% Year 2000; there are 34 entries. @article{Agel2000, author = {G. Agelao and M.~C. Romano and F. Italiano}, title = {Heat and helium production during exothermic reactions between gases through palladium geometrical elements loaded with hydrogen}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {38}, year = {2000}, pages = {224--237}, keywords = {Experimental, Pt, gas phase, D2, helium, heat, res+}, submitted = {02/1998}, published = {09/2000}, annote = {This team of nuclear engineers and a geochemist exposed Pd to hydrogen and deuterium gas, and monitored for temperature changes, helium, and particles using photographic film. They used rolled or folded Pd foil. They believe that surface reactions are the key, in which energetic hydrogen atoms are given off and collide with others from other, opposite, surfaces (this in fact contradicts the hypothesis of somehow different fusion in the metal bulk, as here, the fusion would have to be conventional and thus result in all the usual nuclear signatures). Heat was either simply observed to evolve, or helped along by external heating. Helium was measured by quadrupole MS. Of 100 runs, all produced heat, whether using hydrogen or deuterium. Films showed some radiation tracks. Helium was detected, especially in the rolled foils, where there was a lot of opposing surface for mutual bombardment.} } @article{Arat2000, author = {Y. Arata}, title = {Developmental challenge in new energy source. 'Solid state plasma fusion'}, journal = {Kotai Butsuri}, volume = {35}, number = {1}, year = {2000}, pages = {67--75}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Review, 18 refs.}, annote = {"The author has demonstrated that highly deuterated material can be generated by the two different methods discussed here. In consequence, we have proven the possibility of inducing solid-state plasma fusion within extremely deuterated materials over 100at.\% in spite oof different methods". This is as given in Chem. Abstr. The paper is uncompromisingly in Japanese, even the abstract being in that language. I note the occasional English word like "Pons", "back", "Fleischmann" (several times), "Latticequake" (many times; Arata's theory), "sonoluminescence" (several times), "impossible"; and the references are in English.} } @article{Bock2000, author = {{J. O'M.} Bockris}, title = {Accountability and academic freedom. The battle concerning research on cold fusion at Texas A\&M University}, journal = {Accountability Res.}, volume = {8}, year = {2000}, pages = {103--116}, keywords = {Sci/soc/phil.}, annote = {Eminent electrochemist Bockris here recounts (for the first time?) in detail his cold fusion involvement. The piece begins with a brief summary of the results obtained in several labs at Texas A\&M under Bockris' guidance. Then he recounts the more personal aspects, including attacks on the work and its practitioners by the press and other academics within. Bockris is thought by those who know him superficially as very robust, but his account makes clear that both he and his wife suffered during these years.} } @article{Chub2000, author = {S. R. Chubb}, title = {Introduction to the special series of papers in Accountability in Research dealing with 'cold fusion'}, journal = {Accountability Res.}, volume = {8}, year = {2000}, pages = {1--12}, keywords = {Sci/soc/phil.}, annote = {Occam's Razor sometimes fails, and Chubb argues that it fails in the case of cold fusion. It fails in those cases, like CNF, where the simplest explanation is not the correct one. There is still conflicting evidence in cold fusion, and disagreement, none of which shows that the phenomenon does not exist. Chubb was instrumental in getting the journal to devote one issue to cold fusion, and describes the background here, in the introductory paper.} } @article{Drag2000, author = {A. Dragic and Z. Maric and J.~P. Vigier}, title = {New quantum mechanical tight bound states and 'cold fusion'}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {265}, year = {2000}, pages = {163--167}, keywords = {Theory, no FPH/Jones refs, res+}, submitted = {10/1999}, published = {01/2000}, annote = {This paper considers interaction terms with $1/r^3$ and $1/r^4$ behaviour, which they believe may be comparable with Coulombic interactions at short distances (small r). The observed excess heat of cold fusion may be related to these interactions; and there are other implications.} } @article{Flei2000, author = {M. Fleischmann}, title = {Reflections on the sociology of science and social responsibility in science, in relationship to cold fusion}, journal = {Accountability in Res.}, volume = {8}, year = {2000}, pages = {19--54}, keywords = {Sci/soc/phil}, annote = {Fleischmann here tells the interesting story of how he and Pons came to do their cold fusion research, and reflects on some of the implications for science in general. It seems that F became dissatisfied by current theory of electrolytes (Debye-Huckel) in the 1960's, and realised that a Q.E.D. approach was needed. He also stumbled on the 1930's work of Coehn, who showed that there were protons in PdH, highly mobile in the matrix. This led to many ideas for research projects but only cold fusion could realistically be carried out. This was started in the early 1980's, with the well known results. F is concerned with the military apects of the work. The paper goes on to some fascinating musings on science, and the reception of new results, the role of serendipity, paradigms, science and society. 36 pp in all.} } @article{Fris2000, author = {F. Frisone}, title = {Fusion reaction within a microcrack in a crystalline lattice at room temperature}, journal = {AIP Conf. Proc (Nuclear and Condensed Matter Physics).}, volume = {513}, year = {2000}, pages = {282--285}, keywords = {Theoretical, computation, no FPH/Jones refs}, annote = {The author has computed the probable fusion rate of deuterons in impure Pd, not giving much detail here. He concludes that the rates are raised above those for pure Pd. There is some enhancement, though the numbers do not look promising. This was a conference address and it seems a paper has been submitted to a journal.} } @article{Good2000, author = {D. Goodstein}, title = {Whatever happened to cold fusion?}, journal = {Accountability Res.}, volume = {8}, year = {2000}, pages = {59--71}, keywords = {Sci/soc/phil.}, annote = {This is a reprint of an article that appeared in the American Scholar 63 (1994) 527. Since that time (he writes, "In the three years since", indicating when this introduction was written), much has happened but little has changed - in the sense that there is increasingly reliable evidence, but mainstream science has continued to ignore and dismiss the field. Goodstein reports his relationship with Scaramuzzi, and provides a beautifully clear description, in words, of the issues in the fusion of deuterons, including the problems with it that are the cause of mainstream scientists' dismissal.} } @article{Hora2000, author = {H. Hora and G.~H. Miley}, title = {Heavy nuclide synthesis by neutrons in astrophysics and by screened protons in host metals}, journal = {Czech. J. Phys.}, volume = {50}, year = {2000}, pages = {433--439}, keywords = {Theory, transmutation, res+}, submitted = {08/1999}, annote = {Another paper from the Hora/Miley collaboration. Here, they shed light on the problem of how the elements heavier than Fe ever got produced. A plot of the relative abundance of the elements vs their atomic numbers Z is shown, falling off toward high Z. This is also seen in elements created by low energy transmutation experiments using host metals such as Ni, Pd, Ti and others.} } @article{Jone2000, author = {S.~E. Jones}, title = {Chasing anomalous signals: the cold fusion question}, journal = {Accountability Res.}, volume = {8}, year = {2000}, pages = {55--58}, keywords = {Discussion, neutron detection.}, annote = {Jones here muses on the question of an unrepeatable result that appears to be statistically improbable? This was his own experience when his team found weak neutron signals. It turned out that further checking revealed instrumental artifacts, which disappeared when they used better gear. So, Jones has not seen any compelling evidence for cold fusion, yet. He is now looking at evidence of fusion from sonoluminescence in collapsing bubbles, now using state-of-the-art instrumentation.} } @article{Kim2000, author = {Y.~E. Kim and A.~L. Zubarev}, title = {Nuclear fusion for Bose nuclei confined in ion traps}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {37}, year = {2000}, pages = {151--155}, keywords = {Theory, res+, no FPH/Jones refs.}, submitted = {08/1999}, published = {03/2000}, annote = {The authors have recently developed the theory they call the equivalent linear two-body (ELTB) theory, and apply it here to deuteron pair fusion. They obtain an approximate ground state solution of the many-body Schroedinger equation for a system of identical charged bosons confined by an isotropic harmonic oscillator potential. The theory may be able to account for recent reports of enhanced d-d fusion by Yuki et al (1998, Peripherals) and the Arata \& Zhang observations.} } @article{Kozi2000a, author = {H. Kozima and K. Yoshimoto and K. Arai}, title = {First reliable tritium data by Packham et al. analyzed by TCNF model}, journal = {Int. J. Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {25}, year = {2000}, pages = {505--507}, keywords = {Theory, analysis, tritium, res+}, annote = {Kozima has the TCNF theory, that he believes can explain all cold fusion results with a single parameter. The Packham tritium claims are from 1989, but have not been widely accepted until now. The authors calculate the parameter, n(n), the trapped neutron density, and get a figure of $3.6 \times 10^7$ cm$^{-3}$. They warn that this is an order-of-magnitude thing.} } @article{Kozi2000b, author = {H. Kozima and K. Arai and K. Yoshimoto}, title = {Tritium and 4He data by Chien et al. confirmed the cold fusion phenomenon}, journal = {Int. J. Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {25}, year = {2000}, pages = {509--511}, keywords = {Theory, analysis, tritium, helium, res+}, annote = {Another use of Kozima's TCNF model (trapped neutrons), now applied to the old results of Chien et al (1992). The calculated TN density (other paper, ibid p. 505) is not the same as that inferred from the experimental data, but this is copnsistent with the different electrode geometries assumed. There was also a discrepancy between the amount of tritium and helium produced, but this, too, can be accommodated, so TCNF still does not fall down.} } @article{Kozi2000c, author = {H. Kozima and K. Arai}, title = {Localized nuclear transmutation in PdHx observed by Bockris and Minevski revealed a characteristic of CF phenomenon}, journal = {Int. J. Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {25}, year = {2000}, pages = {513--516}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, annote = {Recently, transmutation has been added to the observations of cold fusion events. The author's TCNF theory was therefore applied to these results. A case in point is the work of Bockris \& Minevski, who found evidence of fission products in the metal surface layers. TCNF can account for the formation of polyneutrons in this surface region, and this can explain the results. It also explains the poor reproducibility.} } @article{Kozi2000d, author = {H. Kozima and K. Arai}, title = {Local coherence, condensation and nuclear reaction of neutrons at crystal boundary of metal hydrides and deuterides}, journal = {Int. J. Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {25}, year = {2000}, pages = {845--851}, keywords = {Theoretical, TNCF model, res+, no FPH/Jones refs}, annote = {Kozima teams up with Arai and they explore the possibilities of local coherence, Cooper pair formation, neutron condensation etc in metals with hydrogen isotopes. They conclude that nuclear reactions are likely but more study is needed.} } @article{Kozi2000e, author = {H. Kozima and K. Kaki}, title = {Anomalous nuclear reactions in solids revealed by CF experiments}, journal = {Rep. Fac. Sci., Shizuoka Univ.}, volume = {34}, year = {2000}, pages = {1--35}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {11/1999}, annote = {A unified picture is given of a number of cold fusion observations, using Kozima's TNCF theory.} } @article{Kozi2000f, author = {H. Kozima}, title = {Neutron drop: condensation of neutrons in metal hydrides and deuterides}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {37}, year = {2000}, pages = {253--258}, keywords = {Theory, res+, no FPH/Jones refs.}, submitted = {03/1999}, published = {05/2000}, annote = {There are two possible explanations for anomalous nuclear reactions in solids: the author's TCNF theory, or neutron drops, as seen by the mass spectrum of nuclei produced by transmutation. Neutron drops are high-density regions of neutrons and protons clumped together. Kozima considers that these might form within the PdD lattice and suggests that they may be detectable by means of neutron diffraction, or NMR.} } @article{Kueh2000, author = {R.~W. K{\"u}hne}, title = {Response to 'Strange behavior of tritiated natural water'.}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {37}, year = {2000}, pages = {265--266}, keywords = {Polemic.}, submitted = {07/1999}, published = {05/2000}, annote = {The author first summarises the area of cold fusion, starting with the Klyuev et al fractofusion paper of 1986, then the geophysical evidence of the Jones team and the 1989 electrolysis work of F\&P. Some have reported the formation of tritium in these papers. Now, Shyam, in a Letter on the previous page, reports tritium arising from distilled (and other) water, so the tritium observed in cold fusion work does not necessarily come from nuclear reactions. The author states that micro-hot fusion (his term for fractofusion) is unable to explain tritium, and is thus supported by this new evidence.} } @article{Lewis2000, author = {E. Lewis}, title = {Reply to "Comments on 'Transmutation in a gold-light water electrolysis system'"}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {37}, year = {2000}, pages = {266.}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {10/1999}, published = {05/2000}, annote = {Lewis thanks Ohmori for his Comments in a previous issue. Ohmori appears to have seen voids with connections to the surface, but Lewis did not, and for that reason suggested transmutation of elements appearing below the surface. He then explains his plasmoid idea again, and cites Matsumoto for support.} } @article{Lips2000, author = {A.~G. Lipson and B.~F. Lyakhov and A.~S. Roussetski and T. Akimoto and T. Mizuno and N. Asami and R. Shimada and S. Miyashita and A. Takahashi}, title = {Evidence for low-intensity D-D reaction as a result of exothermic deuterium desorption from Au/Pd/PdO:D heterostructure}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {38}, year = {2000}, pages = {238--252}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd heterostructure, electrolysis, neutrons, cps, res+}, submitted = {07/1999}, published = {09/2000}, annote = {The Russian team visited a Japanese lab and an experiment was done, using the Au/Pd/PdO layered electrode in an electrolyte of either 1M NaOD in D2O or NaOH in H2O.Electrolysis time varied from 5 min for thin foil up to 90 min for thicker foil. Loadings up to 0.7 were achieved. Neutrons were measured by two NE-213 detectors on opposite sides of the cell with appropriate electronics to filter out gamma rays, in a low-background underground environment. For charged particles, SSB detectors were used. Results were very low neutron emissions, indicating fusion rates below the Jones level at $10^{-23}$/s/dd. Even less cp emission was detected but can be explained by absorption within the foils. Thus, both measurements confirm cold fusion.} } @article{Miles2000, author = {M.~H. Miles}, title = {Calorimetric studies of Pd/D2O+LiOD electrolysis cells}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {482}, year = {2000}, pages = {56--65}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, excess heat, Pd, res+}, submitted = {07/1999}, published = {02/2000}, annote = {Miles has previously reported excess heat from his cold fusion cells but recognises that the levels have been such as not to convince all. He has now developed a more sensitive calorimeter in order to improve the measurements Heat transfer is mainly by conduction and temperature is measured in the mantle between the (long tube-) cell and the insulation around it. This mantle is a layer of Al foil packing, which evens out temperatures, so that the probes measure an average. Heavy water was occasionally added, and the total volume of electrolyte in the cell checked to an accuracy of 0.5 ml. The Pd cathode was a rod 1 x 20mm. Two similar cells were made and run, at constant current of some hundreds of mA (changing the level at times). Cell A had a Pd rod that had produced results before, cell B had one that had failed and acted as control. No dramatic effects were observed in either cell but excess was found in cell A, at multiples of the smallest measurable. Some of these events happened while the total cell voltage decreased, so they were not ohmic effects. There was no correlation between excess heat and such factors such as current changes. Recombination was ruled out as an explanation, and the control, which behaved normally, confirmed the effect in cell A.} } @article{Miley2000, author = {G.~H. Miley}, title = {Some personal reflections on scientific ethics and the cold fusion 'episode'}, journal = {Accountability Res.}, volume = {8}, year = {2000}, pages = {121--135}, keywords = {Discussion, sci/soc}, annote = {George Miley, editor of the journal Fusion Technology and two others, reflects on some personal issues arising in the wake of CNF. Many were personally affected by the affair, perhaps, as he muses, because of the impact CNF would have if it were real. He then goes on the ethics of publishing CNF papers, for example in his journal. He decided early on to take such papers, but filtered out problem papers by subjecting all to the normal strict review process. This resulted in controversy and GHM added reviewers from the hot fusion community after some time, which resulted in an increased rejection rate but did not stop papers appearing. He then discusses the role of Internet - email and web pages, which had good and bad effects. Thus, Infinite Energy published a paper given by GHM at a meeting, without asking him, a breach with usual practice. Other examples are given, and the author concludes that a course on professional ethics might be appropriate as part of scientists' training.} } @article{Mill2000, author = {R. Mills}, title = {Novel hydrogen compounds from a potassium carbonate electrolytic cell}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {37}, year = {2000}, pages = {157--182}, keywords = {Experimental, light water, Ni, electrolysis, res+, no FPH/Jones refs}, submitted = {03/1999}, published = {03/2000}, annote = {Mills believes that hydrino chemistry is a whole new field, and many new compounds can form, once hydrinos have been formed in an electrolytic cell. A large number of physical analytical techniques have been marshalled to detect these new compounds, such as TOF-SIMS, XPS, XRD, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, as well as NMR. Some of these were carried out blindly by other laboratories. Especially alkali metal (hydrino)hydrides were found, thus supporting Mills' theory.} } @article{Mizu2000, author = {T. Mizuno and T. Ohmori and T. Akimoto and A. Takahashi}, title = {Production of heat during plasma electrolysis in liquid}, journal = {Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.}, volume = {39}, year = {2000}, pages = {6055--6061}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, W, calorimetry, high currents, res+}, submitted = {03/2000}, published = {10/2000}, annote = {This is a high-voltage electrolysis setup, using a W (tungsten) cathode (5*10mm foil) and Pt anode in K2CO3 electrolyte. All metals and salt were checked for impurities, and these noted. Currents as high as 6 A/cm$^2$ and cell voltages up to 200V were used. Current decreased at constant voltage as the cells boiled. Excess heat was found, too large to be due to chemical reactions in the cell. The rectangular W foils were partly eroded to a rounded shape.} } @article{Nage2000, author = {D. J. Nagel}, title = {Fusion physics and philosophy}, journal = {Accountability Res.}, volume = {8}, year = {2000}, pages = {137--155}, keywords = { Sci/soc/phil.}, annote = {Nagel first summarises the rise of cold fusion, and like Goodstein in the same issue of the journal, describes the problems presented by cold fusion claims of d-d fusion. He then goes on to a philosophical discussion of how we know things. There is an appendix on "uncertain sciences", echoing some of the remarks by H.H. Bauer (HYLE J. Phil. Chem. 8(1)(2002) 5) on the term "pseudoscience"), and accountability.} } @article{Nass2000, author = {V. Nassisi and M.~L. Longo}, title = {Experimental results of transmutation of elements observed in etched palladium samples by an excimer laser}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {37}, year = {2000}, pages = {247--252}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, D2, gas phase, transmutation, res+}, submitted = {04/1999}, published = {05/2000}, annote = {The authors looked at Pd exposed to D2 gas. The Pd was cleaned by etching with nitric acid before the runs. It was then degassed in the chamber at 150C and its surface checked with the analytical tool, the excimer laser and a quadrupole gas analyser. Then the Pd was exposed to D2 gas at 2 atm, and again surface analysed by the laser, as well as by energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDAX). Both showed the formation of Zn. No mechanism for its formation is suggested but it is suggested that the laser acted to accelerate whatever reaction that might be.} } @article{Ohmo2000a, author = {T. Ohmori}, title = {Reply to Comments on 'Transmutation in a gold-light water electrolysis system'}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {38}, year = {2000}, pages = {274--275}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {12/1999}, published = {09/2000}, annote = {The author rebuts remarks made by Lewis (not cited! This would be Lewis, ibid 36 (1999) 242 and/or Lewis, ibid 37 (2000) 266). The electrode surface features previously observed by Ohmori et al are not, as Lewis wrote, caused by plasmoids, and have nothing to do with features found by Matsumoto, but are caused by transmutation.} } @article{Ohmo2000b, author = {T. Ohmori}, title = {Recent development in solid state nuclear transmutation occurring by the electrolysis}, journal = {Curr. Topics Electrochem.}, volume = {7}, year = {2000}, pages = {101--118}, keywords = {Review or progress report, transmutation, res+, no FPH/Jones refs.}, annote = {Ohmori describes once again his plasma electrolysis, in which large currents or voltages are applied, so that there is a plasma film generated at the electrodes. There are colour pictures of the resulting light emission at a tungsten cathode under these conditions. Both excess heat and a number of de novo elements (isotopes) are produced. The transmutation reactions lead to surface features such as craters and lines.} } @article{Scar2000, author = {F. Scaramuzzi}, title = {Ten years of cold fusion: an eye-witness account}, journal = {Accountability Res.}, volume = {8}, year = {2000}, pages = {77--92}, keywords = {Sci/soc/phil.}, annote = {This is a a personal history of the author's involvement in cold fusion research, and gives some insight into the development of "Italian-style" cold fusion, using titanium loaded from the gas phase and temperature cycling. He also addresses the lack of reproducibility and the anomalous features of cold fusion results. He deplores the still holding division between cold fusion researchers and mainstream scientists but points out that progress is being made; also, that mistakes have been made on both sides.} } @article{Shya2000, author = {A. Shyam}, title = {Strange behavior of tritiated natural water}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {37}, year = {2000}, pages = {264}, keywords = {Comment, tritium elimination, res0}, submitted = {05/1999}, published = {05/2000}, annote = {Shyam has previously observed strange effects with tritium and adds new evidence here in a one-page brief Letter. This is a number of samples, not subjected to electrolysis, containing some tritium, that were sent for tritium analysis at some time, and again 6 months later. Some gained tritium, some lost it. Therefore, the electrolysis experiments previously reported should be viewed with caution.} } @article{Toki2000, author = {H. Toki and K. Sugimoto}, title = {Deuteron-alpha Bose-Einstein condensation for coherent deuteron fusion in Pd double structure cathode}, journal = {Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B}, volume = {76}, number = {3}, year = {2000}, pages = {35--40}, keywords = {Theory, res+, no FPH/Jones refs}, submitted = {03/2000}, annote = {The authors theorise on the results of Arata \& Zhang's double structure cell, and propose a Bose-Einstein condensate and coherent deuterons, so that fusion rates are controlled by trapped deuterons in the Pd powder in the bottle. This explains a number of observations.} } @article{Upad2000, author = {C.~S. Upadhyay}, title = {Some views on spin relativity and its impact on science}, journal = {Ind. J. Theo. Phys.}, volume = {48}, year = {2000}, pages = {149--160}, keywords = {Theoretical, experimental, res+, no FPH/Jones refs.}, submitted = {01/1999}, annote = {The author feels that spin relativity plays an important role in science and leads to cold fusion. He carried out an experiment with distilled water to which he applied 300-500 V and measured the resulting magnetic field. The results, and his theory, show that ionic velocities up to $10^7$ m/s are achieved, and the curvature focussing leads to cold nuclear fusion.} } @article{Urut2000, author = {L.~I. Urutskoev and V.~I. Liksonov}, title = {Experimental detection of 'strange' radiation and transformations of chemical elements}, journal = {Prikl. Fiz.}, year = {2000}, number = {4}, pages = {83--100}, note = {Russian, Engl. abstr.}, keywords = {Experimental, transformation. Res+, no FPH/Jones refs.}, published = {04/2000}, annote = {The authors zapped foils of mainly Ti, but also tried other metals like Zr, with large voltages in the KV range. They had radiation monitors to detect x-, gamma-rays and neutrons. X-ray films were placed nearby. The foils disintegrated into powder, which was analysed by MS. In the case of Ti, the main isotope, the (main) 48Ti fraction was found to be lowered and some new elements not previously present were found, such as Al, Si, Fe among others. No radiation was detected but the photographic film showed strange tracks that cannot be explained, hinting at GeV energies.} } @article{VanV2000, author = {R.~J.~A.~R. {Van Veen}}, title = {Koude fusie}, journal = {Ned. Tijdschr. Natuurkd.}, volume = {66(4)}, year = {2000}, pages = {132--135}, note = {In Dutch}, keywords = {Short critical review}, published = {04/2000}, annote = {A rather critical review of the cold fusion field.} }