei1994b, author = {M. Fleischmann and S. Pons}, title = {Reply to the critique by Morrison entitled 'Comments on claims of excess enthalpy by FLeischmann and Pons using simple cells made to boil'}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {187}, year = {1994}, pages = {276--280}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {06/1993}, published = {04/1994}, annote = {Point-by-point rebuttal. F\&P did not use the complicated differential equation method as claimed by Morrison; the critique by Wilson et al does not apply to F\&P's work; very little electrolyte leaves the cell in liquid form; current- and cell voltage fluctuations are absent or unimportant; the problem of the transition from nucleate to film boiling was addressed; recombination (cigarette lighter effect) is negligible.} } @article{Foca1994, author = {S. Focardi and R. Habel and F. Piantelli}, title = {Anomalous heat production in Ni-H systems}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento}, volume = {107A}, year = {1994}, pages = {163--167}, keywords = {Experimental, Ni, gas phase hydrogen, calorimetry, res+}, submitted = {01/1994}, published = {01/1994}, annote = {One of the authors (FP) observed, in 1989, during a calorimetric experiment at about 200K with a deuterated organic substance in hydrogen, some anomalous heat, and suspected the Ni support used. This led to the experiments described here. A Ni rod, 5 mm diameter and 90 mm long, was placed in a cylindrical chamber, surrounded by a Pt heater coil. The chamber could be evacuated or filled with gas (H2 or D2) at various pressures. The system was checked by replacing the Ni rod with a stainless steel one, and its temperature noted as a function of heater power applied, and gas pressure. With the Ni rod, the best temperature for H2 absorption was found to be 173 C. Some Ni rods showed the expected temperature as a function of heater power in a H2 atmosphere, while others had elevated temperatures, showing that there was excess heat, of the order of 20-50 W, with heater power at 40-120 W. No nuclear radiation was detected. The excess power, integrated over time, amounted to such a large energy excess, that a chemical explanation will not suffice. The authors propose the (p,D) reaction, that is fusion between hydrogen and the natural component of deuterium and more work is in progress.} } @article{Frol1994, author = {A.~M. Frolov and V.~H. Smith Jr}, title = {On stimulated nuclear fusion in the cold generalized DT hydrides of fissionable elements}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {196}, year = {1994}, pages = {217--222}, keywords = {Discussion, suggestion, fission}, submitted = {10/1994}, published = {12/1994}, annote = {Following suggestions made by others, that cold fusion is possible in compounds of the composition M(x)D(y)T(y), where M is a fissionable element and x << y, the authors theorise on this process. A simple model might e.g. be a DT gas containing a single nucleus of, say, 239Pu or 251Cf, which fissions. The two fast fission fragments (90 an 70 MeV, modelled both as 80) then collide with many DT's, producing shock waves etc. Calculations seem to indicate that for sufficiently high DT densities, some fusion might occur. Its probability would however be negligible for D2 gas. The authors do not comment on implications for 'cold fusion'.} } @article{Fuka1994, author = {S. Fukada and S. Furuya and T. Sakae and N. Mitsuishi}, title = {Measurement of exoelectrons from palladium and palladium deuteride with gas proportional counter}, journal = {J. Alloys Compds}, volume = {204}, year = {1994}, pages = {223--229}, keywords = {Experimental, fractofusion, charged particles (electrons), Pd, res-}, annote = {Many materials emit electrons when, e.g., strained. In this work, hydrided and deuterated Pd, as well as Pd itself is strained to see whether the hydrogen or deuterium makes a difference, in view of fractofusion claims. There was indeed a difference, deuteration enhancing the emission of electrons; hydrogen did this as well. The energy of the emission was however below 0.5 keV, not enough to aid fusion.} } @article{Gran1994, author = {P.~M. Grant and R.~E. Whipple and A. Alcaraz and J.~S. Haas and B.~D. Andresen}, title = {Hydrocarbon oil found in the interior of a 'cold fusion' electrolysis cell after fatal explosion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {25}, year = {1994}, pages = {207--208}, keywords = {Discussion}, submitted = {10/1992}, published = {03/1994}, annote = {This team of forensic scientists here report on the explosion of a cnf electrolysis cell at SRI on Jan 2, 1992, which killed Andrew Riley and injured McKubre. Examination of the debris showed the presence of hydrocarbon oil, presumably from the lubricant residues from the machining of some parts of the cell. This oil may have reacted with the pressurised oxygen generated in the cell and this could in turn have initiated the explosion.} } @article{Gree1994, author = {T.~A. Green and T.~I. Quickenden}, title = {Electrolytic preparation of highly loaded deuterides of palladium}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {368}, year = {1994}, pages = {121--131}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, calorimetry, loading study}, submitted = {05/1993}, published = {04/1994}, annote = {A high loading ratio D/Pd is sometimes said to be important for the success of cold fusion, but it is not clear in most work, what the loading was or how high a loading can indeed be achieved. These authors survey the field and describe the methods of measuring loading. They then report their own results, using in situ resistance measurement and known calibration curves of resistance vs loading. Even this seemingly best method has its pitfalls. In the first series of measurements, the Pd wires (1mm) were used without pretreatment; conventional loadings of about 0.8 were achieved for these. When pretreatment as used by McKubre's team was used (vacuum annealing, acid etching), the loadings increased to about 0.9. These figures were rather independent of the electrolyte used. It was found that vacuum annealing alone was sufficient. Thus, in situ resistance measurement can be used to measure the D/Pd loading.} } @article{Guer1994, author = {T.~M. G{\"u}r and M. Schreiber and G. Lucier and J.~A. Ferrante and J. Chao and R.~A. Huggins}, title = {An isoperibolic calorimeter to study electrochemical insertion of deuterium into palladium}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {25}, year = {1994}, pages = {487--501}, keywords = {Experimental, calorimeter design}, submitted = {11/1993}, published = {07/1994}, annote = {Description of a newly designed closed-cell calorimeter, apparently of high quality. It avoids the errors of previous designs for 'cold fusion' calorimetry. At the heart of the setup are two heavy concentric Al cylinders, separated by a well defined conduction gap. There is uniformity of temperature within the cylinders. 1/e settling time was around 13 min. The design has been confirmed to be stable and reproducible over long periods. The conduction gap is filled with alumina powder and thus the setup is suitable for high temperature work up to 600 C. } } @article{Hand1994, author = {P.~H. Handel}, title = {Thermoelectric excess heat effect in electrolytic cells}, journal = {Z. Phys. B}, volume = {95}, year = {1994}, pages = {489--492}, keywords = {Theory, Peltier, artifacts, res-}, submitted = {06/1993}, published = {09/1994}, annote = {This is an attempt to explain the excess heat claimed by F\&P and others, in terms of unequal Peltier heats at the junctions between the external leads and the two (different) electrodes in the electrolytic cells, i.e. normally a Pd cathode and a Pt anode. Power would be dissipated at these junctions. Normally these effects are small but Handel speculates on cases where they are large enough to mimick excess heat as observed. For a Ni/Pt system and an open cell, he estimates up to 26\% "excess heat" as this artifact. In closed cells the error is smaller but in any case, he concludes that the effect should be corrected for before making excess heat claims.} } @article{Ito1994, author = {T. Ito and T. Kursawa and T. Yaguchi}, title = {Concerning 'cold fusion'}, journal = {Meiji Daigaku Nogakubu Hokoku}, volume = {100}, year = {1994}, pages = {1-12}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {A review, with 10 refs., is presented on socalled 'cold fusion' and the evolution of excess heat during D2O electrolysis on a Pd electrode. The phenomenon (in the author's opinion) is due, not to a D-D fusion reaction, but to an ordinary nuclear reaction between D and Pd accompanied by the emission of neutrons and gamma-rays (Direct quote from CA 122:117268 (1995)).} } @article{Jin1994, author = {S.-X. Jin and F.-X. Zhang and Y.-Z. Liu and W.-Q. Shi and W. Ou and S.-X. Liu and X.-J. Liu}, title = {Deuterium absorbability and anomalous nuclear effect of YBCO high temperature superconductors}, journal = {Chinese Sci. Bull.}, volume = {39}, number = {2}, year = {1994}, pages = {101--103}, keywords = {Experimental, HTSC connection, nuclear effects, res+}, submitted = {05/1993}, published = {01/1994}, annote = {The HTSC family of compounds Y1Ba2Cu3O7-delta can absorb hydrogen, which is then found on the Cu-O surface, write the authors, who have studied the absorption of deuterium. They found some anomalous effects during this study. CR-39 nuclear track etch was used, placed close to the absorbing samples, and some tracks were found. These tracks were not found in controls without deuterium. The mechanism is not clear and further work is needed.} } @article{Jorn1994, author = {J. Jorne}, title = {Neutron emission studies during the electrolysis of deuterium by using BaCeO3 solid electrolyte and palladium electrodes}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26}, year = {1994}, pages = {244--247}, keywords = {Experimental. Solid electrolyte, gas phase electrolysis, res-}, submitted = {04/1993}, published = {11/1994}, annote = {The author set up a solid state electrochemical cell: (-) D2(gas),Pd//BaCeO3//Pd,D2 (+). The BaCeO3 is a proton conductor at higher temperatures and is the electrolyte in this gas/solid cell, capable of charging Pd with deuterium from the gas phase. He ran this cell at whatever current it would give him at 20 V total voltage and a range of temperatures up to 800C (where it gave 160 mA/cm$^2$), with 4 banks of 3He neutron counters around it. He does not use coincidence readings, however, just presents some traces of neutron signals from individual banks. These show a few cases of large excursions from the mean count. The long term mean for active cells is the same as for the background, and due to the Poisson distribution of the neutron rate, these large-sigma excursions are in fact expected, so this is a null result.} } @article{Kapa1994, author = {V. Kapali and M. Ganesan and M.~A. Kulandainathan and A.~S. Mideen and K.~B. Sarangapani and V. Balaramachandran and S.~V. Iyer and B. Muthuramalingam}, title = {Comparison of electrochemical behaviour of the Pd-NaOD and Pd-NaOH systems}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {364}, year = {1994}, pages = {95--102}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolyusis, Pd foil, optical study, res0}, submitted = {01/1993}, published = {01/1994}, annote = {Experimental investigation of Pd electrolysis in NaOD and NaOH electrolytes, H and D electropermeation through Pd and ionisation of H and D at the Pd-alkaline solution interface, optical studies of these systems and H or D loading of the Pd. Foils of thickness 0.025 mm and wires of diameter 0.25-4mm were used. Permeation measurements yielded diffusion coefficients of D ($1.2\times 10^{-8}$ cm$^2$/s) and H ($3-4 \times 10^{-9}$) in Pd. Optical studies showed the formation of deuterium clusters, especially with thicker Pd specimens. This may be due to electrochemical compression, and may be the cause of fusion. No clusters were formed by H. All the findings taken together leave some things unexplained and cannot prove or rule out cold fusion.} } @article{Kova1994, author = {E.~P. Koval'chuk and O.~M. Yanchuk and O.~V. Reshetnyak}, title = {Electromagnetic radiation during electrolysis of heavy water}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {189}, year = {1994}, pages = {15--18}, keywords = {Experimental, Ni, electrolysis, emr, res0}, submitted = {04/1993}, published = {06/1994}, annote = {Both Pd sheets (5 * 1.5 * 0.6 cm and Ni foil (4 * 2.5 * 0.2 cm) were used as cathodes in a quartz cell containing LiClO4 (0.1-2M), while monitoring emr given off with a photomultiplier. For Ni, at currents above about 25 mA/cm$^2$, there was emr emission, increasing with time and with increasing current density. The effect itself was quite reproducible although the emission intensity was not; it was up to 10$^5$ cps or more. The effect peaked with time and then decreased again. It can readily be explained as a result of electrode cracking and thus triboluminescence, except that it was not observed in light water, and in fact was considerably quenched by small admixtures of light to heavy water (1/3 intensity at 1.2 vol\%, e.g.) The authors draw no conclusions but more work is needed.} } @article{Kozi1994a, author = {H. Kozima}, title = {Neutron Moessbauer effect and the cold fusion in inhomogeneous materials}, journal = {Il Nuovo Cimento A}, volume = {107}, year = {1994}, pages = {1781--1783}, keywords = {Theory, Moessbauer, trapped neutron model. Res+}, submitted = {04/1994}, published = {09/1994}, annote = {The author takes as fact that such elements as Ti, Pd and Ni induce cold fusion, and examines (mainly by discussion) the Moessbauer effect as a possible process involved. Neutron absorption and reemission in the crystal lattice can act as a neutron reservoir with certain elements. The author suggests that besides Pd, Ti and Ni, Si might be worth a look.} } @article{Kozi1994b, author = {H. Kozima}, title = {How the cold fusion occurs?}, journal = {Rept. Fac. Sci., Shizuoka Univ.,}, volume = {28}, year = {1994}, pages = {31--52}, keywords = {Theory, trapped neutrons, res+}, submitted = {10/1993}, annote = {Accepting many reports of excess heat, neutron, tritium and other particles generation, K seeks a theoretical basis for these observations. All the diverse observations appear to fit the model involving trapped neutrons. Neutrons that happen to enter the sample are thermalised and trapped as standing waves, bounded by the reflecting walls of ordered arrays of deuterons or protons. These neutrons then essentially fuse with deuterons/protons, producing tritium or deuterium. Tritons go on to fuse with deuterons to produce the odd 4He, and the high-energy fusion product neutrons cause other d-d pairs to fuse. All this explains the Pd/D2O, Ni/H2O as well as the exotic systems such as ceramics etc. } } @article{Kueh1994, author = {R.~W. K{\"u}hne}, title = {The possible hot nature of cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {25}, year = {1994}, pages = {198--202}, keywords = {Discussion}, submitted = {03/1993}, published = {03/1994}, annote = {The author has previously suggested fractofusion or, as he calls it, micro-hot fusion (MHF) as the most plausible mechanism of cold fusion. He cites a large volume of supporting literature among the 84 references given at the end. Here he provides more evidence for MHF and claims that it can explain observations, including the burst nature of cnf. The model is based on the formation of "deuterid bubbles", which cause cracks to form near the surface in Pd but away from the surface in Ti. This would be accompanied by acoustic emissions, which have in fact been detected. The bubbles and cracks are charged and thus, radio and low electron emission is also expected, and found. Deuterons will then be accelerated by the potential fields up to 100 keV, enough to allow fusion. Most of them will however just be slowed down again without fusion; this explains the anomalous heat/neutron results. Electrons are bound and cannot neutralise the fields. There are some problems with the model but these are easily swept aside. Finally, K{\"u}hne suggests how to optimise cnf experiments. One must not clean the Pd cathodes too well or use Pd of too high a purity;there must be no oxide layer; precharging is bad.} } @article{Kuni1994, author = {K. Kunimatsu}, title = {Current status of room-temperature nuclear fusion. Excess heat measurement}, journal = {Petrotech. (Tokyo)}, volume = {17}, number = {12}, year = {1994}, pages = {998--1003}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Small review, 12 refs.}, annote = {"A review with 12 refs is given on measurement of excess heat related to cold fusion using an electrolytic method comprising open-type water electrolysis, and fuel cell type heavy water electrolysis". (From CA). One notes figures out of Fleischmann \& Pons's papers showing excess heat bursts, a calibration curve of R/Ro vs loading for PdH and PdD (both extending to loading of 1), the famous SRI figure of excess heat vs loading with many data points, showing an exponential-like relation, a cold fusion electrolysis cell (presumably Kunimatsu's) and (his own?) excess heat vs loading figure (much steeper relation) (Cited from CA 122:224620 (1995).} } @article{Lewe1994, author = {B. Lewenstein}, title = {La saga de la fusion froide (The cold fusion saga)}, journal = {Recherche}, volume = {25}, year = {1994}, pages = {636--641}, note = {In French}, keywords = {Remark}, annote = {This is a sci/soc report on cold fusion, from Cornell science sociologist Bruce Lewenstein. He recounts the story and the controversy it roused, and produces some bibliographic statistics, comparing with other newsworthy technical events such as the Exxon Valdez accident and high temperature superconductivity.} } @article{Lips1994a, author = {A.~G. Lipson and D.~M. Sakov}, title = {Increase in the intensity of the external neutron flux in the irradiation of a KD2PO4 crystal at the point of the ferroelectric transition}, journal = {Tech. Phys. Lett.}, note = {Orig. in: Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 20 (1994) 46, in Russian}, volume = {20}, year = {1994}, pages = {954--956}, keywords = {Ferroelectric, background effect, experimental, res+}, submitted = {09/1994}, published = {12/1994}, annote = {This paper addresses the frequent observation that as the neutron background radiation level decreases, so does the observed neutron emission level in 'cold fusion' experiments. The authors irradiate a sample of deuterated ferroelectric, KD2PO4, with a range of neutron flux levels and measure its emissions. These are indeed correlated with and about 10\% above, the input fluxes, thereby confirming the proposition. Moreover, an anisotropy in the emissions is observed, supposed to have to do with crystal axes.} } @article{Lips1994b, author = {A.~G. Lipson and I.~I. Bardyshev and D.~M. Sakov}, title = {Generation of hard gamma-radiation in KD2PO4 single crystals during the ferroelectric phase transition}, journal = {Tech. Phys. Lett.}, note = {Orig. in: Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 20 (1994) 53, in Russian}, volume = {20}, year = {1994}, pages = {957--959}, keywords = {Experimental, ferroelectrics, gamma, res+}, submitted = {09/1994}, published = {12/1994}, annote = {Continuing with their study of fractofusion in ferroelectrics around the Curie point, the team here measures gamma emissions from the title substance (called DKDP by the authors) single crystals put through cooling/heating cycles. Gamma ray background was measured before, between and after the experiments, and all measurements were taken with a high-purity Ge detector calibrated with a 60Co source. The ferroelectric phase transition has a maximum around the Curie point, 221K, and in the range 212-222K, a clear gamma excess over the background is reported. Previously, tritium and neutrons have been observed with this system. After about 10 temp. cycles, the crystals deteriorated, presumably due to cracking, and the emission curves distorted. The gamma emissions were at 3.5-4.5 MeV, consistent with 4He formation, in its excited state, by d-d fusion.} } @article{Liu1994, author = {R. Liu and D. Wang and S. Chen and Y. Li and Y. Fu and X. Zhang and W. Zhang}, title = {Measurement of neutron energy spectra from the gas discharge facility}, journal = {Yuanzi Yu Fenzi Wuli Xuebao}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, year = {1994}, pages = {115--118}, note = {In Chinese}, keywords = {Experimental, discharge, neutrons, res-}, annote = {Chem. Abstr. 121:93277 (1994) writes: "In the process of research on cold fusion phenomenon with the gas discharge method, the NE-213 org. liq. scintillation neutron spectrometer was used to measure neutron energy spectra from the gas discharge facility. Neutrons were emitted from the gas discharge facility. The peak energy in neutron spectra is about 2.38 MeV. Neutrons whose energy is larger than about 3 MeV haven't been found. The neutron spectra from the gas discharge facility and D-D neutron source are compared. The exptl. error of neutron spectra is about $\pm$ 6\%". The paper is almost entirely in Chinese and little else can be gained by this abstracter. There are the usual FPH-89 and Jones+89 references.} } @article{Maly1994, author = {J.~A. Maly and J. Vavra}, title = {Response to 'Comments on 'Electron transitions on deep Dirac levels I'}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26}, year = {1994}, pages = {111--112}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {02/1994}, published = {08/1994}, annote = {Reponse to the polemic of Rice et al, ibid 111, referring to an earlier paper by Maly and Vavra on neglected solutions to wave equations for hydrogen. Contrary to the claim by Rice et al, that the solutions found are nonphysical, Maly and Vavra here conclude that Rice et al are simply wrong and that the deep energy levels indeed can exist.} } @article{Mand1994, author = {C. Manduchi and G. Zannoni and E. Milli and L. Riccardi and G. Mengoli and M. Fabrizio and A. Buffa}, title = {Anomalous effects during the interaction of subatmospheric D2(H2) with Pd from 900C to room temperature}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento A}, volume = {107}, year = {1994}, pages = {171--183}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, gas phase, neutrons, cp's, res0}, submitted = {04/1992}, published = {02/1994}, annote = {The authors have previously reported experiments with beam discharges and electrolysis together, but there were some alternative explanations for the results. Here, the team reports a fairly standard "Italian style" CNF experiment, that is metal (here: Pd) and D2 gas, at a range of temperatures. A tube with some Pd sheets, 6 cm$^2$ and thicknesses from 0.002 to 0.1 cm at its bottom was connected to a vacuum system, and placed into a furnace chamber. The Pd was vacuum treated at 900C and then heated in the presence of 900 mbar of D2 or H2 gas to clean the surface. After removing the gas, 900 mbar of gas was again admitted and the temperature allowed to fall to room temperature, which required about 30 h. The pressure change was used to measure loading, having calibrated in the absence of Pd. Neutrons were monitored using a stilbene detector for the background and a NE123 scintillator for the cell. A plastic track CR-39 detector was used for charged particles (cps) at room temperature at the end of the cycles. An interesting finding was that there was some H2 or D2 absorption to about 0.2 (H/Pd) between 700 and 300 C, then falling to zero at 200-150C, and rising at 80C to room temp to a maximum of 0.89, unexpectedly high. This was reproducible. Absorption at low temperatures, without prior heating, was down at about 0.17. Also, the figure shows a distinct neutron emission at the point where the large loading begins during cooling, as well as during the early, higher temp., phase. This was not seen in the blank controls. Cp's were also found, roughly proportional to Pd film thickness but not correlated with loading level. Runs with H2 achieved loadings of 0.75 and also neutron emissions around the loading point, but no cp's. The neutron results are a puzzle and indicate that either there was an error here or that PdH also emits neutrons.} } @article{Matsuz1994, author = {A. Matsuzaki and T. Nishina and I. Uchida}, title = {In situ low incident angle XRD technique with electrochemical methods. Application to deuterium charging into palladium cathode}, journal = {Hyomen Gijutsu}, volume = {45}, year = {1994}, pages = {106--107}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, res-}, submitted = {06/1994}, annote = {The average d-d separation in PdD is greater than the 0.72 Ang in molecular D2; if 'cold fusion' were real, there would need to be tetrahedral site occupation of deuterium in the Pd lattice, and x-ray diffraction might then reveal this. The authors have developed the technique, low incident angle x-ray diffraction at electrodes, that might do the job, and applied it to this problem. They electrolysed at a Pd cathode in 0.1M LiOD at 30 mA/cm$^2$ for 10 days. They found only some (expected) structural changes in the Pd, but no close approach of deuterons to each other. Thus 'cold fusion' is not supported by this experiment.} } @article{McKu1994, author = {M.~C.~H. McKubre and S. Crouch-Baker and R.~C. Rocha-Filho and S.~I. Smedley and F.~L. Tanzella and T.~O. Passell and J. Santucci}, title = {Isothermal flow calorimetric investigations of the D/Pd and H/Pd systems}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {368}, year = {1994}, pages = {55--66}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, calorimetry, res+}, submitted = {02/1993}, published = {04/1994}, annote = {Thought by many to be one of the most thorough studies in this area, and long delayed in publication, this paper at last reports the results. A quality isothermal flow calorimeter was used here, and D/Pd (or H/Pd) loadings were monitored in situ by resistance measurements. The cells were closed, and gases recombined within them, so that recombination was fully accounted for. Excess powers were observed only for D/Pd above 0.9 and reached 28\% input power, but were typically about 5-10\%, with the noise lying at about 1/20 the excess power level. No excess power was observed under other conditions, the output balancing the input within the error.} } @article{Miao1994a, author = {B. Miao}, title = {Experimental exploration on possible mechanism of D-D cold fusion in titanium lattice}, journal = {Xibei Shifan Daxue Xuebao, Ziran Kexueban}, volume = {30}, year = {1994}, pages = {44--48}, note = {In Chinese}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, excess heat, tritium, neutrons, res+}, annote = {From the English abstract, it appears that this was an attempt at scale-up of an electrolysis at a large Ti rod (in the text I find 86 mm, 120 mm), at current densities 500 mA/cm$^2$. Excess heat was found, but little neutrons or tritium. The results support the theory of Qing-Quan Gou. The abstract also mentions 4He in the keyword list.} } @article{Miao1994b, author = {B. Miao}, title = {Experimental exploration on the possible mechanism of D-D cold fusion in titanium lattice}, journal = {Xibei Shifan Xuebao. Ziran Kexueban}, note = {In Chinese, Engl. abstr.}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, year = {1994}, pages = {39--43}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Ti, calorimetry, res+}, annote = {"The present paper reports in detail the experiments of electrolysing D2O made by the group using Titanium cathode. The primary results of experiments have proved exothermal effect and product 4He of nuclear fusion, the two specific feature predicted by the mechanism of professor Gou Qingquan" (direct quote of the abstr.). Fig. 2 shows an electrolytic cell with a Ti cathode and two thermistors in the cell, one at the Ti, the other away from it. The electrolyte was 0.1M NaOD in D2O. Fig. 5 shows some temperature excursions, one lasting 2753 min.} } @article{Miles1994a, author = {M.~H. Miles and B.~F. Bush and J.~J. Lagowski}, title = {Anomalous effects involving excess power, radiation, and helium production during D2O electrolysis using palladium cathodes}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {25}, year = {1994}, pages = {478--486}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, helium, res+}, submitted = {05/1993}, published = {07/1994}, annote = {The previous paper by these authors, claiming the observation of helium generated in a 'cold fusion' cell, was criticised by many; the authors now agree that error limits had not been sufficiently defined. In more recent experiments, they have now established the detection limits for 4He in their 500 ml Pyrex glass flasks: it is $3\times 10^{13}$ atoms. This gives some credence to their measured rate of production of 4He, $10^{11} \dots 10^{12}$ atoms/s/W(excess power), which is about right for d-d fusion giving 4He (the rare branch, thought by some to dominate in PdD). The authors admit to experimental problems, including excess heat errors a large fraction of the excess heat itself, but the double blind nature of these studies makes them more confident that the new results are trustworthy.} } @article{Miles1994b, author = {M.~H. Miles and B.~F. Bush and D.~E. Stilwell}, title = {Calorimetric principles and problems in measurements of excess power during Pd-D2O electrolysis}, journal = {J. Phys. Chem.}, volume = {98}, year = {1994}, pages = {1948--1952}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, calorimetry, res+}, submitted = {06/1993}, published = {02/1994}, annote = {Calorimetry of electrolysis cells as used in cold fusion will yield false results, if steady state is assumed for such variables as cell temperature, -voltage etc, and this has been done in other's work. The present authors single out such teams as Lewis et al, Williams et al, Albagli et al and Wilson et al; all teams reporting null results. Here, two types of isoperibolic calorimeters were used, one similar to that used by the above teams and also by Fleischmann et al, the other being more sophisticated and similar to that also used by Williams et al. The first type of setup measures the temperature directly within the cell, and this, as the electrolyte changes during electrolysis, produces a changing cell constant; when the temperature is measured outside the cell, this effect goes and better results are obtained. Other details are described. The calorimeter had an overall error of only $\pm$0.020 W with an input power of around 5-10 W (an informed guess). In the light of these insights, old null results are reexamined, and Lewis et al should have reported an excess of 1 W/cm$^3$, in line with Fleischmann et al, and Miles et al. Similar errors may hold for the other prominent null report papers.} } @article{Mill1994, author = {R.~L. Mills and W.~R. Good and R.~M. Shaubach}, title = {Dihydrino molecule identification}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {25}, year = {1994}, pages = {103--119}, keywords = {Theory, experimental, electrolysis, hydrinos, res+}, submitted = {06/1993}, published = {01/1994}, annote = {First, there is an outline of the Mills theory. The classical wave equation is solved, not with the usual boundary conditions but with those derived from the Maxwell equations. This novel theory can account for a large number of phenomena, including gravitation, the masses of leptons, the neutron and proton, magnetic moments of nucleons, ultraviolet emission by dark matter, etc. The theory leads also to the postulate of the hydrino, a hydrogen atom with electrons in states below ground. In the second part of the paper, experimental evidence for the hydrino is provided, partly by reinterpretation of old data from other workers (e.g. 4He found by MS was really dideuterinos) and partly by new "thermacore" experiments in calorimetry. Power output/input ratios as high as 20 were found with light water electrolysis at 100\% current efficiency, i.e. no recombination artifacts. Because the dihydrino has a higher ionisation potential than H2, it was possible to distinguish between the two by mass spec (MS) by varying the ionisation voltage. Such an experiment confirmed the presence of dihydrino for the authors.} } @article{Mori1994, author = {S. Morioka}, title = {Nuclear fusion triggered by positron annihilation at vacancies in deuterated metals}, journal = {Il Nuovo Cimento A}, volume = {107}, year = {1994}, pages = {2755--2765}, keywords = {Theory, cnf activation by positron annihilation, res+}, submitted = {03/1994}, published = {05/1994}, annote = {The author states that positrons beamed at PdD will be trapped in crystal vacancies, as will deuterons. So, when positrons annihilate with electrons, the approx. 1 MeV energy from this might be given to the deuteron, which would then crash into others, causing fusion. This argument is then backed up by theory, and the result is that the fusion rate is, among other things, limited by the concentration of vacancies and, using reasonable parameters, might be about 4 orders of magnitude above those reported by Jones et al (1989) (now retracted). This is a testable hypothesis. } } @article{Morr1994, author = {D.~R.~O. Morrison}, title = {Comments on claims of excess enthalpy by Fleischmann and Pons using simple cells made to boil}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {185}, year = {1994}, pages = {498--502}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {06/1993}, published = {02/1994}, annote = {This polemic, communicated by Vigier (an editor of the journal), as was the original paper under discussion (Fleischmann et al, ibid 176 (1993) 118), takes that paper experimental stage for stage and points out its weaknesses. Some of the salient points are that above 60C, the heat transfer calibration is uncertain, that at boiling some electrolyte salt as well as unvapourised liquid must escape the cell and (upon D2O topping up) cell conductivity will decrease; current fluctuations are neglected and so is the Leydenfrost effect; recombination; and the cigarette lighter effect, i.e. rapid recombination of Pd-absorbed deuterium with oxygen.} } @article{Mukh1994, author = {D. Mukherjee and A. Wordsworth}, title = {Stress relieving of palladium foils, controls its electro-catalytic properties}, journal = {Tool \& Alloy Steels}, year = {1994}, pages = {323--325}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd foil, open circuit potentials, corrosion rates, pretreatment, res0, no FPH/Jones refs.}, annote = {A pair of corrosion workers try to throw some light on cold fusion, by looking at open circuit potentials of Pd foils in a 3\% NaCl electrolyte, as well as its corrosion rate in conc. nitric acid, as a function of various pretreatments such as "normalising" at 700 C, annealing at 680 C, quenching in water at 30 C and at 19 C. Some of the foils were loaded with hydrogen, using a 5\% HCl solution and a Zn sacrificial anode. The hydrogen was then driven out of the Pd again by heating at 200 C, resting for 5 min and then heating at 400 C. Results show that stress relieving treatment activates the Pd surface, leading to a higher "galvanic current" where the counter electrode was mild steel. More active Pd also corroded faster.} } @article{Naka1994, author = {Y. Nakamitsu and M. Chiba and K. Fukushima and T. Hirose and K. Kubo and M. Fujii and H. Nakahara and T. Seimiya and K. Sueki and M. Katada and N. Baba and S. Kamasaki and S. Ikuta and K. Endo and T. Shirakawa}, title = {Study of cold nuclear fusion with electrolysis at low-temperature range}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento A}, volume = {107}, year = {1994}, pages = {117--128}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Ti, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {06/1993}, published = {01/1994}, annote = {Previous Italian work indicated that low temperatures might be favourable for CNF, so the team performed electrolysis at a range of temperatures -80C to room temp, using deuterated methanol with DCl (2M) instead of heavy water. An added benefit is said to be the higher deuterium loadings at low temperatures. The cell was placed into a neutron detection space, surrounded by 10 3He detectors in paraffin. The 10 detectors were divided into 5 pairs and signals rejected if they did not appear on all 5 pairs within 1 microsec. The cathode material was cold rolled Pd rod (5mm dia, 20 mm long), known to have many defects, as well as some of this stretched to 3 mm dia to produce more defects still, and the same for Ti rods. At current densities 100-250 mA/cm$^2$ and electrolysis times up to 267 h, the average neutron count was within one standard deviation of the background in all cases, and the frequency distribution of the counts was that of the background (Poisson). Initially, there appeared to be some excess neutrons over the background, but these were found to be due to cryostat switching. With these results, it was possible to set an upper limit to fusion of $3.1 \times 10^{-24}$ fus/pair/s, comparable with the results of Jones et al (1989). } } @article{Nomu1994, author = {K. Nomura and E. Akiba}, title = {Trial of nuclear fusion}, journal = {Busshitsu Kogaku Gijutsu Kenkyusho Hokoku}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, year = {1994}, pages = {439--450}, keywords = {Experimental. Gas phase, Ti, Pd, alloy LaNi5, Mg2Ni, neutrons, bursts, res-}, annote = {This reports a long term 'cold fusion' trial, lasting 32 months, using gas-phase charging of D2 into the alloy LaNi5, becoming LaNi5D6 in the process. Other alloys, such as Mg2Ni and the metals Ti and Pd were also tried. Neutron emissions were monitored with two counters. There were cases of apparent neutron bursts but not on both counters simultaneously; overall, nothing other than background noise was seen. This implies that, e.g., the neutron bursts observed by the de Ninno team could have been caused by noise events.} } @article{Noto1994, author = {R. Notoya and Y. Noya and T. Ohnishi}, title = {Tritium generation and large excess heat evolution by electrolysis in light and heavy water-potassium carbonate solutions with nickel electrodes}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26}, year = {1994}, pages = {179--183}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Ni, light water, tritium, calorimetry, res+}, submitted = {11/1993}, published = {09/1994}, annote = {The authors believe that in a cell of light water, K2CO3 and a Ni cathode, the excess heat observed arises from fusion of protons with alkali metal (K) at the Ni surface. The authors believe tritium is also generated. Some electrolysis runs, with durations from 6 to 26 h, are reported here; heat and tritium were measured, the tritium by taking samples out of the electrolyte after electrolysis. Some of the runs were done in heavy water. A table shows that all runs resulted in excess heat, in one case 169\%. Electrolysis runs resulted in about an order of magnitude more tritium than in control measurements with pure water (light and heavy). Some rough linear relations were shown between tritium generated and excess heat. Less tritium was generated than Ca (from the p+K fusion) and two possible fusion reactions are suggested for tritium formation.} } @article{Pyun1994, author = {S. Pyun and C. Lim and K.~B. Kim}, title = {An investigation of the electrochemical kinetics of deuterium insertion into a Pd membrane electrode in 0.1M LiOD solution by the a.c. impedance technique}, journal = {J. Alloys Comp.}, volume = {203}, year = {1994}, pages = {149--156}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, fundamental}, annote = {A double cell was used, divided by a thin Pd foil. Thus, deuterium inserted by electrolysis on one side of the foil could be detected on the other side. When steady state was reached, impedance measurements were carried out on the electrolysis side using a correlator. Results show that a mechanism involving absorption of adsorbed deuterium, produced from reduction, is consistent with the measurements; some rate constants are given, as well as the diffusion coefficient of deuterium in PdDx, as $(5.10 \pm 1.04) \times 10^{-7}$ cm$^2$/s, somewhat higher than that of hydrogen.} } @article{Reif1994, author = {O. Reifenschweiler}, title = {Reduced radioactivity of tritium in small titanium particles}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {184}, year = {1994}, pages = {149--153}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, tritium, res-}, submitted = {11/1993}, published = {01/1994}, annote = {Reports results obtained as long ago as 1958 but not fully reported, while working with Ti soot with absorbed tritium. In one experiment, with T/Ti loading at 0.0035, the sample was slowly heated in a closed space and the radioactivity measured by the x-radiation. Any tritium released was pumped out continuously. A separate experiment established the temperature (about 350C) at which the tritium begins to be released from the Ti; the radioactivity is seen to decrease clearly at 115C, at first rapidly, then more slowly, finally to increase again at 275C, going through a maximum slightly higher than the starting value at 360C (R calls it "the initial value"), and then dropping rapidly to zero as expected. Two other runs showed similar behaviour; however, one run with a loading 10 times these and a faster temperature rise did not show the effect. An explanation in terms of tritium movement within the counting space is not likely. In an attempt to find an explanation, beta-electron emission was measured as a function of the T/Ti loading x, and found to be not linear with x. There is an activity minimum, about the same as the one found in the first experiment, at an intermediate x of $3\times 10^{-4}$. The same minimum was found separately, measuring x-rays instead of beta electrons. The author proposes the formation of nuclear pairs by the absorbed tritons, and a smaller decay of these pairs than for isolated tritons. This might have a bearing on the behaviour of deuterium in metals as well. The author plans to publish more on this subject.} } @article{Rice1994, author = {R.~A. Rice and Y.~E. Kim}, title = {Comments on 'Electron transitions on deep Dirac levels I'}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26}, year = {1994}, pages = {110--111}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {09/1993}, published = {08/1994}, annote = {Polemic on the named paper by Maly and Vavra, which claimed some neglected solutions to Schroedinger's and Dirac's equation for hydrogen and gave support to the Mills theory. Rice et al state here that these solutions are not physical and that therefore these deep energy levels cannot exist.} } @article{Siod1994, author = {R. Sioda}, title = {Cavity ion metal (hohlraum) limited-radiation effect and law}, journal = {Curr. Topics Electrochem.}, volume = {3}, year = {1994}, pages = {349--355}, keywords = {Theoretical, res+}, annote = {The author presents his theory of "hot spot plasma", to explain the cold fusion results of Fleischmann et al (1989) and Jones (1989) and others. He proposes the existence of small cavities with the metal, "hot spots", where high temperatures obtain. He addresses mainly the problem of how quickly these hot spots would cool, in order to know whether they might facilitate fusion. So he considers heat transport. The conclusion is that some fusion might happen.} } @article{Stor1994, author = {E. Storms}, title = {Warming up to cold fusion}, journal = {Techology Review}, number = {May/June}, year = {1994}, pages = {20--29}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {As the author writes, 5 years have passed and he writes a sort of summing-up of 'cold fusion', without any references. He covers the field well and discusses existing theories, not uncritically.} } @article{Sull1994, author = {D.~L. Sullivan}, title = {Exclusionary epideictic: NOVA's narrative excommunication of Fleischmann and Pons}, journal = {Sci., Technol. \& Human Values}, volume = {19}, year = {1994}, pages = {283--306}, keywords = {Sci-soc/phil}, published = {07/1994}, annote = {Sci-soc/phil paper by an English lit specialist. Analysis of the video tape of the NOVA TV program "Confusion in a Jar", shown on 30 April 1991 by Public Broadcasting. The author makes a case for this show's being an epideictic rhetoric, defined as an effort publically to lay blame on someone and (here) in effect to excommunicate them (F\&P) from the ranks of serious scientists. This can also be categorised as a narrative, and strong parallels are drawn between F\&P and the Jesus Christ story. The difference is that in the latter case, there was a final vindication after excommunication, not the case (yet) with F\&P.} } @article{Szpa1994, author = {S. Szpak and P.~A. Mosier-Boss and R.~D. Boss}, title = {Comments on the analysis of tritium content in electrochemical cells}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {373}, year = {1994}, pages = {1--9}, keywords = {Comment}, submitted = {07/1993}, published = {08/1994}, annote = {Most workers looking for tritium in their cold fusion cells take aliquots out of the electrolyte and analyse these. It is important to know how the tritium, if any, is distributed in the cell; i.e. between the gas phase, electrolyte and electrode bulk. This paper takes a theoretical look at this problem, as well as at the data acquisition procedure. It concludes that isotope separation can be determined from analysis of the gas and liquid phases; analysis error can be minimised by increasing counting time in the liquid scintillation method; care must be taken with open cells.} } @article{Tise1994, author = {Yu.~A. Tisenko}, title = {Possible ways to achieve cold fusion. III}, journal = {Russ. Phys. J.}, volume = {37}, year = {1994}, pages = {590--592}, keywords = {Theory, glow discharge, res+}, submitted = {04/1992}, published = {06/1994}, annote = {Continuing his series of speculative calculations on how to bring forth 'cold fusion', T here proposes charging small (0.1 mm) PdD particles to MV voltages, and then exposing them to a low-pressure deuterium atmosphere. This would cause a glow discharge and deuteron ions, which might then accelerate towards the particle and, hitting it, lead to some d-d fusion. T then does some rough calculations of the mimimum particle radius required for this to happen, from several different models, which roughly agree with each other. T concludes that the idea is feasible.} } @article{Vyso1994, author = {V.~I. Vysotskii and R.~N. Kuz'min}, title = {Nonequilibrium Fermi condensate of deuterium atoms in microvoids of crystals and the problem of barrier-free cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Tech. Phys.}, volume = {39}, number = {7}, year = {1994}, pages = {663--666}, keywords = {Theory, microvoids in PdD, res+}, submitted = {10/1993}, published = {07/1994}, annote = {A new mechanism for 'cold fusion' is described here. It is based on the suppression of all forms of local electromagnetic interaction in a Fermi condensate of deuterium atoms in microvoids in a metal deuteride. One outcome of the theory is that thermal cycling is a requirement for fusion; this has not been understood before. The presence of microchannels and -cracks or -cavities make all this possible, as evidencd by the Kamiokande results with deuterated concrete and some Russian results.} } @article{Yang1994, author = {J. Yang and D. Chen and G. Zhou and Q. Wu and J. Huang and L. Tang and X. Cheng and D. Xie and L. Gu}, title = {'Abnormal' nuclear phenomena and possible nuclear process}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {25}, year = {1994}, pages = {203--206}, keywords = {Discussion}, submitted = {12/1992}, published = {03/1994}, annote = {Disputes on cold fusion are based on traditional fusion theory, say the authors, and a new theoretical framework must be established to explain cold fusion, which takes place in the low energy range. This is provided by electron capture of excited deuterons, forming a dineutron, which can then fuse without difficulty with a further deuteron. This is aided by a weak interaction in the nuclear force, hitherto not believed to exist. As well as d-2n fusion, there may be other fusion reactions between the dineutron and, e.g., the Pd isotopes, leading to a number of energies of emissions. The authors have calculated expected fusion rates, and these lie around observed rates. The authors acknowledge that this model is as yet primitive but they ask others to consider it and flesh it out.} } @article{Yi1994, author = {K. Yi and D. Jiang and X. Qian and J. Lin and Y. Ye}, title = {A study of D-D fusion in TiD target induced by 197Au bombardment}, journal = {Nucl. Tech. (China)}, volume = {17}, year = {1994}, pages = {722--728}, keywords = {Experimental, ion beam, res+}, note = {In Chinese, Engl. abstr.}, submitted = {07/1993}, published = {12/1994}, annote = {A TiD target was bombarded with beams of Au ions at 1-5.2 MeV energies, and the resulting proton flux measured. The beam induces d-d fusion in the target. The abstract says that the resulting fusion can be explained by a two stage cascade collision model, indicating that the energy transfer is carried out by elastic collisions between deuterons and the Au ions. There are references to F\&P-89 as well as to Beuhler et al 89, but it is not clear to this abstracter how this might be considered cold fusion.} }