% No. of entries: 35 @article{C.Albu1990, author = {D.~E. Alburger}, title = {Comment on cluster-impact fusion}, journal = {J. Phys. Chem.}, volume = {94}, year = {1990}, pages = {8494.}, annote = {Alburger suggests an experimental variation to Beuhler et al, to eliminate effects due to contamination of the cluster beam with small clusters: use beam pulsing, and the fact that different-size clusters travel at different velocities. This would make it possible to pick out emissions due to the nominal clusters, separate from contaminating smaller ones.} } @article{C.Bae1993, author = {Y.~K. Bae and R.~J. Beuhler and Y.~Y. Chu and G. Friedlander and L. Friedman}, title = {DD nuclear-fusion reactions with small D$_2$O and H$_2$O clusters impacting heavy ice}, journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, volume = {48}, year = {1993}, pages = {4461--4466}, annote = {A follow-up paper after the retraction in Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 (1992) 2108 of the previous claims of unusual fusion rates from large heavy water clusters. Here the reasons for the error are gone into in detail.} } @article{C.Beuh1989, author = {R.~J. Beuhler and G. Friedlander and L. Friedman}, title = {Cluster-impact fusion}, journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, volume = {63}, year = {1989}, pages = {1292.}, annote = {Singly-(+)-charged clusters of D2O of from 25-1300 molecules in size were shot at TiD with an energy of 325 keV and some fusion was observed. The primary signature of the fusion was protons at 3.0 MeV from the reaction D + D --> H + T, the best yield being from clusters of about 200 molecules. The fusion is assumed to be due to compressional heating of the top 10 or so layers of TiD. "Cold fusion" is not mentioned but Jones + Koonin (Nature) is cited, a bit free of context. This paper may contribute to clearing up what is (?) happening within the micro-cracks assumed in the fracto-theory.} } @article{C.Beuh1990a, author = {R.~J. Beuhler and Y.~Y. Chu and G. Friedlander and L. Friedman and W. Kunnmann}, title = {Deuteron-deuteron fusion by impact of heavy-water clusters on deuterated surfaces}, journal = {J. Phys. Chem.}, volume = {94}, year = {1990}, pages = {7665--7671}, annote = {Description of apparatus for bombarding deuterated polyethylene, TiD and ZrD(1.65) with beams of singly charged clusters of D2O(n), n up to some 100's. The authors seriously address the question of low-mass fragments contaminating the beam, and dismiss it after a thorough examination. Thus, the observed emissions appear to come from fusion due to impact of large-mass clusters. The unexpected dependence of emissions on cluster size may be due to collective effects, say the authors.} } @article{C.Beuh1990b, author = {R.~J. Beuhler and G. Friedlander and L. Friedman}, title = {Reply to 'Comment on cluster-impact fusion'}, journal = {J. Phys. Chem.}, volume = {94}, year = {1990}, pages = {8494.}, annote = {Beuhler et al reply to Alburger's Comment on the same page of the journal, in which they suggest pulsing of the cluster beam. Beuhler et al say that this is not easy to do, whether by electrical or mechanical means.} } @article{C.Beuh1991a, author = {R.~J. Beuhler and Y.~Y. Chu and G. Friedlander and L. Friedman}, title = {Cluster-impact fusion: time-of-flight experiments}, journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, volume = {67}, year = {1991}, pages = {473--476}, annote = {Further to CIF, now pulsing the beams, as was suggested earlier by Alburger et al. The results indicate that contamination with low molecular weight ions containing oxygen is ruled out.} } @article{C.Beuh1991b, author = {R.~J. Beuhler and Friedlander. G. G and L. Friedman}, title = {Fusion reactions in dense hot atom assemblies generated by cluster impact}, journal = {Acc. Chem. Res.}, volume = {24}, year = {1991}, pages = {198--202}, annote = {Mostly a polemic description of the authors' previous work on cluster impact fusion (CIF), which has stirred up some controversy. Here, the argument of shaped charges is advanced to explain the anomalously high reaction rates, and criticims by others is refuted. One other laboratory that has reproduced CIF is cited. There is what appears to be a clear relation between the proton emission count and cluster beam energy.} } @article{C.Beuh1992, author = {R.~J. Beuhler and G. Friedlander and L. Friedman}, title = {Cluster-impact fusion}, journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, volume = {68}, year = {1992}, pages = {2108.}, annote = {This erratum retracts the authors' 1989 claim of cluster impact fusion. A number of others have pointed out that the results are likely due to contamination with smaller clusters and therefore higher energies, but until this erratum the present authors have claimed to have excluded such contamination. They did however, check this possibility and now find it true. Therefore, they revise the CIF rate downward by at least 2 orders of magnitude. Further work is in progress.} } @article{C.Bock1990, author = {J.~O.~M. Bockris and G.~H. Lin and N.~J.~C. Packham}, title = {A review of the investigations of the Fleischmann-Pons phenomena}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {11--31}, keywords = {Review, res+}, submitted = {03/1990}, published = {08/1990}, annote = {A review, with 61 references, of cold fusion, a little selective in parts. Many of the references are to conferences and "private communication", and thus not quite so accessible. The major experiments are reported, and a discussion given on each of excess heat, tritium, neutrons, protons, mass spectrometry, \textbf{cluster impact fusion}. The various theories that have been proposed are explained rather well. These include growing cracks (but there is no mention of the Soviet work), muon catalysis, Coulombic screening, tunnelling, chain reactions, quantum electrodynamic, and the formation of dendrites on the cathode surface; this last theory is the authors', and would explain the long electrolysis time required before anything happens, the sporadicity and irreprodubility of the phenomenon, and even the alleged anomalous branching ratio. Tritium, the authors say, should be the easiest of all fusion products to detect; neutrons are difficult; FPH's calorimetry is beyond reproach. } } @article{C.Bush1991, author = {R.~T. Bush}, title = {Cold 'fusion'. The transmission resonance model fits data on excess heat, predicts optimal trigger points, and suggests nuclear reaction scenarios}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {313--356}, keywords = {Theory, transmission resonance, res+}, submitted = {05/1990}, published = {03/1991}, annote = {Bush, in this 40+ page paper, outlines his model, which explains the neutrons, tritium, excess heat and even \textbf{cluster impact} emissions claimed by various experimenters. When an odd integer multiple number of quarter waves of the de Broglie waves of diffusons (here deuterons diffusing within Pd) match the potential well widths of the lattice particles, 100\% transmissivity can be achieved, and the deuteron can get close to others on the way, and may fuse. The model not only explains the experimental evidence but also makes detailed predictions of, e.g., the shape of the function excess power vs. current density (it finds a relative minimum, matched to a measured point set). It also leads to optimal conditions ("trigger points") for observing cold fusion, and even goes as far as some preliminary reactor design. The nuclear reaction taking place is not d-d fusion but most likely neutron transfer from deuteron to Pd: d + (105)Pd --> p + (106)Pd + energy.} } @article{C.Carr1990, author = {C. Carraro and B.~Q. Chen and S. Schramm and S.~E. Koonin}, title = {Estimates of cluster-impact fusion yields}, journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, volume = {42}, year = {1990}, pages = {1379.}, annote = {Cluster impact fusion has some strange properties, such as a constant rate with varying cluster size between 100 and 300 D2O's, at constant cluster energy. This means, after all, a decreasing energy per D atom in the whole cluster. The authors address the questions of thick-target yield, knock-on effects, and thermal spikes. They also attempt to simulate the process. Each model fails by many orders of magnitude. The authors consider that the effect may be due to experimental artifacts such as, e.g., single-molecule impurity in the beam. The effect itself is not doubted.} } @inproceedings{C.CeroExot, author = {C.~F. Cerofolini and A.~F. Para}, title = {Alternatives in low energy fusion?}, booktitle = {Springer Proc. Phys. (Exot. At. Condens. Matter)}, volume = {59}, year = {1992}, pages = {129--147}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, annote = {While hot fusion meets with increasing problems as it approaches break-even, there are appearing many claims for low-energy (cold) fusion. Here, cold fusion and the related \textbf{cluster impact fusion} (CIF) are examined and a unified model proposed to explain them, including their poor reproducibility. Muon catalysis, fractofusion, electrolytic fusion and CIF are discussed. The authors' "hot cloud" theory of CIF also implies that deuterium atoms explosively released from supercharged titanium deuteride might fuse at the levels found by Jones et al. At these levels, one is about 5 orders of magnitude below break-even.} } @article{C.Cham1991, author = {G. Chambaud and B. Levy and J.~G. Esteve}, title = {Estimate of Ti effects on D-D fusion}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {156}, year = {1991}, pages = {395--398}, keywords = {Theory, screening, res-}, submitted = {10/1989}, published = {07/1991}, annote = {A theoretical attempt to explain both cold fusion and \textbf{cluster impact fusion} claims, by looking at possible screening effects in Ti. In the employed model, Ti-D and D-D interactions are taken as additive, and this leads to an overestimate of the tunnelling rate. Nevertheless, this turns out too low to account for observation claims.} } @article{C.Fall1990, author = {M. Fallavier and J. Kemmler and R. Kirsch and J.~C. Poizat and J. Remillieux and J.~P. Thomas}, title = {Search for nuclear fusion in deuterated targets under cluster-beam impact}, journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, volume = {65}, year = {1990}, pages = {621.}, annote = {Attempt to verify Beuhler et al's results. This team had no (D2O)n+ beam but a Dn+ beam, which was used. No neutron emissions were observed. The authors comment that, since Beuhler et al also gets (some) neutrons from beams of H2O clusters, it may be d-d fusion in the target, due to bombardment by the oxygen atoms.} } @article{C.Kim1990, author = {Y.~E. Kim}, title = {Cross section for cold deuterium-deuterium fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {507--508}, keywords = {Theory, CIF connection, branching ratio, res0}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {05/1990}, annote = {The experiments of Beuhler et al (1989, see Section 4) with fusion induced by (D2O)(x)+ \textbf{cluster impact}, suggest that at low energies, the branching ratio for d-d fusion - known only from high-energy fusion - may not apply, and that the tritium branch may be favoured. The same might be indicated by the FPH results. Kim suggests further investigation of this.} } @article{C.Kim1991a, author = {Y.~E. Kim and R.~A. Rice and G.~S. Chulik}, title = {The role of the low-energy proton-deuteron fusion cross section in physical processes}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {174--177}, keywords = {Theory, p-d fusion, geological and CIF connection}, submitted = {02/1990}, published = {01/1991}, annote = {Drawing on Kim's idea of insulating bubbles causing high voltage discharges at the cathode (which the authors discuss, dismissing the problems with this), the paper examines the p-d fusion reaction theoretically. Using the Maxwell- Boltzmann velocity distribution and some uncertain extrapolation, the result is that at low energies, p-d fusion would dominate. This has implications not only for cold fusion, but also for geophysics (geological heating) and may even solve the solar neutrino problem. It impinges also on \textbf{cluster impact fusion}.} } @article{C.Kim1991b, author = {Y.~E. Kim and M. Rabinowitz and G.~S. Chulik and R.~A. Rice}, title = {Theories of cluster-impact fusion with atomic and molecular cluster beams}, journal = {Mod. Phys. Lett. B}, volume = {5}, year = {1991}, pages = {427--438}, annote = {An attempt to explain the CIF enigma: too-high fusion rates by about 25 orders of magnitude and the fact that while D2O clusters do it, D atomic clusters do not. The authors' theory accounts roughly for the experimental claims, and some speculation is indulged in for fine-tuning, such as needle- shaped D2O clusters impinging point first.} } @article{C.Kim1991c, author = {Y.~E. Kim and M. Rabinowitz and Y.~K. Bae and G.~S. Chulik and R.~A. Rice}, title = {Cluster-impact nuclear fusion: shock-wave statistical analysis}, journal = {Mod. Phys. Lett. B}, volume = {5}, year = {1991}, pages = {941--959}, annote = {The authors explain CIF in terms of shock waves, and propose that the model can explain all puzzling features of CIF, which has had several confirmations, despite some doubts. Essentially, the tip of the cluster becomes a plasma upon impact and a shock wave is produced in this plasma by the trailing portion of the cluster. Calculations support the reality of CIF.} } @article{C.Kim1991d, author = {Y.~E. Kim and R.~A. Rice and G.~S. Chulik and M. Rabinowitz}, title = {Cluster-impact fusion with cluster beams}, journal = {Mod. Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {6}, year = {1991}, pages = {2259--2270}, annote = {This theory accounts not only for the observed results, but also for the refutation by Fallavier et al [1990]. Frozen needle-shaped clusters and the presence of heavy atoms such as O (as in D2O) can enhance the fusion rate from such beams. An experimental test is suggested, and a tenuous connection with cold fusion is made.} } @article{C.Koon1990, author = {S.~E. Koonin and M. Mukerjee}, title = {Branching ratios in low-energy deuteron-induced reactions}, journal = {Phys. Rev. C}, volume = {42}, year = {1990}, pages = {1639--1645}, keywords = {Theory, branching ratio, res-}, submitted = {03/1990}, published = {10/1990}, annote = {Using a second-order Born approximation to the Schroedinger equation, K\&M arrive at an expression for the branching ratio which turns out to vary by at most 10\% from unity. This is at variance with earlier work by others on the d+(6)Li reaction, as well as with cold fusion claims, who all come in for criticism here. It is pointed out that low-energy beam fusion and muon catalysed fusion all have about unity branching ratio, which nullifies statements about cluster impact, fracto- or dendrite fusion branching ratio anomalies.} } @article{C.Leon1990, author = {V.~B. Leonas}, title = {A new approach to achieving D-D fusion reactions}, journal = {Sov. Phys. Usp.}, volume = {33}, number = {11}, year = {1990}, pages = {956--959}, annote = {A comment on the cluster-impact fusion paper of Beuhler et al. Leonas doubts the explanation that oxygen imparts some of its energy to deuterium, helping it along and attempts to provide one of his own.} } @article{C.Lo1992, author = {D.~H. Lo and R.~D. Petrasso and K.~W. Wenzel}, title = {Comment on 'Cluster-impact fusion'}, journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, volume = {68}, year = {1992}, pages = {2107.}, annote = {Another broadside on the CIF claims of Beuhler et al. The authors point out - as it turns out, correctly, see Beuhler et al's retraction, ibid p.2108 - that the results are likely to be due to contamination of the cluster beam with small clusters of high energy.} } @article{C.Ma1993, author = {Y.~L. Ma and H.~X. Yang and X.~X. Dai}, title = {Nuclear-fusion enhancement in condensed matter with impacting and screening}, journal = {Europhys. Lett.}, volume = {24}, year = {1993}, pages = {305--310}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {06/1993}, published = {11/1993}, annote = {Theory, based on the idea that there is accelerated diffusion and channel collimation in materials that absorb hydrogen, such as Pd, Ti or C. Cluster impact fusion is included, even though it is now admitted to be an artifact even by the original workers in CIF. For cold fusion in a metal, the theory predicts observed fusion rates at energies as low as 0.2 eV.} } @article{C.Maye1991a, author = {F.~J. Mayer and J.~R. Reitz}, title = {Nuclear energy release in metals}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {552--557}, keywords = {Suggestion, polyneutrons, CIF connection}, submitted = {10/1990}, published = {05/1991}, annote = {A new "scenario" is proposed that might explain what is known about cold fusion and can suggest new directions for cnf experiments. The knowns are (all approx.) neutrons: 1000/s; tritium: $10^{11}$/s; little or no (3)He or (4)He; no d-t neutrons or gammas; everything comes in bursts. The lack of energetic secondaries, often cited as THE major problem, is significant. There is some recent speculation about the brief combination of an electron with protons, deuteron or triton, making a virtual mono-, di- or tri-neutron. This might last about 60 microsec, enough time to do stuff. These might incidentally explain the anomalously high diffusion rate of hydrogen (isotopes) in Pd. Virtual trineutrons could react with (106)Pd but there is not enough tritium. Virtual dineutrons cannot do this, but can react with some impurities that are deposited during electrolysis, such as Pt, U. The scenario can be tested by controlling impurity types and levels. It is also consistent with known facts of cnf, as well as with the related field of cluster impact fusion, also anomalous (though now defunct).} } @article{C.Maye1991b, author = {F.~J. Mayer and J.~R. Reitz}, title = {On very low energy hydrogenic nuclear reactions}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {367--372}, keywords = {Theory, hydron, CIF connection, res+}, submitted = {05/1991}, published = {11/1991}, annote = {The much-discussed hydron theory, which might explain the family of anomalous observations: cold fusion, cluster impact fusion (CIF) and the exploding LiD wires of Lochte-Holtgreven, 1987. A set of calculations is presented for estimating the nuclear reaction rates and characteristics of this new class of hydrogenic objects, and these are tied to data. There is rough agreement with CIF results; the authors have previously also explained excess heat without radiation from CNF by the model. Unfortunately, CIF has been shown to be an artefact.} } @article{C.Mend1991, author = {R.~V. Mendes}, title = {Ergodic motion and near collisions in a Coulomb system}, journal = {Mod. Phys. Lett. B}, volume = {5}, year = {1991}, pages = {1179--1190}, keywords = {Theory}, submitted = {05/1991}, annote = {This explores the possibilities of many body processes taking place between charged particles in chaotic motion, as in metal deuterides, to perhaps find factors that might enhance the rate of d-d fusion. Dynamic effects - near collisions of ergodically moving particles - and/or collective effects are the likely suspects. It is found that three-body collisions would dominate, the bodies being two d's and one electron. The mass of the electron does not need to be greater than normal. Rather large rates of instances of close proximity are calculated, and emphasise the fact that the charged particles are not at rest but in energetic motion. A fusion rate is not computed, however. The author makes some suggestions for how fusion might be favoured, based on this. Cluster impact fusion (now defunct) is mentioned in connection with solid state (cold) fusion.} } @article{C.Mizo1994, author = {T. Mizota}, title = {Heavy ion and cluster impact D + D fusion in TiD}, journal = {Genshikaku Kenkyu}, volume = {39}, year = {1994}, pages = {27}, annote = {This is a CIF paper. It has a possibly useful table of key events in the CIF affair, which was ended in 1992 (!) when contamination of the beams was shown to be the cause of the phenomenon.} } @article{C.Rabi1990a, author = {M. Rabinowitz}, title = {High temperature superconductivity and cold fusion}, journal = {Mod. Phys. Lett. B}, volume = {4}, year = {1990}, pages = {233--247}, keywords = {Discussion, HTSC connection}, submitted = {12/1989}, annote = {There are parallels between high-temp superconductivity and cold fusion. In the former, charge carrier effective mass and, in the latter, the d effective mass, (may) play a role. A new theory including the effects of proximity, electron shielding and decreased effective mass of the fusing nuclei can account for the cold fusion results. There is a relation between the recent \textbf{cluster impact fusion} experiments and cold fusion.} } @article{C.Rabi1990b, author = {M. Rabinowitz and D.~H. Worledge}, title = {An analysis of cold and lukewarm fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {344--349}, keywords = {Discussion}, submitted = {10/1989}, published = {03/1990}, annote = {FPH- or Jones+-type cold fusion is having a hard time becoming accepted; the single publication on cluster-impact ("lukewarm") fusion of Beuhler et al has not raised any obvious objections, although the two phenomena have much in common: surprisingly high fusion rates, given the applied energies. The Beuhler et al neutron emissions are about 25 orders of magnitude (OOM) larger than expected from theory. The authors attempt to find factors that could enhance the fusion rates for both lukewarm and cold fusion. For the former, compression and electron screening can account for 10 orders of magnitude; for the latter, a change in effective mass of deuterons in the palladium lattice can account for FPH-level rates. Further, no great temperature effect is expected for cold fusion.} } @article{C.Rabi1990c, author = {M. Rabinowitz}, title = {Cluster-impact fusion: new physics or experimental error}, journal = {Mod. Phys. Lett. B}, volume = {4}, year = {1990}, pages = {665--671}, keywords = {Polemic on CIF}, submitted = {01/1990}, annote = {R throws some doubt on the paper by Beuhler, Friedlander and Friedman (1989) in which these authors claim cluster impact fusion. This has attracted quite some attention, including that by cold fusion theorists, because of its implications for branching ratios. Rabinowitz suggests that the 25 orders of magnitude discrepancy between BFF's experiment and their theory could well be simply experimental error.} } @article{C.Ramb1992, author = {M. Rambaut}, title = {Double screened Coulomb barrier accounts for neutrons productions in cluster and other fusion experiments}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {164}, year = {1992}, pages = {155--163}, keywords = {Theory, screening, CIF connection, res+}, submitted = {09/1991}, published = {04/1992}, annote = {A dense medium like Pd deuteride can be considered as a non-ideal plasma. Assuming full ionisation, electron mobility and a Poisson ion spatial distribution, the rate of d-d fusion is enhanced by both collisions between d-d pairs and electron screening, and this might explain both cold fusion and cluster impact fusion.} } @article{C.Tima1995, author = {S.~F. Timashev}, title = {Nuclear-chemical transformations in the condensed phase}, journal = {Zh. Fiz. Khim.}, volume = {69}, year = {1995}, pages = {1396--1400}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Theory, electron capture, dineutrons, res+}, annote = {The author here describes, rather than derives, his theory of cold fusion. Two mechanisms are suggested: the formation of virtual dineutrons by electron capture by deuterons, and three-particle processes like d + p + e -> t + nu (nu being an energy quantum) or d + d + e -> t + n + nu, apparently suggested in 1969 by Bahcall as p + p + e -> d + nu. Other support comes from high energy electrons emitted by the rupture of adhesive contacts, discovered by Deryagin and Krotov, and \textbf{cluster impact fusion} (CIF, actually now disproved).} } @article{C.Veli2003, author = {V.~Yu. Velikodnyi and V.~A. Bityurin}, title = {Cluster-impact fusion of light nuclei}, journal = {High Temp.}, volume = {41}, year = {2003}, pages = {295--299}, keywords = {CIF}, annote = {Cluster impact fusion is considered, even citing the work of Beuhler et al. (1990), ignoring the fact that this has been disproved.} } @article{C.Yang1990, author = {F. Yang}, title = {On cold fusion}, journal = {Nucl. Tech. (China)}, volume = {13}, number = {12}, year = {1990}, pages = {705--707}, note = {In Chinese}, keywords = {Review}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {"The work on so-called cold fusion is reviewed. The prospects for cluster-impact fusion and the importance of studying the interactions between cluster molecules (or atoms) and solids are described. (5 refs.)". (Direct quote from Phys. Abstr. 94:101095 (1991)).} } @article{C.You1991, author = {J.~H. You and F.~H. Cheng and F.~Z. Cheng and F.~H. Huang}, title = {Interior adsorption, channel collimation, and nuclear fusion in solids}, journal = {Phys. Rev. B}, volume = {43}, year = {1991}, pages = {7293--7296}, keywords = {Theory, CIF, res0}, annote = {Addressing the phenomenon of cluster impact fusion, this paper looks at the possibility of solid state nuclear fusion in terms of the state of hydrogen isotopes in the Pd lattice. It argues that hydrogen will collect along linear structures and be highly compressed, and that this is favourable for fusion. Secondly, channel collimation again favours fusion by increasing its cross section. It is suggested that d-(3)He or d-t fusion might be more favourable for energy yield.} }