% Year 1995; there are 52 entries. @article{Alek1995, author = {V.~A. Alekseev and V.~I. Vasil'ev and V.~A. Romodanov and Yu.~F. Ryshkov and S.~V. Rylov and V.~I. Savin and Ya.~B. Skuratnik and V.~M. Strunnikov}, title = {Tritium production in the interaction of dense streams of deuterium plasma with metal surfaces}, journal = {Tech. Phys. Lett.}, volume = {21}, year = {1995}, pages = {231--232}, note = {Orig. in: Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 21 (1995) 64.}, keywords = {Self targeting ion beam, Ti, V, Fe, Zr, Nb, tritium, res+, no FPH/Jones refs}, submitted = {12/1994}, published = {03/1995}, annote = {The authors regard this as a cold fusion paper but it is in fact about a plasma discharge experiment, in a 30 mbar atmosphere of D2 between two stainless steel electrodes, about 12 kV passed across them. Along part of the axis, cylinders of various metals are placed, so that the plasma pinch pushes onto the cylinder surface. The authors state that the resulting fusion favours the tritium branch over the neutron one, and they analyse for tritium after many discharges, both in the gas and the metal (but do not report any neutron measurements). Group-IV metals were more effective than the others in producing tritium, and the metals contained more tritium than the gas. The authors find that tritium production correlates with hydrogen solubility in the metal. } } @article{An1995, author = {H.~K. An and E.~I. Jeong and J.~H. Hong and Y. Lee}, title = {Analysis of deformed palladium cathodes resulting from heavy water electrolysis}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {27}, year = {1995}, pages = {408--416}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd deformation by electrolysis; res+}, submitted = {06/1993}, published = {07/1995}, annote = {This follows the work of Yamaguchi, who observed the deformation of a Pd plate exposed to D2 gas, where a gold layer was evaporated, from which Y inferred high temperatures and thus anomalous heat production. The Korean team attempted to observe this by doing an electrolysis experiment on Pd plates as cathodes. Two cathodes were made up, as Pd sandwiches, 10*10*1 mm$^3$, between a gold layer, 200 nm, on one side and a Ti layer, 20 nm, coated with Pd, also 20 nm thick, on the other. Temperatures were monitored during electrolysis, in 0.1 M LiOD at up to 200 mA, with a bit of current reversal now and then. The two electrodes faced each other. Electrolysis was sustained for 18 days, when the cell exploded; the authors believe that D2 and O2 gas may have played a role in that and strongly recommend a good recombiner. The plates were deformed and it seems that, just as with Yamaguchi, high temperatures may have been reached; e.g. there was some Au-Pd alloying, seen by surface analysis (OM, SEM and SAM). There was some evidence of temp. increases within the plates (up to maybe 1000 C) before the explosion. There is some diffusion maths.} } @article{Arat1995a, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang}, title = {Cold fusion reactions driven by 'Latticequake'}, journal = {Proc. Japan Acad.}, volume = {71B}, year = {1995}, pages = {98--103}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {03/1995}, annote = {The authors begin by pointing out that powdered metal presents a large surface and will be a key factor in future developments of cold fusion. They then state that one of the authors (they do not say which) thought of solid state fusion 40 years ago, and that Fleischmann et al later rediscovered this, by using electrolysis. The paper then goes on to describe the latticequake model. Energetic helium nuclei (at MeV energies) can by crashing into the Pd and d nuclei in the crystal create hollow spaces, which then quickly collapse and lead to high implosion pressures, yielding densities up to 10 times that of solid deuterium as well as temperatures of several times $10^8$ C, thus favouring fusion. This process might be autocatalytic if more energetic helium nuclei are produced; they do not explain how the process starts.} } @article{Arat1995b, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang}, title = {Achievement of solid-state plasma fusion ("cold fusion")}, journal = {Proc. Japan Acad. Ser. B}, volume = {71}, year = {1995}, pages = {304--309}, keywords = {Experimental, helium, mass spec, theory, res+, no FPH/Jones refs.}, submitted = {12/1995}, annote = {This paper reports again the finding of 4He by the use of narrow M-range periodic mass spectroscopy cycling of the gases from Pd under pressured D2. Distinct He peaks are seen under the correct conditions, and not in control runs. The authors' lattice quake theory is outlined once again.} } @article{Arat1995c, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang}, title = {Peculiar relation between hot plasma fusion and solid-state plasma fusion ("cold fusion")}, journal = {Koon Gakkaishi}, volume = {21}, year = {1995}, pages = {130--141}, keywords = {Experimental, theory, deuteron clusters, excess heat, res+, no FPH/Jones refs}, submitted = {05/1995}, published = {07/1995}, annote = {This continues the authors' report on their results of excess heat with time in a long-term electrolyses, now extended to 3500 and 4000 h respectively. Excess heat events continue to occur, and the authors' lattice quake theory is reiterated. There is also some discussion on similarities and differences between solid state plasma, and gaseous plasma, fusion.} } @article{Arat1995d, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang}, title = {Achievement of solid-state plasma fusion ("cold fusion")}, journal = {Koon Gakkaishi}, volume = {21}, year = {1995}, number = {6}, pages = {303--306}, keywords = {Experimental, gas phase Pd, D2, mass spec, helium, excess heat, no FPH or Jones refs, res+}, submitted = {10/1995}, note = {In Japanese, Engl. abstr. and Fig. captions}, annote = {This pair of authors has been producing a steady stream of papers, using their Pd powder in a Pd bottle, and D2 gas, and producing excess heat. They now add a high-resolution mass spectrometer. They repeatedly scan for masses between 3.95 to 4.05, and find a distinct 4He peak at 4.00260 appearing next to that for D2, 4.02820, under those conditions where they see excess heat and claim cold fusion. No 3He or tritium was detected. There are controls, and the He appears only when heating the Pd sufficiently, indicating that it is produced within the metal.} } @article{Arat1995e, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang}, title = {Cold fusion caused by 'lattice quake'}, journal = {Koon Gakkaishi}, volume = {21}, year = {1995}, pages = {43--51}, keywords = {Experimental, theory, composite cell, gas phase charging, excess heat, no FPH/Jones refs, res+}, submitted = {01/1995}, note = {In Japanese, Engl. abstr.}, annote = {The authors have described their "lattice quake" model elsewhere and do it again here, as well as presenting experimental results. A multilayer cathode is used, charged with D2 gas. Excess heat was observed. There is more lattice quake theory.} } @article{Chen1995, author = {S. Chen and D. Wang and G. Cui and M. Wang and Y. Fu and X. Zhang and W. Zhang}, title = {X-ray diagnostics in gas discharge}, journal = {Trends Nucl. Phys.}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, year = {1995}, pages = {58--60}, keywords = {Experimental, x-rays, gas phase, res?}, submitted = {05/1994}, published = {09/1995}, annote = {What I know about the paper (which is all in Chinese) is what I can see in the figures, and in the Chem. Abstr. item 126:243528 (1997), not much. A metal is loaded with D2 (and maybe with a mixture of D2 and H2) by a gas discharge, and x-rays measured by two methods. They agree on x-ray peaks at about 27 keV.} } @article{Chib1995, author = {M. Chiba and T. Shirakawa and M. Fujii and T. Ikebe and S. Yamaoka and K. Sueki and H. Nakahara and T. Hirose}, title = {Measurement of neutron emission from LiNbO3 fracture process in D2 and H2 atmosphere.}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento A}, volume = {108}, year = {1995}, pages = {1277--1280}, keywords = {Experimental, fractofusion, superconductivity, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {06/1995}, published = {10/1995}, annote = {This aims to confirm the results of Russian work, in which neutron emission was observed at the Curie temperature Tc during temperature scanning of superconducting ceramics, as well as earlier work by the present team on the title substance. The Russian workers ascribe the emissions to mechanical effects due to phase transitions. The title substance was mechanically crushed in a steel vibromill in an atmosphere of H2 or D2 while monitoring for neutrons, using 10 3He counters divided into 5 sets, placed closely around the sample. Experiments were conducted in an underground environment with a low background count of 9.3 +- 0.1 c/h. For H2 at 101 kPa, the count rate was 8.7 +- 1.2 c/h, or the same as the background, but for a D2 atmosphere (same pressure) it was 10.3 +- 0.7 c/h, or an excess of 1.0 +- 0.2 c/h, regarded as significantly higher than the background. There is some speculation about high voltages generated by the mechanical action, possibly up to 10 keV, and acceleration of deuterons across cracks. Rough calculations agree with the observations. Thus, mechano-nuclear fusion can be added to the other fusion techniques, conclude the authors.} } @article{Cont1995, author = {E. Conte}, title = {A generalization of Schroedinger's equation using biquaternions: the possibility of fusion for particles}, journal = {Phys. Essays}, volume = {8}, year = {1995}, pages = {52--59}, keywords = {Theory, biquaternion QM, res+}, submitted = {10/1993}, published = {03/1995}, annote = {This paper revises quantum mechanics, using biquaternions. Schroedinger's equation becomes a sub-case of this wider theory. The bottom line is that low-energy (e.g. cold) fusion is possible.} } @article{Daro1995, author = {S. Dar{\'o}czy and A. Boly{\'o}s and Z. Dezs{\"o} and T. Scharbert and Z. Papp and J. K{\'o}nya and B. Bert{\'o}k}, title = {Search for neutrons from electrochemically deuterated palladium sheets}, journal = {Acta Univ. Debr. Ludov. Kossuth Nom. Ser. Phys. Chim.}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, year = {1995}, pages = {49--61}, submitted = {12/1995}, published = {12/1995}, keywords = {Experimental, neutrons, electrolysis, Pd, res-}, annote = {This team from Hungary made an attempt to verify F\&P's results, in this case by monitoring neutrons during the electrolysis of heavy water at a Pd cathode in 0.1 M LiOD. Large Pd foils (25 cm$^2$ area) were used, of thickness 0.125 mm and 0.5 mm resp.; they were mounted so that their back sides were not exposed to the electrolytes, and the deuterium gas released through the back was used to estimate the D/Pd loading (0.72). The neutron detector was a three-chamber type in an Fe tank, using heavy water as moderator, with an efficiency of ($5.07\pm 0.03) \times 10^{-4}$. The overall neutron flux was the same as for the background; however, examination of short-term periods showed some bursts not seen in the background, especially with the thinner of the Pd foils and upon gas release from the thicker foil, upon switching off the current. The authors checked on the possibility of solar flares causing these effects, but there was none during their experiment.} } @article{Fate1995, author = {E.~G. Fateev}, title = {Possibilities for establishing the mechanism of neutron generation in deuterated materials under mechanical loading}, journal = {Tech. Phys. Lett.}, volume = {21}, number = {5}, year = {1995}, pages = {373--374}, keywords = {Theory, fractofusion, res+}, submitted = {02/1995}, published = {05/1995}, annote = {Since 1986, when Kluev et al discovered fractofusion, the mechanism has not been explained satisfactorily. Fateev offers his "rheological explosion" model, resulting from shock waves in a crystal that has been mechanically stressed. Some mathematics is presented, developing the Gamow formula and using estimated pressures, and the author concludes that this could accelerate deuterons sufficiently to explain the neutrons detected experimentally. He proposes an experiment, using electrical low-voltage pulses as well as mechanical stress, to test the model.} } @article{Fedo1995, author = {G.~V. Fedorovich}, title = {The possible nature of cold fusion in the Earth's mantle}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {28}, year = {1995}, pages = {1749--1762}, keywords = {Theory, geological, fractofusion, res+}, submitted = {12/1993}, published = {11/1995}, annote = {Fedorovich has previously outlined a theory of CNF, and here connects it with the possibility of p-d fusion in the Earth, which (under the name of pycnofusion) originally motivated the Jones team towards their experiments. The author points out the phenomenon of rock burst, a sudden release of energy often seen in tunnel walls etc. Some experiments with this have yielded evidence of neutrons in the past. Geological and fractofusion are related, and further evidence comes from the electron emission from ferroelectrics undergoing polarisation reversal.} } @article{Gozz1995a, author = {D. Gozzi and R. Caputo and P.~L. Cignini and M. Tomellini and G. Gigli and G. Balducci and E. Cisbani and S. Frullani and F. Garibaldi and M. Jodice and G.~M. Urciuoli}, title = {Calorimetric and nuclear byproduct measurements in electrochemical confinement of deuterium in palladium}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {380}, year = {1995}, pages = {91--107}, keywords = {Experimental. Pd, electrolysis, excess heat, neutrons, helium, tritium, correlation, res0}, submitted = {02/1994}, published = {01/1995}, annote = {The authors recognise that the simultaneous detection of excess heat and nuclear products would be indicative of cold fusion, and report on their attempts to do this. Ten electrolysis cells, some of them controls with Au or Pt cathodes, are surrounded by a ring of neutron detectors, and the head space gases from the cells are analysed for 4He and T, after some filtering to cut down on the large excess of D2. The cells are of the open type and there is a complicated program of current densities with time. Some small levels of excess heat are found (up to about 60\%), scaling more or less with input power, and some 4He is found at apparently commensurate amounts but after time lags of some hundreds of hours after excess heat events. The authors carefully measure Ne along with He and find some; they recognise that this could mean that the 4He - or at least some it - was contamination from the lab air. No neutrons or significant levels of tritium were found.} } @article{Gozz1995b, author = {D. Gozzi and R. Caputo and P.~L. Cignini and M. Tomellini and G. Gigli and G. Balducci and E. Cisbani and S. Frullani and F. Garibaldi and M. Jodice and G.~M. Urciuoli}, title = {Quantitative measurements of helium-4 in the gas phase of Pd + D2O electrolysis}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {380}, year = {1995}, pages = {109--116}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd electrolysis, helium, mass spec, correlation, res0. No FPH/Jones ref.}, submitted = {02/1994}, published = {01/1995}, annote = {Here, the method used to measure helium in the gas emitted from electrolysis cells described in their other paper (ibid p.91) is described in detail. A mass spectrometer with a resolving power of 660 (mass/delta-mass) was used. The complex chain of traps and lines between the headspace and MS is described. The authors were aware of some leaks and indeed some Ne was detected, at levels correlated with helium levels; this indicates atmospheric contamination. The paper does provide information on how to improve such measurements, however.} } @article{Gran1995a, author = {P. Grant}, title = {Author response}, note = {Response to the polemic by E.S. Shanley, ibid, same page}, journal = {Chem. Health Saf.}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, year = {1995}, pages = {4--5}, keywords = {Polemic, SRI explosion}, annote = {Grant, who led the forensic team that investigated the explosion of a cold fusion cell in the SRI labs in Jan. 1992, responds to a polemic by E.S. Shanley, who throws doubts upon the team's conclusions regarding the presence of oil traces on the internal cell walls, that might have set off the explosion. Shanley's main points were that the oil could not have reached the "Pd" oxidation catalyst in order to react with oxygen, and that such a reaction should have resulted in left-over deuterium. Grant responds with several points. Explosions are normally less than 100\% efficient, so the residue would not be useful in this way; that there was no way of knowing just how much oil there had been in the cell prior to the explosion; and that the Pd cathode was not the recombination catalyst, which was Pt-coated instead; there is no need to postulate transport of oil to the catalyst, to explain an explosion; and that SRI's reconstruction of the accident is only one of several possible scenarios, and not necessarily the most likely.} } @article{Gran1995b, author = {P.~M. Grant and R.~E. Whipple and B.~D. Andresen}, title = {Comprehensive forensic analyses of debris from the fatal explosion of a 'cold fusion' electrochemical cell}, journal = {J. Forensic Sci.}, volume = {40}, year = {1995}, pages = {18--26}, keywords = {Discussion}, annote = {This team of forensic chemists was charged with the detailed examination of the debris left after the explosion of a cold fusion cell at SRI, in which Andrew Riley was killed. Some of his tissues were in fact found left on the steel of the cell. SRI had at this stage already examined the debris and concluded that the cause of the explosion was a blockage, by a small PTFE flap, of a pressure valve, resulting in a high internal pressure in the sealed cell; and that when Riley moved it, he exposed the deuterium/oxygen mixture to bare palladium. Grant et al do not find any evidence of such a blockage, and their main finding is of residues of oil on the inside of the steel mantle around the cell. They appear to believe that this oil started a combustion process with the pressurised oxygen, that then set off the gas mixture. The steel container was deformed, indicating a peak pressure of about 300 atm. They also found incomplete welds in the container bottom (54\% weld penetration), no doubt resulting in the rocket effect after the bottom blew off. They conducted some elemental analysis but some of the results are confidential, probably part of SRI's secret ingredients for 'cold fusion'. They express some surprise at the absence of nitrate or nitrite, usually present after explosions. They also performed some radionuclide measurements but will publish the findings elsewhere, prevented by the referee from doing so here.} } @article{Gran1995c, author = {P.~M. Grant and . Whipple and F. Bazan and J.~L. Brunk and K.~M. Wong and R.~E. Russo and B.~D. Andresen}, title = {Search for evidence of nuclear involvement in the fatal explosion of a "cold fusion" experiment}, journal = {J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.}, volume = {193}, year = {1995}, pages = {165--169}, keywords = {Postmortem analysis, explosion, radiowaste.}, annote = {The forensic team asked to investigate the fatal explosion at the SRI lab, in which Riley was killed, report on their main measurements in the J. Forensic Sci.). They also searched for emissions due to nuclear processes and report the results here. The measurements were delayed until 3.5 months after the explosion, so short-lived products would have been missed but there is a Table of isotopes that could have been produced by neutron activation, and that would survive for this length of time. The samples were placed in a gamma ray detector for several days while counting. No evidence of any such activated isotope species was found.} } @article{Gree1995, author = {T.~G. Green and T.~I. Quickenden}, title = {Calorimetric studies of highly loaded deuterides and hydrides of palladium}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {389}, year = {1995}, pages = {91--103}, keywords = {Calorimetry, high loading, res0}, submitted = {10/1994}, published = {06/1995}, annote = {G\&Q report here the results of a painstaking study of the calorimetry of the title systems. Many of the published recommendations for producing excess heat were tried (with particular attention to the work of McKubre et al and Hasegawa et al): high loading (up to 0.93), low-high charging current regime, prolonged electrolysis (30 days) and additives (Al and SiO2). An isoperibolic calorimeter was used and the error in the heat balance was 1.5\%. The result of 48 separate measurements (including controls) is that no excess heat outside the error limits was found in any run.} } @article{Hols1995, author = {P. Holst-Hansen and D. Britz}, title = {Can current fluctuations account for the excess heat claims of Fleischmann and Pons?}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {388}, year = {1995}, pages = {11--16}, keywords = {Experimental, instrumentation, res0}, submitted = {09/1994}, published = {05/1995}, annote = {This responds to some discussion about the possible role of current fluctuations in the F\&P galvanostatic setup in the production of excess heat artifacts. Analysis of the dynamics of F\&P's galvanostat shows that it would indeed produce some high frequency current fluctuations and an experiment with an electrolytic cell confirmed this. However, the fluctuations are very small in magnitude and essentially uncorrelated with cell voltage, so that this error in instrumentation did not lead to artifactual excess heat in F\&P's calculations.} } @article{Iida1995, author = {T. Iida}, title = {Deuteron fusion experiments with some foils implanted with deuteron beams}, journal = {Genshikaku Kenkyu}, volume = {40}, number = {5}, year = {1995}, pages = {77--83}, keywords = {Experimental, ion beam 300 keV, Pd, charged particles, res-}, annote = {A Pd plate was the target of a 300 keV deuteron beam, and was additionally stimulated with large electrical currents; a Zr plate was first loaded from a He+ beam and then targeted with the deuteron beam. Charged particles were looked for with a Si-SSD detector; nothing significant was found, so that the Fleischmann-Pons effect is still unexplained, write the authors.} } @article{Jone1995a, author = {S.~E. Jones and L.~D. Hansen}, title = {Examination of claims of Miles et al in Pons-Fleischmann-Type cold fusion experiments}, journal = {J. Phys. Chem.}, volume = {99}, year = {1995}, pages = {6966--6972}, keywords = {Polemic, excess heat, helium correlation, res-}, submitted = {09/1994}, published = {05/1995}, annote = {Reacting to criticism by Jones, Miles has challenged Jones to show why the previous results of Miles et al, which appeared to show evidence of excess heat/ helium correlation, are not reliable. Jones and Hansen comply here. They point out many weaknesses in the several reports by Miles et al, all throwing strong doubts on the excess heat, the helium, as well as any correlation between them. There has been data selection and overconfident conclusions from poor data, it seems. Claims of x-rays, too, are highly doubtful.} } @article{Jone1995b, author = {J.~E. Jones and L.~D. Hansen and S.~E. Jones and D.~S. Shelton and J.~M. Thorne}, title = {Faradaic efficiencies less than 100\% during electrolysis of water can account for reports of excess heat in 'cold fusion' cells}, journal = {J. Phys. Chem.}, volume = {99}, year = {1995}, pages = {6973--6979}, keywords = {Polemic and experimental, excess heat is an artifact, res-}, submitted = {09/1994}, published = {05/1995}, annote = {The Jones team has been stating for some time that claims of excess heat are due to poor calorimetry and in many cases recombination of evolved deuterium with oxygen. If the heat of water electrolysis is then subtracted, this leads to inflated estimates of excess heat. Here they report their own experiments, using both Ni/light water, as well as conventional Pd/heavy water cells. They find excess heat if they do not take care to separate the evolved gases; if they do, however, or flush the cells with nitrogen, the excess heat goes to zero, thus supporting their criticism. They do address one case of excess heat greater than the applied cell power (by Mills et al); however, calorimetric error is likely in this case.} } @article{Kali1995, author = {V.~B. Kalinin}, title = {Dipole ordering, ionic conductivity, and cold nuclear fusion: three types of cation mobility in the orthophosphates KTiOPO4, Na3M2(PO4)3 (M = Sc, Fe, Cr), NaTh2(PO4)3, KD2PO4, and related compounds}, journal = {Inorg. Mater.}, volume = {31}, year = {1995}, pages = {558--566}, keywords = {Discussion of ionic conductors, ferroelectrics, fractofusion, res+,}, submitted = {05/1994}, published = {05/1995}, annote = {Lengthy theoretical discussion of a class of ionic conductors, tying in with earlier Russian work on ferroelectrics and fractofusion. Phase transitions and repolarisation in such compounds might give rise to cold fusion. Four compound structure types that share cation position splitting are discussed, as in the title. Only one of these, KD2PO4, has been tried out with CNF in mind. There are 44 references. } } @article{Kueh1995, author = {R.~W. K{\"u}hne and R.~E. Sioda}, title = {An extended micro hot fusion model for burst activity in deuterated solids}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {27}, year = {1995}, pages = {187--189}, keywords = {Theory/speculation, fractofusion, bursts, res+}, submitted = {02/1993}, published = {03/1995}, annote = {This paper describes a model that the authors believe can explain all the disparate observations of 'cold fusion'. Cracks with up to 10 keV energies can be formed in PdD and K\&S state that 10 keV ions have been detected and d-d fusion can occur. The cracks can become hot spots, explaining heat generation, while some nuclear reactions are initiated simultaneously, thus explaining the heat/nuclear products anomaly. The authors appear unaware that the hot spots require energy input, so this model falls flat.} } @article{Lewe1995a, author = {B. Lewenstein}, title = {From facts to fax: communication in the cold fusion saga}, journal = {Soc. Stud. Sci.}, volume = {25}, year = {1995}, pages = {403--436}, keywords = {Soc/sci}, annote = {An early (34-page) Lewenstein paper, taking science-sociological look at cold fusion. He argues that the pupular view of how science operates is wrong, and that in fact communication among scientists uses many media. New models are needed to account for the boundaries between formal publication, preprints, computer networks, fax machines, mass media presentations and other scientific forums. Increased communication activity may lead to some instability, especially initially in a controversial scientific event.} } @article{Lewe1995b, author = {B.~V. Lewenstein}, title = {Do public electronic bulletin boards help create scientific knowledge? The cold fusion case}, journal = {Science, Technol. \& Human Values}, volume = {20}, year = {1995}, pages = {123--149}, keywords = {Sci-soc}, annote = {The author, a science sociologist, examines the title question, looking at how electronic mail, news groups etc (computer-mediated communication or CMC) affect the spread of knowledge. CMC has certain characteristics of its own. BVL takes the cold fusion as a case study. CMC (and the telefax) played a significant role in the spread of the cold fusion news. Bulletin boards (by which BVL means news groups) have certain properties, and one that interests the author is the "big and little ideas" distribution. He concludes that, despite the faster spread of news, these news groups do not all help professionals very much and will not soon replace face-to-face communication. A cold fusion chronology is appended.} } @article{Lin1995, author = {G.~H. Lin and R. Bhardwaj and J.~O.~M. Bockris}, title = {Response to Noninski et al: Observation of beta radiation decay in low energy nuclear reaction}, journal = {J. Sci. Exploration}, volume = {9}, year = {1995}, pages = {207--208}, keywords = {Polemic, transmutation, res+}, annote = {A polemic arguing against the paper in the same journal (9 (1995) 201), by Noninski et al, who found no evidence of gamma radiation from purported transmutation experiments. In this paper, the authors report their own experiments, using about the same mixture, and found beta emissions after the burn, decaying in the expected manner. See Noninski et al (9 (1995) 317) for a comment on this and further experiments.} } @article{Lips1995a, author = {A.~G. Lipson and B.~F. Lyakhov and V.~A. Kuznetsov and T.~S. Ivanova and B.~V. Deryagin}, title = {The nature of excess energy liberated in a Pd/PdO heterostructure electrochemically saturated with hydrogen (deuterium)}, journal = {Russ. J. Phys. Chem.}, volume = {69}, year = {1995}, pages = {1810--1813}, keywords = {Theory, fractofusion, polywater, res0}, submitted = {08/1994}, published = {11/1995}, annote = {Deryagin, deceased, was the leader of the team in which Lipson still works. Deryagin is remembered as the originator (or the person who took over from the originator) of "polywater", also called "Deryagin water", which excited world-wide interest in the late 60's and early 70's, until it was definitively proved to be an artifact due to impurities on quartz capillaries. Lipson has, until this paper, been defending the Russian fractofusion theory, which explains the nuclear events in terms of cracks formed in the PdD and charged particles accelerating across them. Here, he adds what resembles polywater to the theories; i.e. that water forms highly structured layers at some surfaces, e.g. at Pd, and that this layer can harbour large amounts of energy in hydrogen bonds, that could release "excess heat" when broken. The authors do not calculate the amounts of such energetic substance, or they might not make these claims (they do guess at the layer thickness, about 50 {\AA}ngstrom). The theory is given the name of mechanochemical destruction of hydrogen bonds. As well, quasimetallic hydrogen is invoked, the addition of electrons to protons, and the "molization" of hydrogen atoms, and the abstraction of two protons from water. The paper concludes saying that a definition of cold fusion is now possible without recourse to highly unusual nuclear reactions, but as isolated fusion events - apparently not presumed unusual.} } @article{Lips1995b, author = {A.~G. Lipson and D.~M. Sakov and B.~F. Lyakhov and E.~I. Saunin and B.~V. Deryagin}, title = {Generation of the products of DD nuclear fusion in high-temperature superconductors YBa2Cu3O7-deltaDy near the superconducting phase transition}, journal = {Tech. Phys.}, note = {Orig. in: Zh. Tekh. Fiz 65 (1995) 166, in Russian}, volume = {40}, year = {1995}, pages = {839--845}, keywords = {Experimental, superconductivity, fractofusion, phase transition, neutrons, tritium, res+}, submitted = {07/1994}, published = {08/1995}, annote = {Previous results of this team from work with KD2PO4, a ferroelectric, showed evidence of fractofusion and emission of neutrons, due to phase transitions around the Curie point. The authors predict that the high temperature super- conductor (title substance), a ceramic, when deuterated, also should show this effect. Previous experiments in 1990-2 left some unanswered questions, addressed in this work. Here, (electrochemical) deuteration of the ceramic (8.5 cm diameter tablets, 1 mm thick, coated with Pd) was monitored by vacuum flushing and correlated with sample resistance, and the temperature of maximum neutron emission was closely observed. Also the rate of tritium generation was measured by liquid scintillation. The neutron detector was a set of seven proportional BF3 counters with an efficiency of $2.9\pm 0.5$\%, shielded by 150 mm polyethylene. Background was measured before, during and after the experiments and fluctuations over 1 h did not exceed 2 sigma from the value $0.012\pm 0.003$ c/s. It was found that in the Curie range 88-93 K, the neutron yield was above the background by a factor of 2-3, but not in other temp. ranges. Also, the emission statistics were distinctly different in the active range from that of the background. Tritium levels significantly higher than in controls were found in the active samples, up to about $2\times 10^9$ t atoms per g sample. This was not correlated with the neutron flux. The authors speculate that electrolytic deuteration is different from gas charging, and that this has to do with the results. They conclude that they have clear evidence for cold fusion. } } @article{Lips1995c, author = {A.~G. Lipson and D.~M. Sakov and E.~I. Saunin}, title = {Interaction of weak neutron flux with triglycine sulphate (D0.6H0.4) at the paraelectric-ferroelectric phase transition}, journal = {Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz.}, volume = {21}, number = {24}, year = {1995}, pages = {25--31}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experiment and theory, ferroelectric phase transition, fractofusion, neutrons, res+, no FPH/Jones refs.}, submitted = {10/1995}, published = {12/1995}, annote = {Partly deuterated TGS, with a Curie temperature (Tc) of transition from para- to ferroelectric property at 330.6 K, was cycled around this temperature while monitoring for neutrons with a block of counters and Cd shielding. 50 such temperature cycles showed that the neutron flux decreased by 5 sigma below the background, thus indicating neutron absorption by the sample at the Tc. There has been previous Russian work on repolarisation in ferroelectric; here it is suggested that this process absorbs energy, which here comes from hot neutrons of the background, which are captured. } } @article{Lu1995, author = {R. Lu}, title = {X-ray emission and cold nuclear fusion in glow discharge process of a kind of gas}, journal = {Trends Nucl. Phys.}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, year = {1995}, pages = {44--46}, keywords = {Theoretical analysis, glow discharge, neutrons, x-ray, gamma, res+}, submitted = {12/1993}, published = {03/1995}, annote = {This looks like a theoretical analysis of earlier results. The charge-dipole model was introduced to solve the Schroedinger equation and this results in the prediction of x-ray emission from such experiments. Cold fusion took place, says the abstract. } } @article{Mand1995, author = {C. Manduchi and S. Salviato and C. Ciricillo and E. Milli and G. Zannoni and G. Mengoli and M. Fabrizio}, title = {Electric-field effects on the neutron emission from Pd deuteride samples}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento A}, volume = {108}, year = {1995}, pages = {1187--1205}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, gas phase loading, neutrons, deuteron drift, res+}, submitted = {04/1995}, published = {10/1995}, annote = {The paper starts by noting that if one separates claims of excess heat and those of nuclear emissions into two different causes, conflicts disappear. In the present work, they examine the effect of electric current going through Pd sheets as they are loaded with deuterium from D2 gas, on the neutron emission. Alternatively, kV electrostatic fields were applied around the samples. Pd foils of up to 0.1 mm and various sizes were exposed to various D2 pressures while passing currents in the range 200- 800 mA through them. Loading was monitored by simultaneous measurement of the foil resistances; loadings up to about 0.7 were inferred (results appear somewhat rough, as resistance ratios of 2 were measured, whereas a maximum of 1.8 is known; abstractor's remark). Neutrons were detected using NE213 scintillator, previously described, as well as a time- of-flight one in later runs. Neutron emission rates vs time, for the active runs, were significantly higher, and more irregular, than the low and steady counts of the background. This was both for currents and external fields. The authors remark that loading levels were not important, but deuteron drift was.} } @article{Matsu1995, author = {T. Matsumoto}, title = {Mechanisms of cold fusion: Comprehensive explanations by the Nattoh model}, journal = {Mem. Fac. Eng. Hokkaido Univ.}, volume = {19}, number = {2}, year = {1995}, pages = {201--224}, keywords = {Theory, review, Nattoh model; res+}, submitted = {08/1995}, annote = {The author here sums up his large body of work on his "Nattoh" (soya bean) model of "cold fusion", which among other things involves the new fundamental particle, the iton, as well as numerous anomalous phenomena such as micro- black holes, white holes, tiny neutron stars, meshes and much more.} } @article{Meng1995, author = {G. Mengoli and M. Fabrizio and C. Manduchi and E. Milli and G. Zannoni}, title = {Absorption-desorption of deuterium at Pd95\%-Rh5\% alloy. II: Neutron emission}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {395}, year = {1995}, pages = {249--260}, keywords = {Experimental, alloy, Pd, Rh, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {04/1994}, published = {10/1995}, annote = {Part I of this double paper was a peripheral, not dealing directly with cold fusion. Here, the team reports results of neutron measurements at the title alloy loaded either electrochemically or from D2 gas. Neutrons were detected by a 100 cm$^3$ NE213 scintillation detector, with severe pulse-shape gamma discrimination, resulting in a neutron efficiency of $3.3\times 10^{-3}$. The alloy cathode sheet was inside two anode Pt sheets, ensuring fairly even loading. 0.1M (and in one run. 0.5 M) LiOD was the electrolyte. The alpha/beta phase transition was passed many times, and in many cases, neutrons were observed in excess by 1-2 sigma above the background (sigma being the background fluctuation rms). With the gas phase runs, the most neutrons were observed at loadings below the beta phase. Neutron emissions were also correlated with temperature increase (sample heating). The paper discusses why neutrons were observed reproducibly in this work and not in earlier work.} } @article{Mill1995, author = {R.~L. Mills and W.~R. Good}, title = {Fractional quantum energy levels of hydrogen}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {28}, year = {1995}, pages = {1697--1719}, keywords = {Experiment, theory, hydrinos, x-rays, mass spec, res+}, submitted = {05/1994}, published = {11/1995}, annote = {Mills, the originator of the theory of sub-base electron shells in hydrogen, here again outlines his theory and provides more experimental evidence. Once again, a Ni/light water electrolysis cell is shown to produce excess heat with K2CO3 (17 times the input power) but not with Na2CO3. The large factor rules out recombination (which was in any case checked for) as a cause of excess heat. Critics of the hydrino hypothesis have asked for spectroscopic and other direct evidence, and some is provided here. XPS spectra from Ni cathode surfaces showed some bumps that cannot easily be explained conventionally, and this bump is not seen at Ni mot electrolysed with K2CO3. It is ascribed to hydrinos with the electron at the N=1/2 level. Old astronomical evidence is also brought in, in the form of soft x-rays, some of them matching predictions of sub-basement transition emissions. Lastly, predicted ionisation energies are compared with mass spectra at various energies and these were consistent with the dihydrino molecule, thus providing indirect evidence for its existence for the first time. The authors also reinterpret earlier MS results of others, and find it likely that dideutrino molecules have been observed, unbeknownst to these workers.} } @article{Noni1995a, author = {V.~C. Noninski and J.~L. Ciottone and P.~J. White}, title = {Experiments on a possible gamma-ray emission caused by a chemical process}, journal = {J. Sci. Exploration}, volume = {9}, year = {1995}, pages = {201--206}, keywords = {Experimental, transmutation, gamma, no FPH/Jones refs, res-}, annote = {This team tries to do a serious verification of the transmutation claims of Bockris et al, by monitoring for gamma emissions during the burning of a mixture of KNO3, S, C, SiO2, FeSO4, Hg2Cl2, PbO, Ag and CaO. The Bockris group has been reported by Bishop to have produced gold from this mix. The present team ground up the ash from the burned mixture and placed it under the active window of a Radalert Geiger counter. Later, a NaI(Tl) scintillation device was added. Nontrivial emissions would have been detected, but were not.} } @article{Noni1995b, author = {V.~C. Noninski and J.~L. Ciottone and P.~J. White}, title = {Experiments on claimed beta-particle emission decay}, journal = {J. Sci. Exploration}, volume = {9}, year = {1995}, pages = {317--321}, keywords = {Experimental, transmutation, beta, no FPH/Jones refs, res-}, annote = {Following the first paper of this team in the same journal 9(1995)201, Lin et al published an argument that beta emissions can be measured, decaying after the burn, and this was tried here. A Ludlum 44-1 beta survey detector was used, with NE102 as scintillator. The sample was prepared in the same way as Lin et al, and indeed, a beta signal decreasing with time after the burn was found. However, when the ash was protected from oxidation in air during detection, by placing it in a vacuum, the signal remained steady, so that its previous decrease can be attributed to dilution by oxidation, and no anomaly remains.} } @article{Sapo1995, author = {L.~G. Sapogin and I.~V. Kulikov}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion in the unitary quantum theory}, journal = {Chinese J. Nucl. Phys.}, volume = {17}, year = {1995}, pages = {360--370}, keywords = {Theoretical, QM, res+}, submitted = {03/1995}, published = {04/1995}, annote = {The authors claim that their new theory, called unitary quantum theory or UQT, explains cold fusion, as the orthodox quantum theory cannot, because UQT includes the phase of the wave function, not just the energy. Apart from cold fusion, UQT can also account for other effects. "If a wave packet arrives at a potential barrier in a phase when its amplitude is small enough, it crosses the barrier easily". So this theory allows for cold fusion.} } @article{Shan1995, author = {E.~S. Shanley}, title = {The simplest explanation...}, journal = {Chem. Health Saf.}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, year = {1995}, pages = {4}, keywords = {Polemic, SRI explosion}, annote = {Shanley criticises one of the conclusions reached by the forensic team led by P. Grant (see Grant et al, several papers), i.e. that traces of oil on the cold fusion cell walls trigered the explosion in the SRI lab in Jan. 1992, where one person was killed and another injured. Shanley comments that chemicals need to mix before they react and that the oil traces could not have reached the Pd catalyst in the head space. He suggests that a balance of the resulting gases after the explosion should have revealed the participation of such oil, by some remaining unused deuterium. Finally, he remarks that the simplest explanation is that the catalayst did not function, leading to a build-up of oxygen and deuterium, and that a hot spot on the catalyst then set off the explosion. See the response by Grant, same journal.} } @article{Shke1995, author = {Z. Shkedi and R.~C. McDonald and J.~J. Breen and S.~J. Maguire and J. Veranth}, title = {Calorimetry, excess heat, and Faraday efficiency in Ni-H2O electrolytic cells}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {28}, year = {1995}, pages = {1720--1731}, keywords = {Experimental, Ni, light water, recombination, res-}, submitted = {05/1994}, published = {11/1995}, annote = {This team challenges claims of excess heat from Ni cathodes in light water containing K2CO3. They argue that a small degree in current efficiency, i.e. some recombination of evolved hydrogen and oxygen, can fully account for some of these claims. This is demonstrateed with a very careful experiment in which recombination is measured. Integrated power errors of < 0.03\% were achieved, and ca. 20-25\% apparent excess heat could be accounted for by about 20\% recombination or 80\% current efficiency, which was in fact measured independently. The authors suggest that Faradaic efficiency should always be checked when doing CNF calorimetry.} } @article{Shma1995, author = {{Yu}. F. Shmal'ko and M. V. Lototsky and {Ye}. V. Klochko and V. V. Solovey}, title = {The formation of excited H species using metal hydrides}, journal = {J. Alloys Compds}, volume = {231}, year = {1995}, pages = {856--859}, keywords = {Theory, metal hydrides, res0, no FPH/Jones refs.}, annote = {This is a short description of and evidence for the formation of energetic ionised and monatomic species of hydrogen as it is released from a metal. Within the metal it can freely exchange between positive, neutral and even negatively charged hydrogen, but is released with energies up to about 20 eV. There is a short discussion of the relevance of this to "cold fusion"; if this is real, then other hydrogen-absorbing metals should be looked at. The authors do not mention that their work also implies that sorption/desorption conditions should also be favourable to "cold fusion".} } @article{Stel1995, author = {B. Stella and F. Celani and M. Corradi and F. Ferrarotto and N. Iucci and V. Milone and A. Spallone and G. Villoresi}, title = {A high efficiency, low background neutron and gamma detector for cold fusion experiments}, journal = {Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A}, year = {1995}, volume = {355}, pages = {609--617}, keywords = {Experimental, neutron detector design, res0}, submitted = {12/1993}, published = {02/1995}, annote = {Description of the design of a high-efficiency neutron detector, "FERMI". It is built up on 7 BF3 plus 2 3He detectors, and a complex system of electronic logic around them. Efficiency is between 40 and 80\% in the range 0.1 - 20 MeV, and when tested in the Gran Sasso tunnel, 1200 m underground, the background was measured at 0.09 c/s. Gamma rays are also detected, by a large single NaI crystal. Neutron multiple events ("bursts") can be handled.} } @article{Stor1995, author = {E. Storms}, title = {Cold fusion, a challenge to modern science}, journal = {J. Sci. Exploration}, volume = {9}, year = {1995}, pages = {585--594}, keywords = {Discussion, summing up CNF results.}, annote = {This "Guest column" paper is a sort of short review, from the point of view of an enthusiast of cold fusion. Storms himself has produced several kinds of results that might be thought to verify the phenomenon. In a slightly philosophic vein, he here sums up the successes in the field, and argues away any counterarguments.} } @article{Takah1995, author = {A. Takahashi and T. Iida and H. Miyamaru and M. Fukuhara}, title = {Multibody fusion model to explain experimental results}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {27}, year = {1995}, pages = {71--85}, keywords = {Theory, multibody, res+}, submitted = {09/1993}, published = {01/1995}, annote = {The authors address the main problems posed by experimental evidence of CNF: weak neutron emission; some proton emission; some tritium but not sufficient to match excess heat; high levels of 4He, in line with excess heat; high levels of excess heat. These are linked, and may be explained by clusters of 2, 3 or 4 deuterons, fusing as such and leading to excited 4He, 5Li, 6Li, 7Be, etc. Such clusters would have enhanced fusion cross sections. The paper then discusses expected decay channels at length. Finally, some experimental support is mentioned. The clusters are thought to form by transients acting on deuterons getting close to each other at tetra- and octahedral sites in highly loaded PdDx.} } @article{Thac1995, author = {B. Thacker and J.~E. Stratman}, title = {Transmuting common substances. The cold fusion controversy and the rhetoric of science}, journal = {J. Business Tech. Commun.}, volume = {9}, year = {1995}, pages = {389--424}, keywords = {Sci-soc comment}, annote = {The authors, using science-sociolology specialist language, show by using three important cnf papers as examples, how the three kinds of rhetoric are employed in this field. These are: forensic (establishment of 'facticity', definition), deliberative (implications) and epideictic (laying blame, giving praise) (all definitions due to Aristotle). The papers of F\&P-89, Lewis et al 89 and Williams et al 89 are all examined for these, and they are found.} } @article{Tima1995, author = {S.~F. Timashev}, title = {Nuclear-chemical transformations in the condensed phase}, journal = {Zh. Fiz. Khim.}, volume = {69}, year = {1995}, pages = {1396--1400}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Theory, electron capture, dineutrons, res+}, annote = {The author here describes, rather than derives, his theory of cold fusion. Two mechanisms are suggested: the formation of virtual dineutrons by electron capture by deuterons, and three-particle processes like d + p + e -> t + nu (nu being an energy quantum) or d + d + e -> t + n + nu, apparently suggested in 1969 by Bahcall as p + p + e -> d + nu. Other support comes from high energy electrons emitted by the rupture of adhesive contacts, discovered by Deryagin and Krotov, and cluster impact fusion (CIF, in fact now disproved).} } @article{Tsuc1995, author = {K.~I. Tsuchiya and K. Ohashi and M. Fukuchi}, title = {A possible mechanism for nuclear reactions in solids}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {27}, year = {1995}, pages = {452--457}, keywords = {Theoretical, Boson clusters, res+}, submitted = {05/1993}, published = {07/1995}, annote = {The authors improve on the model of Bush and Eagleton, proposing Boson clusters as the mechanism for CNF. Electronic screening may reduce the mutual deuteron repulsion, which would otherwise prevent clustering. The model tries direct Coulomb screening, Thomas-Fermi screening, and other theory, and concludes that F\&P-level CNF is feasible, i.e. about 10 W/cm$^3$.} } @article{Uchr1995, author = {J. Uchrin and R. Uchrin and K. {Gerasimsov [sic]} and O. Lomovski}, title = {Reactions of titanium and niobium deuterides under intensive mechanical treatment}, journal = {Mater. Sci. Forum}, volume = {179-181}, year = {1995}, pages = {389--390}, keywords = {Experimental, fractofusion, ball mill, Ti, Nb, mass spec, res0, no FPH/Jones refs.}, annote = {This is one of a number of papers on the mechanical treatment in a ball mill of bits of TiDx and (in this case) NbDx, deuterated in the gas. Mass spectrometry was applied to the gas phase during treatment. Species of mass 1, 2, 3 and 4 were found, as expected, as well as 5 and 6. Mass 5 increased by 30\% the initial level and is attributed to HT+ [sic], while mass 6 is not identified but is said to be 15\% less than mass 5. These might be the result of cold fusion, the authors write.} } @article{Wang1995, author = {D. Wang and S. Chen and Y. Li and M. Wang and Y. Fu}, title = {Research and progress of nuclear fusion phenomenon at normal temperature}, journal = {Trends Nucl. Phys.}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, year = {1995}, pages = {31--32}, keywords = {Analysis, neutrons, x-rays, res+}, published = {12/1995}, annote = {This looks like a roundup of the work of others. The abstract mentions work with deuterium (electrolysis and gas phase) and claims that neutrons and x-rays at 27 keV have been found, with 100\% reproducibility.} } @article{Zhan1995a, author = {Q. Zhang and Q. Gou and Z. Zhu and J. Luo and F. Liu and J. Sun and B. Miao and A. Ye and X. Cheng}, title = {The excess heat experiments on cold fusion in titanium lattice}, journal = {Chin. J. Atom. Mol. Phys.}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, year = {1995}, pages = {165--169}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Ti rod, heavy water, excess heat, res+}, annote = {Electrolysis experiment, using 0.1 M NaOD (or NaOH) in heavy and light water, and a Ti rod, 2 mm diameter (length not stated but apparently several cm) as cathode. Two thermocouples monitored the Ti rod's temp., two more that in the electrolyte. 250 mA/cm$^2$ was run through the cell, and the electrolyte was topped up with 1 ml D2O every 2 h. After 10 days in a mix of 10\% H2O, 90\% D2O, the temperatures were steady. After cutting up the Ti rod, it was found to have absorbed much more hydrogen than deuterium. The same experiment in pure D2O showed a remarkable temperature rise of the Ti rod, a larger rod (12 mm diameter, described earlier by Gou, Zhu \& Zhang 1990) much more (24 C) than the 2 mm rod (1.5 C). Surface sweep electron microscopy of the Ti afterward showed that the Ti had become brittle. Also, surface hardness increased after the excess heat events, due to temp. increase. From x-ray diffraction, the authors are sure that the Ti surface structure changed due to excess heat, but more work is really needed.} } @article{Zhan1995b, author = {Z. Zhang and X. Sun and W. Zhou and L. Zhang and B. Li and M. Wang and B. Yan and F. Tan}, title = {Precision calorimetric studies of H2O electrolysis}, journal = {J. Thermal Anal.}, volume = {45}, year = {1995}, pages = {99--108}, keywords = {Experimental, calorimetry, Pd, light water, res0.}, annote = {The authors ask the questions: does excess heat exist, or is it perhaps a fabrication? They report a calorimetry experiment, using a Pd cathode in NaOH in light water, using a Calvet type calorimeter, with both open and closed cells. Current densities (cd) up to about 40 mA/cm$^2$ were used. For the closed system, ratio of output to input power was close to unity (about 5\% error), while the open system showed ratios > 1 consistently, greater at smaller cd. However, using heavy water, the ratio increased (up to 12.4) with cd. The authors conclude that excess heat is a nonlinear function of cd.} }