% Year 2013; there are 11 entries. @ARTICLE{Chan2013, author = {Y.-F. Chang}, title = {{Potential exploration of cold fusion and its quantitative theory of physical-chemical-nuclear multistage chain reaction mechanism}}, journal = {Int. J. Modern Chem.}, volume = {5}, year = {2013}, pages = {29--43}, keyword = {Theory}, submitted = {06/2013}, published = {07/2013}, annote = {Abstract: "Cold fusion is very important and complex. One of main difficulties of cold fusion is the explanation on appearance of nuclear reaction. Based on the standard quantum mechanics, we propose the physical-chemical-nuclear multistage chain reaction theory, which may explain cold fusion. Since cold fusion is an open system, synergetics and laser theory can be applied, and the Fokker-Planck equation is obtained. Using the corresponding Schr{\"o}dinger equation and the nonlinear Dirac equation, and combining the multistage chain reaction theory, the quantitative results agree completely with some experiments on cold fusion. Finally, we discuss some new researches, for example, the nonlinear quantum theory, catalyzer and nanomaterial, etc., and propose the three laws of cold fusion: (1) The time accumulate law, (2) The area direct ratio law, and (3) The multistage chain reaction law."} } @ARTICLE{Chan2013, author = {Y.F. Chang}, title = {{Potential exploration of cold fusion and its quantitative theory of physical-chemical-nuclear multistage chain reaction mechanism}}, journal = {Int. J. Modern Chem}, volume = {5}, year = {2013}, pages = {29--43}, keyword = {cold fusion; physics; chemistry; multistage chain reaction; quantum mechanics; synergetics; equation; theory}, submitted = {06/2013}, published = {07/2013}, annote = {"Abstract: Cold fusion is very important and complex. One of main difficulties of cold fusion is the explanation on appearance of nuclear reaction. Based on the standard quantum mechanics, we propose the physical-chemical-nuclear multistage chain reaction theory, which may explain cold fusion. Since cold fusion is an open system, synergetics and laser theory can be applied, and the Fokker-Planck equation is obtained. Using the corresponding Schr{\"o}dinger equation and the nonlinear Dirac equation, and combining the multistage chain reaction theory, the quantitative results agree completely with some experiments on cold fusion. Finally, we discuss some new researches, for example, the nonlinear quantum theory, catalyzer and nanomaterial, etc., and propose the three laws of cold fusion: (1) The time accumulate law, (2) The area direct ratio law, and (3) The multistage chain reaction law."} } @ARTICLE{Fors2013, author = {L. P. Forsley and P. A. Mosier-Boss and P. J. McDaniel and F. E. Gordon}, title = {Charged particle detection in the Pd/D system: {CR-39 SSNTD} vs. real-time measurement of charged particle stimulated Pd K shell X-rays}, journal = {Electrochim. Acta}, volume = {88}, year = {2013}, pages = {373--383}, keyword = {Palladium, CR-39, X-rays, Charged particles}, submitted = {07/2012}, published = {01/2013}, annote = {"There have been a number of efforts to measure charged particle emissions in the Pd/D system. In general, two approaches have been employed. One approach was to indirectly detect charged particles by measuring Pd K-shell X-rays that should be created as charged particles traverse through the Pd lattice. The other approach utilized CR-39, a solid state nuclear track detector (SSNTD). With these detectors, a charged particle creates an ionization trail in the plastic that, upon etching, leaves a symmetric pit. The size, depth of penetration, and shape of the pits provides information about the mass, charge, energy, and direction of motion of the particles. While experiments done using CR-39 solid state nuclear track detectors have shown the presence of these charged particles, X-ray measurements of the Pd K-shell X-rays have not. The most significant difference between the two measurement techniques is that CR-39 is a constantly integrating detector and the X-ray measurements are done in real time. In this communication, this apparent discrepancy between the two charged particle measurement techniques is examined using known alpha sources." (Direct copy of the Abstract)} } @ARTICLE{Kriv2013a, author = {S. B. Krivit}, title = {{Nuclear phenomena in low-energy nuclear reaction research}}, journal = {Naturwiss.}, volume = {100}, year = {2013}, pages = {899--900}, keyword = {Polemic. LENRs. Low-energy nuclear reactions. Cold fusion. Energy balance}, submitted = {04/2013}, published = {08/2013}, annote = {"Abstract This is a comment on Storms E (2010) Status of Cold Fusion, Naturwissenschaften 97:861-881. This comment provides the following remarks to other nuclear phenomena observed in low-energy nuclear reactions aside from helium-4 make significant contributions to the overall energy balance; and normal hydrogen, not just heavy hydrogen, produces excess heat."} } @ARTICLE{Kriv2013b, author = {S. B. Krivit}, title = {{ENERGY Review of Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions}}, journal = {Reference Module in Chemistry, Molecular Sciences and Chemical Engineering}, year = {2013}, pages = {255--270}, publisher = {Elsevier}, annote = {Review of the field.} } @ARTICLE{Sarg2013, author = {S. Sarg-Sargoytchev}, title = {{Physics of cold fusion with the BSM–SG atomic models}}, journal = {The General Science Journal}, year = {2013}, pages = {1--23}, url = {http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays/View/5281}, keyword = {cold fusion, LENR, Coulomb barrier, atomic nuclear structures, alpha decay}, annote = {"ABSTRACT OF THE ESSAY: Advances in the field of cold fusion (LENR), in which the energy release cannot be explained by a chemical process, need a deeper understanding of the nuclear reactions and, more particularly, the possibility for overcoming the Coulomb barrier. The treatise "Basic Structures of Matter - Supergravitation Unified Theory", permits an explanation from a new point of view by using the derived three-dimensional structures of the atomic nuclei. The recently published monograph "Structural Physics of Nuclear fusion with the BSM-SG atomic models" provides a new approach in theoretical understanding of the physical process and the possibility for modification of the Coulomb barrier. The monograph offers: (1) A method for analysis of the LENR experiments using the BSM-SG atomic models, (2) A selection of isotopes suitable for a more efficient energy yield with a minimum of radioactive products (3) practical considerations for selection of the technical method and the reaction environment."} } @ARTICLE{Stor2013, author = {E. Storms}, title = {{Efforts to explain low-energy nuclear reactions}}, journal = {Naturwiss.}, volume = {100}, year = {2013}, pages = {1103}, submitted = {08/2013}, published = {10/2013}, annote = {Comment on the comment by Krivit in the same issue.} } @ARTICLE{Taka2013, author = {A. Takahashi}, title = {{Physics of cold fusion by TSC theory}}, journal = {J. Phys. Sci. Appl.}, volume = {3}, year = {2013}, pages = {191--198}, keyword = {{Cold fusion, condensed matter, TSC theory, D(H)-cluster, 4D fusion, 4H WS fusion.}}, submitted = {03/2013}, published = {03/2013}, annote = {"Abstract: This paper reviews the author's recent works on the basic physics of cold fusion by the TSC (tetrahedral symmetric condensate) theory. Models of TSC formation conditions in condensed matter are first proposed. Secondly formulas for cold fusion rates per D(H)-cluster are explained with typical quantitative results. The 4D/TSC fusion and the 4H/TSC WS fusion are underlying mechanisms, respectively for the D (deuterium)-system and the H (protium)-system."} } @ARTICLE{Tenn2013, author = {E. Tennfors}, title = {On the idea of low-energy nuclear reactions in metallic lattices by producing neutrons from protons capturing "heavy" electrons}, journal = {Eur. Phys. J. Plus}, volume = {128}, year = {2013}, issue = {2}, note = {Article 15}, pages = {1--4}, submitted = {07/2012}, published = {02/2013}, doi = {10.1140/epjp/i2013-13015-3}, annote = {"The present article is a critical comment on Widom and Larsens speculations concerning low- energy nuclear reactions (LENR) based on spontaneous collective motion of protons in a room temperature metallic hydride lattice producing oscillating electric fields that renormalize the electron self-energy, adding significantly to the effective electron mass and enabling production of low-energy neutrons. The frequency and mean proton displacement estimated on the basis of neutron scattering from protons in palladium and applied to the Widom and Larsens model of the proton oscillations yield an electron mass enhancement less than one percent, far below the threshold for the proposed neutron production and even farther below the mass enhancement obtained by Widom and Larsen assuming a high charge density. Neutrons are not stopped by the Coulomb barrier, but the energy required for the neutron production is not low." (Direct cite of the Abstract)} } @ARTICLE{Vyso2013, author = {V. I. Vysotskii and M. V. Vysotskyy}, title = {{Coherent correlated states and low-energy nuclear reactions in non stationary systems}}, journal = {Eur. Phys. J. A }, volume = {49:99}, year = {2013}, pages = {1--12}, DOI = {10.1140/epja/i2013-13099-2}, submitted = {01/2013}, published = {06/2013}, annote = {"Abstract. In this paper the universal mechanism of optimization of low-energy nuclear reactions on the basis of coherent correlated states of interacting particles is discussed. The formation of these states is the result of the special nonstationary low-energy action to any one of these interacting particles. We have considered the peculiarities and investigated the efficiency of the creation of a correlated state under monotonous or periodic action on the particle that is situated in the parabolic potential. This method is shown to lead to the rapid formation of a strongly correlated particle state that provides an almost complete clearing of the potential barrier even for a narrow range of oscillator frequency variations. The successful low-energy fusion experiment based on the use of correlated states of interacting particles at laser irradiation is discussed."} } @ARTICLE{Zele2013, author = {V. F. Zelensky}, title = {{Nuclear processes in deuterium/natural hydrogen - metal systems}}, journal = {Probl. At. Sci Tech. Series: Nuclear Physics Investigations}, volume = {N3(85)}, year = {2013}, pages = {76--118}, keyword = {Review}, submitted = {03/2013}, annote = {"The survey presents the analysis of the phenomena taking place in deuterium - metal and natural hydrogen - metal systems under cold fusion experimental conditions. The cold fusion experiments have shown that the generation of heat and helium in the deuterium-metal system without emission of energetic gamma-quanta is the result of occurrence of a chain of chemical, physical and nuclear processes observed in the system, culminating in both the fusion of deuterium nuclei and the formation of a virtual, electron-modified excited 4He nucleus. The excitation energy of the helium nucleus is transferred to the matrix through emission of conversion electrons, and that, under appropriate conditions, provides a persistent synthesis of deuterium. The processes occurring in the deuterium/natural hydrogen - metal systems have come to be known as chemonuclear DD- and HD-fusion. The mechanism of stimulation of weak interaction reactions under chemonuclear deuterium fusion conditions by means of strong interaction reactions has been proposed. The results of numerous experiments discussed in the survey bear witness to the validity of chemonuclear fusion. From the facts discussed it is concluded that the chemonuclear deuterium fusion scenario as presented in this paper may serve as a basis for expansion of deeper research and development of this ecologically clean energy source. It is shown that the natural hydrogen-based system, containing 0.015\% of deuterium, also has good prospects as an energy source. The chemonuclear fusion processes do not require going beyond the scope of traditional physics for their explanation. PACS: 25.45"} }