% Year 1996; there are 67 entries. @article{Algu1996, author = {M. Alguero and J.~F. Fernandez and F. Cuevas and C. Sanchez}, title = {An interpretation of some postelectrolysis nuclear effects in deuterated titanium}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {29}, year = {1996}, pages = {390--397}, keywords = {Experimental and theory, electrolysis, neutrons, Ti, res+}, submitted = {10/1994}, published = {05/1996}, annote = {The team focusses on the observation that neutron emission sometimes persists after electrolysis is stopped. First, an experiment is done, using a 15*15*1 mm$^3$ Ti plate as cathode in LiSO4/D2O, applying 4-10 V to the cell. Neutron emissions clearly greater than for the background were detected and found to persist up to 40-50 min after electrolysis. Diffusion dynamics and phase changes within the metal/deuterium system are then invoked to explain these results, in terms of the "active volume" model. The results show that not only high loading is required for "cold fusion" to take place, it must also be triggered somehow. This trigger was not identified.} } @article{Arat1996a, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang}, title = {Generation and mechanism of solid-state plasma fusion ("cold fusion")}, journal = {Koon Gakkaishi}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, year = {1996}, pages = {29--47}, keywords = {Discussion, theory, res+}, submitted = {12/1995}, annote = {Arata and Zhang, who have extensively published their experimental work, here outline some ideas on how cold fusion might work, their "strongly coupled plasma" theory. It suggests that large amounts of helium should accumulate in the host lattice; and helium has in fact been detected by these authors.} } @article{Arat1996b, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang}, title = {Deuterium nuclear reaction process within solid}, journal = {Proc. Japan Acad. Ser. B}, volume = {72}, year = {1996}, pages = {179--184}, keywords = {Theory and experimental, helium, mass spec, res+}, submitted = {11/1996}, annote = {The authors continue to develop their "latticequake" theory of cold fusion, that is, violent events in the "solid plasma" formed by Pd loaded with deuterium. Not much detail is given as this paper is a restatement of work reported earlier. A quadrupole mass spectrometer was cycled around the mass of 4He as the loading experiment advanced, and 4He was seen to develop, clearly separated from that of deuterium.} } @article{Bert1996a, author = {A. Bertin and M. Bruschi and V.~M. Bystritsky and V.~M. Bystritsky and M. Capponi and S. {De Castro} and B. Cereda and V.~D. Dugar-Zhabon and A. Ferreti and D. Galli and B. Giacobbe and V.~I. Kirpal and A.~I. Knyazev and I.~M. Kravchenko and U. Marconi and I. Massa and S.~I. Merzlyakov and C. Moroni and M. Piccinini and M. Poly and L.~A. Rivkis and N.~V. Samsonenko and N. Semprini-Cesari and V.~N. Shvetsov and V.~T. Sidorov and V.~N. Smirnov and S.~I. Sorokin and R. Spighi and E.~P. Starshin and V.~A. Stolupin and A.~V. Strelkov and S. Vecchi and A. Vezzani and M. Villa and A. Vitale and J. Wozniak and G. Zavattini and N.~I. Zhuravlev and A. Zoccoli}, title = {Negative result of an experiment aimed at verifying the hypothesis that cold and hot nuclear fusion occurs in Ti/(D-T) and ZrNbV/(D-T) systems}, journal = {Phys. Atomic Nucl.}, volume = {59}, year = {1996}, pages = {744--751}, keywords = {Experimental, neutrons, Ti, alloy, tritium, res-}, submitted = {01/1995}, published = {05/1996}, annote = {A team from four countries (Italy, Poland, Russia, USA) and six institutions, carried out (at Dubna) a very careful neutron emission study of two systems that others had claimed to have seen neutrons from. These are the Ti/hydrogen isotope system with temperature cycling ("Italian mode") and the title alloy, also with the gas. In order to improve neutron detection they used a mixture of protium, deuterium and tritium gas. The d-t fusion reaction has 1-2 orders of magnitude greater fusion cross section and the resulting neutrons have a higher energy (17.6 MeV), making measurements more precise. Three detectors were used in parallel, one of them a scintillation type and the others BF3. Up-to-date electronics assured background rejection etc. Spongy Ti was degassed and then left to absorb the hydrogen mixture over a period of about 22 hours. Thermal cycling was between 78K and 280K and 5 cycles were run over the whole period. The same was done with the intermetallic compound ZrNbV. The results show families of neutron detection data points, clearly staying within the bounds of the background measurements. The authors thus calculate the upper fusion rate limits of (e.g., one of the Ti samples) 5*$10^{-4}$ /s/g Ti or roughly $10^{-27}$ /s/d-t pair (at 1:1 loading), and a similar limit for the alloy, thus pushing back the upper limit considerably. The authors conclude that this result "casts some doubt on the possibility of observing low temperature fusion (the Russian term for CNF) in metal-deuterium systems" as well as on fractofusion ("hot" solid state fusion due to accelerated particles).} } @article{Bert1996b, author = {A. Bertin and M. Bruschi and V.~M. Bystritsky and V.~M. Bystritsky and M. Capponi and S. {De Castro} and B. Cereda and V.~D. Dugar-Zhabon and A. Ferreti and D. Galli and B. Giacobbe and V.~I. Kirpal and A.~I. Knyazev and I.~M. Kravchenko and U. Marconi and I. Massa and S.~I. Merzlyakov and C. Moroni and M. Piccinini and M. Poly and L.~A. Rivkis and N.~V. Samsonenko and N. Semprini-Cesari and V.~N. Shvetsov and V.~T. Sidorov and V.~N. Smirnov and S.~I. Sorokin and R. Spighi and E.~P. Starshin and V.~A. Stolupin and A.~V. Strelkov and S. Vecchi and A. Vezzani and M. Villa and A. Vitale and J. Wozniak and G. Zavattini and N.~I. Zhuravlev and A. Zoccoli}, title = {Negative result of an experiment aimed at verifying a report on cold nuclear fusion in systems of the Na$_x$WO$_3$/D;D-T) type}, journal = {Phys. Atomic Nucl.}, volume = {59}, year = {1996}, pages = {752--756}, keywords = {Experimental, neutrons, Ti, alloy, tritium, res-}, submitted = {01/1995}, published = {05/1996}, annote = {Further study as in Bert1989, this time with sodium tungstate (tungsten bronze). Experimental conditions were similar to those in the earlier paper. No neutrons above the background were observed, and the hypothesis that dt fusion can occur in this system is not confirmed.} } @article{Bert1996c, author = {A. Bertin and M. Bruschi and V.~M. Bystritsky and M. Capponi and S. {De Castro} and B. Cereda and A. Ferretti and T. Florkowski and D. Galli and B. Giacobbe and V.~V. Gushchin and U. Marconi and I. Massa and C. Moroni and M. Piccinini and M. Poly and L.~A. Rivkis and V.~I. Sakharov and N. Semprini-Cesari and R. Spighi and V.~A. Stolupin and V.~N. Tebus and S. Vecchi and A. Vezzani and M. Villa and A. Vitale and J. Wozniak and G. Zavattini and A. Zoccoli}, title = {Absence of tritium yield in metal-deuterium systems}, journal = {Phys. At. Nucl.}, note = {Originally in Yad. Fiz. 59 (1996) 976, in Russian}, volume = {59}, year = {1996}, pages = {934--937}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, deuterium, gas phase temp. cycling, tritium, no FPH/Jones ref., res-}, submitted = {01/1996}, published = {06/1996}, annote = {This joint Italian/Russian/Polish team continues to refine its search for nuclear effects in the Italian-style cold fusion experiments, loading deuterium as the gas, into Ti chips and cycling the temperature between liquid nitrogen and room temperatures. After a number of these cycles, the gas was driven off again by raising the temperature and the presence of tritium was checked for. For Ti, and some alloys such as Zr/Nb, La/Ni/Al etc, no tritium was found.} } @article{Bock1996, author = {{J. O'M}. Bockris and G.~H. Lin and R.~T. Bush}, title = {Do nuclear reactions take place under chemical stimulation?}, journal = {J. Sci. Expl.}, volume = {10}, year = {1996}, pages = {245--248}, keywords = {Polemic, cold fusion, transmutation}, published = {06/1996}, annote = {Gathering under one blanket such diverse alleged phenomena as cold fusion, biofusion (Kervran, Komaki, Alper), chemical transmutation and ampere force fusion (Graneaus), this polemic argues for all of these, suggesting that there is sufficient evidence, in the form of 0.1-1% commensurate tritium, 50\% He, etc. Some theoretical rationale is given, citing Bohm, Hegelstein \[sic\] and others.} } @article{Bushu1996, author = {V.~S. Bushuev and V.~B. Genodman and L.~N. Jerikhina and S.~P. Kuznetsov and Yu.~A. Lapushkin and I.~P. Matviyenko and A.~I. Nikitenko and A.~D. Perekrestenko and N.~P. Saposchnikov and S.~M. Tolokonnikov and A.~M. Tzkhovrebov}, title = {Experiments on detection of nuclear radiation at heavy water electrolysis}, journal = {J. Optics Res.}, volume = {4}, year = {1996}, pages = {171--179}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, neutrons, gamma, res+}, annote = {This Russian team (with some questionable name transliteration) had a go at detecting neutrons and gammas simultaneously during electrolysis of a smallish Pd foil (2.5 cm$^2$, a larger foil (30 cm$^2$) and a 10 mm dia. rod, 90 mm long, at Ampere currents. Gamma radiation was measured by a scintillator and neutrons by six 3He tubes. Background measurements were taken before and after and are graphically shown. For the small foil and the rod, the whole series was just like the background, while the large foil showed some incidents of neutron emission, but not accompanied by gamma events. These results wwere actually obtained in 1989 but not published because they could not be repeated. They were published now, inspired by the similar work of Celani et al (also 1989, a Rept.).} } @article{Cela1996a, author = {F. Celani and A. Spallone and P. Tripodi and A. Petrocchi and D. {Di Gioacchino} and A. Boutet and P. Marini and V. {Di Stefano} and M. Diociaiuti and W. Collis}, title = {Reproducible D/Pd ratio > 1 and excess heat correlation by 1-microsec-pulse, high-current electrolysis}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {29}, year = {1996}, pages = {398--404}, keywords = {Experimental, pulse electrolysis, high loading, excess heat, res+}, submitted = {09/1994}, published = {05/1996}, annote = {A flow calorimeter was used, and the cathode was a number of 25*25*1 mm$^3$ Pd sheets, with surrounding Pt anode, in 0.3 M LiOD. Loading was driven by high- level (100 A peak), short-time (< 300 ns) current pulses corresponding to a mean current of 64 mA. Loading was measured by the deficit in the gases released and checked by weighing the cathodes afterwards, heating to drive out the deuterium and reweighing; the two measures agreed. Checks with nonabsorbing Au cathodes showed an error of only 0.01 in loading. Loading time was about 3 days and loadings well above 1 - up to 1.2 - were achieved. Excess heat, calculated after correction for the heat of water electrolysis, was up to nearly 100\%, but not reproducible, possibly due to surface effects. The absorption rate seemed to be an indicator of success.} } @article{Cela1996b, author = {F. Celani and A. Spallone and P. Tripodi and A. Petrocchi and D. {Di Gioacchino} and P. Marini and V. {Di Stefano} and S. Pace and A. Mancini}, title = {Deuterium overloading of palladium wires by means of high power microsecond pulsed electrolysis and electromigration: suggestions of a "phase transition" and related excess heat}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {214}, year = {1996}, pages = {1--13}, keywords = {Experimental, pulsed electrolysis, loading, excess heat, correlations, Coehn effect, res+}, submitted = {07/1995}, published = {05/1996}, annote = {To achieve high D/Pd loadings, electrolysis is better than pressured gas; but a limit is soon hit. The authors suggest some tricks to achieve very high loadings. These are based in part on electrical migration (the Coehn effect). The electrolytic current is applied through a diode, in pulses. No discharge current can flow, due to the diode's blocking it, during no-current periods. So short-period pulses, coupled with large current pulses through the Pd wire to help migration along, resulted in very high loadings, up to 0.95, checked by the wire resistance. At the same time, some 60\% or so excess heat was observed. Some suggestions are listed for optimising the conditions in future work. Finally, there is a remark that possibly, some of the resistance measurements (R/R0<1) indicated a brief superconducting state.} } @article{Cerr1996, author = {E. Cerron-Zeballos and I. Crotty and D. Hatzifotiadou and J. {Lamas Valverde} and M.~C.~S. Williams and A. Zibichi}, title = {Investigation of anomalous heat production in Ni-H systems}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento A}, volume = {109}, year = {1996}, pages = {1645--1654}, keywords = {Experimental, Ni, gas phase, hydrogen, calorimetry, res-}, submitted = {07/1996}, published = {12/1996}, annote = {This team tried to reproduce the results of Focardi et al (1994), who reported excess heat from a Ni/hydrogen experiment. Focardi et al thought that they had observed a pd fusion reaction (considered by Schwinger as the most likely). A Ni rod, 6mm dia., 90 mm long, was surrounded by a Pt heater coil in a gas chamber, with thermocouples strategically placed. In a given run, 360 Torr of hydrogen was let into the cell, and the heater power ramped up and then down. Input power, pressure and temperature were recorded. A pressure decrease was taken to indicate loading of hydrogen into the Ni. Some cells could not be loaded, some could. Experiments were continued for over a year, with many cycles. In some runs where hydrogen was absorbed, there were heat events, but the authors put these down to changed thermal properties of hydrided Ni with respect to the Ni itself, rather than to an anomaly, as did Focardi et al. So no excess heat was deemed to have been found here.} } @article{Chen1996, author = {S.~K. Chen and C.~M. Wan and . and S.~B. Chu}, title = {The microstructure of electrocatalytically deuterium-loaded palladium rods}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {29}, year = {1996}, pages = {302--305}, keywords = {Experimental, fundamental, crystal structure, TEM, SEM, res0}, submitted = {05/1994}, published = {03/1996}, annote = {This paper aims to provide some fundamental data on the structure change in palladium as a result of loading with deuterium, in the cold fusion context. The Pd specimens were loaded in a molten salt (LiD), as used by Liaw et al (not mentioned), and subsequently the Pd surface was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission ditto. Small crystal grains were seen, and energy dispersive x-ray measurements showed that some of these contained pure Pd. Many of these grains were subgrains formed within larger grains. Only the larger grains were seen in unloaded Pd etched with nitric acid. A SEM picture of an equally etched section cut from a loaded Pd sample showed the same substructures as the surface. Similar results were obtained in samples electrolysed in heavy water. The authors conclude that for loading both in heavy water and salt melt, the microstructures appear. Cold fusion effects are suggested here to take place in the grain boundary sub- structure regions, rather than in uniformly structured crystals.} } @article{Choi1996, author = {E. Choi and H. Ejiri and H. Ohsumi and T. Kishimoto}, title = {Search for time-correlated fast neutrons from DD fusion at room temperature}, journal = {Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.}, volume = {35}, year = {1996}, pages = {2793--2796}, keywords = {Experimental, neutrons, Pd electrolysis, res-}, submitted = {12/1995}, published = {05/1996}, annote = {The same team has published a description of a very sensitive neutron detector suitable for CNF work, and here reports its use. An electrolytic cell, Pd in D2O was surrounded by Fe baffles to scatter the neutrons, with Ge detectors outside these. Results showed that the time distribution of the (few) neutrons emitted was not different from the background; no bursts were seen; and the upper limit for dd fusion (calculated from the background) was 2.8 * 10$^{-24}$ fusions/d-d pair/s, an order of magnitude smaller that that found by DeNinno et al. This can be counted as a quality negative.} } @article{Elli1996, author = {C.~H. Ellison and J.~A. Mahaffey}, title = {An investigation of reports of fusion reactions occurring at the cathode in glow discharges}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {29}, year = {1996}, pages = {178--187}, keywords = {Experimental, glow discharge, neutrons, polemic, res-}, submitted = {05/1994}, published = {01/1996}, annote = {There has been some Russian work in which neutron emission is claimed for glow discharge at Pd in a D2 atmosphere (the Kucherov group). At the low voltages used, fusion would be anomalous. The present team tries to confirm these results by experiment. Only neutrons were looked for. The apparatus was similar to the Russian but adding temperature control. Some problems with the Russian work are mentioned. Thus, the currents claimed (500 mA or 40-50 mA/cm$^2$) cannot be attained at the claimed pressure of 500 Pa, and a spark does not always travel by the shortest route. In the present work, 25 mA was used to load the Pd by deuteron ion implantation. The neutron detector used was a BF3 counter in a paraffin moderator. This would produce 1527 counts/min if the Kucherov group's results were confirmed. This was not observed. There is some discussion of possible explanations of some of the Russian results. The supposed degradation of the Pd is likely to have been temperature rise and unloading. Some theories are discussed critically, such as resonance, and dineutrons. Experimental results do not support these.} } @article{Ferr1996, author = {C. Ferrari and F. Papucci and G. Salvetti and E. Tognoni and E. Tombari}, title = {A calorimeter for the electrolytic cell and other open systems}, journal = {Il Nuovo Cimento D}, volume = {18}, year = {1996}, pages = {1333--1346}, keywords = {Experimental, calorimeter design.}, submitted = {11/1996}, published = {11/1996}, annote = {The team recognises that a good calorimeter is required to measure any possible excesss heat in cold fusion, and they present a design for a differential type that produces a readout directly in watts, without calibration. Two electrolytic cells are placed in series, the same current going through both and thus the amount of gas produced and evaporation rates being identical, as are the changes in electrolyte level etc. Extensive testing assures the team that their design performed well and they suggest its use not only in cold fusion, but in other areas as well.} } @article{Fimi1996, author = {N.~N. Fimin}, title = {Quantum-interference effects and the mechanism of cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Pis'ma Zh. Teo. Fiz.}, volume = {22}, number = {5}, year = {1996}, pages = {17--19}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Theoretical, QM, Bose condensate, fractofusion, res+}, submitted = {01/1996}, published = {03/1996}, annote = {Using quantum mechanics, Wigner function and Liouville's equation, the author concludes that fractofusion (in effect) might be real. He suggests that there exists a critical charging beam energy or electrolysis voltage, at which the effect turns on, and that Bose condensates of deuterons might be involved and also acoustic effects are expected resulting from shock wave fronts. So the Russian fractofusion model is upheld.} } @article{Fris1996, author = {F. Frisone}, title = {Study of the probability of interaction between the plasmons of metal and deuterons}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento D}, volume = {18}, year = {1996}, pages = {1279--1285}, keywords = {Theory, res0, no FPH/Jones refs}, submitted = {02/1996}, published = {11/1996}, annote = {This evidently hastily written paper tries to build on from previous papers of Baldo et al (1990) and Rabinowitz (1990). It presents the results of some computations of a 1-D model of a metal lattice with deuterium as well as other (metallic) impurities, using the WKB approximation. The result is that the fusion probability increases by several tens of orders of magnitude, or the Coulomb barrier becomes much narrower, for an impure metal of the type Pt, Pd or Ti, compared with the purer metal. This is not however spelled out in terms of actual probable dd fusion rates, so the bottom line is not clear.} } @article{Good1996, author = {W. R. {Good II}}, title = {Comments on 'Calorimetry, excess heat, and Faraday efficiency in Ni-H2O electrolytic cells'}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {30}, year = {1996}, pages = {132--133}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {11/1995}, published = {09/1996}, annote = {W.R. Good, of the Hydrocatalysis Power Corp., polemicises against the paper from the Bose lab, by Shkedi et al. Good reckons that the Bose team did not follow recommended procedure and for this reason failed to detect hydrinos as proposed by Mills.} } @article{Hora1996, author = {H. Hora and J.~A. Patterson}, title = {The d and p reactions in low-energy nuclear fusion, transmutation, and fission}, journal = {Trans. Am. Nucl. Soc.}, volume = {76}, year = {1996}, pages = {144--145}, keywords = {Discussion, res+}, annote = {Discursive argument for a possible mechanism of cold fusion in solid metals, based on screening of the swimming electron layer (SEL) at the metal surface or at interfaces between different metals or metal and glass, etc. Such screening could provide the short dd distances required for appreciable fusion to take place.} } @article{Isag1996, author = {S. Isagawa}, title = {Mass spectroscopic means for determining 4He in the presence of large amounts of D2}, journal = {Vacuum}, volume = {47}, year = {1996}, pages = {497--499}, keywords = {Experimental, 4He, mass spec, electrolysis, res-}, annote = {One of the current theories of CNF predicts the generation of 4He from an electrolysis cell in heavy water and a Pd cathode. Previous attempts to detect the gas have been criticised for lack of demonstration that contamination from the air was ruled out; and the detection of 4He itself is difficult in the presence of a large excess of deuterium gas, with a mass very close to that of 4He. Isagawa built an apparatus that rigorously exluded contamination, and the MS was of sufficient resolution to clearly resolve the two gases and enhance the 4He signal; the detection limit was 17 ppb, 3 orders of magnitude below the air content. This was then used to detect possible 4He from a long electrolysis. So far, after 3 weeks, none was found.} } @article{Jorn1996, author = {J. Jorne}, title = {Ultrasonic irradiation of deuterium-loaded palladium particles suspended in heavy water}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {29}, year = {1996}, pages = {83--89}, keywords = {Experimental, ultrasonics, Pd suspension, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {01/1994}, published = {01/1996}, annote = {Ultrasonic irradiation is known to cause intense local energy spots and high temperatures, and is tried here with the hope of initiating fusion in small Pd particles, previously loaded with deuterium, suspended in a slurry. Loading was done by prior electrolysis in 0.1 M LiOD and from D2 gas. The Pd particles had a mean diameter of about 1 micrometre. Loading levels achieved were not measured. Sonification was done using 50W/cm$^2$. A 20-tube 3He counter monitored for neutrons in 4 independent channels. The background was found to be stable at about $7 \pm 0.5$ c/min. It was found that gas loading was preferable. A figure shows a marked neutron spike about 10 min after sonification was turned on followed by another 40 min or so later. No such spikes were seen in the background. There follows some statistical argument, strengthening the fusion hypothesis. Post-mortem examination of the Pd particles showed that the particles were partially oxidised and some particles appeared to fuse with each other. It is concluded that the ultrasonic action induced d-d fusion in the particles.} } @article{Kama1996, author = {K. Kamada and H. Kinoshita and H. Takahashi}, title = {Anomalous heat evolution of deuterium-implanted Al upon electron bombardment}, journal = {Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.}, volume = {35}, year = {1996}, pages = {738--747}, keywords = {Experimental, Al, electron beam, excess heat, res+}, submitted = {12/1994}, published = {02/1996}, annote = {An Al sample is first bombarded with either a proton beam or a deuteron beam, at 25 keV and a "fluence" of $5 \times 10^{17}$ ions/cm$^2$ (/s is probably meant), and then looked at with a transmission electron microscope, itself using a beam of electrons at 175 keV and various fluences. The prominent finding is that for the deuteron-implanted sample, but not for the proton-implanted one, TEM sees a speckled structure, which is concluded to arise from a change of the Al surface layers to the polycrystalline form; this can only come about by melting and recrystallisation. Where is the heat coming from, then? The authors look at 4 conventional possible causes, but these are insufficient to explain the heat, which they calculate to be roughly 260 MeV. Thus, they consider an anomalous nuclear cause. They postulate, as an example, the d-d fusion reaction, and calculate the fraction of the local population of d's that must fuse to produce the required energy. It is quite small (between about $10^{-5}$ and $10^{-3}$), so the postulate is considered reasonable. More work needs now to be done.} } @article{Kaza1996, author = {O.~D. Kazachkovskii}, title = {A possible mechanism for cold fusion}, journal = {At. Energy}, volume = {81}, year = {1996}, pages = {749--750}, keywords = {Theory, res+, no FPH/Jones ref}, submitted = {07/1996}, published = {10/1996}, annote = {K refers to an earlier unpublished paper of his on the the discrete structure of an electron field in conductors, which leads him to an explanation of cold fusion. Lattice defects in PdD cause potential energy peaks, restricting the conduction electrons there. This divides the lattice into cells, which can get excited by migrating deuterons. At certain cell dimensions, the dd reaction might take place. The model predicts that a pulsed current would favour fusion and a material should be used that has a small lattice defect density.} } @article{Khra1996, author = {P.~P. Khramtsov and O.~G. Martynenko}, title = {Peculiar processes of cathodic scattering by electrical discharge through the saturated heavy water - vapour interface}, journal = {Inzh.-Fiz. Zh.}, volume = {69}, number = {5}, year = {1996}, pages = {721--725}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, discharge, neutrons, res+, no FPH/Jones refs.}, submitted = {07/1996}, annote = {In this experiment, the liquid phase, heavy water, was also the cathode, and the anode was of tungsten and hanging in the vapour head space. Voltages around 4 kV were used and the discharge current varied from 80 to 150 mA, while monitoring for neutrons with a single detector plus discriminator circuitry. The neutron background was 1-15 n/min, and a roughly linear dependence of neutron flux with current was observed, with a flux of around 1000 n/s at 100 mA.} } @article{Kita1996a, author = {A. Kitamura and T. Saitoh and H. Itoh}, title = {In situ elastic recoil detection analysis of hydrogen isotopes during deuterium implantation into metals}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {29}, year = {1996}, pages = {372--378}, keywords = {Experimental, ion implantation, charged particles, res0.}, submitted = {05/1994}, published = {05/1996}, annote = {A deuterium ion beam of up to 30 kV energy was aimed at a Ti or Pd target and some detectors of charged particles (cp's) positioned; as well, elastic recoil detection (ERD) was carried out to measure depth profiles and energies of implanted hydrogen isotope species. Cp's at some unexpected and as yet unexplained energies were detected, and a penetration profile maximum was found at around 20 nm below the surface, extending down to 100 nm. This cannot be regarded as a "cold" fusion experiment but is thought to be germane to the phenomenon by the authors.} } @article{Kita1996b, author = {H. Kitamura and S. Ichimaru}, title = {Dynamic evolution of fusion processes in ultrahigh-pressure liquid-metallic hydrogen: Effects of self-heating and radiative cooling}, journal = {J. Phys. Soc. Japan}, volume = {65}, year = {1996}, pages = {1250--1255}, keywords = {Theoretical, liquid hydrogen, pycnofusion, res+}, submitted = {12/1995}, published = {05/1996}, annote = {The authors examine theoretically the possibility of fusion in hydrogen under high pressures and low temperatures, where it has metallic properties, or pycnofusion. The most promising cases of p-d and d-t fusion are examined. There is some hope for the d-t case, which may have an energy gain, but not for p-d.} } @article{Klem1996, author = {E.~D. Klema and G.~W. Iseler}, title = {Spark-induced radiation from hydrogen or deuterium-loaded palladium}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {30}, year = {1996}, pages = {114--115}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd gas phase loading, sparks, res+}, submitted = {01/1996}, published = {09/1996}, annote = {Following the spark work by such teams as Uchikawa et al and DuFour, as well as Rout, the authors applied sparks to various Pd samples exposed to hydrogen and deuterium, as well as to air as a control. For the control, no x-rays were detected, but they were for both hydrogen isotopes, at about 20 keV. More work is planned.} } @article{Kona1996, author = {K. Konashi and H. Kayano and M. Teshigawara}, title = {Analysis of heavy-ion-induced deuteron-deuteron fusion in solids}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {29}, year = {1996}, pages = {379--384}, keywords = {Theory, low energy beam fusion, enhancement effect, res-}, submitted = {06/1994}, published = {05/1996}, annote = {The possibility is examined of fusion due to bombardment of a metal/deuterium target with heavy ions from an accelerator, with up to 10 keV energy. Numerical calculations indicate that masses of about 30-50 are optimal. Comparison with known experimental data did not find good agreement, however - no enhancements are evident; but the theory does predict them and new experiments might show them in future.} } @article{Kuni1996, author = {K. Kunimatsu}, title = {Surface modification of the cathode in the study of cold fusion}, journal = {Hyomen Gijutsu}, volume = {47}, number = {3}, year = {1996}, pages = {218--222}, note = {In Japanese}, submitted = {12/1995}, keywords = {Discussion, loading, excess heat}, annote = {This is a round-up of results obtained in a number of places, among them SRI and Japanese work. The crystal structure of PdD is described, and a Fig. shows a collection of results of excess heat plotted against the loading ratio D/Pd (looks roughly exponential) from SRI work. Surfactants and their effect on the loading ratio are discussed.} } @article{Li1996a, author = {X. Li}, title = {A new approach towards nuclear fusion without strong nuclear radiation}, journal = {Nucl. Fusion Plasma Phys.}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, year = {1996}, pages = {1--8}, keywords = {Theory, resonance tunneling, res+}, submitted = {12/1995}, published = {02/1996}, annote = {Li goes through some QM theory and concludes that lattice-confined ions react in a different way from beams hitting a target. Because of the Coulomb barrier, only the long-life energy levels have a chance to resonate, and thus (fast) reactions emitting neutrons do not occur; instead, only those not emitting neutrons do occur, which supports the cold fusion claim.} } @article{Li1996b, author = {D. Li}, title = {The measuring principle and the experimental method of the cold fusion - reaction cross section}, note = {In Chinese, Engl. abstract. Title as given in the English abstract; a librarian hand-corrected the title in my copy to "Principle and experimental method for the measurement of the cold fusion - reaction cross section"}, journal = {Jishou Daxue Xuebao, Ziran Kexueban}, volume = {17}, number = {3}, year = {1996}, pages = {65--68}, submitted = {05/1996}, published = {09/1996}, keywords = {Discussion, theoretical, apparatus, res0}, annote = {"This paper discussed the measuring principle and the experimental method of the cold fusion-reaction cross section in detail, which provided a possible path for verifying the existence or no of the cold fusion. The principle and method discussed in this paper can be applied to some practical problems in electrochemistry" (Direct quote from the summary). One notes some mathematics in the text, and some figures of a two-compartment cell (but without diaphragm) as well as some simple thermodynamics relations. There is a single reference, to FPH-89, referred to as "submitted to Electroanal. Chem".} } @article{Liu1996, author = {F.~S. Liu}, title = {The phonon mechanism of the cold fusion}, journal = {Mod. Phys. Lett. B}, volume = {10}, year = {1996}, pages = {1129--1132}, keywords = {Theory, phonons, res+}, submitted = {10/1996}, annote = {Using phonon theory, the Wannier function and more, the author considers the movement of deuterons in metal deuteride as affected by acoustics. The conclusion is that predicted d-d fusion rates come to roughly observed values, near the surface where there is strong nonequilibrium and a higher electron density. } } @article{Maly1996, author = {J.~A. Maly and J. Vavra}, title = {Reply to 'Letter to the Editor' Fusion Technol. 27, 348 (1995)}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {30}, year = {1996}, pages = {386--387}, keywords = {Polemic, theoretical}, submitted = {08/1994}, published = {12/1996}, annote = {This is a reply to a letter by Rice et al in the title issue of FT. That letter was itself a reply to another by the present authors, who now defend their letter, hoping for a collegial discussion of deep Dirac levels, which Rice et al believe they have disproved. Not so, say Maly \& Vavra. This Letter was inadvertently delayed by the journal.} } @article{Mizu1996a, author = {T. Mizuno and T. Akimoto and K. Azumi and M. Kitaichi and K. Kurokawa}, title = {Anomalous heat evolution from a solid-state electrolyte under alternating current in high-temperature D2 gas}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {29}, year = {1996}, pages = {385--389}, keywords = {Experimental, metal oxide, gas phase loading, excess heat, res+}, submitted = {02/1995}, published = {05/1996}, annote = {Instead of the usual Pd or Ti, the proton conductors, pressed tablets of mixed strontium, cerium, yttrium and niobium oxides were loaded with deuterium gas at 400-700C after careful treatment at high temperature and vacuum to drive out initial gases. While charging, alternating voltages of 5-45 V were applied to the oxide plates, at frequencies from 0.0001 to 1 Hz. Some minor differences in curves of system temperature vs input power were observed between runs with H2 and D2, and are taken to be signs of excess heat generated in the deuterium loading runs. There are shown some correlations of excess heat appearance with the the introduction of deuterium and stopping its flow. Only 5\% of samples showed the effect.} } @article{Mizu1996b, author = {T. Mizuno and T. Ohmori and K. Kurokawa and T. Akimoto and M. Kitaichi and K. Inoda and K. Azumi and S. Shimokawa and M. Enyo}, title = {Anomalous isotopic distribution of elements deposited on palladium induced by cathodic electrolysis}, journal = {Denki Kagaku oyubi Kogyo Butsuri Kagaku}, volume = {64}, year = {1996}, pages = {1160--1165}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Experimental, isotope distribution, transmutation, res+, no FPH/Jones refs.}, submitted = {03/1996}, annote = {From the English-language abstract and Figures, one can glean that this was a long-term (one month), high-current-density electrolysis experiment in a heavy water electrolyte (LiOH and Li2CO3), and surface analysis using several methods, before and after electrolysis. The usual forest of peaks is found, as expected from long electrolysis (and previously found by others); the authors checked for isotope ratios, however, and found some that deviated significantly from the normal values and concluded that this shows that some isotopes were produced during electrolysis. They go on to speculate on possible nuclear mechanisms to fit the data.} } @article{Naka1996, author = {K. Nakamura and T. Kawase and I. Ogura}, title = {Possibility of element transmutation by arcing in water}, journal = {Kinki Daigaku Genshiyoku Kenkyusho Nenpo}, volume = {33}, year = {1996}, pages = {25--31}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, calorimetry, res+}, annote = {The abstract reveals that this was electrolysis in heavy water electrolyte (electrodes or electrolyte not given), with arcing. In the text we find "15V", a largish cell voltage. The head space gas was analysed as a function of arcing time, and the abstract notes that carbon was converted to nitrogen. No visible explanation of where the carbon is from. Excess heat is said to have been found, by 21\% over consumed power.} } @article{Nich1996, author = {J.~P. Nicholson}, title = {A search for particle emission from a gas-loaded deuterium-palladium system in the alpha-beta phase}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {30}, year = {1996}, pages = {383--385}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, deuterium gas, neutrons, protons, res0}, submitted = {01/1995}, published = {12/1996}, annote = {Pressurised D2 gas was applied to Pd samples in a chamber containing a proton detector (s/c) and with a neutron detector (a single 3He tube). In most runs, nothing was observed but there were two brief excursions above the background of the proton counter, corresponding to fusion rates of $4 \times 10^{-21}$ fus/dd/s or so, or about Jones et al levels. The authors regard these results as inconclusive.} } @article{Noni1996, author = {V.~C. Noninski and J.~L. Ciottone and P.~J. White}, title = {Experiments on claimed transmutation of elements caused by a chemical process}, journal = {J. Sci. Expl.}, volume = {10}, year = {1996}, pages = {249--252}, keywords = {Experimental, transmutation, res-}, published = {06/1996}, annote = {This team has recently reported artifacts that mimick beta emission under conditions reported by Bockris et al, who claim chemical transmutation. Here they try again, to wrap up these studies. Various mixtures used by the Bockris team are fused, and neutron activation used to detect the transmutation. No non-trivial effects were observed. } } @article{Noto1996, author = {R. Notoya}, title = {Cold fusion arising from hydrogen evolution reaction on active metals in alkali metallic ions' solutions}, journal = {Env. Res. Forum}, volume = {1-2}, year = {1996}, pages = {127--140}, keywords = {Experimental, res+}, annote = {The author believes that alkali metal ions codeposit with hydrogen to some extent during water reduction at a cathode and play a role in the mechanism of the hydrogen evolution reaction. She believes further that these species, which penetrate the cathode metal to some extent, also play a role in cold fusion, and suggests fusion between protons and these metals (in their intermetallic state in the host metal) at Pd or Ni. She reports here some experiments with a Ni/light water cell. She observed excess heat, tritium, gammas and (by ICP-MS) new species from the above proton capture by alkali metals.} } @article{Oria1996, author = {R.~A. Oriani}, title = {An investigation of anomalous thermal power generation from a proton-conducting oxide}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {30}, year = {1996}, pages = {281--287}, keywords = {Experimental, calorimetry, high temperature, excess heat, res+}, submitted = {04/1996}, published = {11/1996}, annote = {This is a high-temperature (ca. 400C) calorimetry experiment, using a solid state electrolyte, perovskite Sr Ce0.9 Y0.08 Nb0.02 O2.97, an ion conductor, supplied by Mizuno. A Seebeck-effect calorimeter of refined design was used for accuracy. The solid electrolyte was simply heated at a known power, and deuterium or helium (as a control) allowed into the chamber, monitoring the heat given off. There appears to be clear evidence of up to 4-sigma excess power (relative to noise) with deuterium, but never with helium. Small dc power currents were applied to the electrolyte disks, but the results show no clear effect correlating with this. The success rate was low, and so were the excess powers. More work is needed, concludes the author.} } @article{Pons1996, author = {S. Pons and M. Fleischmann}, title = {Etalonnage du systeme Pd-D2O: effets de protocole et feed-back positif. (Calibration of the Pd-D2O system: protocol and positive feed-back effects)}, journal = {J. Chim. Phys.}, volume = {93}, year = {1996}, pages = {711--730}, note = {In French, Eng. abstr.}, keywords = {Theory, discussion, loading enthalpy, res+}, annote = {P\&F point first to the standing problem of observed excess heat and the lack of commensurate nuclear products expected for a fusion reaction. They discuss their own previous results, in the light of a theory of positive feedback. This arises from the reaction enthalpy for the formation of the various deuterides PdD(x), as a function of x. The authors believe that it crosses zero at x = 0.85 or so and the addition of more D is endothermic. So if $x>0.85$ and a calibration heating pulse causes some outgassing, this is magnified by positive feedback; but as x goes below 0.85, it is quenched. The authors have observed the oscillations expected from this. The authors' previous results, including the boiling cell, are discussed. See Sakamoto et al (1996) for confirmation of the enthalpy function.} } @article{Prep1996, author = {G. Preparata and M. Scorletti and M. Verpelli}, title = {Isoperibolic calorimetry on modified Fleischmann-Pons cells}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {411}, year = {1996}, pages = {9--18}, keywords = {Experimental, excess heat calorimetry, electrolysis, res+}, submitted = {09/1995}, published = {08/1996}, annote = {This is an attempt to verify the excess heat claims of FPH-89, but with some improvements in the cell arrangement. Nevertheless, the original open cell design is used here and in fact the authors state that excess heat can indeed be measured accurately in such a cell. They like the recent concept of "positive feedback" of Fleischmann's, which can "obscure or even wipe out" the effect. Heat transfer rate constants that change with time must also be allowed for, and are. There is a lengthy analysis of the way to calculate excess heat, similar to (and as complex as) that in Fleischmann et al 1990 and finally, some results the authors believe show excess heat in some runs, up to about 25 W (not clear how much the input power is). The authors can achieve this despite the fact that they have temperature gradients in the cell, and only three thermistors, strategically distributed in the cell. No excess heat was observed when there should be none (e.g. Pt cathode).} } @article{Rao1996, author = {K.~R. Rao and S.~L. Chaplot}, title = {Computer experiments concerning palladium-deuterium and titanium-deuterium lattices - implications to phenomenon of low-energy nuclear reaction}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {30}, year = {1996}, pages = {355--362}, keywords = {Theory, computation, lattice fluctuations, res0}, submitted = {07/1994}, published = {12/1996}, annote = {The authors look at the possibility of short lived large energy fluctuations within the metal deuteride lattice, using a computer model. They find an energy distribution tail out to about 0.2 eV and, depending on the effective charge of deuterons, the rate of fusion varies over a wide range. The authors believe that energies up to 2 eV might happen and might result in about 1 fusion event per day in a 1 cm$^3$ PdD(0.67) sample. } } @article{Reif1996, author = {O. Reifenschweiler}, title = {Some experiments on the decrease of tritium radioactivity}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {30}, year = {1996}, pages = {261--272}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, tritium, radioemission, res+}, submitted = {04/1996}, published = {11/1996}, annote = {Reifenschweiler here reports in great detail what appears to be his work of many years ago, only published recently in a short note, now fully. A large glass bulb is vacuum coated with Ti on its inside surface, tritium allowed in to form the tritide, and the gas pumped out. A temperature program is applied, and the radiation from the tritide layer goes down markedly, before tritium has escaped from the layer (checked by monitoring pressure changes). The author connects these puzzling findings with cold fusion but cannot explain them.} } @article{Rout1996, author = {R.~K. Rout and A. Shyam and M. Srinivasan and A.~B. Garg and V.~K. Shrikhande}, title = {Reproducible, anomalous emissions from palladium deuteride/hydride}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {30}, year = {1996}, pages = {273--280}, submitted = {06/1996}, published = {11/1996}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, autoradiography, res+}, annote = {The authors did a large number of electrolyses at a Pd cathode (as well as some other metals) in normal and heavy water electrolyte (not specified), and after electrolysis placed the electrodes close to radiographic film. Between the film and the electrode, various substances and effects were applied. There was fogging of the film after electrolysis in both heavy and light water, mostly with Pd but much less with Ni and Ti, not at all with Zr, Hf, Cu and Fe. Various experiments with blocking the radiation indicated that neither electromagnetic radiation, neutrons, cp's, nor temperature, voltage or pressure artifacts were responsible for the effects, claimed to be reproducible. Thus, a mysterious new form of radiation has been found.} } @article{Saka1996, author = {Y. Sakamoto and M. Imoto and K. Takai and T. Yanaru and K. Ohshima}, title = {Calorimetric enthalpies for palladium-hydrogen (deuterium) systems at H(D) contents up to about [H]([D])/[Pd] = 0.86}, journal = {J. Phys.: Condens. Mater.}, volume = {8}, year = {1996}, pages = {3229--3244}, keywords = {Experimental, loading enthalpy, excess heat, res-}, submitted = {10/1995}, published = {04/1996}, annote = {One key argument about "cold fusion" centres about the enthalpy of formation of the variously loaded deuterides of Pd, PdD(x), with varying x. The literature is scanty on this, mostly providing just the figure, about -17 kJ per mole D at x = 0.72 or so. There has been speculation that deuteration is endothermic above some x (see Pons \& Fleischmann, 1996 citing earlier work by Wipf). The present team performed very thorough calorimetric measurements of these enthalpies for gas-phase loading under pressure (both H and D) up to 0.85 and a range of temperatures. They find that the -17 kJ figure holds for x $<$ 0.6, then there is a peak of about -24 kJ at x = 0.64, followed by a roughly linear move towards zero, crossing zero at about x = 0.85. In other words, above 0.85 it requires energy to put more deuterium into Pd. The plots behave properly according to van't Hoff even at 0.85, so there was no evidence of any excess heat.} } @article{Sams1996, author = {N.~V. Samsonenko and D.~V. Tahti and F. Ndahayo}, title = {On the Barut-Vigier model of the hydrogen atom}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {220}, year = {1996}, pages = {297--301}, keywords = {Theory, tight Bohr orbit model, res+}, submitted = {05/1996}, published = {09/1996}, annote = {This is a follow-up of work by Barut \& Vigier, who proposed non-Bohr lower level electron orbits for hydrogen, similar to the Mills theory. This is developed here; the Pauli equation is solved with the Hamiltonian, and the Schroedinger equation as well, using the Barut-Vigier potential. Along with the usual Coulomb states, a tight state at about 40 keV was found. The work will be continued.} } @article{Sank1996, author = {T.~K. Sankaranarayanan and M. Srinivasan and M.~B. Bajpai and D.~S. Gupta}, title = {Investigation of low-level tritium generation in Ni-H2O electrolytic cells}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {30}, year = {1996}, pages = {349--354}, keywords = {Experimental, Ni cathode, light water, tritium, res+}, submitted = {06/1994}, published = {12/1996}, annote = {This team has previously reported the generation of tritium from Ni/light water electrolyses (Mills scenario), and here adds to the evidence. They find that in some cells the tritium data oscillates in a sawtooth fashion over a month or more (but at all times, at positive levels). More recent experiments reproduce this effect. They are strongly tempted to suggest a tritium cleansing mechanism operating.} } @article{Savv1996a, author = {I.~B. Savvatimova and A.~B. Karabut}, title = {Nuclear reaction products detected at the cathode after a glow discharge in deuterium}, journal = {Poverkhnost'}, year = {1996}, number = {1}, pages = {63--75}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, glow discharge, Pd, fusion-fission, isotope distribution, res+, no FPH/Jones refs.}, submitted = {06/1995}, annote = {A Pd cathode was subjected to a glow discharge at 10-40 mA/cm$^2$ and 100-500 V in an atmosphere of hydrogen, deuterium and a mixture of both, and the surface analysed before and after by SIMS, surface MS and microprobe x-ray analysis. After discharge in deuterium, and to a lesser extent in the mixture, 109Ag and 107Ag were found, greatly in excess of that found when hydrogen alone was used. Other elements apparently generated in deuterium included Br, Rb, Nb, Sr, Y, As and Cd. Also, the ratio of 109Ag to 107Ag changed during the experiment in deuterium. The authors propose "fusion-fission" reactions of Pd with 1, 2 or 3 deuterons, producing a wide spectrum of elements from the fission of the result of fusion.} } @article{Savv1996b, author = {I.~B. Savvatimova and A.~B. Karabut}, title = {Radioactivity of palladium cathodes after irradiation in a glow discharge}, journal = {Poverkhnost'}, year = {1996}, number = {1}, pages = {76--81}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, Nb, As, Ti, glow discharge, autoradiography, res+, FPH/Jones refs.}, annote = {Foils of Pd, Nb, As and Ti and other metals were subjected to a glow discharge (10-50 mA/cm$^2$, 100-500V) in hydrogen, deuterium or a mixture of the two, and afterwards the radioactivty of the foils was measured as a function of time. When using deuterium, there was radioactivity, decaying with a half life of 13.8 h, which the authors comclude to be consistent with the decay of 109Pd, formed by fusion. The level was 5-10 times that of the background.} } @ARTICLE{Shke1996, author = {Z. Shkedi}, title = {Response to "Comments on 'calorimetry, excess heat, and Faraday efficiency in Ni-H2O electrolytic cells'"}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {30}, year = {1996}, pages = {133}, submitted = {01/1996}, published = {09/1996}, annote = {Argues against the comment by Good (Good1996), stating that that author's critical points do not apply.} } @article{Smil1996, author = {A.~V. Smilga and V.~P. Smilga}, title = {A small physical effect}, journal = {Ross. Khim. Zh.}, volume = {40}, number = {3}, year = {1996}, pages = {122--126}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Theoretical, polemic, res0}, annote = {This pair of theoretical physicists give some thought to cold fusion. They first go through the reasons why cold fusion might not be possible, e.g. the fact that 1-5 eV (obtainable from electrolysis) is not enough to penetrate the Coulomb barrier to dd fusion (with the proviso of tunneling); they reiterate some CNF history, neutron measurements, Frascati and the Russian fracto-scenario. In the final summing up, they find that there is an optimistic and a pessimistic attitude, both reasonable to some extent. They leave it up to the reader to decide.} } @article{Stor1996a, author = {E. Storms}, title = {Review of the 'cold fusion' effect}, journal = {J. Sci. Expl.}, volume = {10}, year = {1996}, pages = {185--241}, keywords = {Review, +}, published = {06/1996}, annote = {A large review of the entire cold fusion field, with many references. The author concludes that there is ample proof of a new phenomenon.} } @article{Stor1996b, author = {E. Storms}, title = {How to produce the Pons-Fleischmann effect}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {29}, year = {1996}, pages = {261--268}, keywords = {Discussion.}, submitted = {08/1994}, published = {03/1996}, annote = {Storms claims that conditions for cold fusion to occur are now so well known that skeptics can, if they wish, reproduce the effect for themselves, although he goes on to say that they are difficult to achieve. He terms these conditions SCM, for special condition of matter and sees an analogy with superconductivity, also a special state. He believes that a variety of nuclear reactions occur, chemically assisted. He lists some requirements: a D/Pd loading of at least 0.84-0.9, minimum loading rate (current density) at about 0.4 A/cm$^2$, certain additives such as Al or a surfactant such as thiourea, certain characteristics of the Pd electrode used, a minimum of crack formation, nonequilbrium conditions, etc. He ends with a definite recipe for success.} } @article{Stuk1996, author = {R.~A. Stukan and Yu.~M. Rumyantsev}, title = {Effect of tritium on the generation of hard radiation in the electrolysis of D2O with a palladium cathode (T-D cold fusion reactions)}, journal = {High Energy Chem.}, volume = {30}, year = {1996}, pages = {343--346}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, heavy water, pretritiation, radiation, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {12/1994}, annote = {This team continues earlier work on Pd electrolysis in heavy and light water from the gas phase. Hard radiation was monitored at 1-min intervals. The radiation from electrolysis in D2O with prior T-loading was significantly higher (about 8-10 times) than for electrolysis with light water, or without prior tritiation. A control, using light water and prior tritiation, was not carried out.} } @article{Suga1996, author = {V.~I. Sugakov}, title = {Conditions for inducing, dynamics and manifestation of atom acceleration in nonequilibrium crystals}, note = {In Ukrainian, Engl. abstr.}, journal = {Ukr. Fiz. Zh.}, volume = {41}, year = {1996}, pages = {834--839}, keywords = {Theory, crystal defects, energy focussing, solitons, res+}, submitted = {11/1995}, published = {09/1996}, annote = {As some other Russian/Ukrainians like Zelentsov have done, S considers that crystal rearrangements due to defects and stresses can lead to acceleration of lattice particles, perhaps sufficient for anomalous effects. S considers the possibility of potential energy well pairs in close proximity and with the help of some maths comes to the conclusion that such strange phenomena as mechano-luminescence in metals, accustoluminescence in semiconductors and dielectrics, and cold fusion (the fracto-kind) are possible.} } @article{Szpa1996a, author = {S. Szpak and P.~A. Mosier-Boss and J.~J. Smith}, title = {On the behavior of the cathodically polarized Pd/D system: Search for emanating radiation}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {210}, year = {1996}, pages = {382--390}, keywords = {Experimental, x-rays, Pd, heavy water, res+}, submitted = {11/1994}, published = {01/1996}, annote = {If CNF is a nuclear process, the energetic products should give rise to x-ray emissions. Three types of electrolysis cells were set up, using Pd foil or codeposited Pd and deuterium from heavy water and LiOD, while monitoring for x-rays, both soft and wide spectrum up to 300 keV. Careful extended background measuremments were made to rule out contamination, and 5 cm Pb shielding reduced the background by a factor of 20. Some anomalous x-ray peaks at around 11 and 20 keV were found, consistent with some ideas of a CNF mechanism. Also, overall emissions correlated with addition of, e.g., thiourea, known to enhance deuterium ingress into Pd, as well as berrylium, and increases in current density. There were also correlations between gamma and x-ray emissions.} } @article{Szpa1996b, author = {S. Szpak and P.~A. Mosier-Boss}, title = {On the behavior of the cathodically polarized Pd/D system: a response to Vigier's comments}, journal = {Phys. Lett A}, volume = {221}, year = {1996}, pages = {141--143}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {05/1996}, published = {09/1996}, annote = {A response to Vigier's polemic in the same issue, p. 138, in which Vigier comments on previous work by Szpak et al and his own, as well as others. S \& M here add a few more experimental effects that are consistent with the "tight" Bohr orbit theory. } } @article{Takah1996, author = {A. Takahashi}, title = {Recent results and activities on the new hydrogen energy ("cold fusion")}, journal = {Suiso Enerugi Shisutemu}, volume = {21}, year = {1996}, pages = {39--44}, keywords = {Sm. review.}, note = {In Japanese, Eng. abstr.} annote = {This is a smallish roundup with only 11 references, most of them to conference proceedings. From the abstract it is clear that the author believes that CNF has been demonstrated, excess heat found but without fusion taking place; and that some unconfirmed reports claim helium-4 and should be repeated. The key is to pin down the nuclear or chemical origin of excess heat.} } @article{Toum1996, author = {C.~P. Toumey}, title = {Conjuring science in the case of cold fusion}, journal = {Public Understand. Sci.}, volume = {5}, year = {1996}, pages = {121--133}, keywords = {Sci-phil-soc polemic}, annote = {Anthropologist Toumey looks at the behaviour of scientists, here in the cold fusion field. The history of the affair is recounted (with some evidence for the author's lack of feel for the science of the subject) and the social behaviour of the scientists involved is remarked on. Hyperbole and the public's feeling that they understood cold fusion acted to make the subject popular. Toumey also notes that while confirmations received publicity but null findings tend not to, thus distorting the picture. He repeats the (exaggerated) claim by people such as Storms that CNF workers are denied access to scientific journals, and the myth that CNF became an argument between chemists (pro) and physicists (con). He concludes that the public understanding of cold fusion is "a kind of mischief with images ... the business of the conjurer".} } @article{Vaid1996, author = {S.~N. Vaidya}, title = {Deuteron screening, nuclear reactions in solids, and superconductivity}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {29}, year = {1996}, pages = {405--408}, keywords = {Theory, screening, superconductivity, Bose condensates, res+}, submitted = {07/1994}, published = {05/1996}, annote = {The author considers, besides PdD, substances other than Pd, i.e. mixed metal oxides that are superconducting, and looks at deuteron mobility as a means of enhanced screening to promote both d-d fusion and superconductivity. Results appear encouraging and might also explain the anomalous isotope effect in PdD.} } @article{Vigi1996, author = {J.~P. Vigier}, title = {On cathodically polarized Pd/D systems}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {221}, year = {1996}, pages = {138--140}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {03/1996}, published = {09/1996}, annote = {Vigier points out that the proposal of Szpak et al in the same journal A210 (1996) 382 is significant for cold fusion and in fact in line with his (Vigier's) own previous theories, as well as others. Essentially, "tight" Bohr orbits are proposed, with attendant implications.} } @article{Wang1996, author = {X. Wang and P. Tang and W. Zhang and H. Liu and Z. Chen and Z. Li and C. Zhou and R. Zhu and D. Ding}, title = {Time distribution of neutron burst in thermal D/soiled system}, journal = {Chin. Sci. Bull.}, volume = {41}, number = {1}, year = {1996}, pages = {73--78}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, D2 gas, neutrons, ress+, no FPH/Jones ref.}, submitted = {05/1995}, published = {01/1996}, annote = {This is an Italian-style CNF experiment, i.e. Ti chips loaded from gaseous D2 (at about 60-80 atm pressure), and neutrons counted, using 18 3He tubes arranged around the chamber. Some neutron bursts were seen, with remarkable time distributions, impossible to explain in terms of background or cosmic infall.} } @article{Yamaz1996, author = {O. Yamazaki and Y. Watanabe and H. Yoshitake and N. Kamiya and K. Ota}, title = {Hydrogen absorption in Pd cathode in alkaline solutions}, journal = {Oyobi Kogyo Butsuri Kagaku}, volume = {64}, year = {1996}, pages = {62--68}, keywords = {Experimental, H/Pd loading}, note = {In Japanese, Engl. abstr.}, submitted = {07/1995}, published = {01/1996}, annote = {There are some who believe that the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline electrolytes involve the alkali metal ion. Various ions are tried here: K+, Na+ and Li+, and the H/Pd loading as a function of time followed. Loadings were measured by gas volumetry as well as by gravimetry. The electrolyte with Li+ gave results different in character from those with the other ions. SEM photographs of the Pd surface after electrolysis also revealed differences. So perhaps Li+ is involved, or involved in a different way from the other ions, in the HER.} } @article{Yang1996a, author = {J. Yang and L. Tang and X. Chen}, title = {Possible nuclear process in deuterium-metal system}, journal = {J. Changsa Univ. Elec. Power (Nat. Sci.)}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, year = {1996}, pages = {289--295}, keywords = {Analysis, theoretical, dineutrons, res0}, submitted = {04/1996}, published = {08/1996}, annote = {The team looks at cold fusion claims in the light of the dineutron theory, proposed by several groups. The "hitherto unknown" process of Fleischmann et al (1989) might be one involving dineutrons. The problems of this are discussed. As well, the idea of a new particle is discussed. Some early references to dineutrons are given, back to 1950.} } @article{Yang1996b, author = {J. Yang and L. Tang and X. Chen}, title = {Dineutron model research of cold fusion}, journal = {Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Norm. Hunan}, volume = {19}, number = {2}, year = {1996}, pages = {25--29}, keywords = {Theoretical, dineutron, res+}, submitted = {04/1996}, published = {06/1996}, annote = {This paper proposes (among others) the idea of electron capture by a deuterium atom to produce a dineutron, which then eliminates the Coulomb barrier to its fusion with another deuterium nucleus and can explain other anomalies as well such as 111Ag.} } @article{Zhan1996, author = {Q. Zhang and Q. Gou and Z. Zhu and F. Liu and J. Luo and Y. Sun}, title = {The relationship of crystal structure transition of Ti-cathode and 'excess heat' on cold fusion}, journal = {Chin. J. At. Molec. Phys.}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, year = {1996}, pages = {257--261}, keywords = {Experimental, theory, phase transition, res+, no FPH/Jones ref}, submitted = {11/1995}, published = {07/1996}, note = {In Chinese, Engl. abstr.}, annote = {"This paper presents an experiment result of crystal structure transition of Ti-cathode due to "excess heat" of cold fusion. It has been found that the crystal structure of Ti-cathode is changed from hexagonal to face-centered cube structure after cold fusion with "excess heat". On the contrary if there is no "excess heat", we can not observe any change" (Direct quote of the abstract). There is a number of plots of measured lattice parameters illustrating the change from the one structure to the other.} }