% No. of entries: 70 @article{I.Anon1994, author = {Anon.}, title = {Contents}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {unnumbered}, annote = {The sessions were divided into several headings, and the Contents list may be of interest.} } @article{I.Aoki1994, author = {T. Aoki and Y. Kurata and H. Ebihara and N. Yoshikawa}, title = {Helium and tritium concentration in electrolytic cells}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {214--220}, keywords = {Experimental. Electrolysis, excess heat, helium, tritium, neutrons, gamma, correlations. Res+}, annote = {Electrolysis, with a "$30\times 25\times 1t$" (mm$^3$?) Pd sheet as cathode ad a larger Pt sheet as anode, in 0.1M LiOD, D2O electrolyte. A cooling coil calorimeter was used. Some controls, using a Pt cathode in H2O were run. Helium was detected by gas chromatography out of the effluent gas. Recombined water above the cell was sampled at intervals for tritium, analysed by its beta emission. Neutrons were detected by a 3He device and gammas by liquid scintillation. Excess heat up to 30\% was found, scaling in two linear regimes with current density, and none found for the controls. None of the other possible fusion products were found in significant amounts or amounts above those in the controls. The authors mention that any He or T might, however, take a long time to come out of the Pd, so it might have been there.} } @article{I.Bart1994, author = {C. Bartolomeo and M. Fleischmann and G. Larramona and S. Pons and J. Roulette and H. Sugiura and G. Preparata}, title = {Alfred Coehn and after: The alpha, beta, gamma of the palladium-hydrogen system}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {23--43}, keywords = {Discussion, history, experimental, transport, deuterons, electrochemical compression}, annote = {The authors believe that the work of Coehn, early in this century, is important for its implications for 'cold fusion'. Critics of cnf have the wrong ideas of the behaviour of deuterium in a Pd lattice. An experiment in deuterium diffusion along a Pd wire was done to add to Coehn's results. Some anomalous behaviour is observed, not following simple electrodiffusional laws. An unknown factor is the difference between behaviours in the alpha and beta phases. Nothing is yet known about transport in the beta phase. Deuterons do indeed repel each other (as stated by the critics) but the facts are more complex than this; some inportant properties remain unknown, such as the nature of deuterium in Pd at high loading, etc.} } @article{I.Barr1994, author = {S.~C. Barrowes and H.~E. Bergeson}, title = {Linear, high precision, redundant calorimeter}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {365--368}, keywords = {Calorimetry design, experimental, res-, no FPH/Jones ref.}, annote = {A precision calorimeter design is described. A closed cell with recombination is used and the calorimeter has inner and outer metal blocks connected by a larhe number of thermoelectric elements. This eliminates heat transport by convection or radiation. A 54 day run showed zero excess heat within $\pm 0.025$\%, both for a silver and a palladium-boron alloy cathode.} } @article{I.Bert1994, author = {L. Bertalot and F. {De Marco} and V. Violante and A. {De Ninno} and F. Scaramuzzi and A. {La Barbera} and R. Felici}, title = {Deuterium charging in palladium by the electrolysis of heavy water: measurement of the lattice parameter}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {122--126}, keywords = {Experimental, fundamental, x-ray diffraction, crystal structure, res0, no FPH/Jones ref.}, annote = {A 1 mm thick, 12 mm diameter Pd membrane was exposed to vacuum on one side and an electrolyte on the other, where electrolysis was also applied at a low current of 20 mA for some days. at 7 days, gas began to emerge into the vacuum. At this side, energy dispersive x-ray diffraction was used to monitor the crystal structure of the Pd. There was clear evidence of both alpha and beta phase PdD, and the lattice parameter changed in sigmoid fashion from 4.025 A to 4.05 A for a D/Pd loading change from 0.58 to 0.78. A pulsed current was then applied: square wave, 20 mA alternating with 200 mA with periods varying between 4400 and 6000 s. A maximum loading of 0.78 was reached. The loadings were inferred from the lattice parameters but checked by some degassing in vacuum with measurement of the gas. Some difference in behaviour between the samples was observed and could not be explained.} } @article{I.Bock1994, author = {J.~O.~M. Bockris and R. Sundaresan and Z. Minevski and D. Letts}, title = {Triggering of heat and sub-surface changes in Pd-D systems}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {267--290}, keywords = {Experimental, theory, electrolysis, excess heat, tritium, stimulation dendrites, pulsed current, transmutation, res+}, annote = {The authors try various ways to trigger 'cold fusion' in electrolysis experiments, mostly using Pd plates. In some cases, the current was pulsed between low and high (in a Takahashi-type cell); in others, radiofrequency radiation at several frequencies was applied, and magnetic fields were tried. All these Everything worked: excess heat was found, and in those cases where it was tried, it did not work in cells containing H2O, providing controls. Tritium, measured from aliquots taken out, rose to three times the original level and stayed there. D/Pd loadings, measured by resistance in situ (calibrated by coulometry) attained > 0.8. Some theory follows to explain these findings, and the dendrite theory seems favoured, along with Hegelstein's [sic] neutron transfer, leading to higher atomic mass transmutations, besides the usual helium and tritium.} } @article{I.Bush1994a, author = {R. Bush and R. Eagleton}, title = {Evidence for electrolytically induced transmutation and radioactivity correlated with excess heat in electrolytic cells with light water rubidium salt electrolytes}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {344--353}, keywords = {Experimental, Mills scenario, transmutation, light water, Ni, res+ No FPH/Jones refs.}, annote = {The Mills theory predicts that not only potassium but also rubidium carbonate should favour the formation of hydrinos at a Ni cathode in light water under electrolysis. The present authors have extended the Mills theory, believing that there is fusion of K or Rb. K was previously found to produce Ca; now they look for Sr, the product of fusion of Rb with hydrinos. The Cs was analysed at the Ni cathode surface by SIMS (surface mass spectrometry) by a secret national laboratory. Indeed Cs was found, confirming "lattice assisted nuclear transmutation" or LANT. 6 references, all to Bush et al.} } @article{I.Bush1994b, author = {R.~T. Bush}, title = {A unifying model for cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {431--441}, keywords = {Theory, zpe, transmutation, res+}, annote = {Bush starts with a list of problems in 'cold fusion'; his theory can account for them all. It is based on a paper by Boyer (1975) and Puthoff (1987) and invokes zero-point energy. On this basis, he is able to calculate the ground state of hydrogen, and for the Pd/D system, the function of excess heat with loading, as well as tritium, etc. Tritium production peaks at a loading of about 0.83, and falls to zero again at higher loadings, explaining many results. Li, while not essential, can also help. This model does not invalidate the author's transmission resonance model, and is not the same as Mills, whose theory is chemical, rather than nuclear, as this one is.} } @article{I.Cela1994, author = {F. Celani and A. Spallone and P. Tripodi and A. Nuvoli and A. Petrocchi and Gioacchino. Di D and M. Boutet and P. Marini and Stefano. Di V}, title = {High power microsecond pulsed electrolysis for high deuterium loading in Pd plates}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {127--137}, keywords = {Experimental, loading, pulsed current electrolysis, calorimetry, res+ no FPH refs}, annote = {An electrolytic cell was used, with the Pt anode wire coiled around the Pd cathode sheet, to minimise current nonuniformities and deuterium leakage from the sheet edges. A cooling coil calorimeter was used. The evolved gas was let into a chamber of either 100 cc or 1000 cc and the rise in pressure was used to infer the D/Pd loading (by the deficit). Short (microsec) current pulses of up to 100 A were applied to the cell at repetition rates of 100 Hz to 20 kHz; this was found to increase loading to about 1. Cell voltages were measured between pulses, about 30 microsec after a pulse to avoid the noise caused by the pulses. Two kinds of cold-worked Pd were tried, one kind had an unspecifed impurity (under patent). All reached the loading of 1, confirmed by weighing (> 0.95). Up to 12\% excess heat was found for some time, but not with a gold cathode used as a control. No effect on excess heat by varying current pulse rate was found. Excess heat might be correlated with high Pd hardness and absence of surface cracks.} } @article{I.Chin1994, author = {A.~R. Chindarkar and A.~S. Paithankar and A.~M. Baghwat and G.~R. Naik and S.~K. Iyengar and M. Srinivasan}, title = {Observation of anomalous emission of high energy (ca. 1 MeV) charged particles when 5 keV protons impinge on palladium and titanium foils}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {197--202}, keywords = {Experimental, ion implantation, protons, Pd, Ti, fractofusion, nonequilibrium, no FPH/Jones ref, res+}, annote = {Pd and Ti (and one Gd) foils were implanted with a 5 keV, 0.1 mA/cm$^2$ proton beam in a vacuum chamber for some hours and particle emission measured with a CR-39 cp film thereafter (i.e. self targeting was avoided). With many foils, the post-implantation count was higher than the pre-count by factors from 3 to 12. About 30-40\% of the particles must have been at > 0.9 MeV, as measured by various-thickness Al foil filters. Audioradiographs showed that there was a noted lateral spread of hydrogen in the foils during the ca. 10-15 hours implantation outside the ca. 1 cm$^2$ beam area. These results are not understood but fractoemission may be responsible.} } @article{I.Chub1994, author = {S.~R. Chubb and T.~A. Chubb}, title = {The role of hydrogen ion band states in cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {414--426}, keywords = {Theory, ion band states, high loading, no FPH/Jones refs, res+}, annote = {The authors elaborate their ion band state theory. When wave-like ion band states become occupied, d-d fusion can occur, leading to 4He but not to the usual high-energy emission, under the right circumstances. Ion band states avoid the Coulomb barrier; the energy of fusion is spread out into a relatively large volume and can be absorbed as heat. The model predicts that a loading of about 1 is needed and cracking should impede fusion, and might cause high energy emissions upon sudden loss of order. Steady state output power density should be proportional to (electrolytic) current density. Some of these predictions come after the experimental observations. There is a reference to FP-93 but none to the 1989/90 papers.} } @article{I.Coll1994, author = {W.~J.~M.~F. Collis}, title = {Oklo isotope anomalies and cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {525--526}, keywords = {Oklo, comment, neutron swapping, no FPH/Jones ref.}, annote = {Some believe that at the Oklo site in Gambia, about 1800 million years ago, there was a natural fission reaction; the evidence is in the form of anomalous geological isotope distributions there. There is also an anomalous lack of deuterium in the rock. There are suggestions that deuterium was depleted by a neutron swapping reaction like D + 238U --> (F1+F2) or (239U) + H + n. Another possibility is that alpha particles from the decay of uranium enable the fission of deuterium 2H-->H+n. There are also suggestions involving meteoritic antimatter but this appears less plausible. Collis discusses these and concludes only with some open questions.} } @article{I.Corn1994, author = {R.~A. Cornog}, title = {Cheap electric power from fusion?}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {13--22}, keywords = {Power generation from cold fusion}, annote = {The authors describes some thoughts on power generation from fusion, hot and cold, comparing this with fission. The heat must be converted to usable power but one must consider input costs etc. In general, output heat must be more than 10 times the input power to be useful. Cold fusion has the advantage of heat without radiation and hopefully small cost of raw materials.} } @article{I.Dash1994, author = {J. Dash and G. Noble and D. Diman}, title = {Surface morphology and microcomposition of palladium cathodes after electrolysis in acidified light and heavy water: correlation with excess heat}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {299--306}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, acid, excess heat, Pd, SEM, EDS, isotopes, no FPG/Jones ref, res+}, annote = {Two cells were put in series, one with light, the other with heavy water, both with Pd cathodes (0.35 mm thick), Pt (foil) anodes were used, the water "acidified" with sulphuric acid (conc not given). SEM and EDS analysis showed the presence of Au on the Pd surface in both cases, but more in the D2O cell. This is explained as arising from d-d fusion, releasing neutrons which might fuse with 196Pd, forming 197Pd, which decays to 197Au. Excess heat production was also greater in the D2O cell than in the H2O one, consistent with this. In another cell pair, Ag was found. Although this was initially present in the Pd, so was Cu and this did not migrate to the surface; thus, the Ag, like the Au, is from transmutation, this time from n+108Pd --> 109Pd --> 109Ag. Again, more excess heat was found in the D2O cell.} } @article{I.Dufo1994, author = {J. Dufour and J. Foos and J.~P. Millot}, title = {Cold fusion by sparking in hydrogen isotopes energy balances and search for fusion by products}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {375--379}, keywords = {Experimental, spark discharge, Pd, Fe, excess heat, res+}, annote = {Sparks, generated from a car ignition circuit, were repeatedly discharged into a chamber containing D2 gas and some metals such as Pd or stainless steel (other metals are mentioned but not specified). The chamber was part of a calorimeter, calibrated by discharging through a resistor in the chamber instead of the metal electrodes. With both metals tried and both D2 and H2 gas, excess heat in excess of any chemical process was found; it was greater (by about 3 sigma) than the excess heat found in control experiments in which N2 or O2 gas was substituted, or the metal and metal hydride electrodes were covered by a dielectric barrier. The authors cannot entirely rule out a systematic error, however, and further runs are needed. The results appear consistent with the authors' virtual neutron concept, and nuclear products will be searched for in future.} } @article{I.Fedo1994, author = {G.~V. Fedorovich}, title = {Ferroelectrics for cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {474--479}, keywords = {Theory, fractofusion, ferroelectrics, res+, no FPH/Jones ref.}, annote = {The author examines the conditions for optimising cold fusion brought about by domain polarisation reversal in deuterated ferroelectrics, which produces waves whose interaction with deuterons induces cold fusion, by acceleration of the deuterons up to 200 eV or so. For this, the ferroelectric must be able to easily polarise spontaneously, and its structure must allow highly mobile deuterons. There is a Table of some suitable candidate ferroelectrics.} } @article{I.Fern1994, author = {J.~F. Fernandez and F. Cuevas and M. Alguero and C. Sanchez}, title = {The cubic-tetragonal phase transition in TiDx (x >= 1.7) and its possible relation to cold fusion reactions}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {307--312}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, gas phase, neutrons, phase transition, res-}, annote = {Ti was deuterated from the gas phase (6 bar) and allowed to pass through the transition from cubic to tetragonal, while monitoring for neutrons with three NE213 detectors. Nothing was detected.} } @article{I.Iida1994, author = {T. Iida and M. Fukuhara and . Sunarno and H. Miyamaru and A. Takahashi}, title = {Deuteron fusion experiment with Ti and Pd foils implanted with deuteron beams II}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {380--383}, keywords = {Experimental, ion beam not turned off, cp, Ti, Pd foil, blocking layer, res+}, annote = {Based on the theory that cnf is a three-body reaction, the team carried out an deuteron ion beam experiment in vacuum, targeting Ti or Pd foils. A charged particle (cp) detector (Si-SSD) was placed behind the target. Beam energies of 300 keV at 2-10 uA were used. The foils were charged up by the beam and then some were coated with a 100 nm layer of Al, which was oxidised in air, to trap the deuterium, in order to enhance fusion. Some unusual energy spectra were observed, and explained as arising from the three-body fusion reaction, 3D --> 4He(7.9MeV) + D(15.9MeV). More work is needed to confirm this.} } @article{I.Iwam1994, author = {Y. Iwamura and T. Itoh and I. Toyoda}, title = {Observation of anomalous nuclear effects in D2-Pd system}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {160--164}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, gas phase, blocking layers, temperature cycling, neutrons, gamma, tritium, cp, res+}, annote = {A gas phase experiment, loading Pd plates ($25\times 25 \times 1$ mm$^3$) to D/Pd = 0.66 (by weight). Au or Al was then deposited on both plate surfaces to trap the D within. These samples were put into a vacuum chamber and heated. Neutrons, gammas and cps were detected (not much detail given); tritium was detected by mass spectrometry. Upon heating in the vacuum chamber, the pressure increased greatly at 400 K, then later decreased again; simultaneously with the pressure peak there were neutron and tritium events. Some cps were found but no gammas. Reproducibility was poor, more work is needed.} } @article{I.Jin1994, author = {S.~X. Jin and F.~X. Zhang and Y.~Z. Liu}, title = {Deuterium absorbability and anomalous uclear effect of YBCO high temperature super-conductor}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {527--529}, keywords ={Experimental, superconductivity, HTSC, cp, no FPH/Jones ref, res+}, annote = {A HTSC material prepared directly from Y2O3, Ba and CuO, such that it is superconducting at 90K, placed into a vacuum chamber as pellets or powder, and D2 gas introduced at 1 atm. CR-19 cp detectors in the chamber were examined after 1-2 days and significant tracks were found. They were not found in controls using H2. There was a pressure drop during the experiment, indicating that up to 0.2 moles of D per mole of the HTSC material were absorbed. More work is needed.} } @article{I.Fili1994, author = {V.~A. Filimonov}, title = {Synergetic activation model: key to intense and reproducible cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {455--460}, keywords = {Theory, reproducibility, synergetics, phase transition.}, annote = {Outline of the author's model, based on special conditions within metal deuteride lattices. These include energy distributions for lattice atoms, less than exponential and thus overcoming potential barriers; these gentler distributions arising from shock fronts from phase transitions. Equations for this are given. Crucial factors arising from this are the crystal structure (more order, better for fusion), and experimental papers should focus on this. So, perfect crystals and high loading are desirable.} } @article{I.Flei1994, author = {M. Fleischmann and S. Pons and Roux. Le M and J. Roulette}, title = {Calorimetry of the Pd-D2O system: the search for simplicity and accuracy}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {323--343}, keywords = {Methodology, calorimetry, data treatment, materials.}, annote = {After nearly 5 years of CNF, excess heat is the only reliable indicator, and has not reliably been correlated with any other. Here, the question is examined of what guiding principles there are for calorimetry. The authors list the considerations governing their calorimetry, such as cathode material (for stability etc), means of raising the potential of D+ in the deuteride (the work of Coehn comes in here) and other state vectors. Equations for the calorimetry are then given, and it is noted that at high loading, further loading might well be endothermic, so temperature increases would favour yet higher loading and more temperature increases; this positive feedback needs to be watched. Ideas for cheap instrumentation are presented, i.e. the open cell system used by the authors, combined with sophisticated data treatment.} } @article{I.Guok1994, author = {J.~P. Guokas}, title = {Cold fusion and nuclear proliferation}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {44--47}, keywords = {Comment, sociological, neutrons, neutron swapping, chain reactions, neutron trapping, no FPH/Jones ref (although referred to in the text}, annote = {The author asks whether cnf, when a mature technology, will be able to help the proliferation of nuclear materials; can it, e.g., be used for fissile isotope breeding? Emission of neutrons, or neutron transfer reactions supposed to happen, chain reactions (also proposed) might do this. Neutron trapping might enable a breeder from natural uranium. Then the author ran out of time.} } @article{I.Hage1994a, author = {P.~L. Hagelstein}, title = {In memory of Julian Schwinger}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {xi--xii}, annote = {Eulogy on the deceased J. Schwinger, Nobel prize winner for theoretical physics. Schwinger tried to convince other physicists of the reality of cold fusion, but probably failed.} } @article{I.Hage1994b, author = {P.~L. Hagelstein}, title = {Lattice-induced atomic and nuclear reactions}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {461--473}, keywords = {Theory, neutron transfer, phonon modes, fast electrons, res+}, annote = {The author, who has made a running series of changes to his theory of cold fusion, here outlines his latest. It now involves neutron transfer and phonon mode band gaps, and the role of impurities and vacancies in metal deuteride crystals and autoionisation. Fermi's Golden Rule is applied. The calculations predict that d-d fusion can occur but might be eliminated by fast electron production.} } @article{I.Hale1994, author = {G.~M. Hale and T.~L. Talley}, title = {Deuteron-induced fusion in various environments}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {442--450}, keywords = {Theory, R-matrix, branching ratio, no FPH/Jones refs, res+}, annote = {The authors elaborate their theory of cold fusion, using Wigner's R-matrix, Green's function and the Bloch operator, etc. This leads to an explanation of skewed branching ratios (very few neutrons) under some conditions, or no gamma emission from 4He. Experimentally, photon, electron and x-ray emission should be looked for. Pursuit of this theory and (difficult) calculations based on it might resolve the problem of fitting cold fusion into mainstream physics.} } @article{I.Hans1994, author = {W.~N. Hansen and M.~E. Melich}, title = {Pd/D calorimetry - the key to the F/P effect and a challenge to science}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {355--364}, keywords = {Comment, calorimetry, res+}, annote = {The authors ask whether there is any evidence that excess heat is indeed produced in cnf cells. The authors closely examined the raw data provided by F\&P and by the Harwell team, with the view to adding to the information extracted from them. With the F\&P silvered cell, accuracy of 0.5 to 1\% can be achieved and heat events stand out. Only 2-6\% is achieved by the Harwell study. Experiments with silvered cells as used by F\&P show that temperature gradients in the cells are not important. Heat transfer through the top of the cell is only about 7\%; there is no significant cross-talk between cells in the same thermostat bath. In conclusion, the Harwell data in no way disproves cold fusion, not being good enough.} } @article{I.Hugg1994, author = {R.~A. Huggins}, title = {Materials aspects of the electrochemical insertion of hydrogen and deuterium into mixed conductors}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {291--298}, keywords = {Materials comment, electrochemcial compression, surface effects, no FPH/Jones ref.}, annote = {The author looks at materials aspects of the 'cold fusion' phenomenon in PdD and the interplay between the interface and bulk thermodynamics. Thermodynamics of heterogeneous reactions can give very high activities of a substance inside the solid, even though that substance has a low pressure outside it. Examples are given from heterogeneous catalysis. High electrolysis overpotentials can also produce high activity of, e.g. deuterium within PdD. Permeation studies can provide near-surface deuterium concentrations and are important. Intersti- tial species can lead to non-uniformly distributed stresses and this bears on the prehistory of the Pd used (whether cold-rolled, annealed, etc); various pretreatments affect the loadings achieved. Surface effects by promoters are discussed.} } @article{I.John1994, author = {K.~H. Johnson}, title = {Jahn-Teller symmetry breaking and hydrogen energy in gamma-PdD 'cold fusion' as storage of the 'latent heat' of water}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {427--430}, keywords = {Simple-minded theory, atomic hydrogen, superconductivity connection, res-, no FPH/Jones ref.}, annote = {Johnson has previously calculated expected d-d fusion rates in PdD, arriving at rather small values. Here, he applies Jahn-Teller theory to the PdD lattice and finds that at high D/Pd ratios, some tetrahedral sites are occupied. Then deuterons pair up to form dideuterium, D2. This, says Johnson (incorrectly) releases 9.5 eV, and is equivalent to the evaporation of a large amount of D2O. The theory then focusses on this evaporation process, and the author believes that 'cold fusion' is an artifact, being in reality the formation of dideuterium from its atoms; this explains excess heat, says Johnson. The theory is connected with that of superconductivity.} } @article{I.Jone1994, author = {S.~E. Jones and D.~E. Jones and D.~S. Shelton and S.~F. Taylor}, title = {Search for neutron, gamma and x-ray emissions from Pd/LiOD electrolytic cells: A null result}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {143--148}, keywords = {Experimental, neutrons, gamma, x-ray, res-.}, annote = {The Jones lab's last attempt to wring nuclear signals from a cold fusion cell. They used 6mm and 4mm diameter Pd rods, and somewhat small currents of 40 and 80 mA. "Boron" and "aluminum" were added to the electrolyte at 1 mM to aid the uptake of deuterium by the Pd cathode. The nuclear emissions detection appears to be state of the art; the neutron detector was in 4 quadrants of 4 3He tubes plus plastic scintillators and veto counters; this easily rejected spurious firings due to noise or cosmic influx (these were found). Gamma events were searched for post-factum on the Pd rods at LANL, by looking for radioactive isotopes of Pd, Rh, Ru and Ag; as well, a Ge detector was used there. A sensitive x-ray spectrometer looked for x-rays. None of these emissions was found significantly above (very low) background noise. In this paper, the authors publically retract the previous results of Jones et al '89.} } @article{I.Kim1994a, author = {Y.~E. Kim and J.~H. Yoon and A.~L. Zubarev and M. Rabinowitz}, title = {Reaction barrier transparency for cold fusion with deuterium and hydrogen}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {408--413}, keywords = {Theory, WKB, barrier transparency, no FPH/Jones refs, res+}, annote = {This extends the Kim-Zubarev parametrization of low-energy fusion cross sections from known high-energy results. The theory involves the Schroedinger equation, the WKB approximation and Breit-Wigner resonance formula; the resulting RBT (reaction barrier transparency) is a refinement of the simple Gamow factor, and does allow Jones-level cold fusion. The theory is also consistent with recent Russian results of neutron bursts from high Tc superconducting materials undergoing phase transitions. (There is no reference to FPH or Jones, as such, but Jones is mentioned in the text).} } @article{I.Kim1994b, author = {Y.~E. Kim}, title = {Possible evidence of cold D(D,p)T fusion from Dee's 1934 experiment}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {519--524}, keywords = {Historical, theory, ion beam.}, annote = {In 1934, Dee studied the action of a 160 keV deuteron beam on a solid deuterated ammonium sulphate target, and found some expansion chamber tracks pairing off from collision points and at almost 180 deg to each other. Fleischmann has suggested that this is early historical evidence of low-energy fusion (by slowed-down deuterons hitting the target). Frank Close has stated that the angle is probably not quite 180 deg, and that some keV remained in the d. Kim here tries to estimate the bounds on this energy, making some guesses at Dee's errors in the measured angles. His results support Fleischmann's contention that these tracks show early 'cold fusion'. Kim suggest that Dee's experiment should be repeated using modern equipment.} } @article{I.Kozi1994, author = {H. Kozima}, title = {Trapped neutron catalyzed fusion of deuterons and protons in inhomogeneous solids}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {508--515}, keywords = {Theory, trapped neutrons, res+}, annote = {Kozima presents what amounts to speculation about neutrons trapped as standing waves between metal atoms in the lattice. He goes on to suppose that such trapped neutrons can fuse with, e.g., deuterons to produce tritons, or with protons to produce deuterons. They might also collide with deuterons and cause these to fuse with others; the same effect might cause tritons to fuse with deuterons, producing helium and a neutron again, to start another cycle. There are some calculations (no basis given), and the author believes that this model accounts for both cold fusion observations, as well as the burst nature of cold fusion sometimes claimed. He does suggest one experiment to test the proposal: instead of a metal like Pd, use a layered material of the metal alternating with its oxide, or a proton conducting ceramic, using elements of as high a Z as possible.} } @article{I.Li1994a, author = {X.~Z. Li and G.~S. Huang and D.~W. Mo and B.~Y. Liaw}, title = {The analysis of the neutron emission from the glow discharge in deuterium gas tube and the gas loading in palladium}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {384--388}, keywords = {Polemic, comment, theory, glow discharge, high loading, electrochemical compression, no FPH/Jones ref.}, annote = {The authors here state that in a previous paper from Long, reporting neutron emission from a gas discharge in deuterium, the emission was an artifact in the ZnS detector. However, beam loading might still be of interest and the team reports D/Pd loadings up to 0.89 from beams. Even though enormous pressures seem to be required by thermodynaimcs for loadings > 0.80, they can be achieved by electrochemical compression and beams. This fact might have an impact on the design of 'cold fusion' reaction cells in future.} } @article{I.Li1994b, author = {X.~Z. Li}, title = {The 3-dimensional resonance tunneling in chemically assisted nuclear fission and fusion reactions}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {480--485}, keywords = {Theory, resonance tunneling, Coulomb barrier, no (orig.) FPH/Jones ref res+}, annote = {Using a 3-D resonance model and the WKB approximation, Li estimates fusion rates in a solid. Great enhancements are found, but still short of those required for excess heat claims by a factor of 10$^9$; furthermore, no nuclear ash means that the heat is of non-nuclear origin. If chemical action is able to help accumulate electrons locally, then fusion might be on. More experiments are needed to answer the problem questions.} } @article{I.Liaw1994, author = {B.~Y. Liaw and Y. Ding}, title = {Charging hydrogen into hydride-containing molten salts}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {63--68}, keywords = {Molten salt, Ni, hydrogen, excess heat, res+}, annote = {Liaw et al have previously used a molten salt system to produce excess heat (and even He) at Pd anodes in a LiCl-KCl salt melt (400 C) containing LiD; now they try a Ni anode and LiH. Several things go wrong, stainless steel holders corrode, the LiH gets used up so that the electrochemistry changes to that for the melt itself. The input power just to keep the melt molten is 26 W; they detect some instances of about 0.5 W excess heat and regard this as significant.} } @article{I.Long1994, author = {H.~Q. Long and W. Yin and X.~W. Zhang and J. Wu and W.~S. Zhang and H.~Q. Tang and Z. Li and G.~R. Shen and Z.~Y. Zhou and B.~J. Qi and Y.~H. Liu and Y. Yang}, title = {New experimental results of anomalous nuclear effect in deuterium/metal systems}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {170--175}, keywords = {Experimental, neutrons, x-rays, gas phase, glow discharge, Nb, Ta, Pd, Ni, WTh, res+}, annote = {A number of metals (Pd, Ta, Nb, Ni and the alloy WThx) were placed in a glass bulb with D2 gas and a glow discharge (2.7-18 kV, 50 Hz) applied. Neutrons and x-rays were measured, the neutrons by a single scintillation detector and x-rays with Ge(Li) detector. Neutrons were indeed found and deemed to be more than that expected from self targeting from the discharge by factors up to 100. Some anomalous x-rays were found, and considered secondaries.} } @article{I.Miles1994, author = {M.~H. Miles and B.~F. Bush}, title = {Heat and helium measurements in deuterated palladium}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {156--159}, keywords = {Experimental, helium, excess heat, correlation, res+, no FPJ/Jones ref}, annote = {This paper is very similar to the authors' 1994 paper in FT 25. It reports a series of attempts to detect helium in the effluent gas from a Pd/LiOD electrolysis cell, this time using stainless steel flasks instead of (as earlier) glass, which is permeable to He. Still, some ambient He leaked into the system, possibly through rubber tubing. A number of runs showed no excess heat and these are called controls; they all show very similar levels of He, averaging to $(5.1 \pm 0.7) \times 10^{13}$ 4He per 500 ml flask. In runs with excess heat, up to twice this much was found. The important result here, however, is the control level, which allows the authors to give more credence to earlier results in which also more He was found, correlated with excess heat. They state that the amounts are commensurate with the heat, but say nothing about possible He remaining in the Pd.} } @article{I.Miley1994a, author = {G. Miley}, title = {Comments}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {vii.}, annote = {The editor of FT comments on this transaction volume. He dedicates the volume to the late Julian Schwinger, Nobel prize winner, and proponent of cold fusion. There are acknowledgements to various people who helped prepare the issue.} } @article{I.Miley1994b, author = {G.~H. Miley and E.~G. Batyrbekov and H. Hora and R.~L. Zich}, title = {Electrolytic cell with multilayer thin-film electrodes}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {313--320}, keywords = {Theory, experiment, surface reaction, excess heat, layer electrodes, Pd, Ti, res0, no FPH/Jones ref}, annote = {The authors have their own theory, of the "swimming electron layer" at metal/ metal interfaces, if the two metals have different Fermi levels. They argue that it is at such electron-flooded interfacial layers that CNF will take place. So they made a multilayer cathode of alternating Pd and Ti layers, capped at both ends (why?) with Cr. This was put into an electrolysis cell, together with another using a stainless steel or Cu plate cathode as control, and the same current was put through both. Excess heat might then have shown itself as a difference in temperature between the two cells. Unfortunately, the metal layers flaked apart within a few hours and no results were obtained. If a stable structure can be achieved, this design might lead to a compact, high energy density cell.} } @article{I.Miya1994, author = {H. Miyamaru and Y. Chimi and T. Inokuchi and A. Takahashi}, title = {Search for nuclear products of cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {151--155}, keywords = {Experimental, neutrons, helium, correlation with loading, res0, no FPH/Jones}, annote = {Although 'cold fusion' does not seem to be normal d-d fusion, if it is a nuclear reaction, some products might appear. This team searched for neutrons, and He by mass spectroscopy, and tried to correlate any findings with the D/Pd loading in a Pd/LiOD electrolysis cell, the loading being measured by the cell pressure. The loading rose to 0.85 but then slowly declined to 0.73 or so, for an unknown reason. Throughout, no nuclear products were found. The experiment does however establish the feasibility of this kind of experiment.} } @article{I.Morr1994, author = {D.~R.~O. Morrison}, title = {Review of progress in cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {48--55}, annote = {Prominent 'cold fusion' critic DROM sums up the state of affairs at 1994.In particular, he looks at this bibliography from October 1992 to September 1993. In this period, 76 refereed papers were abstracted, of which 27 were experimental and 26 theoretical. Of the 27 exp., 13 were nulls, 10 positive, 4 undecided. 3 theory papers were negative, 20 positive. New classifications were needed for the experiments performed, such as fracto-fusion, transmutation, laser-induced, black holes, excess heat without input etc. DROM looks to the extent that his previous advice (good experiments, try for reproducibility, theory to fit all data, working models) has been followed; generally, it has not. There is a useful list of theories published in the period. No conclusion is reached but some interesting questions are asked, such as are black holes and biology (Kervran) part of 'cold fusion'?} } @article{I.Nezu1994, author = {S. Nezu and T. Sano}, title = {Measurement of hydrogen loading ratio of Pd electrodes cathodically polarized in aqueous solutions}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {69--73}, keywords = {Experimental, loading measurements, alloys, no FPH/Jones ref, res0}, annote = {It is sometimes thought that the D/Pd loading is crucial to 'cold fusion'. So these authors tried to maximise loading in Pd and some Pd alloys such as Pd-Ag, Pd-Ce and Pd-Rh. Various pretreatments were tried, such as arc melting, annealing in vacuum. The samples were charged with hydrogen or deuterium by electrolysis and the loading measured by several methods, including gas volumetry and mass flow metering. The highest D loading achieved was 0.839 in Pd95Rh05 alloy, followed by 0.823 in unannealed Pd.} } @article{I.Noto1994, author = {R. Notoya}, title = {Alkali-hydrogen cold fusion accompanied by tritium production on nickel}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {205--208}, keywords = {Experimental, Ni, light water, intermetallic compounds, excess heat, tritium, res+}, annote = {Very similar to a recent paper by the author, this one reiterates the assertion that alkali metal ions play a role in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and thus also in the DER (this is not orthodoxy). The formation of intermetallic compounds of Na and Pt was detected by means of pseudocapacity measurements and indicate penetration to 100-1000 monolayers. Similar behaviour is seen at Ni. Calcium was again found to be produced by transmutation; as well as tritium in significant amounts, 10-100 times as much in heavy water than in light, and correlated with current and excess heat. This is not due to d-d or d-d-d fusion but to something else, says the author.} } @article{I.Okam1994a, author = {H. Okamoto and S. Nezu}, title = {Measurements of hydrogen loading ratio of Pd anodes polarized in LiH-LiCl-KCl molten salt systems}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {59--62}, keywords = {Experimental, molten salts, Pd, Ni, loading, res0, no FPH/Jones ref}, annote = {This work tries to measure the D/Pd or D/Ni loading achieved in molten salt experiments of Liaw et al, where Pd (or Ni) is anodically charged from a solution of LiD. At the temperatures employed, phase diagrams lead to an expectation of only about 0.02 loadings. They were measured by gas volumetry. At Pd, 0.03 was achieved, ad 0.06 for H/Pd; no numbes are given for Ni but separate evidence (rate of gas evolution upon current switching; Ni is faster, indicating surface absorption only) indicates very small loadings.} } @article{I.Okam1994b, author = {M. Okamoto and T. Kusunoki and Y. Yoshinaga and H. Ogawa and M. Aida}, title = {Excess heat generation, neutron emission, and cell voltage change in D2O LiOD-Pd systems}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {176--179}, keywords = {Experimental, excess heat, neutrons, cell voltage correlations, res+, no FPH/Jones ref}, annote = {In previous work, excess neutron emission (ENE) was found from Pd/LiOD electrolysis, but not in Pd/LiOH. Here the team tries to correlate ENE with excess heat emission (EHE). Three thermocouples in the cell took care of the calorimetry (with cooling coils), and for the neutron techniques, we must go back to the team's paper in FT 19 (1991) 357. ENE was rather weak, and so correlations were not secured; but some ENE were detected, some clearly. Conditions for reprecation must be found.} } @article{I.Oria1994, author = {R.~A. Oriani}, title = {The physical and metallurgical aspects of hydrogen in metals}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {235--266}, keywords = {Metallurgy, theory, hydrides, thermodynamics, no FPH/Jones ref}, annote = {Oriani is clearly an expert in the area of metal hydrides and this review is a mine of information on the subject. Much is known here and 'cold fusion' workers should be aware of the knowledge base, outlined here in compressed form. Sievert's law, empirically describing the relation between hydrogen loading in a metal and hydrogen pressure, is derived simply, and elaborated. Many relevant topics are covered: fugacity/pressure relations, interstitial occupancy (octahedral/tetrahedral), hydrogen-metal interactions, lattice imperfections, phase relations, isotope effects, the transport of hydrogen within metals, surface effects on entry into and exit from the metal of hydrogen, metal stresses. There is a brief remark about fractofusion, and the simplistic explanation of 'excess heat' as a result of mechanical stress release. 145 references.} } @article{I.Ota1994, author = {K.~I. Ota and H. Yoshitake and O. Yamazaki and M. Kuratsuka and K. Yamaki and K. Ando and Y. Iida and N. Kamiya}, title = {Heat measurement of water electrolysis using Pd cathode and the electrochemistry}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {138--142}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, Pd-Ag alloy, Li inclusion, excess heat, res+, no FPH/Jones ref}, annote = {A fairly standard calorimetry experiment (not much detail) using several Pd cathodes, some with Ag alloying, some mechanically treated by "compression after making notches". It is not clear how the heat calibration is done but a Figure shows a curve very close to 1:1 power out vs in. This was also achieved with light water controls, but out of 18 runs with heavy water, 9 achieved some excess heat, one of them up to 74\%, generally in the form of short bursts. No clear effect due to alloying or mechanical treatment can be seen. Another effect looked at was the inclusion of Li by electrolysis. SIMS was used to find out how much Li was absorbed, and it was found that this increased with current density, up to 7.2 at\% at the surface at 500 mA/cm$^2$.} } @article{I.Pons1994, author = {S. Pons and M. Fleischmann}, title = {Heat after death}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {87--95}, keywords = {Experimental, polemic, excess heat, res+}, annote = {This says nothing that has not already been said, especially in the authors' paper in Phys. Lett. A 176 (1993) 118. There is some rebuttal of Morrison's critique of that paper (same journal) but this, too, has now been published, again in that same journal. Here we see a large number of cooling curves, some of them claimed to show great amounts of excess heat, up to about 4 kW/cm$^3$ of Pd. Again, there is mention of cells that have run dry but with the "rail voltage" of the power supply still connected.} } @article{I.Prep1994, author = {G. Preparata}, title = {Cold fusion '93: Some theoretical ideas}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {397--407}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, annote = {Preparata starts with posing some hard questions, such as how does CNF proceed or what is the dynamics of deuterons and electrons in the metal deuteride, why are deuterons so mobile, etc. He then outlines his theory, which explains all. This involves the d-electrons of Pd providing screening for deuterons in tetrahedral positions, the plasma of delocalised s-electrons, site occupancy, phases with their chemical potentials, etc. After many equations, P concludes that CNF is real, but much more theory and experiment is needed.} } @article{I.Rans1994, author = {I.~I.~I. Ransford HE}, title = {Apparatus for safely extending cold fusion investigations to high temperature, pressure and input power regimes}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {78--83}, keywords = {Reactor design}, annote = {Ransford II here takes for granted all the claims for cold fusion by electrolysis, notably an achievable power density of 4 kW/cm$^3$, and designs a reactor to handle this. Problems of containment of heat and pressure events are addressed; Ransford III realises that, since power goes up with temperature, the reactor must operate at high temperature and pressure. Thus thermal runaway must be allowed for. Cooling must be efficient, and will of course carry away the heat to be converted to useful power. There are safety valves etc. Fine diagrams of a very complex apparatus are shown, the result of five years design work. When built, this will run at 100 A input current and will produce 20 kW continuous and 100 kW for 30s peaks.} } @article{I.Ramb1994, author = {M. Rambaut}, title = {Account of cold fusion by screening and harmonic oscillator resonance}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {486--492}, keywords = {Theory, screening, res+, no FPH/Jones ref.}, annote = {By modelling the plasma in a metal deuteride as a harmonic oscillator and invoking electron accumulation around free deuterons, R can show that cold fusion is possible at claimed rates. Earlier work of the 70's and later is quoted in support. The special feature of the theory is that fusion is induced by a sudden decrease in the current. The theory can also explain ball lightning. Calculations convince R that energies down to $10^{-6}$ eV or so are sufficient to induce cold fusion.} } @article{I.Rabi1994, author = {M. Rabinowitz and Y.~E. Kim and V.~A. Chechin and V.~A. Tsarev}, title = {Opposition and support for cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {3--12}, keywords = {Theory, comment, res0.}, annote = {This paper begins with some parallels to the 'cold fusion' affair, such as Napoleonic and Victorian fluid models of all physics, superconductivity, superfluidity and the solar neutrino problem; Rabinowitz has made contributions to several of these fields. The point is that scientists are often wrong or ignorant. The rest of the paper is then a precis of the authors' published paper (Chechin VA, Tsarev VA, Rabinowitz M, Kim YE; Int. J. Theo. Phys. 33 (1994) 617), see its abstract for details.} } @article{I.Saka1994, author = {S. Sakamoto}, title = {Observations of cold fusion neutrons from condensed matr}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {165--169}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, neutrons, res+}, annote = {The author has attempted to detect neutron emission from a 'cold fusion' electrolysis cell. First, he used as electrolyte NaOH (conc. not given) in D2O and a BF3 proportional neutron counter. Background was measured over 30 hours, before starting the electrolysis using a 0.1 mm thick, 25 mm long Pd cathode, at 140-320 mA/cm$^2$. Later, the electrolyte was changed to "LiD" (LiOD is probably meant, just as "matter" must be meant in the title), the Pd wire was shortened to 20 mm and the neutron detector was improved to a bank of 6 proportional 3He counters around the cell, with coincidence demands. This now had an efficiency of 6.4\%. The crude preliminary equipment produced a few cases of weak neutron excess over the background (2 to 3 times), which the author considers significant. The better setup did not show any significant neutron incidents. This does not, however, deny the possibility of cold fusion, writes the author and attributes the difference between the two runs to a change in the appearance of the Pd.} } @article{I.Savv1994, author = {I.~B. Savvatimova and Ya.~R. Kucherov and A.~B. Karabut}, title = {Cathode material change after deuterium glow discharge experiments}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {389--394}, keywords = {Experimental, glow discharge, isotope changes, res+, no FPH/Jones refs.}, annote = {This team, which has previously published the emission of neutrons, cp's, etc emissions, as well as excess heat from their glow discharge setup (Pd cathode in D2 gas) now look at the Pd surface layers after many hours of applying the glow discharge (100-500 V, as stated in an earlier paper), using x-ray microprobe analysis, secondary ion mass spectrometry and spark mass spectrometry. As well, some autoradiography was done. The different surface analysis techniques all found many elements produced at the Pd, greatly in excess of the original Pd surface values; but they find different element sets. With x-ray, Y and Mo are notable; with SIMS it is Cr, Fe and V; with SMS it is Mo, Zr, Ti and some Ag. 4He was also found. Autoradiography after Deuteron bombardment showed clear shapes and shadows where the film was shielded from the foil, indicating the presence of radioactive isotopes in the foil. There was some structure change in the Pd after bombardment. All this is taken as evidence for cold fusion or transmutation; fusion/fission reactions are mentioned as a possibility.} } @article{I.Schw1994, author = {J. Schwinger}, title = {Cold fusion theory. A brief history of mine}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {xiii--xxi}, annote = {A long remark by Schwinger just before his death, on his involvement in cold fusion. His first submission in the field to the journal Physical Review Letters was summarily dismissed with contempt, aaabut later published in Naturwissenschaften. The rejection caused Schwinger to resign from the Americal Physical Society. Schwinger proposed that the pd reaction must also take place, because there is always some light water present in heavy water. The 3He produced could react with deuterons to produce 5Li, which decays to 4He and a proton. This would account for the disparity between the amount of 4He detected and heat generated, on the assumption of dd fusion.He went on to develop further his ideas of what might be happening, involving also the Casimir effect, sonoluminescence and bubble collapse under sonication, as well as the M{\"o}ssbauer effect. This short essay is a mine of citations from all his papers and addresses, tracing the history of his ideas on the subject.} } @article{I.Sing1994, author = {M. Singh and M.~D. Saksena and V.~S. Dixit and V.~B. Kartha}, title = {Verification of the George Oshawa [sic] experiment for anomalous production of iron from carbon arc in water}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {266--270}, keywords = {Experimental, transmutation, res0, no FPH/Jones refs}, annote = {This is an attempt to verify the strange claim by GO (et al) of having produced Fe by arcing between pur carbon rods in pure water containing oxygen. The present team analysed both the initial water and the carbon and found only <5, and <2 ppm, resp. In the first run, an arc was kept up intermittently for about 1 hour at <35 V, 15-18 A, and in the 5 mg of residue collected from the bottom, 2000 ppm Fe was found. This procedure was repeated, at different currents and lengths of time of arcing, and every time, less and less Fe was found in the residue, being respectively for the runs, 2000, 1000, 2000, 450, 100, 50, 50, 20, 20, 100 ppm. Mass spec was used to determine the isotopic distribution, and this was found to be the same as natural Fe in every case. The authors however conclude that these numbers even at their lowest values, lie far above the initial values, and thus this is a verification of Ohsawa et al's results, i.e. that transmutation to Fe has occurred here.} } @article{I.Stuk1994, author = {P.~A. Stukan and Yu.~M. Rumyantsev and A.~V. Shishkov}, title = {Generation of hard radiation and accumulation of tritium during electrolysis of heavy water}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {461--}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, Ti, rods, res+, no FPH/Jones ref.}, annote = {The electrolyte was 2\% Li2CO3 in D2O; Pd and Ti rods, 4mm diameter, surface area ca. 1 cm$^2$, were used as cathodes, current density 1 A/cm$^2$. Hard radiation was measured with a beta-type scintillation setup employing three photomultiplier tubes arranged around the cell. The background count was 1/min. Tritium was detected in aliquots taken from the electrolyte, by liquid scintillation. In many experiments, the average hard radiation count rate was 1-4 c/min, several times the rate at no cell current, or with light water. In some cases, radiation turned on after some hours, and died again upon current switch-off. There was a steady increase in tritium with time on both Pd and Ti (less with Ti). Rough calculations show that there is an order 4 imbalance between the (t,p) and (3He,n) channels, as observed by others (i.e. a dearth of neutrons). No excess heat was seen but does not seem to have been actively looked for, except as an expectation of cells boiling dry as reported by F\&P.} } @article{I.Sund1994, author = {R. Sundaresan}, title = {Anomalous reactions during arcing between carbon rods in water}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {261--265}, keywords = {Experimental, transmutation, res+}, annote = {The authors attempt to verify the strange claim of Ohsawa to have caused transmutation of C with oxygen-18 by arcing between carbon rods in pure water. Arcing currents up to 25 A were applied, with voltages around 10 V, for up to 3 hours. Initial Fe content in the rods was, as stated by the makers, 2 ppm and the water contained next to none (< 20 ppb ions total, by the measured conductivity). In 14 separate experiments, the carbon residue found at the cell bottom after arcing contained an average of around 100 ppm Fe. Since oxygen-18 is thought to be a requirement for this transmutation, some trials were run with nitrogen to flush oxygen out of the water. In three such runs, the carbon residue contained even less than the original (max 18 ppm). Fe production (with oxygen) correlates roughly with length of time of arcing. No isotope distribution was measured but will be in future. There is even a rough indication of excess heat from the transmutation (fusion) reaction.} } @article{I.Swar1994a, author = {M. Swartz}, title = {Isotopic fuel loading coupled to reactions at an electrode}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {74--77}, keywords = {Theory, fusion rate as a transport problem; res0}, annote = {Mitch Swartz further develops his "quasi-one-dimensional (Q1D) model" of what happens in a cold fusion electrolysis cell. Many equations are presented, to do with deuteron flux in the various parts of the cell. The partition between deuterium evolution and its ingress into the Pd is invoked, and finally an equation for the rate of fusion given, including such parameters as diffusivity of deuterons, electric field strength and the fraction of deuterons in the Pd that will fuse (an unknown parameter).} } @article{I.Swar1994b, author = {M. Swartz}, title = {A method to improve algorithms used to detect steady state excess enthalpy}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {369--372}, keywords = {Polemic on excess heat found in nulls, res+}, annote = {The point of this paper is to warn against the improper use of base line correction to calorimetric data, as the author believes has been done, notably by purported null experiments. If the results contain a step in excess heat and the workers subtract a straight line reaching over the step, then a "reverse Z" signature will be found. Detecting such reverse Z in purported nulls will unmask unrecognised positives in such work. Swartz then finds such a feature in work by Albagli et al, referred to as the PFC Phase-II work. Thus linear regression baseline correction may be flawed but detected, concludes the author. Look for reverse Z.} } @article{I.Taka1994, author = {A. Takahashi}, title = {Some considerations of multibody fusion in metal-deuterides}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {451--454}, keywords = {Theory/speculation, multibody fusion, res+}, annote = {T has a theory of multibody fusion, involving among some possible scenarios the fusion of 3 or 4 deuterons, yielding 6Li or 8Be. He has described this previously; here he speculates on how the excited product might decay to the ground state without emitting high energy gamma- and x-rays. He believes this to be possible with the Schwinger or Preparata theories, in which the energy is absorbed by the metal lattice. For the excited 8Be species this seems to be fairly firm, while it is less firm for excited 6Li.} } @article{I.Tani1994, author = {R. Taniguchi}, title = {Characteristic peak structures on charged particle spectra during electrolysis experiment}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {186--191}, keywords = {Experimental, cp's, electrolysis, res+, no FPH/Jones refs}, annote = {In previous work by others, using deuteron beams, charged particles (cp's) were detected. T here tries it with an electrolysis cell with a Pd foil cathode and a SSB cp detector on the back side of the foil (one Fig. shows two detectors, the others do not and there is no mention of coincidence electronics). Many different runs were made, some with 30 mA applied, some without, some with the detectors shielded by Ni plates, background with no cell. To the untrained eye all the measured spectra look much the same, but the author notes some differences, notably some peaks in the Pd/D2O electrolysis run, not seen (by the untrained eye) in the others. This cannot be background, concludes Taniguchi, neither can it be dd fusion; it must be an unknown nuclear reaction.} } @article{I.Tayl1994, author = {S.~F. Taylor and T.~N. Claytor and D.~G. Tuggle and S.~E. Jones}, title = {Search for neutrons from deuterided palladium subject to high electrical currents}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {180--185}, keywords = {Experimental, neutrons, tritium, nonequilibrium, high current, res0.}, annote = {This team put high electrical current through several variants of long thin Pd conductors being loaded with, or loaded by, or unloading deuterium, while monitoring for neutrons, all done in the Provo Canyon tunnel, where the background is very low. Sophisticated multi-detector gear with discrimination algorithms against noise was used. These cells had produced some tritium, so it was of interest whether neutrons were also emitted. There was a long thin Pd wire, a long track filled with compacted Pd powder, and one with silicon. Although the neutron counts were all close to background (no more than about 1 sigma above), there did appear to be some faint correlation of neutrons with tritium production, which was fairly reproducible. The authors cautiously regard the results as inconclusive, however, and suspect systematic effects as the possible false neutron detection. Another paper by Tuggle et al in the same issue is pointed out, in which spurious sources of tritium are discussed (and in fact rejected).} } @article{I.Tsuc1994, author = {K. Tsuchiya and K. Ohashi and M. Fukuchi}, title = {Mechanism of cold nuclear fusion II}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {493--495}, keywords = {Theory, boson clustering, res+}, annote = {The authors extend the ideas of Bush et al; if deuterons are bosons, then they might cluster together. Using Lipkin's theory, deuteron creation, annihilation operators and model Hamiltonians, they then calculate the force between a deuteron pair in a clump of various sizes within a small metal lattice volume. It turns out that this force has an negative minimum (maximum in attraction) at some number N around 70. At larger N, the force passes through zero and then goes through a repulsive maximum. They conclude that the attractive clump size of around 70 is most probable, and thus dd fusion will be catalysed by this effect.} } @article{I.Tugg1994, author = {D.~G. Tuggle and T.~N. Claytor and S.~F. Taylor}, title = {Tritium evolution from various morphologies of palladium}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {221--231}, keywords = {Experimental, tritium, res+, no FPH/Jones refs.}, annote = {In another paper (Taylor et al 1994), this team has already attempted to detect neutrons, without success; here they look for tritium in the same experimental setup. Tritium, in any case, may be the better indicator of 'cold fusion', they say. Various high-purity wires, powder tracks or foils of Pd were pressurised with high-purity deuterium (max. tritium content 90 pCi/l). Other samples were subjected to plasma discharge in four new chambers. Tritium was measured by a Femtotech (not described here) in a gas cycling setup. Some of the samples of Pd, when subjected to an electric current, showed tritium, at several sigmas above background, some of them consistently, mainly under dehydriding (evacuating into the Femtotech circuit). The authors give careful consideration to spurious sources of tritium, and the main one seems to be traps in the tritium circuit, where as much as 180 nC was found. Although this is much more than the amount released from the Pd samples, the team concludes that there was tritium production here. This cannot be from a "two body dd fusion" reaction, since no neutrons were found (reported in the companion paper), but from some other, unknown process.} } @article{I.Wabe1994, author = {J.~T. Waber and Llano. de M}, title = {Cold fusion as boson condensation in a Fermi sea}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {496--507}, keywords = {Theory, boson condensation, superconductivity connection, res+}, annote = {Using Born-Oppenheimer separability, Fermi surfaces, the (assumed) band structure of palladium deuteride, the Wannier representation and by modifying the Fujita-Watanabe improvement on the BCS-Bose theory of superconductivity, the authors conclude that 4He is the product of dd fusion, and the energy will be spread out in the lattice in a Moessbauer-like effect.} } @article{I.Wais1994, author = {J.~L. Waisman and N.~J. Kertamus}, title = {Excess heat; the macroprinciples}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {101--121}, keywords = {Theory, macroprinciples, res+.}, annote = {The authors look at 'cold fusion' in terms of three "macroprinciples": X-heat, state properties and the effect of excess heat on the lattice temperature. They grab some macro-equations, present some fine phase diagrams and Pd(H) isotherms etc, and are finally led to conclude that it is all true, by simply stating that it is.} } @article{I.Wang1994, author = {X. Wang and P. Tang and W. Zhang and R. Zhu and D. Ding and H. Liu and Z. Chen}, title = {A new device for measuring neutron burst in cold fusion experiment}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {192--196}, keywords = {Experimental, neutron detection system, res0.}, annote = {This paper describes a system suited to measuring neutrons coming in bursts, which presents some difficulties. 18 3He tubes, divided into 6 groups of 3, were used, with coincidence counters and means of measuring the decay time.} } @article{I.Will1994, author = {F.~G. Will and K. Cedzynska and D.~C. Linton}, title = {Tritium generation in palladium cathodes with high deuterium loading}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26T}, year = {1994}, pages = {209--213}, keywords = {Experimental, tritium, high loading, res+.}, annote = {This describes results of total tritium analysis (electrolyte, head space gas and Pd metal) in 'cold fusion' electrolysis cells, using 2mm diameter Pd wire in D2SO4/D2O solution, with H2SO4 controls. A series of increasing current densities with pauses in between led to D/Pd loadings up to 1.00, measured by evolved gases to 5\% accuracy. Control Pd samples were taken and no tritium found in them (but no results for tritium analysis in the D2O used are given). Total tritium yields were up to 223 times of the measurement sensitivity, and the beta spectrum of the tritium showed that substances radiating in a similar manner to tritium, such as 210-Pb or 241-Pu, were not the source of the measurements. So the authors conclude that tritium was generated during the electrolyses.} }