% Year 1999; there are 32 entries. @article{Arat1999a, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang}, title = {Definitive difference between [DS-D2O] and [Bulk-D2O] cells in 'deuterium-reaction'}, journal = {Proc. Japan Acad. Ser. B}, volume = {75}, year = {1999}, pages = {71--75}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, excess heat, helium, res+}, submitted = {04/1999}, published = {04/1999}, annote = {Here, the old faithful DS (double structure) cathode is compared with a solid one, both electrolysed in D2O and the cells in series with the same DC source. The DS cell showed intense "excess energy" and "helium" (authors' quote marks) but the solid cathode only with difficulty.} } @article{Arat1999b, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang}, title = {Critical condition to induce 'excess energy' within [DS-H2O] cell}, journal = {Proc. Japan Acad. Ser. B}, volume = {75}, year = {1999}, pages = {76--80}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, excess heat, helium, res+}, submitted = {04/1999}, published = {04/1999}, annote = {In order to see whether the use of normal water in conjunction with the authors' DS (double structure) cell really does generate excess heat, as well as heavy water, two cells: one with light water and one with heavy water, were connected in series with a DC source, and their excess geats compared. The light water cell did produce a little, but only under very restricted regimes and very long electrolysis. The heavy water cell produced helium, but the light water cell hardly any.} } @article{Arat1999c, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang}, title = {Anomalous production of gaseous 4He at the inside of 'DS cathode' during D2O-electrolysis}, journal = {Proc. Japan. Acad. Ser. B }, volume = {75}, year = {1999}, pages = {281--286}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, helium, res+}, submitted = {12/1999}, published = {12/1999}, annote = {This describes an experiment a little different from their previous ones. The usual double structure (DS) cathode was used, but here pierced early in the experiment, and gas samples taken out at intervals. A mass spectrometer was set at mass 4, thus looking for 4He. This was initially not seen, but after some hours of electrolysis, it exceeded that of D2. This time, A\&Z also checked for 22Ne, whose presence would indicate that the 4He came from a leak; none was found, thus the 4He is considered to come from a nuclear reaction in the Pd. 3He was also looked for; the MS could distinguish it from HD by mass, but by ionisation current; this showed that no 3He was present.} } @article{Arat1999d, author = {Y. Arata and Y. Zhang}, title = {Observation of anomalous heat release and helium-4 production from highly deuterated palladium fine particles}, journal = {Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.}, volume = {38}, year = {1999}, pages = {L774-L776}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, gas phase, res+}, submitted = {04/1999}, published = {07/1999}, annote = {The old palladium bottle scenario, where Pd powder is sealed inside a Pd "bottle", which is made the cathode in a long-term electrolysis. Deuterium diffuses to the inside of the bottle (in a very pure form) and deuterates the powder. Anomalous heat was measured, as well as rising amounts of helium-4. No quantitative measurements of the helium produced were made, but control experiments with air and electrolysis in normal water electrolyte confirmed that the helium was not from leaks from the environment.} } @article{Batt1999, author = {A. Battaglia and L. Daddi and S. Focardi and V. Gabbani and V. Montalbano and F. Piantelli and P.~G. Sona and S. Veronesi}, title = {Neutron emission in Ni-H systems}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento A}, volume = {112}, year = {1999}, pages = {921--931}, keywords = {Experimental, Ni, hydrogen, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {03/1999}, published = {09/1999}, annote = {This team has previously reported observation of excess heat, but previous attempts to detect penetrating radiation, which they consider must accompany excess heat, were without success, perhaps due to the less sensitive instrumentation then used. This has now been improved, by using three separate 3He detectors. As well, neutrons were measured indirectly by the neutron activation of Au, and detecting gamma radiation from that. The experiments involve Ni metal and hydrogen. In one experiment, one detector was placed close to the cell (which showed excess heat), the other far away. The close one showed neutrons, the far one only the background; at the same time, there was some Au activation. In another run, all detectors were placed close, but no neutrons were detected, and Au was not activated. The authors conclude that the neutron flux is not constant, even for excited cells.} } @article{Bott1999, author = {E. Botta and T. Bressani and D. Calvo and C. Fanara and F. Iazzi}, title = {On the neutron emission from the Ti/D system}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento A}, volume = {112}, year = {1999}, pages = {607--617}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, gas phase, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {02/1999}, published = {06/1999}, annote = {Although the 4He branch seems to be the main branch in CNF, this team looks for neutrons from the usual free-space fusion branch, in this experiment on Ti and D2. Ti shavings and sponge are used, in a chamber into which D2 is let in under various pressures. A thermometer is inserted inside the Ti, and a pressure gauge in the chamber. The Ti was degassed at 700C in vacuum. Temperatures were cycled, as usual in "Italian mode". A TOF neutron spectrometer was used, using two arrays of NE 110 scintillators. The background was reduced to about 68 events/h. There is a curve of loading ratio D/Ti as a function of temperature (about 1.36 at low temps, declining from about 500C). A weak 2-3 sigma neutron emission is observed at times, unrelated to the loading, some bursts were observed. In any case neutrons are not such a good sign of cold fusion taking place, and a search for 4He might be more fruitful, write the authors.} } @article{Buch1999a, author = {A.~L. Buchachenko and V.~V. Chaikovskii}, title = {Contraction of electronic shells and a new strategy for cold fusion}, journal = {Russ. J. Phys. Chem.}, volume = {73}, year = {1999}, pages = {1614--1618}, keywords = {Theory, suggestion, res+}, submitted = {01/1999}, published = {10/1999}, annote = {These two chemical physicists discuss the possibility of compressing the electron shell systems of some atoms, e.g. hydrogen (or deuterium). They give evidence that the hyperfine electron-nucleus coupling constant for an atom in a foreign matrix can be made to deviate from that of the atom in isolation by as much as 50\%. This leads to deep electron levels. If a hole were to be made in one of these levels, then a jump down from a higher level into that hole could provide hard-x-ray or even gamma-ray energies. Holes could for example be punched by mechanical action on crystals like LiD, as done by the Deryagin group. Also, such a hole might make d-d close approach, and therefore fusion, easier.} } @article{Buch1999b, author = {A.~L. Buchachenko}, title = {Chemistry on the border of two centuries - achievements and prospects}, journal = {Russ. Chem. Rev.}, volume = {68}, number = {2}, year = {1999}, pages = {85--102}, note = {Orig. in: Usp. Khim. 68(2) (1999) 99, in Russian}, keywords = {Remark}, submitted = {10/1998}, annote = {The author does a walk-through of chemistry as it is at the time of writing. Among other topics, he very briefly mentions cold fusion, stating that it has been wittily renamed "confusion", and that it is now pursued only by a small group of enthusiasts. He speculates that there has indeed been no chemically induced fusion, but perhaps nuclear processes initiated by mechanical means. This amounts to the Russian interpretation of CNF in terms of fractofusion. The author gives no CNF references in this brief one-paragraph note on CNF and expresses himself very neutrally.} } @article{Hora1999, author = {H. Hora and G.~H. Miley and J.~C. Kelly and G. Salvaggi and A. Tate and F. Osman and R. Castillo}, title = {Proton-metal reactions in thin films with Boltzmann distribution similar to nuclear astrophysics}, journal = {Fusion Technology}, volume = {36}, year = {1999}, pages = {331--336}, keywords = {Theory, heavy isotope generation, res+}, submitted = {01/1999}, published = {11/1999}, annote = {This paper tries to explain how heavy isotopes claimed to be formed in experiments by Miley and others, and which cannot be artifacts, might arise. As well, it tries to account for the missing radiation given off by normal fusion events leading to these nuclei.} } @article{Kasa1999, author = {J. Kasagi}, title = {Medium effects: nuclear reactions in solids and nucleon resonances in nuclei}, journal = {Front. Sci. Ser.,}, volume = {28 (Nuclear Responses and Medium Effects)}, year = {1999}, pages = {229-236}, keywords = {Experimental, enhancement, targeting, res+, no FPH/Jones refs}, annote = {The authors did some self targetting experiments at a range of rather low beam energies, to see whether there is an enhancement of the fusion rate at low energies, which might provide a clue to PdD cold fusion. Their results did indeed show enhancement over calculated rates, increasing at lower energies. The lowest was about 2-3 keV, so it is possible that at cold fusion energies (at most 1 eV) there is even more enhancement.} } @article{Kend1999, author = {A. Kendl}, title = {Zehn jahre danach: Was blieb von der 'kalten Kernfusion'? (Ten years after: what has become of 'cold fusion'?}, journal = {Skeptiker}, volume = {12}, number = {1/2}, year = {1999}, pages = {32--39}, note = {In German}, keywords = {Discussion}, annote = {Alexander Kendl is a plasma physicist at a Max Planck institute as well as a rather prolific science writer in Germany. He reviews the CNF field in a rather skeptical light, tending towards the pathological science view, which he makes plausible. He recounts the history of CNF, the role of the media, publication statistics etc. He is quite up to date with the recent somewhat bizarre offshoots. He has talked with Douglas Morrison, Heirich Hora and Rothwell, one skeptic and two proponents and cites their views. Finally, he reports the appearance of a novel by G. Kreysa (a skeptical CNF author), with CNF as its theme.} } @article{Kirk1999, author = {V.~A. Kirkinskii and Yu.~A. Novikov}, title = {A new approach to theoretical modelling of nuclear fusion in palladium deuteride}, journal = {Europhys. Lett.}, volume = {46}, year = {1999}, pages = {448--453}, keywords = {Theory, screening, res+}, submitted = {06/1998}, published = {05/1999}, annote = {The authors provide a useful run-through of theories so far, both in favour and against CNF. They then use computer calculations to check whether the s- and d-electrons in the host Pd might increase the rate of pp, dp and dd fusion enough to account for the claims. This rests on the idea that pairs to fuse might both reside in octagonal sites, or one of them, briefly, in a tetragonal site. Various involvement of several screening electrons are tried, combining d- and s-orbit ones. Some of the resulting fusion rates are close to, and even exceed, past claims. The paper suggests in summary that high D-loading and high mobility of the D in the lattice would be favourable. Mobility can be enhanced by gradients, sonics, phase transitions etc.} } @article{Kozi1999a, author = {H. Kozima and K. Arai and M. Fujii and H. Kudoh and K. Yoshimoto and K. Kaki}, title = {Nuclear reactions in surface layers of deuterium-loaded solids}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {36}, year = {1999}, pages = {337--345}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {09/1998}, published = {11/1999}, annote = {The release of such gases as helium and tritium from cold fusion in Pd indicates a near-surface reaction. This, and the isotopic distribution changes also observed, are accounted for by Kozima's theory, the TCNF model. During the five years since the drafting of this model, new results have been able to be accommodated by the theory, as it evolved with these new results. Most recently, the anomalous elimination of radioactive species could also be interpreted in the light of TCNF.} } @article{Kozi1999b, author = {H. Kozima and M. Ohta and M. Fujii and K. Arai and H. Kudoh and K. Kaki}, title = {Analysis of energy spectrum of neutrons in cold-fusion experiments by the TCNF model}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento A}, volume = {112}, year = {1999}, pages = {1431--1438}, keywords = {Analysis, theory, res+}, submitted = {02/1998}, published = {12/1999}, annote = {The paper looks at the neutron results of Bressani et al (1991, 1992, 1999), in the light of Kozima's trapped neutron theory, which can explain a large variety of cold fusion results. Bressani et al have observed neutrons with their Ti/D experiments, and TCNF is able to account for the neutron spectra with the help of a single adjustable parameter.} } @article{Kozi1999c, author = {H. Kozima}, title = {Present status of cold fusion research. 1}, journal = {Hoshasen Kagaku (Tokyo)}, volume = {42}, number = {10}, year = {1999}, pages = {310--315}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {There is little to glean from this all-Japanese paper for those of us who know no Japanese. There are tables of results, both for heavy and light water systems and a row of metals.} } @article{Kozi1999d, author = {H. Kozima}, title = {Present status of cold fusion research. 2}, journal = {Hoshasen Kagaku (Tokyo)}, volume = {42}, number = {11}, year = {1999}, pages = {351--358}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {Part 2 of the review; here, there is mention of the author's TCNF theory, that is, trapped neutrons.} } @article{Lewis1999, author = {E. Lewis}, title = {Comments on 'Transmutation in a gold-light water electrolysis system'}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {36}, year = {1999}, pages = {242--243}, keywords = {Polemic, transmutation}, submitted = {11/1998}, published = {09/1999}, annote = {E. Lewis, who has his own maverick ideas on 'cold fusion', remarks on a report by Ohmori et al (FT 33 (1998) 367), claiming anomalous (nuclear) events and the appearance of some isotopes on a gold cathode electrolysed in light water. The evidence was, in part, some craters formed on the gold surface. Others have observed these craters and connected them with such anomalous phenomena. Lewis interprets these craters with the help of his postulated 'plasmoids' that he believes are behind 'cold fusion'.} } @article{Li1999a, author = {X.~Z. Li and C.~X. Li and H.~F. Huang}, title = {Maximum value of the resonant tunneling current through the Coulomb barrier}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {36}, year = {1999}, pages = {324--330}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {11/1998}, published = {11/1999}, annote = {Examines the idea that tunneling through the Coulomb barrier can account for the observation of cold fusion. Resonant tunneling, together with crystal lattice effects, might indeed do the job.} } @article{Li1999b, author = {X. Z. Li}, title = {Overcoming of the Gamow tunneling insufficiencies by maximizing the damp-matching resonant tunneling}, journal = {Czech. J. Phys.}, volume = {49}, year = {1999}, pages = {985--992}, submitted = {10/1998}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, annote = {Li has expounded his theory before, and does it again. His resonant tunnelling model can account for d-d fusion in Pd, that is unlike hot fusion and chooses the normally unlikely branch to 4He, although Li only mentions (d+d)x species. Nevertheless, cold and hot fusion are in harmony, as written by Hora in the same journal.} } @article{Mele1999, author = {L. Melendez and E. Chavez and R. Lopez and G.~J. Cruz and M.~G. Olayo}, title = {Titanium deuteration with neutron emission through electrical discharges}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {35}, year = {1999}, pages = {71--77}, keywords = {Experimental, discharge, Ti, neutrons, res0}, submitted = {09/1997}, published = {01/1999}, annote = {Surface-cleaned titanium samples were placed in a stainless steel chamber that was then evacuated, and deuterium let in at 100 Torr. High voltage discharges were then applied, and pressure increases, as well as sample temperature rises, were noted. Three types of neutron detectors were used to search for neutron emissions, but none were found that were not most likely to be artifacts. There were some anomalous peaks, but not unambiguously indicating cold fusion. More work is needed.} } @incollection{Miley1999, author = {G.~H. Miley}, title = {Emerging physics for a breakthrough thin-film electrolytic power unit}, booktitle = {Space Technol. Applic. Int. Forum}, editor = {M. S. El-Genk}, publisher = {American Institute of Physics}, volume = {458}, year = {1999}, pages = {1227--1231}, keywords = {Discussion, res+}, annote = {Miley here summarises results obtained by himself and others from electrolysis of thin Ni films on small inert packed beads in light water and LiSO4. Apart from excess heat, the observations include isotope shifts in the Pd and the production of elements (isotopes) not present initially. Little radiation is emitted. When this phenomenon is developed further, it may provide power sources for space applications, for example a 1kW cell using only 500 cc of active electrode material.} } @article{Mosi1999, author = {P.~A. Mosier-Boss and S. Szpak}, title = {The Pd/(n)H system: transport processes and development of thermal instabilities}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento A}, volume = {112}, year = {1999}, pages = {577--589}, keywords = {Theory, Discussion, analysis}, submitted = {12/1998}, published = {06/1999}, annote = {The Szpak team has published a number of cold fusion papers, usually using their interesting codeposition technique, in which Pd is deposited onto the Pd cathode, along with hydrogen evolution taking place there, thereby providing a fresh Pd surface. They have previously modelled what happens there by means of their multilayer concept; here they analyse thermal events at this interface. Infrared studies of the interface reveal the existence of sporadic, randomly distributed heat events of short duration, often later merging into larger areas. They present some figures of some of these hot spots. They imply high temperature gradients, and indicate that near-surface deuterium activity that is unstable. These regions of activity are the source of excess heat. Among some general conclusions reached are: higher electrolyte temperature favours these events; in the end, these areas overlap; gas evolution, although not the trigger for thermal events, modify the interface structure.} } @article{Oh1999, author = {H.~K. Oh}, title = {Some observatins on the cavity of creation for cold fusion and the generation of heat}, journal = {J. Mater. Proc. Technol.}, volume = {94}, year = {1999}, pages = {60--65}, keywords = {Theory, res+, no FPH/Jones refs}, submitted = {08/1997}, annote = {Referring to the patented work of Patterson, Oh develops the concept of pi-rays, generated when two electrons with opposing rotation (spin?) meet. These are rotating rays, bent by an attraction gravitational force between plus and minus fields. If a proton and electron with different spins meet, they disappear; gravity is caused by two opposite charges looking at each other. Pi-far-IR rays are found in many experiments, such as the finger's force tester, the Meridian, the Quantum Resonance Spectrometer and the Quantum Fafa. There follows the Schroedinger equation and a lot of diagrams, concluding that agglomerated pi-rays create cold fusion. One reference is to J. Rothwell, an expert in Japanese literature, the other 5 to Oh himself.} } @article{Ohmo1999, author = {T. Ohmori}, title = {Reply to 'Comments on 'Transmutation in a gold-light water electrolysis system''}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {36}, year = {1999}, pages = {243.}, keywords = {Polemic, transmutation}, submitted = {01/1999}, published = {09/1999}, annote = {Ohmori replies to the title polemic by E. Lewis on the previous page of the same journal issue, where Lewis explained Ohmori et al's observation of craters formed on a gold cathode electrolysed in light water, in the light of his postulated 'plasmoids'. Ohmori downplays the craters and points out that the appearance of new isotopes is strong evidence of a nuclear reaction having taken place. Also, the craters found by others (cited by Lewis) are quite different from the Ohmori team's. He leaves open the question of the validity of Lewis's 'plasmoids'.} } @article{Shio1999, author = {Y. Shioe and N.~N. Mondal and M. Chiba and T. Hirose and M. Fujii and H. Nakahara and K. Sueki and T. Shirakawa and M. Utsumi}, title = {Measurement of neutron production rate regarding the quantity of LiNbO3 in the fracturing process under D2 atmosphere}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento A}, volume = {112}, year = {1999}, pages = {1059--1066}, keywords = {Experimental, fractofusion, gas phase, no FPH/Jones refs, res+}, submitted = {11/1998}, published = {10/1999}, annote = {This is a confirmation attempt of the Russian fractofusion scenario, but here using the piezoelectric (single) crystal LiNbO3, ball milling it under D2 gas. Prior to milling, the substance was annealed for 30 h at 1200C in normal air. Neutrons were detected using 16 3He proportional counters spread around the sample. In three runs with a different number (1, 2 and 3) of cells contained in the mill, the run with 2 cells gave an excess of neutrons over the background by 1.9 sigma, the other two much less. The authors conclude that neutrons were observed, and moreover, that their flux is proportional to the amount of substance milled, from a 3-point plot that might also fit a constant.} } @article{Stre1999, author = {C. Stremmenos}, title = {Fusione fredda. Un dibattito che prosegue (Cold fusion. A debate that continues)}, journal = {Chim. Ind.}, volume = {81}, year = {1999}, pages = {361--363}, note = {In Italian}, keywords = {Polemic.}, published = {04/1999}, annote = {In a piece in the same journal in 1998, Garlaschelli named Stremmenos, who here takes the opportunity to defend his involvement with cold fusion. He mentions a few successes in the field and remarks that he will continue to do research on CNF.} } @article{Sun1999, author = {Y. Sun and {Q-D.} Yang and {Q-F.} Zhang}, title = {Application of real time surveillance technique to precision calorimetry system}, journal = {Sichuan Lianhe Daxue Xuebao, Gongcheng Kexueban (J. Sichuan Union Univ., Eng. Sci. Ed.)}, note = {In Chinese, Engl. abstr.}, volume = {3}, number = {6}, year = {1999}, pages = {119--122}, keywords = {Comment, suggestion, calorimetry}, submitted = {09/1998}, published = {11/1999}, annote = {The abstract says that this is a critique of the F\&P calorimeter, and a suggestion for a better one. A PC real time system has been developed, which enables the detection of cold fusion onset and simltaneous recording of excess heat.} } @article{Szpa1999, author = {S. Szpak and P.~A. Mosier-Boss and M. Miles}, title = {Calorimetry of the Pd+D codeposition}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {36}, year = {1999}, pages = {234--241}, keywords = {Discussion, electrolysys, Pd, calorimetry, res+}, submitted = {11/1998}, published = {09/1999}, annote = {The Szpak team introduced the (good) idea of depositing Pd while electrolysing at Pd, thereby making sure of fresh and clean Pd during the whole electrolysis. Here, they theorise about previous experimental results. The equations pertaining to calorimetry are gone through, open cell systems discussed, and calorimetry design, and hot spots. The paper concludes that excess heat can now be achieved reproducibly, and that the phenomenon is a near-surface one.} } @article{Takah1999, author = {A. Takahashi and K. Maruta and K. Ochiai and H. Miyamaru}, title = {Detection of three-body deuteron fusion in titanium deuteride under the stimulation by a deuteron beam}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {255}, year = {1999}, pages = {89--97}, keywords = {Experimental, deuteron beam, Ti target, cps, res+}, submitted = {07/1998}, published = {05/1999}, annote = {Triple collisions are very rare events by nature, but can occur in two steps. Takahashi has proposed such a mechanism for ddd fusion: d+d->4He; 4He+d->6Li, for example. No neutrons would be emitted. If ddd fusion does occur, then tritons at 4.75 MeV and/or 3He at the same energy should be observed, so this was looked for. Highly D-preloaded Ti was the target of a deuteron beam at 150 keV in vacuum, and detectors detected particles emitted and measured their energies. Some 4.75 MeV particles were found, and taken as evidence of triple collision fusion events, roughly 10$^{-4}$ as frequent as dd fusion events.} } @article{Xiao1999, author = {J. Xiao and P. Li}, title = {The possibilities for initiation of the cold fusion of the deuterons in the hydrogen storage materials}, journal = {Int. J. Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {24}, year = {1999}, pages = {741--746}, keywords = {Review, discussion.}, annote = {The authors run through some features of cold fusion that might take place in materials that absorb hydrogen (or deuterium). Fusion is described, as well as reactions with the material. The Russian idea of acceleration across cracks is mentioned, and also screening models. They conclude by suggesting more research in this area.} } @article{Zhan1999a, author = {Q. Zhang and F. Kiu and Y. Sun and L. Chen and Q. Yang}, title = {Research of calorimeter of water electrolysis open system}, journal = {Sichuan Lianhe Daxue Xuebao, Gongcheng Kexueban (J. Sichuan Union Univ., Eng. Sci. Ed.)}, volume = {3}, number = {5}, year = {1999}, pages = {33--39}, keywords = {Comment, suggestion, experimental, calorimetry.}, submitted = {07/1998}, published = {09/1999}, note = {In Chinese, Engl. abstr.}, annote = {The authors looked at the calorimetry of F\&P and reanalysed it, taking into account evaporation and the calculation of overpotential, rather than using the measured value. They also built their own, and the results agree with calculations.} } @article{Zhan1999b, author = {Z. Zhang and Z. Zhang}, title = {A probable theoretical model on deuterion-deuterion two-body tight bound states}, journal = {Nucl. Phys. Rev.}, volume = {16}, year = {1999}, pages = {95--98}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {11/1997}, published = {06/1999}, annote = {Schroedinger equation with tightly bound states, results in energies up to 25 keV (from the abstract). So this might be the basis for a new energy source.} }