% Year 1997; there are 43 entries. @article{Arat1997a, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang}, title = {Helium (4/2He, 3/2He) within deuterated Pd-black}, journal = {Proc. Jap. Acad. B}, volume = {73}, year = {1997}, pages = {1--6}, keywords = {Experimental, theoretical, helium, mass spec, lattice quake, res+, no FPH/Jones ref.}, submitted = {01/1997}, published = {01/1997}, annote = {A separate smaller paper, reporting the helium results only (see the large paper in J. High Temp. Soc 1997 for all details).} } @article{Arat1997b, author = {Y. Arata and C. Zhang}, title = {Presence of helium (4/2He, 3/2He) confirmed in deuterated Pd-black by the "vi-effect" in a "closed QMS" environment}, journal = {Proc. Japan. Acad. Ser. B}, volume = {73}, year = {1997}, pages = {62--67}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, mass spec, helium, res+, no FPH/Jones ref.}, submitted = {04/1997}, annote = {Another report from the A\&Z pair of their finding of helium (now both 4He and 3He) using their mass spec cycling technique. This paper presents more details than before (in English) of results using a range of ionisation energies in the MS; this "vi-effect" can, they say, discriminate between species of similar masses that would otherwise overlap, and only by using this technique can they be sure that they have helium after long electrolysis time. This is released from their double cathode upon heating. The ratio of amounts of 4He to 3He found ranged from 2 to 10. No helium was found when hydrogen, rather than deuterium, was used. } } @article{Arat1997c, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang}, title = {Solid-state plasma fusion ('cold fusion')}, journal = {J. High Temp. Soc.}, volume = {23}, year = {1997}, pages = {1--56}, keywords = {Experimental, theoretical, helium, heat, mass spec, lattice quake, res+}, submitted = {09/1996}, published = {01/1997}, annote = {In this long paper, the authors extend their reports on ongoing research and, for the first time, present evidence of the formation of 3He, as well as (again) for 4He, both detected by close repeated cycling of a high resolution mass spectrometer around a very narrow mass range (for 4He: 3.95-4.05). They also give many details of their experiments, using the double cathode, i.e. a Pd cathode with a hollow space, into which they pack some Pd powder. As they electrolyse and deuterium gas forms outside the cathode, it diffuses through the thin wall and saturates the Pd black within. Loadings up to 1.0 are said to be achieved. When they are, the MS cyclings show peaks of 4He and 3He growing in time, as the sample is heated to temperatures where He is expected to be released from the metal. The authors are aware of and believe they have eliminated He contamination from pump oil and the like, and their all-steel apparatus should be impervious to ambient He. They theorise that tritium too should be found, if 3He is, but they do not find any; with their technique, however, (MS cycling) this is difficult because of the large number of species the tritium would distribute into (TT, TD, TH, etc). They are helped in their detection also by varying the MS ionisation voltage, an interesting technique, allowing them to separate interfering masses. Without this, they would probably not have found the 3He. They find that roughly 1 out of a few hundred deuterium nuclei fuse to 4He; their heat results are in order-of-magnitude agreement with this. They round up the results with an outline of their "lattice quake" theory.} } @article{Arat1997d, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang}, title = {Presence of helium (4/2He, 3/2He) confirmed in highly deuterated Pd-black by the new detecting methodology}, note = {In Japanese, Engl. abstr.}, journal = {J. High Temp. Soc.}, volume = {23}, year = {1997}, pages = {110--117}, keywords = {Experimental, helium, mass spec, res+}, submitted = {03/1997}, published = {03/1997}, annote = {This paper focusses in more detail on both the detection of 3He an cycled mass spectroscopy technique of the authors, as well as their technique of varying the MS ionisation voltage to help separate the masses (their "Vi effect"). Here they present many results that they believe confirm the finding of both 3He and 4He from deuterated Pd black in their double structured cathode. } } @article{Asam1997e, author = {N. Asami and T. Senjuh and H. Kamimura and M. Sumi and E. Kennel and T. Sakai and K. Mori and H. Watanabe and K. Matsui}, title = {Material characteristics and behaviour of highly deuterium loaded palladium by electrolysis}, journal = {J. Alloys Comp.}, volume = {253--254}, year = {1997}, pages = {185--190}, keywords = {Experimental, deuterium loading, Pd, res0, surface anal., no FPH/Jones refs.}, annote = {This team was funded under MITI/NEDO's "New Hydrogen Energy" project and reports results here. The intent was to find out how to achieve high D/Pd loading ratios; also, crystal microstructure and surfaces were looked at. A cell not unlike that of F\&P was used (4 mm dia. Pd rod, 20 mm long) in 1M LiOD/D2O, and various commercial Pd samples were tried out, under some current regimes such as stepped curent (50 mA/cm$^2$ 6 days, then 2 days each at 100, 200, 400 and 600 mA/cm$^2$, back down again etc). Loading was measured by the amount of gas evolved. Loadings up to 0.9 were achieved. Microstructural changes were observed upon loading, and some blistering. Surface impurities like S, Cl, C and O were detected but only to a depth of 2 nm. Factors favouring high loading were found to be high purity materials, cleaning by ultrasonics or etching, vacuum \& high temp. treatment, annealing and a suitable current program.} } @article{Cuev1997, author = {F. Cuevas and J.~F. Fernandez and C. Sanchez}, title = {A search for nuclear reactions in deuterated fresh iodide-titanium films}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {32}, year = {1997}, pages = {644--654}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti film, gas phase, neutrons, gammas, res-}, submitted = {11/1996}, published = {12/1997}, annote = {This team decided that a very pure Ti film, highly loaded with deuterium and some nonequilibrium applied to it, would be the optimal conditions for bringing fusion about. To get very pure Ti, they used "iodide titanium", made from TiI4 evaporated onto heated tungsten filament, where it decomposed into the metal. The upper layers of the Ti were indeed very pure (with less than 1/10 the imputrities in normal "pure" Ti), and not even containing W. This was carefully kept away from air, so that no oxide could form, and deuterated with D2 gas (300 mbar) to a loading of 1.5 D/Ti, said to be high. Large lateral electrical currents were applied to the film. Neutrons were detected with two scintillation counters (one Ne-213, one BC-501) with gamma discrimination etc. Long-time background counts were taken. No clear evidence of significant neutron emissions was found, although there were a few anomalous events. The results set the upper limit for the cold fusion rate at 3*10$^{-21}$ f/s/pair or about Jones et al level.} } @article{Drag1997, author = {A. Dragic and Z. Maric}, title = {Comment on 'On the Barut-Vigier model of the hydrogen atom' by Samsonenko et al.}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {229}, year = {1997}, pages = {130--132}, keywords = {Polemic, no FPH/Jones ref}, submitted = {11/1996}, published = {05/1997}, annote = {The authors attempt to show that the figure of 128 keV allegedly arrived at by Samsonenko et al, for the ground state for the hydrogen atom, should instead be 13.6 eV. They do this by modifying the Ozcelik-Simsek method, used by Samsonenko et al, taking into account an aspect of angular momentum.} } @article{Dufo1997, author = {J. Dufour and J. Foos and J.~P. Millot and X. Dufour}, title = {Interaction of palladium/hydrogen and palladium/deuterium to measure the excess energy per atom for each isotope}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {31}, year = {1997}, pages = {198--209}, keywords = {Experimental, spark discharge, Pd, deuterium, excess heat, res+}, submitted = {10/1995}, published = {03/1997}, annote = {Another in the series of experiments with high voltage spark discharges at deuterium (and hydrogen-) loaded Pd wire and foil in a calorimeter. Voltages presumably in the kV range (not stated) were used, and wattages up to 100-200 Watt were input. Excess heat was detected, and some hydrogen disappeared at the same time, but no nuclear ash was found. The "hydrex" or "deutrex" theory of Vigier (seeming a bit like Mills' hydrino/deuterino) is invoked to explain the results. } } @article{Fern1997, author = {J.~F. Fernandez and F. Cuevas and M. Alguero}, title = {Experimental investigation of neutron emissions during thermal cycling of TiDx (x = ca. 2.00)}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {31}, year = {1997}, pages = {237--247}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, gas phase,, temp. cycling, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {04/1995}, published = {03/1997}, annote = {A Spanish reenactment of the Italian-style gas phase deuterium loading into Ti (sponge and rod) up to a D-Ti load of 2, temperature cycling between liquid nitrogen and room temperature, was carried out while monitoring for neutrons, using 3 separate detectors (2 NE213 and one BF3). No neutron flux above the background was observed, even at the phase transition at D/Ti = 2. The upper fusion rate limit was about $10^{-23}$ fus/dd/s.} } @article{Gabo1997, author = {A.~M. Gabovich}, title = {Possibility of cold fusion in palladium deuterides: screening effects and connection to superconducting properties}, journal = {Phil. Mag. B}, volume = {76}, year = {1997}, pages = {107-118}, keywords = {Theory, superconductivity, res+}, submitted = {08/1996}, annote = {Gabovich looks again at some earlier theories attempting to judge the possibility of CNF, such as that of Leggett \& Baim (1989). He reckons they made some unallowable simplifications. He further looks at the connection with superconductivity, palladium hydride (deuteride) being superconductors at higher Tc's than Pd itself. Rather than going ab initio, he does a reverse study, to see what certain parameters would have to be for CNF to be possible. The result is plausible. It is all based on screening, and heavy electrons. He states at the end, however, that if fusion does take place, it will be normal fusion, implying the usual branching ratios. He also suggests that the addition of other noble metals to Pd might favour CNF, just as it raises the Tc.} } @article{Gozz1997, author = {D. Gozzi and F. Cellucci and P.~L. Cignini and G. Gigli and M. Tomellini and E. Cisbani and S. Frullani and G.~M. Urciuoli}, title = {X-ray, heat excess and 4He in the D/Pd system}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {435}, year = {1997}, pages = {113--136}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, heavy water, x-rays, excess heat, helium, res+}, submitted = {01/1997}, published = {09/1997}, annote = {This long paper reports on electrolysis in several special Pyrex/stainless steel cells, designed to keep out helium from the air, so that helium detection was possible below the ambient level (5.24 ppm). Excess heat and 4He were monitored, and x-ray film was placed 5 cm from the Pd cathode. Effluent gases were carried out with helium-free nitrogen from liquid N2, which also circulated around the cell, the gas stream going out through stainless steel vacuum tubing. He was detected by a high-Q mass spectrometer working in the M-range up to 27 amu. The cathode was a bundle, 4 mm by 40 mm, of Pd wire, held together at the ends by a Pd rod cap. A large Pt mesh cage was the counter electrode (anode). The cathode was vacuum annealed at 970 C for 24 h. Excess heats were measured by a cooling coil calorimeter. Controls were run on everything. Although there appeared to be some helium leaks, there were none at other times and 4He was found, roughly commensurate with the excess heat also found. Time correlations were not possible to obtain however. A check, using the Ne/He ratio, was tried but there was too little Ne to get a figure (this points to the 4He being generated in the cell, not from the air, which contains Ne). One of the several cells employed put out 8 MJ excess heat, or 80\% over input. The x-ray film showed sharply defined spots, and the authors explain these by shadowing through the Pd bundles, the x-rays coming from the central Pd strands for an unknown reason. X-ray film away from the cell showed no spots. The x-rays are tentatively explained by alpha particles (the 4He) hitting Pd. Another result is that the 4He was produced only on the Pd surface and not found in the wire interior.} } @article{Jabo1997, author = {V.~D.~D. Jabon and G.~V. Fedorovich and N.~V. Samsonenko}, title = {Catalitically induced d-d fusion in ferroelectrics}, journal = {Braz. J. Phys.}, volume = {27}, year = {1997}, pages = {515--521}, keywords = {Experimental, fractofusion, ferroelectrics, res+}, submitted = {03/1997}, published = {12/1997}, annote = {This paper comes from Colombia, where two Russians visited Jabon. The Russian idea of fractofusion is tested on the ferroelectrics LiTaO3 (LT) and Ba(0.4)Sr(0.6)Nb(2)O(6) (SNB). First, some theory is presented, showing how deuterons, arising from deuteration of the ferroelectric, can be accelerated by polarization reversal or phase transition. For the test substances, deuteron energies up to 185 eV (LT) and 92 eV (SNB) are postulated. The samples were placed in a vacuum chamber and first evacuated to degass them. They were then deuterated under D2 at 0.6 to 1.2 atm for 5 days. High ac voltages (up to 75 kV/cm) were then applied to the crystals, under vacuum after deuteration. Neutrons were detected using 10 proportional 3He tubes surrounded by paraffin moderator and a boron polyethylene wall. This had an efficiency of 3\%. Although the results are not presented clearly in the paper, the authors conclude that the LT sample emitted significant numbers of neutrons, corresponding to a fusion rate of about $(1-8) \times 10^{-21}$ fus/s/pair, or 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than the Jones level. Nothing was seen with the SNB sample.} } @article{Jian1997, author = {X. Jiang and L. Han}, title = {Non-equilibrium conditions of electrolysis and abnormal nuclear phenomena}, note = {In Chinese, Engl. Abstr.}, journal = {Nucl. Phys. Rev. (China)}, volume = {14}, year = {1997}, pages = {111--113}, keywords = {Theory, suggestion, res+}, submitted = {03/1996}, published = {06/1997}, annote = {The abstract says that the pin-point effect and the magnetic self-pinch of electrolysis are suggested as relevant to promoting nonequilibrium, essential for CNF. They also suggest further study of the structural and electronic properties of deuterium in bulk Pd, the role of the electrical double layer (between the Pd and electrolyte) and the localised emission sites on surface protusions on the electrode, in order to understand CNF.} } @article{Kaus1997, author = {T.~C. Kaushik and L.~V. Kulkarni and A. Shyam and M. Srinivasan}, title = {Experimental investigations on neutron emission from projectile-impacted deuterated solids}, journal = {Physics Lett. A}, volume = {232}, year = {1997}, pages = {384--390}, keywords = {Experimental, fractofusion, projectile, res+}, submitted = {04/1996}, published = {08/1997}, annote = {This Bhabha team tries to confirm the Russian fractofusion hypothesis, by shooting nylon projectiles at high velocity at polycrystalline solid LiD, TiDx, PdDx etc) and counting neutrons. Velocities were up to 1000 m/s. Neutron detection was by a bank of 12 BF3 detectors embedded in a plexiglass moderator, all shielded by a metal(Al) enclosure, giving about 12\% efficiency. By careful consideration of the neutron data obtained, it was concluded that the LiD samples did indeed emit more neutrons than the background when shot at, though only marginally, and not in all cases. No PdDx or TiDx samples showed neutrons above background. Thus the fractofusion theory of cold fusion is tentatively supported here.} } @article{Kozi1997a, author = {H. Kozima and K. Kaki and T. Yoneyama and S. Watanabe and M. Koike}, title = {Theoretical verification of the trapped neutron catalyzed model of deuteron fusion in Pd/D and Ti/D systems}, journal = {Repts Fac. Sci. Shizuoka Univ.}, volume = {31}, year = {1997}, pages = {1--12}, keywords = {Theory, trapped neutrons, res+}, submitted = {08/1996}, annote = {Kozima has previously given his explanation of cold fusion. He reasons that there are a lot of low-energy neutrons around, from cosmic infall and reaction with hydrogen. These low-energy neutrons get trapped by deuterons in metal, so that we have reactions n+d--> t + gamma, and then the triton reacts further as t+d--> 4He + n. The gamma is absorbed quietly somehow, and the high-energy neutron produced accelerates other deuterons into more fusion. The authors examine this model theoretically and semiquantitatively, and find that the model is at least consistent with observations.} } @article{Kozi1997b, author = {H. Kozima and S. Watanabe and K. Hiroe and M. Nomura and K. Kaki}, title = {Analysis of cold fusion experiments generating excess heat, tritium and helium}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {425}, year = {1997}, pages = {173--178}, keywords = {Analysis, theoretical, excess heat, tritium, res+}, submitted = {02/1996}, published = {03/1997}, annote = {The results of Fleischmann et al (1989) and others are condidered in the light of the authors' model of trapped neutron catalysed fusion. They believe that surface layers of Li, laid down under electrolysis, as well as other chemical species, contribute to a number of nuclear reactions involving neutrons. Their model also suggests the possibility of a chain reaction, consistent with the melt-down claimed by Fleischmann et al (1989).} } @article{Kuro1997, author = {K. Kuroiwa and Y. Ohtsu and G. Tochitani and H. Fujita}, title = {Experimental investigation on loading ratio D/Pd using high pressure and deuterium glow discharge methods}, journal = {Rept. Fac. Sci. Eng., Saga Univ.}, volume = {26}, year = {1997}, pages = {33--38}, keywords = {Experimental, loading, gas phase, glow discharge, res0.}, annote = {A 12.5 * 12.5 * 0.2 mm plate of 99.9\% pure Pd was mounted in a chamber and deuterated with D2 gas at up to 6 atm pressure. This achieved D/Pd ratios of about 0.75 after 50 hours or so. The Pd sample was then weighed at intervals while being kept in air, and did not lose much deuterium. For the glow discharge, it seems to have been done at 20 Torr and 10 mA through a 50 kohm resistor, i.e. about 500 V total applied. The results of this are not clear to this abstracter, who has to find stuff in between the Japanese text and in figures. The abstract says that after glow discharge charging, the ratio was kept at 0.70 by cooling the Pd sampling.} } @article{Lips1997, author = {A.~G. Lipson and V.~A. Kuznetsov and T.~S. Ivanova and E.~I. Saunin and S.~I. Ushakov}, title = {Possibility of mechanically stimulated transmutation of carbon nuclei in ultradisperse deuterium-containing media}, note = {Orig. in Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 67 (1997) 100, in Russian}, journal = {Tech. Phys.}, volume = {42}, year = {1997}, pages = {676--682}, keywords = {Experimental, fractofusion, vibrating mill, carbon, heavy water, neutrons, res+, no FPH/Jones refs.}, submitted = {01/1996}, published = {06/1997}, annote = {The fractofusion scenario is continued here, using the vibratory mill used previously with Ti and heavy water, the Ti here replaced with carbon particles. The drums were periodically cooled to increase the action, and the air within was replaced by argon to stop the C catching fire as it heats up. The team has a theory about mechanical effects on the carbon leading to virtual neutrons, which can be captured by carbon atoms, changing the isotope distribution of the carbon (more 14C). They apply a small neutron source next to the mill, to speed things up, to release these virtual neutrons. These come from the splitting of deuterons into protons and the virtual neutron. Indeed, an increase in the 14C content was measured with heavy water but not with light water, thus confirming the hypothesis. The team goes on to note that this could happen in deep groundwater and falsify radiocarbon dating. More work needs to be done and is planned.} } @article{Lu1997a, author = {R. Lu}, title = {The (d,d) fusion in solar flares}, note = {In Chinese, Engl. abstr.}, journal = {J. Qingdao Univ.}, volume = {1997}, number = {6}, year = {1997}, pages = {70--75}, keywords = {Discussion, theory.}, annote = {The author refers to F\&P-89 and this paper is meant to relate to cold fusion; temperatures in solar flares are essentially "cold" compared to those assumed to be required for plasma dd fusion, so if it took place there, fusion would be cold. Lu believes that there is evidence for dd fusion, by (it seems) 3He detected in some flares.} } @article{Lu1997b, author = {R. Lu}, title = {Analysis of x-rays and gamma-ray production mechanism under condition of discharge with D2 gas}, note = {In Chinese, Engl. Abstr.}, journal = {Nucl. Phys. Rev. China}, volume = {14}, year = {1997}, pages = {114--117}, keywords = {Theoretical, discussion, gas discharge, res+, no FPH/Jones refs.}, submitted = {09/1995}, published = {06/1997}, annote = {The abstract says this is an opinion, i.e. that with an electric discharge in D2 gas, x- and gamma-rays are produced, and that the gammas provide evidence of cold fusion. The theory seems to include the capture, by p or d, of an electron, presumably to yield a (virtual?) neutron. The sort of voltage for the discharge is probably 20 kV or so, so this might not really be cold fusion.} } @article{Mizu1997, author = {T. Mizuno and K. Inoda and T. Akimoto and K. Azumi and M. Kitaichi and K. Kurokawa and T. Ohmori and M. Enyo}, title = {Anomalous gamma peak evolution from SrCe solid state electrolyte charged in D2 gas}, journal = {Int. J. Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {22}, year = {1997}, pages = {23--25}, keywords = {Experimental, solid state ion conductor, radiation emissions, transmutation, res+, no FPH/Jones refs.}, submitted = {04/1996}, published = {01/1997}, annote = {This team "electrolysed" disks of the high temperature ionic conductor consisting of mixed oxides of Sr, Ce, Y and Nb, sintered into disks at 1300- 1480 C and coated with Pt on both sides for contact. Voltages up to 5-45 V and frequencies of 0.0001-1 Hz were then applied to these disks ("electrolysis") in atmospheres of deuterium or hydrogen, and a gamma detector was used to measure the gamma spectrum emitted. These showed peaks that were not there before electrolysis, and the authors assign them to various isotpes such as 197Pt, 153Sm and 155Sm, thought to have been produced during the experiment. They go on to surmise various nuclear reactions that might lead to these isotopes and speculate that they may be the key to understanding cold fusion.} } @article{Nedo1997, author = {A.~V. Nedospasov and E.~V. Mudetskaya}, title = {Comments on the possible nature of 'cold fusion' phenomena}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {31}, year = {1997}, pages = {121--122}, keywords = {Theory, new fundamental particle, the eleptino}, submitted = {05/1995}, published = {01/1997}, annote = {The authors very briefly explain that they believe that cold fusion may be due to a new fundamental particle which they name the eleptino, hitherto absolutely rejected by science, they write. These particles are contained in the cosmic flux hitting the Earth.} } @article{Noni1997, author = {V.~C. Noninski and J.~L. Ciottone and P.~J. White}, title = {On an experimental curiosity that if undetected may lead to erroneous far-reaching conclusions}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {31}, year = {1997}, pages = {248--250}, keywords = {Discussion, transmutation}, submitted = {02/1996}, published = {03/1997}, annote = {In this Letter to the Editor, the authors point out the origin of an artifact they have observed, and which might mislead others into accepting chemical transmutation. In such an experiment, they observed a 412 keV gamma peak after the "transmutation" burn; this could be thought to be due to newly formed 198Au. They were able to track the peak down to a neutron activation artifact and it was in fact present even in the unburned sample. Transmutation experimenters are encouraged to look out for this artifact and not to assign it to chemical transmutation.} } @article{Numa1997, author = {H. Numata and M. Fukuhara}, title = {Low-temperature elastic anomalies and heat generation of deuterated palladium}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {31}, year = {1997}, pages = {300--309}, keywords = {Experimental, solid state properties, excess heat, res+}, submitted = {04/1995}, published = {05/1997}, annote = {The authors note the poor reproducibility of cold fusion work and the fact that the solid state properties such as elastic parameters have not been measured. They make up for this lack here. They measure Young's shear and bulk moduli, the Lame parameter, the Poisson ratio and Debye temperature over a range of temperatures from 116-190 K, for deuterated Pd. Deuteration was by long-term electrolysis (1 month) and the specimen was then placed in the cryostatic apparatus. Excess heat was measured during cooling of the sample, and about 6W excess was found for the 7mm dia., 9mm long Pd rod. Some elastic anomalies were found. The authors do not state where the excess heat might come from.} } @article{Ohmo1997a, author = {T. Ohmori and M. Enyo and T. Mizuno and Y. Nodasaka and H. Minagawa}, title = {Transmutation in the electrolysis of lightwater - excess energy and iron production in a gold electrode}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {31}, year = {1997}, pages = {210--217}, keywords = {Experimental, transmutation, Au cathodes, light water, Fe production, no FPH/Jones refs, res+}, submitted = {01/1996}, published = {03/1997}, annote = {This team used a gold cathode and light water containing the Mills-recipe potassium salts. The cell and materials were chosen so as to minimise initial Fe contamination. Days-long electrolyses at about 0.1 A/cm$^2$ were run, checking for excess heat. Up to 22\% excess was found. Afterwards, the Au cathodes were examined under AES (Auger emmission), electron probe and SIMS, and some small blips that could be Fe were seen. A number of other elements were also found. The authors however discount contamination as the source of Fe; they checked for this and there was none at the levels found. Also, isotopic ratio arguments indicated transmutation origins. The newly formed isotopes may have been due to either fusion or fission.} } @article{Ohmo1997b, author = {T. Ohmori and T. Mizuno and H. Minagawa and M. Enyo}, title = {Low temperature nuclear transmutation forming iron on/in gold electrode during light water electrolysis}, journal = {J. Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {22}, year = {1997}, pages = {459--463}, keywords = {Experimental, transmutation, Au, light water, res+}, submitted = {06/1996}, annote = {This team used an Au cathode in light water with Na2SO4, K2SO4 and K2CO3 as electrolytes. Electrolysis was applied for 7 days at 1A (electrode area 2.5 and 5 cm$^2$), adding water as required, and then the Au electrode was analysed for its component elements by several techniques such as AES and SIMS. The AES spectra showed mainly Fe as a new product, accumulating with time. The amount produced depended on mechanical pretreatment of the Au (glass scraping etc). Some excess heat was found, in the range 210-715 mW. SIMS analysis showed some anomalies in the isotopic distribution of the Fe, with 57Fe being at 6.6 times the natural value. Accumulation from the solution is ruled out by the authors. Many other elements were found, but their isotopic distributions showed that they were impurities. The authors are not clear about the origin of the Fe, e.g. whether it comes from fusion or fission.} } @article{Ohmo1997c, author = {T. Ohmori and T. Mizuno}, title = {Nuclear transmutation occurring in the electrolysis on several metal electrodes}, journal = {Curr. Topics Electrochem.}, volume = {5}, year = {1997}, pages = {37--70}, keywords = {Review, mainly light water electrolysis, res+}, annote = {The authors review the field of cold fusion, concentrating mainly on work with light water with Au and Pd electrodes. Excess heat was found often, and so were helium 4, tritium and other (heavier) isotopes, both in their own work and others'. Transmutation is the main theme, and some possible transmutation reactions are suggested at the end. 48 references.} } @article{Ota1997, author = {K. Ota and T. Kobayashi}, title = {Cold fusion and calorimetry}, journal = {Netsu Sokutei}, volume = {24}, number = {3}, year = {1997}, pages = {138--145}, note = {In Japanese, Engl. abstr.}, keywords = {Review}, submitted = {02/1997}, annote = {This is a smallish review or roundup of CNF, with 17 references, concentrating on calorimetry. One notes the usual equations of the three branches of dd fusion, energy discussion (chemical vs. nuclear), there is a Figure of a Fleischmannian heat burst, several kinds of cells (open and closed), some discussion of loading levels vs excess heat (going steeply upwards around 0.9) and a few alternative orthodox explanations, tabled in English.} } @article{Pozw1997, author = {A.~E. Pozwolski}, title = {Comments on composite electrolytes and cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {31}, year = {1997}, pages = {120--121}, keywords = {Polemic, high voltage discharge}, submitted = {06/1996}, published = {01/1997}, annote = {The author comments on the theory of Hora et al, and recommends the use of a composite mixture of Pd powder, sand, D2O, NaOD and pyrogallol (to absorb oxygen and reduce explosion hazard thereby). The sand isolates the Pd grains from each other and high voltage discharge would then be much more efficient in promoting fusion on the large Pd surface exposed to the discharge through the electrolyte.} } @article{Reif1997, author = {O.~J.~A. Reifenschweiler}, title = {About the possibility of decreased radioactivity of heavy nuclei}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {31}, year = {1997}, pages = {291--299}, keywords = {Polemic, (old) experimental, res+}, submitted = {09/1995}, published = {05/1997}, annote = {Building on from the author's previous report of very old work, in which he observed the disappearance of tritium, he now searches for an explanation, as well as for the more recent reports by others of similar observations with heavier elements. He proposes experiments that might throw light on the phenomenon.} } @article{Sada1997, author = {H. Sada}, title = {Theory of nuclear reactions in solids}, journal = {Fusion Technology}, volume = {32}, year = {1997}, pages = {107--125}, keywords = {Theory, Bloch, res+}, submitted = {10/1994}, published = {08/1997}, annote = {Sada, of the Mitsubishi company, develops his theory of cold fusion, using the Bloch theorem and field operator formalism (the abstract says). Then, using Fermi's Golden Rule, Sada calculates reaction rates. He finds that calculated ratios of triton to 4He production are consistent with published observations, and has an explanation for the lack of nuclear byproducts. From the random distribution of the number of "primitive cells" in a Pd lattice, S explains the irreproducibility of observations. In summary, CNF is a clean energy source; the author has solved a number of problems, but there remain some, such as the production of tritium without excess heat.} } @article{Sams1997, author = {N.~V. Samsonenko and D.~V. Tahti and F. Ndahayo}, title = {Reply to the comment on 'On the Barut-Vigier model of the hydrogen atom' by Samsonenko et al.}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {229}, year = {1997}, pages = {133--134}, keywords = {Polemic, no FPH/Jones ref}, submitted = {11/1996}, published = {05/1997}, annote = {Reply to the polemic by Drazic and Maric in the same issue, who modified the Barut-Vigier model previously presented by the present authors, in which they arrived at the figure 128 keV for the ground state of the hydrogen atom; Drazic and Maric believe this should be 13.6 eV only. Samsonenko et al here state that this is an error, a wrong use of the radial wave function which cannot be normalised. In fact, they do (and did) not claim 128 keV, but get about 40 keV by numerical methods and stand by this figure.} } @article{Sapo1997, author = {L.~G. Sapogin}, title = {Energy generation processes and cold nuclear fusion in terms of Schroedinger equation}, journal = {Chin. J. Nucl. Phys.}, volume = {19}, number = {2}, year = {1997}, pages = {115--120}, keywords = {Theory, res+, no FPH/Jones refs.}, submitted = {05/1996}, annote = {This continues the author's previous theoretical work on the subject (there are 14 references, all of them to his own work). The formalism of the Schroedinger equation can, he writes, account for cold fusion and excess heat. He calls his theory the unitary quantum theory (UQT). After supporting CNF, he goes on to explain nuclear events in biological (enzyme) reactions, which others have swept under the carpet; and mentions the Griggs/Potapov, CETI and other devices.} } @article{Shel1997, author = {D.~S. Shelton and L.~D. Hansen and J.~M. Thorne and S.~E. Jones}, title = {An assessment of claims of 'excess heat' in 'cold fusion' calorimetry}, journal = {Thermochim. Acta}, volume = {297}, year = {1997}, pages = {7--15}, keywords = {Polemic and experimental, excess heat, res-}, submitted = {01/1997}, annote = {The Jones and coworkers team takes a close look at how cnf calorimetry has been done. They point out several weaknesses in prior designs, and design a calorimeter of their own. Theory is outlined. It turns out that stability and repeatability of a given design are no guarantee of good performance. Every calorimeter should be checked using a chemical reaction of known enthalpy, yet this has not been done previously. Simple calibration using electrical heating is not sufficient. Inadequate mixing might occur and thus temperature gradients in the commonly used cells, making any results quite unreliable. Another defect has been unstable heat paths. The authors suggest that purported excess heat would not be observed if calorimeter design were improved along the lines described in the paper.} } @article{Song1997, author = {X. Song and J. Liu}, title = {Cold fusion and its lessons}, journal = {Juaxue Tongbao}, year = {1997}, number = {1}, pages = {54--58}, note = {In Chinese}, keywords = {Analysis}, submitted = {05/1995}, published = {01/1997}, annote = {Chem. Abstr. 126:255991 (1997) has a short abstract and I quote: "A review with 6 refs is given on the definition of cold fusion, hypothesis proposed by C. Walling and J. Simon for explaining the exptl. results of Fleischmann and Pons and rough expts., and enlightenment of cold fusion". One sees the three normal dd fusion reactions tabled with their relative rates, Walling and Simons referred to and then Langmuir's paper on self-deception. Bruce Lewenstein is cited, as are Paneth \& Peters (1926), Tandberg (1930's). The first reference in the list is to Huizenga's book, so one assumes that the authors are skeptical of the reality of cold fusion. } } @article{Swar1997a, author = {M.~R. Swartz}, title = {Consistency of the biphasic nature of excess enthalpy in solid-state anomalous phenomena with the quasi-one-dimensional model of isotope loading into a material}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {31}, year = {1997}, pages = {63--74}, keywords = {Experimental, Ni cathode, light water, excess heat, res+}, submitted = {06/1995}, published = {01/1997}, annote = {The author has previously outlined his one-dimensional model for loading of hydrogen into a metal. He has performed a series of measurements of the heat balance in an electrolysis cell using a Ni spiral cathode in light water solutions. A Peltier heat calorimeter measured the heat balance. A power gain of up to 1.44 was found for the Ni spiral, none for Fe or Al cathodes. Some false positives were found and eliminated, and recombination was also eliminated as the source of the excess heat. The power gain was a function of input power, showing a notch or plateau, and this may account for some negative results of others.} } @article{Swar1997b, author = {M.~R. Swartz}, title = {Phusons in nuclear reactions in solids}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {31}, year = {1997}, pages = {228--236}, keywords = {Theory}, submitted = {08/1996}, published = {03/1997}, annote = {The author tries to explain the anomalous branching ratio (deviating from the 50:50 ratio of conventional fusion) seen in CNF, by means of phusons, i.e. the stereoconstellation of the fully loaded metal acting in a cooperative fashion. A simultaneous Bose-Einstein cooperative reaction of a phuson - a cluster of phonons - occurs with de-excitation of the excited 4He produced by the reaction. The effect is brought into line with the Moessbauer effect, and special relativity is invoked.} } @article{Swar1997c, author = {M. Swartz}, title = {Codeposition of palladium and deuterium}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {32}, year = {1997}, pages = {126--130}, keywords = {Theory, loading ratio, mass transport, res+}, submitted = {03/1995}, published = {08/1997}, annote = {The author here extends his quasi-one-dimensional (Q1D) model of the loading of palladium with deuterium. Both diffusion and migration are considered for the case of codeposition of deuterium and Pd itself, present in solution as the salt (as done by Szpak et al). This has the advantage of creating a continually renewed Pd surface. Some impressive equations are given, spanning two columns, and the bottom line is that large loadings can be achieved quickly if redistribution of the deuterium into the metal interior is slow.} } @article{Viol1997, author = {V. Violante and Ninno. De A}, title = {Lattice ion trap: a possible mechanism inducing a strong approach between two deuterons in condensed matter}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {31}, year = {1997}, pages = {219--227}, keywords = {Theoretical, no FPH/Jones refs, res0}, submitted = {05/1995}, published = {03/1997}, annote = {A lot of theory of the past 40 years treats charged particles contained electrodynamically, and this is applied here to the case of hydrogen in palladium. Computer simulations were carried out for deuterons in the lattice and it was found that minumum approach distances down to $<$ 0.1 A, small enough to account for fusion, are possible. The model is not, however, intended to prove cold fusion.} } @article{Will1997, author = {F. Will}, title = {Hydrogen + oxygen recombination and related heat generation in undivided electrolysis cells}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {426}, year = {1997}, pages = {177--184}, keywords = {Theory, recombination, res0}, submitted = {03/1996}, published = {04/1997}, annote = {Will quantitatively examines the claim of Jones et al (backed by experiments) that observed excess heat in CNF electrolysis can be explained by recombination of hydrogen and oxygen in the cell. Jones et al used only currents up to 8 mA. Will shows by a mathematical analysis that recombination decreases with current density and at levels of, resp., 10\%, 4\% and 2\% at 10, 100 and 1000 mA/cm$^2$. Thus excess heats at these higher current densities cannot be explained in these terms. Also, if there no bare metal in the cell head space, what is called recombination is not that of the dissolved gases, but rather the reduction of oxygen at the cathode, which process has the same effect. Jones et al were therefore incorrect in their postulates.} } @article{Yuki1997, author = {H. Yuki and T. Sato and T. Ohtsuki and T. Yorita and Y. Aoki and H. Yamazaki and J. Kasagi and K. Ishii}, title = {Measurement of the D(d,p) reaction in Ti for 2.5 < Ed < 6.5 keV and electron screening in metal}, journal = {J. Phys. Soc. Japan}, volume = {66}, year = {1997}, pages = {73--78}, keywords = {Experimental, ion beam, Ti, screening, res0, no FPH/Jones ref}, submitted = {08/1996}, published = {01/1997}, annote = {This is a self targeting experiment, shooting a deuteron beam of a few keV at a thick Ti target, where deuterons become implanted. Soon, deuterons hit deuterons, and some fusion occurs. This is detected by measuring the flux of protons, using an SSI device in the chamber. The hypothesis is tested that at lower energies, there is some enhancement of the d-d fusion rate. The enhancement is calculated by normalising measured fusion rates to those at the fixed energy of 6.5 keV. Some slight enhancement is indeed found, but no more than about a factor of 1.2. Some theory is presented, invoking improved electron screening to explain this unexciting effect.} } @article{Zhan1997a, author = {W.~S. Zhang and X.~W. Zhang and H.~Q. Li}, title = {The maximum hydrogen (deuterium) loading ratio in the Pd|H2O(D2O) electrochemical system}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {434}, year = {1997}, pages = {31--36}, keywords = {Theoretical, loading, res0}, submitted = {04/1996}, published = {08/1997}, annote = {This is a fundamental study of of hydrogen (or deuterium) loading into Pd by reduction in water, apparently inspired by F\&P's cold fusion results. The hydrogen evolution reaction is described and analysed, and a change from the Volmer-Tafel to the Volmer-Heyrovsky mechanism at some current density is asserted (again). This implies a maximum loading, independently of the overpotential; calculations suggest a maximum of about 1. The authors go on to suggest methods for optimising loading: smooth electrodes, raising pressure, use of surfactants etc.} } @article{Zhan1997b, author = {Z. Zhang and F. Liu and M. Liu and Z. Wang and F. Zhong and F. Wu}, title = {Calorimetric studies on the electrorefining process of copper}, journal = {J. Thermal Anal.}, volume = {50}, year = {1997}, pages = {89--103}, keywords = {Experimental, calorimetry, excess heat, res+}, annote = {In this work, the Chinese team use a cell and calorimeter rather like that of F\&P, and the work is motivated by F\&P CNF results. Instead of calorimetry in Pd/D2O, they applied it to copper deposition. They find that there is excess heat, roughly linear with current density, and conclude that something anomalous is going on, some unknown process; and that thermodynamics might be wrong.} }