% Update of 17/01/2017 % No. of items: 1529 % @article{Abel1990, author = {G.~C. Abell and L.~K. Matson and R.~H. Steinmeyer and R.~C. Bowman Jr and B.~M. Oliver}, title = {Helium release from aged palladium tritide}, journal = {Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter}, volume = {41}, year = {1990}, pages = {1220--1223}, keywords = {Experimental, helium mobility in metal, res0}, submitted = {10/1989}, published = {01/1990}, annote = {Tritium decays by beta emission and forms He; so if you let PdT(x) stand, you accumulate He in the Pd. An interesting question for cold fusion people looking for He, where should they look for it? In the solution or gas outside the Pd, or inside? In other words, how fast does any He come out? These authors examine this and find that, for small He "loadings" (<0.5 He/Pd), the He is practically not released, and that temperatures exceeding 1300 K are needed to drive it out.} } @article{Aber1990, author = {D. Aberdam and M. Avenier and G. Bagieu and J. Bouchez and J.~F. Cavaignac and J. Collot and R. Durand and R. Faure and J. Favier and E. Kajfasz and D.~H. Koang and B. Lefievre and E. Lesquoy and H. Pessard and A. Rouault and J.~P. Senateur and A. Stutz and F. Weiss}, title = {Limits on neutron emission following deuterium absorption into palladium and titanium}, journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, volume = {65}, year = {1990}, pages = {1196--1199}, keywords = {Experimental, neutron detector, res-}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {This group has a new type of neutron detector which will detect any neutron with an energy > 1MeV and allows discrimination against Compton electron background. This was used in an underground lab, where the neutron background was a low 1.7 n/day. Both electrochemical and pressurization cold fusion experiments were done, closely following the example of FPH, Jones+ and De Ninno+. In some of the electrochemical runs, the currents were abruptly changed several times, to test for dynamical effects. Dynamical effects were also attempted with the gas absorption runs (up to 60 bars), by temperature changes between that of liquid N2 and 950 degC, both fast and slowly. In all cases, something like 1E-26 n/pair/s was measured as an upper limit, or a factor of 100 below Jones et al's results. No bursts were observed.} } @article{Abri1989, author = {D. Abriola and E. Achterberg and M. Davidson and M. Debray and M.~C. Etchegoyen and N. Fazzini and J.~F. Niello and A.~M.~J. Ferrero and A. Filevich and M.~C. Galia and R. Garavaglia and Bermudez. Garcia G and R.~T. Gettar and S. Gil and H. Grahmann and H. Huck and A. Jech and A.~J. Kreiner and A.~O. Macchiavelli and J.~F. Magallanes and E. Maqueda and G. Marti and A.~J. Pacheco and M.~L. Percz and C. Pomar and M. Ramirez and M. Scassera}, title = {Examination of nuclear measurement conditions in cold fusion experiments}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {265}, year = {1989}, pages = {355--360}, keywords = {Experimental, gamma, neutron, res-}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {They find levels of gamma and neutron radiation 1/1000 of those of FPH.} } @article{AbuT1990a, author = {A.~F. AbuTaha}, title = {Cold fusion - the heat mechanism}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {345--349}, keywords = {Theory, lattice stress, res0}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {The author's thesis is that the palladium, and not the deuterium, is the source of the "excess heat" measured by some workers. The deuterium causes strain build-up in the metal, and at some point this is released by crack formation and propagation, which also generates sufficient heat to explain all. As in simple metal tensile tests, in which crack formation causes a rise in temperature, this effect can account for the heat observed by FPH. The effect cannot be used to generate power.} } @article{AbuT1990b, author = {A.~F. AbuTaha}, title = {Cold fusion - engineering perspectives}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {391--396}, keywords = {Theory, lattice stress, res0}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {AbuTaha further develops his theory that 'cold fusion' is not fusion, but the release of embrittlement energies, i.e. of energy stored after crack formation. Crack propagation can then suddenly or over a time period release large amounts of energy, up to the FPH claim of 4 MJ/cm**3 in metals such as Pd and Ti or Ni. This can explain all, including the FPH melt-down (AbuTaha describes an explosive event, due to hydrogen embrittlement, observed in the early 1970's). He clearly believes that this phenomenon can be used, but we must learn to control and optimise it.} } @article{Acke2006, author = {E. Ackerman}, title = {Indicators of failed information epidemics in the scientific journal literature: a publication analysis of polywater and cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Scientometrics}, volume = {66}, year = {2006}, pages = {451--466}, keywords = {Bibliometric}, submitted = {03/2005}, published = {03/2006}, annote = {A literature review by the author found some signs of a failed phenomenon and they were applied to both the polywater affair (1962-1974) and cold fusion (1989-), both considered failed epidemics. For the latter, the Britz files were used as data. The study showed that some characteristic signs were present in both affairs: presence of seminal papers, rapid growth and decline in author frequency, multidisciplinary work and epidemic growth and decline in journal publication frequency. A further indicator, predominance of rapid publication, might apply, while the sixth sign, increasingly multi-authorship, did not apply to these two affairs. See also the paper by the same author, ibid 63 (2005) 189, on polywater itself (a "peripheral")} } @article{Adac1992, author = {G. Adachi and H. Sakaguchi and K. Nagao}, title = {(3)He and (4)He from D2 absorbed in LaNi5}, journal = {J. Alloys Comp.}, volume = {181}, year = {1992}, pages = {469--476}, keywords = {Experimental, mass spec, 3He, alloy, gas phase, res-}, annote = {One of the branches of the d-d fusion reaction leads to the formation of 3He, and this should be possible to detect if allowed to accumulate in a closed system. Mass spectrometry was used here to do this, from deuterium absorbed in LaNi5 alloy. The alloy (52.2 g) was carefully degassed at 1123 K and 1.3E-03 Pa for half a day. 99.5\% pure D2 at 7.9E05 Pa pressure was then admitted and the temperature cycled between 363 and 273 K to ensure absorption. After this, two experiments were run for 40 days and 28 days, respectively, cycling the temperature. Samples of the initial gas were also taken as background. Finally, the alloy was degassed again to obtain absorbed gases. In the MS measurements, the ratios of (3)He to (4)He, as well as to the impurity gases Ne, Ar Kr and Xe were measured as checks. Both in these ratios and the absolute amounts of (3)He found, there was a clear increase in (3)He, not explicable in terms of contamination from the air. The amount corresponds to a fusion rate of about 1.3/s, which is roughly equal to 1E-23 fusions/dd- pair/s. The possibility that this helium came from tritium contamination in the deuterium gas was not tested, however.} } @article{Adle1990, author = {P.~N. Adler and R.~L. Schulte and H. Margolin}, title = {Deuterium surface segregation in titanium alloys}, journal = {Metall. Trans.}, volume = {21A}, year = {1990}, pages = {2003--2007}, keywords = {Polemic discussion, res0}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {Deuterium enrichment in the near-surface region, kinetics of segregation, and factors contributing to it, are discussed. Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) showed that there is in fact spotwise enrichment (segregation) at the surface of alpha-phase TiD but not in beta-phase ditto. Some of the deuterium may be trapped at surface defects without deuteride formation. } } @article{Afon2003, author = {D.~D. Afonichev and M.~A. Murzinova}, title = {Indicator of the process of cold fusion}, journal = {Int. J. Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {28}, year = {2003}, pages = {1005--1010}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti alloy, D2, gas phase, neutrons, tritium, SEM, EM, res+}, submitted = {04/2002}, published = {09/2003}, annote = {Ti alloyed with Al, Mo, Zr and Si was loaded with D2 gas, and neutrons measured, as well as tritium. Electromagnetic radiation was found to be emitted, probably from surface layers, as the samples were deformed mechanically to possibly induce cold fusion. Tritium, uniformly distributed through the material was found, exceeding by 50\% the ambient levels. The authors suggest that cold fusion took place via the normal tritium branch and that radio emissions may have led other workers to believe they had detected neutrons, which were not found in this study.} } @article{Afon2006, author = {D.~D. Afonichev}, title = {Mechanism of cold fusion via tritium channel}, journal = {Int. J. Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {31}, year = {2006}, pages = {551--553}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {02/2005}, published = {03/2006}, annote = {The author proposes that the tritium channel is the predominant fusion reaction in cold fusion. The reaction, he writes, occurs only within a thin layer of metal, and a non-steady-state of the system is necessary for the reaction to take place. It is accompanied by radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation. Some of the proposals have been made in earlier papers by the author.} } @article{Agel2000, author = {G. Agelao and M.~C. Romano and F. Italiano}, title = {Heat and helium production during exothermic reactions between gases through palladium geometrical elements loaded with hydrogen}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {38}, year = {2000}, pages = {224--237}, keywords = {Experimental, Pt, gas phase, D2, helium, heat, res+}, submitted = {02/1998}, published = {09/2000}, annote = {This team of nuclear engineers and a geochemist exposed Pd to hydrogen and deuterium gas, and monitored for temperature changes, helium, and particles using photographic film. They used rolled or folded Pd foil. They believe that surface reactions are the key, in which energetic hydrogen atoms are given off and collide with others from other, opposite, surfaces (this in fact contradicts the hypothesis of somehow different fusion in the metal bulk, as here, the fusion would have to be conventional and thus result in all the usual nuclear signatures). Heat was either simply observed to evolve, or helped along by external heating. Helium was measured by quadrupole MS. Of 100 runs, all produced heat, whether using hydrogen or deuterium. Films showed some radiation tracks. Helium was detected, especially in the rolled foils, where there was a lot of opposing surface for mutual bombardment.} } @article{Aiel1990, author = {S. Aiello and Filippo. De E and G. Lanzano and Nigro. Lo S and A. Pagano}, title = {Nuclear fusion experiment in palladium charged by deuterium gas}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {115--119}, keywords = {Experimental, gas phase, titanium, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {02/1990}, published = {08/1990}, annote = {The team performed an experiment similar to that of the De Ninno team, with palladium instead of titanium under pressurised D2 with various temperature cycling programs. An NE-213 detector measured neutrons with gamma discrimination, a BaF2 detector measured gamma emission and charged particles were measured by a silicon surface barrier detector. Nothing significant was found. The authors state, however, that the expected cold fusion rate of about 1E-23 fusions/s/pair would give signals well below their apparatus' ability to detect them.} } @article{Alba1990, author = {D. Albagli and R. Ballinger and V. Cammarata and X. Chen and R.~M. Crooks and C. Fiore and M.~P.~J. Gaudreau and I. Hwang and C.~K. Li and P. Linsay and S.~C. Luckhardt and R.~R. Parker and R.~D. Petrasso and M.~O. Schloh and K.~W. Wenzel and M.~S. Wrighton}, title = {Measurement and analysis of neutron and gamma-ray emission rates, other fusion products, and power in electrochemical cells having Pd cathodes}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {133--148}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, 4He, mass spec, neutrons, heat, res-}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {An experiment, in which the Pd cathodes, electrolyte and effluent gases were analysed for fusion products. The claim that (4)He is a major product was examined by means of MS. Constant temperature calorimetry measurements was done, and neutrons and gammas counted; tritium was monitored and surface x-ray spectroscopy at the Pd done. The MS results (from a very high- resolution MS instrument) did show a (4)He peak, but it showed the same peak for the ambient laboratory air. There were no results to support cold fusion. The authors make some comments on cold fusion claims, pointing to experimental difficulties. For example, the FPH(89) excess heat can indeed be conceived in terms of a chemical reaction (as also pointed out by Kreysa). Alba1990} } @article{Albe1989, author = {D. Alber and O. Boebel and C. Schwarz and H. Duwe and D. Hilscher and H. Homeyer and U. Jahnke and B. Spellmeyer}, title = {Search for neutrons from cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Z. Phys. A: At. Nucl.}, volume = {333}, year = {1989}, pages = {319--320}, keywords = {Experimental, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {07/1989}, annote = {Attempt to repeat FPH and Jones+'s experiments: no neutrons.} } @article{Albe1990, author = {M.~A. Alberg and L. Wilets and J.~J. Rehr and . Mustre}, title = {Upper limits to fusion rates of isotopic hydrogen molecules in palladium}, journal = {Phys. Rev. C}, volume = {41}, year = {1990}, pages = {2544--2547}, keywords = {Theoretical, res-}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {06/1990}, annote = {Calculation, using the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, of fusion rates of H2 (H being any given hydrogen isotope) molecules in PdH. Find that fusion rates are enhanced over those for H2 gas but the rates are still 10-20 orders of magnitude lower (at ca. 1E-33/pair/s) than claimed.} } @article{Alek1990, author = {R. Aleksan and M. Avenier and G. Bagieu and J. Bouchez and J.~F. Cavaignac and J. Collot and M.~C. Cousinou and Y. Declais and Y. Dufour and R. Durand and R. Faure and J. Favier and E. Kajfasz and Kerret. De H and D.~H. Koang and B. Lefievre and E. Lesquoy and J. Mallet and E. Nagy and M. Obolensky and H. Pessard and F. Pierre and A. Stutz and J.~P. W{\"u}thrick}, title = {Limits on electrochemically induced fusion of deuterium by neutron flux measurements}, journal = {Phys. Lett. B}, volume = {234}, year = {1990}, pages = {389--394}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {10/1989}, published = {01/1990}, annote = {Attempted to reproduce cold fusion by electrolysis of D2O. A very sensitive neutron detector ((6)Li doped organic liquid scintillator NE320) was used to detect neutrons. An upper limit of about 50 n/s was obtained, which is 30 times smaller than that claimed by FPH, and less than that of Jones+.} } @article{Alek1995, author = {V.~A. Alekseev and V.~I. Vasil'ev and V.~A. Romodanov and Yu.~F. Ryshkov and S.~V. Rylov and V.~I. Savin and Ya.~B. Skuratnik and V.~M. Strunnikov}, title = {Tritium production in the interaction of dense streams of deuterium plasma with metal surfaces}, journal = {Tech. Phys. Lett.}, volume = {21}, year = {1995}, pages = {231--232}, note = {Orig. in: Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 21 (1995) 64.}, keywords = {Self targeting ion beam, Ti, V, Fe, Zr, Nb, tritium, res+, no FPH/Jones refs}, submitted = {12/1994}, published = {03/1995}, annote = {The authors regard this as a cold fusion paper but it is in fact about a plasma discharge experiment, in a 30 mbar atmosphere of D2 between two stainless steel electrodes, about 12 kV passed across them. Along part of the axis, cylinders of various metals are placed, so that the plasma pinch pushes onto the cylinder surface. The authors state that the resulting fusion favours the tritium branch over the neutron one, and they analyse for tritium after many discharges, both in the gas and the metal (but do not report any neutron measurements). Group-IV metals were more effective than the others in producing tritium, and the metals contained more tritium than the gas. The authors find that tritium production correlates with hydrogen solubility in the metal. } } @article{Ales1990, author = {A. Alessandrello and E. Bellotti and C. Cattadori and C. Antonione and G. Bianchi and S. Rondinini and S. Torchio and E. Fiorini and A. Guiliani and S. Ragazzi and L. Zanotti and C. Gatti}, title = {Search for cold fusion induced by electrolysis in palladium}, journal = {Il Nuovo Cimento A}, volume = {103}, year = {1990}, pages = {1617--1638}, keywords = {Experimental, gamma, neutrons, helium, tritium, fracto, gas phase, res-}, submitted = {07/1990}, published = {11/1990}, annote = {The aim was here to search for signals from d-p and d-d fusion during the electrolysis at palladium, as well as to possibly induce fusion by mechanically straining the electrode, so as to initiate crack formation. Gamma, neutron, helium and tritium emissions were all monitored as well as heat, in a low-background environment, under the Gran Sasso massif. Heat effects were measured by means of several thermocouples in the cells, with resistor calibration. Four radiation detectors were used: two (3)He detectors, one NaI detector and one intrinsic Ge diode, with appropriate shielding and calibrations. In none of the experiments, radiation emissions beyond the background, were detected. The upper limit then becomes around 6 orders of magnitude lower than the fusion rates claimed by FPH. Mechanical strain - i.e. microcracks - made no difference. Tritium analysis showed only the normal electrolytic enrichment. No helium was found, and no excess heat outside error limits. This extensive experiment does not support cold fusion.} } @article{Alex1989, author = {K.~F. Alexander}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Wissensch. Fortschr.}, volume = {39}, year = {1989}, pages = {225--228}, note = {In German}, keywords = {Review}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {An early review of the CNF affair, with a few good references and acid comments. A criticises the superficiality of FPH's paper and states that Nature would not accept it (Nature does not say this), and deplores the lack of control experiments with normal water. Jones et al's paper fares much better with Alexander and he quotes earlier work of the Jones group, on muon catalysis and the piezo-effect (see Van Siclen and Jones 1986). } } @article{Algu1996, author = {M. Alguero and J.~F. Fernandez and F. Cuevas and C. Sanchez}, title = {An interpretation of some postelectrolysis nuclear effects in deuterated titanium}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {29}, year = {1996}, pages = {390--397}, keywords = {Experimental and theory, electrolysis, neutrons, Ti, res+}, submitted = {10/1994}, published = {05/1996}, annote = {The team focusses on the observation that neutron emission sometimes persists after electrolysis is stopped. First, an experiment is done, using a 15*15*1 mm$^3$ Ti plate as cathode in LiSO4/D2O, applying 4-10 V to the cell. Neutron emissions clearly greater than for the background were detected and found to persist up to 40-50 min after electrolysis. Diffusion dynamics and phase changes within the metal/deuterium system are then invoked to explain these results, in terms of the "active volume" model. The results show that not only high loading is required for "cold fusion" to take place, it must also be triggered somehow. This trigger was not identified.} } @article{Alta1990, author = {M.~V. Altaiskii and S.~N. Artekha and B.~I. Barts and V.~G. Bar'yakhtar and S.~S. Moiseev}, title = {Fluctuational enhancement of quantum mechanical and wave barrier penetrability and some physical consequences}, journal = {Vopr. Atom. Nauk. Tekh. Ser.: Fiz. Radiats. Povr. Radiats. Mater.}, volume = {52}, number = {1}, year = {1990}, pages = {78--80}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Theory, fluctuations, res+}, submitted = {12/1989}, annote = {Both the present authors and Koonin have suggested that it is not the mean physical states in the metal hydride lattice, that set the cold fusion rate, but the fluctuations in all lattice parameters, including the Coulomb barrier to a close d-d approach. In analogy with the Debye-Valera factor of solid state theory, such a factor is expected here, and it can lead to greatly enhanced rates of cold fusion. Some mathematical theory indicates that for a d-d distance >= 0.2A, i.e. $r \ge ra=n^{-1/3}$, n = electron gas density, there is effective attraction between the d's. Finally, fluctuations might also be used deliberately to enhance fusion rates in crystals.} } @article{An1991, author = {X.~W. An and H.~K. Yan and B.~X. Han and D.~J. Guo and D.~Y. Xie and Q.~H. Zhu and R.~H. Hu}, title = {Calorimetric investigation of electrochemically induced nuclear fusion of deuterium}, journal = {Thermochim. Acta}, volume = {183}, year = {1991}, pages = {107--115}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, palladium, heat, res-}, submitted = {09/1990}, annote = {A thoroughly performed experiment. Two cells, one with heavy and one with light water, were operated in series, closely matched. Over longer periods, the same constant current was run through the two cells, and the cell voltages were monitored throughout. Calibration heating was used to check the cell constants as a function of temperature. The identical Pd rods, 5.9 mm in dia. and 47 mm exposed lengths, were pretreated in molten NaOH; the electrolytes were purified by preelectrolysis with Pt cathodes. It was noted here that the heavy water electrolyte (0.1 M LiOD) was markedly more viscous than the light electrolyte (0.1 M LiOH). Mechanical stirring, beyond the bubbles generated, was provided, and it was found that the bubbles alone were not adequate. The cell constants were temperature dependent. The volumes of evolved gases were as expected from the electrolysis current. Currents of 0.6A, 0.8A, 1 A and finally 1.3 A were applied for respectively 98 h, 13 h, 16.5 h and (21+72) h. No recombination was found to take place, and no excess heat outside the error limits of about 5% was found. The authors conclude that in the FPALH-90 paper, there was insufficient stirring and that it is important to know the cell constant, as a function of temperature.} } @article{An1995, author = {H.~K. An and E.~I. Jeong and J.~H. Hong and Y. Lee}, title = {Analysis of deformed palladium cathodes resulting from heavy water electrolysis}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {27}, year = {1995}, pages = {408--416}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd deformation by electrolysis; res+}, submitted = {06/1993}, published = {07/1995}, annote = {This follows the work of Yamaguchi, who observed the deformation of a Pd plate exposed to D2 gas, where a gold layer was evaporated, from which Y inferred high temperatures and thus anomalous heat production. The Korean team attempted to observe this by doing an electrolysis experiment on Pd plates as cathodes. Two cathodes were made up, as Pd sandwiches, 10*10*1 mm$^3$, between a gold layer, 200 nm, on one side and a Ti layer, 20 nm, coated with Pd, also 20 nm thick, on the other. Temperatures were monitored during electrolysis, in 0.1 M LiOD at up to 200 mA, with a bit of current reversal now and then. The two electrodes faced each other. Electrolysis was sustained for 18 days, when the cell exploded; the authors believe that D2 and O2 gas may have played a role in that and strongly recommend a good recombiner. The plates were deformed and it seems that, just as with Yamaguchi, high temperatures may have been reached; e.g. there was some Au-Pd alloying, seen by surface analysis (OM, SEM and SAM). There was some evidence of temp. increases within the plates (up to maybe 1000 C) before the explosion. There is some diffusion maths.} } @article{Andr1989, author = {R. Andreani}, title = {La fusione 'fredda' ("'Cold' fusion")}, journal = {Energ. Nucl. (Rome)}, volume = {6}, year = {1989}, pages = {8.}, note = {In Italian}, keywords = {Discussion, no refs.}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {04/1989}, annote = {Written in April 1989, this is just a short outline of cold fusion, concluding that nothing is certain yet, confirmation is needed, and that Walling, also from Utah, has some interesting remarks on the subject.} } @article{Andr1994, author = {B.~D. Andresen and R. Whipple and A. Alcazar and J.~S. Haas and P.~M. Grant}, title = {Potentially explosive organic reaction mechanisms in Pd/D2O electrochemical cells}, journal = {Chem. Health Safety}, volume = {1}, year = {1994}, pages = {44--47}, keywords = {Postmortem of explosion}, published = {10/1994}, annote = {One of several papers published by this forensic team, asked to examine some remaining fragments of the cold fusion cell that exploded at SRI and killed Andrew Riley. The cause of the explosion is not clear, there are competing hypotheses. One of them, put forward here, is that some long-chein organic oils spontaneously combusted with pressurised oxygen. Fragments were wiped and the wipings examined by gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. Hydrocarbon (lubricating) oil, silicone oil and some other organics were found in sufficient amounts to uphold the hypothesis. In itself, combustion of these oil residues could account for as much as 10% of the total energy generated in the explosion, but it may have acted as a trigger for the more powerful explosive H2-O2 recombination.} } @article{Angh1990, author = {S. Anghaie and P. Froelich and H.~J. Monkhorst}, title = {On fusion/fission chain reactions in the Fleischmann-Pons 'cold fusion' experiment}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {500--506}, keywords = {Theory, fission and fusion}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {05/1990}, annote = {Suggest that the explanation of cold fusion rates may lie in fission/fusion chain reactions involving deuterons, 6Li and 7Li as consumables; protons, tritons, neutrons and 3He as intermediates and 4He and Be as products. Starting with some rather shaky (but non-essential) electrochemical arguments, leading to enormous concentrations of deuterons and Li+ ions at the Pd surface, the team suggests that weak fusion sets a chain reaction going, that could just be self-sustaining. Several possible chains are discussed. Criticality cannot, however, be achieved. Heat production without particle or tritium emission can be explained by this mechanism. 4He is produced, and the authors suggest that people who find excess heat should look for 4He.} } @article{Anta1993, author = {R. Antanasijevic and I. Lakicevic and Z. Maric and D. Zevic and A. Zaric and J.~P. Vigier}, title = {Preliminary observations on possible implications of new Bohr orbits (resulting from electromagnetic spin-spin and spin-orbit coupling) in 'cold' quantum mechanical fusion processes appearing in strong 'plasma focus' and 'capillary fusion' experiments}, journal = {Phys. Letters A}, volume = {180}, year = {1993}, pages = {25--32}, keywords = {Theory, spin-spin, res+}, submitted = {04/1993}, published = {08/1993}, annote = {After 1989, there was some disillusionment with cold fusion, because the phenomenon could not be reproduced, and no satisfactory model was proposed. At Nagoya, new evidence appeared which changes the picture: excess heat is confirmed, and ash has been found, although not in sufficient amounts. The nuclear processes may not be due to the same process yielding the heat. This may instead come from new (hitherto neglected) spin-spin and spin-orbit couplings appearing under special conditions. The nuclear ash may be due to large effective electron masses; and this leads to magnetic effects from the splitting of currents in capillaries. All this suggests an experiment, reported in this paper. Both plasma focus PF and capillary fusion CF were tried. For PF, energies up to 40 kJ, with potentials up to 40 kV were applied, with Pd foils mounted on one electrode. For CF, materials used were LiOD, D2O, deuterated ferrocyanide, deuterated Pd powder and Pd. Neutron busts were measured with a large NE232 liquid scintillation tank and 12 photomultipliers around it. Neutron yields smaller than 1000/pulse were obtained in these preliminary experiments; higher input energies may be needed.} } @article{Anto1990, author = {A.~V. Antonov and B.~A. Benetskii and V.~B. Ginodman and L.~N. Zherikhina and A.~V. Klyachko and E.~S. Konobeevskii and M.~V. Mordovskoi and V.~I. Popov and A.~I. Rozantsev and A.~M. Tskhovrebov}, title = {An attempt to observe cold thermonuclear fusion during the electrolysis of heavy water}, journal = {Sov. Phys. Lebedev Inst. Rep.}, year = {1990}, number = {5}, pages = {52--56}, note = {Orig. in: Kratk. Soobshch. Fiz. (1990)(5) 38.}, keywords = {Experimental, neutrons, electrolysis, palladium, res-}, submitted = {03/1990}, annote = {Not simply neutron emission is needed to confirm cold fusion, but n emission with the correct spectrum; notably, a peak at 2.5 MeV. Two electrolysis cells were used. In one, 1 g of Pd plate of 5 cm**2 area was the cathode in an electrolyte of D2O + 30\% D2SO4, and a current of 20-300 mA; in the other a 7g Pd plate of the same size in D2O + 7\% LiOD and a current of 2A. Neutrons were measured from scintillation of a stilbene crystal plus zero- crossing gamma discrimination and gamma background correction. In both cases, electrolysis was performed for one hour with the cell in the detector space, and for one hour with the cell well away from it, alternating thus for 58 and 90 hours, respectively. Nothing significant was detected. The addition of a BF3 detector to stretch neutron bursts and prevent saturation still did not produce evidence of cold fusion.} } @article{Anuf1991, author = {G.~S. Anufriev and B.~S. Boltenkov}, title = {Helium isotopes and hydrogen in aluminium and other metals}, journal = {Vopr. At. Nauki Tekh. Ser.: Fiz. Radiats. Povr. Radiats. Materialoved.}, volume = {56}, year = {1991}, number = {2}, pages = {73--81}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, isotope distribution, helium, tritium, aluminum, res+}, submitted = {11/1990}, annote = {Isotopic distributions and amounts of the isotopes of 3He, 4He, T and H were studied in some samples of Al produced by electrolysis. Out of several samples, one had not only larger than normal concentrations of both 3He and tritium, but also unusual T/H and 3He/4He ratios ($4*10^{-8}$ and 1.2, resp., against the more normal values $10^{-11}--10^{-12}$ and $10^{-4}$, resp., it is not clear what is normal here). Some conventional hypotheses are advanced, all based on contamination from the lab; all can be rejected mostly in terms of diffusion arguments. An experiment is done with Ag, in which D is much more mobile, and yet it had less T; other experiments with Ni foils, too, did not achieve the same results as the Al. Although no detail is given, there are also correlations between 3He and T content in the Al and time of electrolysis in the cryolite bath. Some materials associated with Al in its manufacture, such as cryolite, lime stone, alumina, AlF3, "nephelitic concentrate" and Al(OH)3, did not have the extra isotopes, so they do not come from these raw materials. Only cold fusion, strongly stimulated by the electrolysis, is left.} } @article{Aoki1998, author = {T. Aoki and Y. Kurata and H. Ebihara and N. Yoshikawa}, title = {Search for nuclear products of the D + D nuclear fusion}, journal = {Int. J. Soc. Mat. Eng. Resources}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, year = {1998}, pages = {22--25}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, tungsten bronze, electrolysis, gas phase, calorimetry, neutrons, gammas, tritium, helium, res-}, submitted = {09/1997}, annote = {This is a multivariable study, using Pd foil under electrolysis (where some excess heat had been observed), a Pd wire in D2 gas, and sodium tungsten bronze (NaxWO3), also under D2 gas, were tried. A number of nuclear products were searched for, and not found.} } @article{Aoya1991, author = {T. Aoyama and C. Mori and A. Uritani and T. Matsui and K. Naito}, title = {Highly reliable low-level neutron detection using (3)He proportional counters}, journal = {Radioisotopes}, volume = {40}, year = {1991}, pages = {188--192}, keywords = {Experimental, neutron detector, electrolysis, res0}, submitted = {12/1990}, annote = {For the very low-level neutron fluxes in cold fusion experiments, special precautions must be taken. This paper describes some techniques for this. Perfect noise rejection is required as well as the application of Poisson statistics. The paper gives details of the construction of three identical (3)He counters with 42\% efficiency. These were placed around a cold fusion electrolysis cell, and there had an overall efficiency of 2.5\%. Noise comes from high voltage leakage and external noise. Humidity control can eliminate the first, and are in any case rejected by not being coincident on all three. External noise is common to all detectors, on the other hand, and is eliminated completely by using a high detector voltage (1300V) and setting the pulse height discriminator high.} } @article{Apak1989, author = {R. Apak}, title = {Conformism in chemistry and the results}, journal = {Kim. Sanayi}, volume = {31}, number = {157-8}, year = {1989}, pages = {41--52}, note = {In Turkish, Engl. abstr.}, keywords = {Discussion}, annote = {The abstract says that there is some conformism in chemistry, in the sense of adherence to prevalent theory, even in the face of new observations. A case in point is, among others, the cold fusion story.} } @article{Apos1989, author = {M. Apostol and I.~A. Dorobantu}, title = {On a competition between solid state and nuclear scale energies. A possible theoretical approach to cold fusion in palladium and other transitional elements}, journal = {Rev. Roum. Phys.}, volume = {34}, year = {1989}, pages = {233--239}, keywords = {Theory, res0}, annote = {The authors present some qualitative arguments, not long after the FPH-89 announcement, on the nature of hydrogen (deuterium) in Pd and suggest a possible mechanism for reactions with nuclear scale energies, albeit (as it turns out) at rather low rates. The idea is that the electrons freed from the hydrogen atom as it enters the Pd then occupy d holes in the lattice, where they might act to accelerate protons (deuterons). The scenario makes cold fusion improbable, but not impossible, the authors write, and may even attain sizeable rates, depending on the (unknown) fusion cross sections in the Pd.} } @article{Arat1989, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang}, title = {Achievement of intense 'cold fusion' reaction}, journal = {Kaku Yugo Kenkyu}, volume = {62}, year = {1989}, pages = {398--411}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Experimental, on-off efect, electrolysis, palladium, neutrons, heat, res+}, annote = {Under conditions of intense charge and discharge of deuterium into/out of palladium, intense neutron emission due to cold fusion was observed. This was called the on-off effect. A large inner pressure of deuterium is a necessary condition for the cold fusion reaction. A large amount of excess heat produced during electrolysis was not, however, due to a nuclear reaction but due to the heat of reaction and the explosive exhaust of the D "into and out of" the Pd.} } @article{Arat1990a, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang}, title = {Achievement of intense 'cold' fusion reaction}, journal = {Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B}, volume = {66}, year = {1990}, pages = {1-6}, keywords = {Experimental, palladium, electrolysis, pressure, heat, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {12/1989}, annote = {(Direct citation from the abstract:) A Pd cathode of large size was activated by repeating intensive absorption and explosive exhaust of D compulsively due to the powerful on-off effect to induce intense mobility and a huge inner pressure of D within the Pd cathode. This characteristic played a role in achieving cold fusion. A considerable number of neutrons far beyond the background level, sometimes reaching >= 10**8 n/s, were detected. The phenomena were observed 10 times in one month, and the period was 30 min for the shortest and 40 h for the longest. The total number of neutrons generated was estimated to be $10^{13}$ for 40 hours at the maximum, and it would be difficult to consider other any process than the nuclear fusion by D-D reaction. The large amount of excess heat produced during electrolysis was not due to unobserved nuclear fusion proposed by FPH (1989) but due to reaction heat produced by the intense absorption and explosive exhaust of the D into and out of the Pd. The Pd cathodes used by all other researchers were far smaller than the present one. This is likely the reason why the new on-off effect phenomenon and the generation of intense cold fusion was not found so far.} } @article{Arat1990b, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang}, title = {'Cold' fusion caused by a weak 'on-off effect'}, journal = {Proc. Japan Acad. Ser. B}, volume = {66}, year = {1990}, pages = {33--36}, keywords = {Experimental, on-off effect, electrolysis, palladium, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {02/1990}, published = {02/1990}, annote = {If the temperature build-up in palladium under deuteration is high, a temperature can be reached where an explosive release of deuterium occurs; this is called the strong on-off effect, and A\&Z ascribe a cold fusion reaction to it. In this paper they state that the "weak" on-off effect, where decomposition occurs at lower temperatures, also causes cold fusion. Neutron detection appeared to coincide with on-off effects. } } @article{Arat1990c, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang}, title = {Corroborating evidence for 'cold' fusion reaction}, journal = {Proc. Japan Acad. Ser. B}, volume = {66}, year = {1990}, pages = {110--115}, keywords = {Experimental, on-off effect, electrolysis, palladium, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {06/1990}, annote = {In previous work, the authors had found intense neutron emissions when the powerful "on-off" effect is active. This happens when the cell, under electrolysis, reaches temperatures up to 110 degC (the "on" effect), and then goes into the "off" effect. If it goes "off" without reaching this high temperature, the authors speak of a weak on-off effect, and consider it important for cold fusion. Here, they used nickel, spray coated thinly with palladium. A paraffin block changed neutrons into thermal neutrons and detected these with a BF3 counter. This, they say, is a reliable way to detect fusion neutrons. Comparisons of neutron patterns over long times, with those from the background and from a (252)Cf source, showed that cold fusion did occur, both on palladium and palladium-coated nickel.} } @article{Arat1990d, author = {Y. Arata and Y.-C. Zhang }, title = {Achievement of an intense cold fusion reaction}, note = {But see: "Corrigendum", FT 19 (1991) 196}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {95--102}, submitted = {02/1990}, published = {08/1990}, keywords = {Discussion, suggestions}, annote = {This paper proposes the conditions necessary for achieving cold fusion (more or less) controllably. These are: a large Pd electrode must be used, and the current periodically switched on and off. The team has previously described their "on-off" effect. In this, deuterium must be forced quickly into the Pd, and quickly exhausted by switching the current off. Quick loading and release of deuterium causes internal high temperatures and pressures of up to 5000 atm, and the authors on several occasions have observed large neutron events of up to 1E13 n per event. Several experiments are described. Titanium is not suitable, as it does not absorb deuterium to a sufficient depth. The authors measured the heat exchange and there was no excess heat; all heat released (about 50\% of Joule heating) could be accounted for by chemical reactions. The authors do not believe in excess heat, calculating from their neutron emissions that this could only be expected to reach about 0.1 mW. They also assume standard physics (e.g. 1:1 branching ratio) for the fusion reaction. In some cases, the electrode reached a temperature of 110 degC, at which deuterium is released spontaneously and copiously; an automatic on-off effect. Explosions and ignition phenomena were also observed. The authors do not, unfortunately, make clear whether the large neutron events are associated with current switching or spontaneous on-off events. The conclusion is that this effect reconciles the differences between successful and failed cold fusion experiments; that long electrolysis times are besides the point; and that the use of small Pd electrodes is "a fatal mistake". The recipe: use a large electrode, charge it for 2-3 days to oversaturate it, turn off the current for a few hours, polish the cathode, put it back in and resume electrolysis. This produced the large neutron bursts.} } @article{Arat1992a, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang}, title = {Reproducible 'cold' fusion reaction using a complex cathode}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {22}, year = {1992}, pages = {287--295}, keywords = {Experimental, composite cathode, palladium, nickel, electrolysis, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {08/1991}, published = {09/1992}, annote = {This is essentially the same paper as published by the authors in Kagu Yugo Kenkyu 67 (1992) 432, in Japanese. It describes a Pd or Ni cathode "plasma-sprayed" with a Pd layer. The authors point out that if cnf takes place, it does so within the cathode, and it is there the temperature should be measured. Neutron emissions from an electrolysis cell were measured with two detectors; a 3He and a BF3 one, with surrounding paraffin blocks and Cd shielding. A complex Pd cathode, after charging for 240 h, was held in air and a strong heating effect was observed. A similar cathode but without the extra Pd layer did not do this. When sand-blasted, this one, too, heated up in air after being charged again. Thus, an uneven surface favours fusion. Neutron counts, too, were higher than blanks or runs with H2O, with these sprayed rods.} } @article{Arat1992b, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang}, title = {'Cold' fusion in deuterated complex cathode}, journal = {Kaku Yugo Kenkyu}, volume = {67}, number = {5}, year = {1992}, pages = {432--444}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Experimental, nickel, palladium, electrolysis, heat, res+}, submitted = {12/1991}, annote = {A new type of cathode, either Ni or Pd, was prepared by plasma spraying its surface with Pd. This layer activated the surface and a new type of heat generation was observed reproducibly. The experiment was done by electrolysis in 0.07 M LiOH in D2O, with a thermocouple to monitor the heat, and two neutron counters (one BF3 and one (3)He). Accumulated neutron counts as a function of time showed clear differences between D2O runs (higher) and control H2O runs (lower), the latter matching blank runs in air.} } @article{Arat1993, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang}, title = {Excess heat in a double structure deuterated cathode}, journal = {Kakuyuogo Kenkyo}, volume = {69}, number = {8}, year = {1993}, pages = {963--967}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Experimental, complex cathode, palladium, electrolysis, heat, pressure, res+}, submitted = {02/1992}, published = {04/1993}, annote = {"A new type cathode, a double structure cathode which contained another Pd inside a Pd-rod was developed. Using the new cathode, remarkable excess heat larger than the input energy was observed consistently after a certain incubation period". (Cited directly from the English abstract). There are some Figures showing excess heat, and a picture of a double structure, with pressures of H and D marked, as well as the Nernst equation, noting pressures up to 5000 atm. One cathode apparently deformed explosively after prolonged electrolysis.} } @article{Arat1994a, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang}, title = {A new energy generated in DS-cathode with 'Pd-black'}, journal = {Koon Gakkaishi}, volume = {20}, year = {1994}, number = {4}, pages = {148--155}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd black, excess heat, res+}, annote = {This is, as far as can be seen and going by the abstract, much the same paper as that of the same authors in Proc. Japan. Acad. 70 Ser. B (1994) 106. It reports on "spill-over deuterium" in a long-term closed-cell electrolysis using a bottle-shaped Pd cathode with Pd powder inside the bottle. Excess energy at ca. 200 MJ was released over a period of 3000 h and there were clear signs of the excess power decreasing after the cell current was turned off, and recovery upon switching on again.} } @article{Arat1994b, author = {Y. Arata and Y.C. Zhang}, title = {A new energy caused by 'spillover-deuterium'}, journal = {Proc. Japan. Acad. Ser. B}, volume = {70}, year = {1994}, pages = {106--111}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd powder, gas phase, surface structure, excess heat. Res+}, submitted = {091994}, annote = {The authors make three points at the outset: (A) surface structure of Pd is important; (B) lattice imperfections, cracks, local stresses are important. From this, they conclude that (C) "bottle-shaped" Pd electrodes, hollow, evacuated but filled with Pd powder, might be ideal for CNF. They used these "double-structured" cathodes in some experiments starting in 1992 and still in progress. Excess heat was found reproducibly and the authors theorise about "spillover deuterium".} } @article{Arat1995a, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang}, title = {Cold fusion reactions driven by 'Latticequake'}, journal = {Proc. Japan Acad.}, volume = {71B}, year = {1995}, pages = {98--103}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {03/1995}, annote = {The authors begin by pointing out that powdered metal presents a large surface and will be a key factor in future developments of cold fusion. They then state that one of the authors (they do not say which) thought of solid state fusion 40 years ago, and that Fleischmann et al later rediscovered this, by using electrolysis. The paper then goes on to describe the latticequake model. Energetic helium nuclei (at MeV energies) can by crashing into the Pd and d nuclei in the crystal create hollow spaces, which then quickly collapse and lead to high implosion pressures, yielding densities up to 10 times that of solid deuterium as well as temperatures of several times $10^8$ C, thus favouring fusion. This process might be autocatalytic if more energetic helium nuclei are produced; they do not explain how the process starts.} } @article{Arat1995b, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang}, title = {Achievement of solid-state plasma fusion ("cold fusion")}, journal = {Proc. Japan Acad. Ser. B}, volume = {71}, year = {1995}, pages = {304--309}, keywords = {Experimental, helium, mass spec, theory, res+, no FPH/Jones refs.}, submitted = {12/1995}, annote = {This paper reports again the finding of 4He by the use of narrow M-range periodic mass spectroscopy cycling of the gases from Pd under pressured D2. Distinct He peaks are seen under the correct conditions, and not in control runs. The authors' lattice quake theory is outlined once again.} } @article{Arat1995c, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang}, title = {Peculiar relation between hot plasma fusion and solid-state plasma fusion ("cold fusion")}, journal = {Koon Gakkaishi}, volume = {21}, year = {1995}, pages = {130--141}, keywords = {Experimental, theory, deuteron clusters, excess heat, res+, no FPH/Jones refs}, submitted = {05/1995}, published = {07/1995}, annote = {This continues the authors' report on their results of excess heat with time in a long-term electrolyses, now extended to 3500 and 4000 h respectively. Excess heat events continue to occur, and the authors' lattice quake theory is reiterated. There is also some discussion on similarities and differences between solid state plasma, and gaseous plasma, fusion.} } @article{Arat1995d, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang}, title = {Achievement of solid-state plasma fusion ("cold fusion")}, journal = {Koon Gakkaishi}, volume = {21}, year = {1995}, number = {6}, pages = {303--306}, keywords = {Experimental, gas phase Pd, D2, mass spec, helium, excess heat, no FPH or Jones refs, res+}, submitted = {10/1995}, note = {In Japanese, Engl. abstr. and Fig. captions}, annote = {This pair of authors has been producing a steady stream of papers, using their Pd powder in a Pd bottle, and D2 gas, and producing excess heat. They now add a high-resolution mass spectrometer. They repeatedly scan for masses between 3.95 to 4.05, and find a distinct 4He peak at 4.00260 appearing next to that for D2, 4.02820, under those conditions where they see excess heat and claim cold fusion. No 3He or tritium was detected. There are controls, and the He appears only when heating the Pd sufficiently, indicating that it is produced within the metal.} } @article{Arat1995e, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang}, title = {Cold fusion caused by 'lattice quake'}, journal = {Koon Gakkaishi}, volume = {21}, year = {1995}, pages = {43--51}, keywords = {Experimental, theory, composite cell, gas phase charging, excess heat, no FPH/Jones refs, res+}, submitted = {01/1995}, note = {In Japanese, Engl. abstr.}, annote = {The authors have described their "lattice quake" model elsewhere and do it again here, as well as presenting experimental results. A multilayer cathode is used, charged with D2 gas. Excess heat was observed. There is more lattice quake theory.} } @article{Arat1996a, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang}, title = {Generation and mechanism of solid-state plasma fusion ("cold fusion")}, journal = {Koon Gakkaishi}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, year = {1996}, pages = {29--47}, keywords = {Discussion, theory, res+}, submitted = {12/1995}, annote = {Arata and Zhang, who have extensively published their experimental work, here outline some ideas on how cold fusion might work, their "strongly coupled plasma" theory. It suggests that large amounts of helium should accumulate in the host lattice; and helium has in fact been detected by these authors.} } @article{Arat1996b, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang}, title = {Deuterium nuclear reaction process within solid}, journal = {Proc. Japan Acad. Ser. B}, volume = {72}, year = {1996}, pages = {179--184}, keywords = {Theory and experimental, helium, mass spec, res+}, submitted = {11/1996}, annote = {The authors continue to develop their "latticequake" theory of cold fusion, that is, violent events in the "solid plasma" formed by Pd loaded with deuterium. Not much detail is given as this paper is a restatement of work reported earlier. A quadrupole mass spectrometer was cycled around the mass of 4He as the loading experiment advanced, and 4He was seen to develop, clearly separated from that of deuterium.} } @article{Arat1997a, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang}, title = {Helium (4/2He, 3/2He) within deuterated Pd-black}, journal = {Proc. Jap. Acad. B}, volume = {73}, year = {1997}, pages = {1--6}, keywords = {Experimental, theoretical, helium, mass spec, lattice quake, res+, no FPH/Jones ref.}, submitted = {01/1997}, published = {01/1997}, annote = {A separate smaller paper, reporting the helium results only (see the large paper in J. High Temp. Soc 1997 for all details).} } @article{Arat1997b, author = {Y. Arata and C. Zhang}, title = {Presence of helium (4/2He, 3/2He) confirmed in deuterated Pd-black by the "vi-effect" in a "closed QMS" environment}, journal = {Proc. Japan. Acad. Ser. B}, volume = {73}, year = {1997}, pages = {62--67}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, mass spec, helium, res+, no FPH/Jones ref.}, submitted = {04/1997}, annote = {Another report from the A\&Z pair of their finding of helium (now both 4He and 3He) using their mass spec cycling technique. This paper presents more details than before (in English) of results using a range of ionisation energies in the MS; this "vi-effect" can, they say, discriminate between species of similar masses that would otherwise overlap, and only by using this technique can they be sure that they have helium after long electrolysis time. This is released from their double cathode upon heating. The ratio of amounts of 4He to 3He found ranged from 2 to 10. No helium was found when hydrogen, rather than deuterium, was used. } } @article{Arat1997c, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang}, title = {Solid-state plasma fusion ('cold fusion')}, journal = {J. High Temp. Soc.}, volume = {23}, year = {1997}, pages = {1--56}, keywords = {Experimental, theoretical, helium, heat, mass spec, lattice quake, res+}, submitted = {09/1996}, published = {01/1997}, annote = {In this long paper, the authors extend their reports on ongoing research and, for the first time, present evidence of the formation of 3He, as well as (again) for 4He, both detected by close repeated cycling of a high resolution mass spectrometer around a very narrow mass range (for 4He: 3.95-4.05). They also give many details of their experiments, using the double cathode, i.e. a Pd cathode with a hollow space, into which they pack some Pd powder. As they electrolyse and deuterium gas forms outside the cathode, it diffuses through the thin wall and saturates the Pd black within. Loadings up to 1.0 are said to be achieved. When they are, the MS cyclings show peaks of 4He and 3He growing in time, as the sample is heated to temperatures where He is expected to be released from the metal. The authors are aware of and believe they have eliminated He contamination from pump oil and the like, and their all-steel apparatus should be impervious to ambient He. They theorise that tritium too should be found, if 3He is, but they do not find any; with their technique, however, (MS cycling) this is difficult because of the large number of species the tritium would distribute into (TT, TD, TH, etc). They are helped in their detection also by varying the MS ionisation voltage, an interesting technique, allowing them to separate interfering masses. Without this, they would probably not have found the 3He. They find that roughly 1 out of a few hundred deuterium nuclei fuse to 4He; their heat results are in order-of-magnitude agreement with this. They round up the results with an outline of their "lattice quake" theory.} } @article{Arat1997d, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang}, title = {Presence of helium (4/2He, 3/2He) confirmed in highly deuterated Pd-black by the new detecting methodology}, note = {In Japanese, Engl. abstr.}, journal = {J. High Temp. Soc.}, volume = {23}, year = {1997}, pages = {110--117}, keywords = {Experimental, helium, mass spec, res+}, submitted = {03/1997}, published = {03/1997}, annote = {This paper focusses in more detail on both the detection of 3He an cycled mass spectroscopy technique of the authors, as well as their technique of varying the MS ionisation voltage to help separate the masses (their "Vi effect"). Here they present many results that they believe confirm the finding of both 3He and 4He from deuterated Pd black in their double structured cathode. } } @article{Arat1998a, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang}, title = {Anomalous difference between reaction energies generated within D2O-cell and H2O-cell}, journal = {Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Pt.2}, volume = {37}, year = {1998}, pages = {L1274--L1276}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, excess heat, res+}, submitted = {09/1998}, published = {11/1998}, annote = {The Arata and Zhang team has now connected two new cells in series, the same current (5.5 A or 200 mA/cm$^2$) going through both. The D2O cell shows a rise in excess heat increase after about 600 h from the start of this experiment, rising more sharply from 1800 h. The H2O cell is steady at zero excess. There is also a "mixed" cell, containing a 2:1 (in weight) mixture of D2O:H2O; this one also shows episodes of excess heat.} } @article{Arat1998b, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang}, title = {Anomalous 'deuterium-reaction energies' within solid}, journal = {Proc. Japan. Acad. B}, volume = {74}, year = {1998}, pages = {155--158}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pt, Pt black, excesss heat, res+}, submitted = {09/1998}, annote = {The authors consider that others' unreliable results may be due to uneven deuterium loading of bulk Pd cathodes, and use their own Pd black, which is more easily loaded, in their own Pd bottle. The deuterium is generated at the bottle's outer surface by electrolysis, and diffuses into the inner chamber, loading the Pd black there. This results in high effective pressures of deuterium. In this experiment, two cells, one with heavy and one with light water, were put in series, the same current going through them. Current density of 200 mA/cm$^2$ or 5.5 A was applied to this double cell, and the results were 100\% reproducible. In all reported experiments, excess power of up to about 25 W was observed with the D2O system, but around zero with light water. Another cell, in which both light and heavy water was present, also showed excess heat but at greater input powwer; and this could be turned on and off by cutting or resuming the current.} } @article{Arat1999a, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang}, title = {Definitive difference between [DS-D2O] and [Bulk-D2O] cells in 'deuterium-reaction'}, journal = {Proc. Japan Acad. Ser. B}, volume = {75}, year = {1999}, pages = {71--75}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, excess heat, helium, res+}, submitted = {04/1999}, published = {04/1999}, annote = {Here, the old faithful DS (double structure) cathode is compared with a solid one, both electrolysed in D2O and the cells in series with the same DC source. The DS cell showed intense "excess energy" and "helium" (authors' quote marks) but the solid cathode only with difficulty.} } @article{Arat1999b, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang}, title = {Critical condition to induce 'excess energy' within [DS-H2O] cell}, journal = {Proc. Japan Acad. Ser. B}, volume = {75}, year = {1999}, pages = {76--80}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, excess heat, helium, res+}, submitted = {04/1999}, published = {04/1999}, annote = {In order to see whether the use of normal water in conjunction with the authors' DS (double structure) cell really does generate excess heat, as well as heavy water, two cells: one with light water and one with heavy water, were connected in series with a DC source, and their excess geats compared. The light water cell did produce a little, but only under very restricted regimes and very long electrolysis. The heavy water cell produced helium, but the light water cell hardly any.} } @article{Arat1999c, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang}, title = {Anomalous production of gaseous 4He at the inside of 'DS cathode' during D2O-electrolysis}, journal = {Proc. Japan. Acad. Ser. B }, volume = {75}, year = {1999}, pages = {281--286}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, helium, res+}, submitted = {12/1999}, published = {12/1999}, annote = {This describes an experiment a little different from their previous ones. The usual double structure (DS) cathode was used, but here pierced early in the experiment, and gas samples taken out at intervals. A mass spectrometer was set at mass 4, thus looking for 4He. This was initially not seen, but after some hours of electrolysis, it exceeded that of D2. This time, A\&Z also checked for 22Ne, whose presence would indicate that the 4He came from a leak; none was found, thus the 4He is considered to come from a nuclear reaction in the Pd. 3He was also looked for; the MS could distinguish it from HD by mass, but by ionisation current; this showed that no 3He was present.} } @article{Arat1999d, author = {Y. Arata and Y. Zhang}, title = {Observation of anomalous heat release and helium-4 production from highly deuterated palladium fine particles}, journal = {Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.}, volume = {38}, year = {1999}, pages = {L774-L776}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, gas phase, res+}, submitted = {04/1999}, published = {07/1999}, annote = {The old palladium bottle scenario, where Pd powder is sealed inside a Pd "bottle", which is made the cathode in a long-term electrolysis. Deuterium diffuses to the inside of the bottle (in a very pure form) and deuterates the powder. Anomalous heat was measured, as well as rising amounts of helium-4. No quantitative measurements of the helium produced were made, but control experiments with air and electrolysis in normal water electrolyte confirmed that the helium was not from leaks from the environment.} } @article{Arat2000, author = {Y. Arata}, title = {Developmental challenge in new energy source. 'Solid state plasma fusion'}, journal = {Kotai Butsuri}, volume = {35}, number = {1}, year = {2000}, pages = {67--75}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Review, 18 refs.}, annote = {"The author has demonstrated that highly deuterated material can be generated by the two different methods discussed here. In consequence, we have proven the possibility of inducing solid-state plasma fusion within extremely deuterated materials over 100at.\% in spite oof different methods". This is as given in Chem. Abstr. The paper is uncompromisingly in Japanese, even the abstract being in that language. I note the occasional English word like "Pons", "back", "Fleischmann" (several times), "Latticequake" (many times; Arata's theory), "sonoluminescence" (several times), "impossible"; and the references are in English.} } @article{Arat2002, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang}, title = {Formation of condensed metallic deuterium lattice and nuclear fusion}, journal = {Proc. Japan. Acad. Ser. B}, volume = {78}, year = {2002}, pages = {57--62}, keywords = {Experimental, gas phase, loading, pycnonuclear fusion, res+}, submitted = {02/2002}, published = {03/2002}, annote = {Hydrogen under very high pressure might become metallic and fuse. This might also be realised by loading hydrogen (deuterium) into a metal, causing the hydrogen to coagulate into clumps, and thus precipitate a pycnonuclear fusion reaction. The electrons make this process easier. In one experiment, small Pd particles embedded in a ZrO2 matrix were evacuated for 2 days and then exposed to H2/D2 gas flowing in at a constant rate. Both the pressure in the chamber and the temperature were followed against time. The pressure yielded the loading, which came to about 2.2 and 2.5, at resp. 3 atm and 10 atm. The ZrO2 did not absorb any hydrogen. In another experiment, the weight of the powder was measured as H2/D2 was absorbed. Pd powder alone absorbed up to a loading of about 1, while the Pd/ZrO2 mix went to 3. The paper then discusses crystal structure and where the hydrogen might sit within it. The paper concludes that Pd particles of 50A size can absorb large amounts of hydrogen quickly, and that the hydrogen must form clumps in the lattice. These will then favour pycnonuclear fusion.} } @article{Arat2003, author = {Y. Arata and Y.~C. Zhang and H. Fujita and A. Inoue}, title = {Discovery of solid deuterium nuclear fusion of pycnodeuterium-lumps solidified locally within nano-Pd particles}, journal = {Koon Gakkaishi}, volume = {29}, year = {2003}, number = {2}, pages = {68.}, keywords = {Experimental, gas phase, Ti, excess heat, helium, res+}, submitted = {02/2003}, annote = {The Arata et al team deviates from their previous electrolysis experiments and does a gas-phase one, using nano-sized Pd particles and D2 gas. There were temperature excursions and 4He was produced. The team speculates that there may have been metallic deuterium inside the Pd particles, causing the nuclear reaction. A practical nuclear reactor will very soon be realised on this basis.} } @article{Arat2004, author = {Y. Arata}, title = {The formation of 'solid deuterium' solidified inside crystal lattice and intense solid-state nuclear fusion ('cold fusion')}, journal = {Il Nuovo Saggiatore}, volume = {20}, number = {5--6}, year = {2004}, pages = {66--71}, keywords = {Experiment, theory, discussion, res+}, annote = {Arata refers to early work of his in 1958, in which he found solid state fusion. He then describes his (and Zhang's) double structure bottle, into which they allow deuterium to diffuse through the walls by electrolysing heavy water on the outside of the bottle. This has been their main setup, in which they detected 4He. There follows some discussion and theory, concluding that solid deuterium is produced in this setup, and 4He arises from the fusion. Solid deuterium is a better fuel for fusion than gaseous.} } @article{Arat2008, author = {Y. Arata and Y. Zhang}, title = {The establishment of solid nuclear fusion reactor}, note = {In Japanese, Engl. abstr.}, journal = {J. High Temp. Soc.}, volume = {34}, year = {2008}, pages = {85--96}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, gas phase, res+}, published = {02/2008}, annote = {This time they used a material containing 20\% Pd nano-particles (10 nm) in a matrix consisting of ZrO2, previously (P.Yama2002) found to absorb large amounts of hydrogen, and applied highly pure D2 gas. There is a temperature spike upon onset of the D2 stream, and the abstract says that there is evidence of a nuclear reaction in the comparatively slow temperature decline upon full loading. The nuclear reactor thus produced can act both as a generator of 4He (the fusion product) and heat.} } @article{Aris1989, author = {N.~R. Arista and A. Gras-Marti and R.~A. Baragiola}, title = {Screening effects in nuclear fusion of hydrogen isotopes in dense media}, journal = {Phys. Rev. A: Gen. Phys.}, volume = {40}, year = {1989}, pages = {6873--6878}, keywords = {Theory, screening, res0}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {12/1989}, annote = {Calculation of fusion rates of hydrogen isotopes embedded in a uniform electron gas, and in the inhomogeneous medium given by a solid matrix. In both cases, the screening due to the electron background can help overcome coulomb repulsion. Results are similar to those of Koonin and Nauenberg (Nature 339) and cannot account for reported cold fusion rates in PdD. But temperature is found to be an important parameter and might encourage experiments along this line. See also Fujita for a similar idea.} } @article{Arms1989a, author = {R.~D. Armstrong and E.~A. Charles and I. Fells and L. Molyneux and M. Todd}, title = {Some aspects of thermal energy generation during the electrolysis of D2O using a palladium cathode}, journal = {Electrochim. Acta}, volume = {34}, year = {1989}, pages = {1319--1322}, keywords = {Experimental, heat, electrolysis, res-}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {Constant-flow calorimetry measurements showed no excess heat.} } @article{Arms1989b, author = {R.~D. Armstrong and E.~A. Charles and I. Fells and L. Molyneux and M. Todd}, title = {A long-term calorimetric study of the electrolysis of D2O using palladium cube cathodes}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {272}, year = {1989}, pages = {293--297}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, palladium, heat, res-}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {Very careful work with good controls on the errors; no heat was found, that was not expected from non-nuclear processes. Also, an analysis of FPH's heat results showed that they, too, lie well within the experimental error limits and require no nonconventional explanations.} } @article{Arni1990, author = {H.~J. Arnikar}, title = {'Cold fusion' - a misnomer}, journal = {Ind. J. Chem. Sci.}, volume = {4}, year = {1990}, pages = {65.}, keywords = {Polemic, res-}, annote = {A recital of the author's belief that there is no cold fusion. There may be chemisorption or occlusion of electrolytically produced deuterium, both of which are exothermic and yield at most 10 eV, not 0.5 MeV as required for fusion. So fusion cannot be happening. As well, there ought to be helium, neutrons and gammas, and there is no good evidence for these. Ergo, nothing.} } @article{Arzh1991, author = {A.~V. Arzhannikov and G.~Ya. Kezerashvili}, title = {First observation of neutron emission from chemical reactions}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {156}, year = {1991}, pages = {514--518}, keywords = {Experimental, LiD, fracto, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {10/1990}, published = {07/1991}, annote = {A pair of nuclear physicists from Novosibirsk have had a go at cold fusion, and report their first results. Two chemical reactions were used as a test: in the first test, solid LiD granules were dropped gradually into a test tube containing D2O; in the second, a mixture of zinc metal and the complex beta-trans-Pd(ND3)2Cl2 (both deuterated as shown, and hydrated, ..NH3..) were ground to a powder and dropped into the tube. Temperature changes were monitored. Neutrons were measured using 6 (3)He counters with pulse height discrimination and calibration, to optimise these. The 6 counters' signals seem to have been added. Results: for LiD into D2O, temperature rose to 70 degC, the neutron emissions rose from background to about 1.7 times, and showing some spikes not seen in the background. For the complex powder, the temperature rose to 250 degC and the emission/background ratio to about 2. The paper concludes that these chemical reactions caused neutron emission but offers no explanations for the effect.} } @article{Asam1997e, author = {N. Asami and T. Senjuh and H. Kamimura and M. Sumi and E. Kennel and T. Sakai and K. Mori and H. Watanabe and K. Matsui}, title = {Material characteristics and behaviour of highly deuterium loaded palladium by electrolysis}, journal = {J. Alloys Comp.}, volume = {253--254}, year = {1997}, pages = {185--190}, keywords = {Experimental, deuterium loading, Pd, res0, surface anal., no FPH/Jones refs.}, annote = {This team was funded under MITI/NEDO's "New Hydrogen Energy" project and reports results here. The intent was to find out how to achieve high D/Pd loading ratios; also, crystal microstructure and surfaces were looked at. A cell not unlike that of F\&P was used (4 mm dia. Pd rod, 20 mm long) in 1M LiOD/D2O, and various commercial Pd samples were tried out, under some current regimes such as stepped curent (50 mA/cm$^2$ 6 days, then 2 days each at 100, 200, 400 and 600 mA/cm$^2$, back down again etc). Loading was measured by the amount of gas evolved. Loadings up to 0.9 were achieved. Microstructural changes were observed upon loading, and some blistering. Surface impurities like S, Cl, C and O were detected but only to a depth of 2 nm. Factors favouring high loading were found to be high purity materials, cleaning by ultrasonics or etching, vacuum \& high temp. treatment, annealing and a suitable current program.} } @article{Asta1991, author = {I.~I. Astakhov and A.~D. Davydov and N.~V. Katargin and V.~E. Kazarinov and I.~G. Kiseleva and L.~B. Kriksunov and D.~Yu. Kudryavtsev and I.~A. Lebedev and B.~F. Myasoedov and O.~P. Shcheglov and G.~L. Teplitskaya and V.~M. Tsionskii}, title = {An attempt to detect neutron and gamma radiations in heavy water electrolysis with a palladium cathode}, journal = {Electrochim. Acta}, volume = {36}, year = {1991}, pages = {1127--1128}, keywords = {Experimental, neutrons, gamma, palladium electrolysis, lithium, res-}, submitted = {08/1990}, published = {05/1991}, annote = {10 3He neutron counters were used, with pulse-height analysis, to detect neutrons; a scintillation spectrometer was used for gamma emissions. Electrolysis was done at a bulky Pd cathode, with membrane separation of the two electrodes. Results were that whether the cell was in the detection space, or heavy or light water was being electrolysed, made no difference to the neutron count, nor was any gamma emission detected. Lithium was found to be incorporated into the Pd, up to 0.5%. Its diffusion is finite in Pd, about 1E-10 cm**2/s, compared with 1E-07 for deuterium. Lithium incorporation might explain some of the anomalies observed by others, such as apparent excess heat. This will be reported in a future paper.} } @article{Atta1990, author = {E.~M. Attas and K.~W. Chambers and W. Dueck and R. Dutton and A.~K. McIlwain}, title = {Solar flares and 'cold fusion'}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {344}, year = {1990}, pages = {390.}, keywords = {Polemic, solar flares}, submitted = {03/1990}, published = {03/1990}, annote = {This team monitored neutron emission from a FPH-type cell, and found a couple of bursts of neutron activity - one larger, one smaller. Instead of rushing into print or to their nearest patent office, however, they then checked solar flare records: at precisely the same time the neutron emissions occurred, there were solar flares, the larger correlating with the larger neutron burst, the smaller with the smaller. Solar flare records are thus another item on the list of things every cnf experimenter must check for.} } @article{Augu1989a, author = {J. Augustynski}, title = {Commentaire: Pourquoi les experiences de 'fusion froide' de deuterium sont-elles si difficiles a reproduire}, journal = {Chimia}, volume = {43}, year = {1989}, pages = {99--100}, note = {In French}, keywords = {Discussion, lithium, res-}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {04/1989}, annote = {Looked at FPH's conditions. Discuss possible role of the Pt anode: it will dissolve to some extent and some Pt will then deposit on the Pd, perhaps inhibiting the surface reaction D+D->D2, just as thiourea does, and thus increasing the force driving D into the lattice. Incorporation of Li in Pd is also considered, e.g. the known compound PdLiD(0.7), or PdLi(0.06). This may occur either because of a raised electrode overpotential due to the inhibition, or there may be underpotential deposition of Li+. Questions such as how the presence in the lattice of Li might affect deuteron interaction, or possible fusion reactions involving Li, such as Li+d->(4)He+heat, will be examined in a future publication.} } @article{Augu1989b, author = {J. Augustynski and M. Ulmann and J. Liu}, title = {Electrochemical measurements on palladium cathodes in LiOD/D2O solutions related to the 'cold fusion experiments'}, journal = {Chimia}, volume = {43}, year = {1989}, pages = {355--357}, keywords = {Experimental, surface deposition, electrolysis, res0}, submitted = {11/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {The current/voltage behaviour of Pd electrodes polarized in an electrolysis cell in the title electrolyte was strongly affected by the impurity codeposition at the cathode. Pt, Pb and Zn have been detected on the surface after electrolysis. All cause changes of the i/E relationship, and Zn increases electrode potential, making possible Li deposition and LiD2 formation; some deposits inhibit the surface reaction D+D->D2. Lastly, there is some speculation that Li might take part in nuclear reactions in the presence of strong electric fields. Is it significant, the authors ask, that Kainthla et al (Electrochim. Acta 34 (1989) 1315) add NaCN, a known strong complexing agent for Zn++, to their electrolyte?} } @article{Ault1990, author = {M.~R. Ault}, title = {Cold fusion: the story behind the headlines}, journal = {Radiat. Protect. Managem.}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, year = {1990}, pages = {49--57}, keywords = {Small review}, annote = {A run-down, up to about the end of 1990, of the cold fusion story. Ault rejects Williams et al's (Harwell) paper's rebuttal, criticising it for its scatter gun approach. He concludes that cold fusion may well be real and needs further investigation.} } @article{Azbe1990, author = {M.~Ya. Azbel}, title = {Possibility of cold fusion}, journal = {Solid State Commun.}, volume = {76}, year = {1990}, pages = {127--129}, keywords = {Polemic, discussion, res0}, submitted = {05/1990}, published = {10/1990}, annote = {Having stated that cold fusion - as practised until now - has been disproved, A looks at the theory of Leggett and Baym, which showed that it is indeed not on. A asks, what conditions might make it possible? They are: a material in which high deuterium concentrations can be achieved, in which there are narrow electron bands and wide electron gaps and in which there is a highly energetic metastable state with d-d distances of around 0.1 {\AA}ngstr{\o}ms. Pd and Ti are not suitable.} } @ARTICLE{Aziz2015, author = {O. Azizi and A. {El-Boher} and J. H. He and G. K. Hubler and D. Pease and W. Isaacson and V. Violante and S. Gangopadhyay}, title = {Progress towards understanding anomalous heat effect in metal deuterides}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {108}, year = {2015}, pages = {565--573}, published = {02/2015}, annote = {"The present article summarizes anomalous heat events which were observed in a large number of electrolysis experiments using heavy water and palladium-based cathodes. The amount of excess heat produced by some of these experiments is too large to be accounted for by any known chemical processes. It was found that events of the anomalous heat effect (AHE) are accompanied by increased cell voltage during electrolysis and that there are characteristic cathode sur- face morphologies which are associated with excess heat events. AHE has been observed during electrolysis following dynamic stimulation of the cell by time-dependent electrolytic currents (SuperWaves) and ultrasonic excitation. Past experiments have increased our understanding of the anomalous heat effect in the palladium–deuterium systems, but there is much left to be learned."} } @article{Azum1993, author = {K. Azumi and S. Ishiguro and T. Mizuno and M. Seo}, title = {Acoustic emission from a palladium electrode during hydrogen charging and its release in a LiOH electrolyte}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {347}, year = {1993}, pages = {111--121}, keywords = {Experimental, acoustic emission, electrolysis, fracto, res0}, submitted = {04/1992}, published = {04/1993}, annote = {A Pd plate was mounted tightly coupled to a microphone in a 0.1 M LiOH solution in normal water, and the sound emissions collected. Time traces of these emissions showed that they peaked markedly when gas was being evolved, both at the cathodic and anodic potential scale ends. Power spectra showed that during cathodic charging, there were other acoustic components besides those due to hydrogen bubbles, and these were tentatively ascribed to metal cracking.} } @incollection{Babu1990, author = {K.~S.~C. Babu and N.~P. Lalla and R.~N. Pandey and R.~S. Tiwari and O.~N. Srivastava}, title = {On the formation of palladium deuteride and its relationship to suspected cold fusion}, booktitle = {Adv. Hydrogen Energy, Hydrogen Energy Prog. VIII, Vol. 2}, volume = {8}, year = {1990}, pages = {1051--1060}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, pd fusion, res+}, annote = {The authors note that it is not always appreciated that the formation of the metal deuteride is exothermic. They carried out a calorimetric experiment of their own, and found two regimes: the first, during deuteration, showed accountable heat (of deuteration); the second, upon full loading, was not so easy to account for. They also electrolysed in light water, after fully loading in heavy water, and here found the greatest excess heat, confirming the theoretical prediction that p-d fusion is favoured. Measurements of gamma emission also showed greatest deviation from the background for this p-d system. Cold fusion appears to be confirmed.} } @article{Badu1989, author = {G. Badurek and H. Rauch and E. Seidl}, title = {Search for cold fusion in palladium-deuterium and titanium-deuterium}, journal = {Kerntechnik}, volume = {54}, year = {1989}, pages = {178--182}, keywords = {Experimental, neutrons, gamma, gas phase, res-}, submitted = {07/1989}, annote = {Repeated the two sorts of experiments, using four independent detection systems to detect neutrons and gamma radiation. An upper limit of 3.6*10**(-23)/s was found for D+D--> (3)He+n per pair. The paper also throws doubt on the Frascati claims; their neutron background is unusually low, and their claim that Ti releases its deuterium upon reaching room temperature is incorrect.} } @article{Bala1989, author = {N.~P. Balabanov}, title = {Hypothesis to explain electrochemically induced nuclear fusion}, note = {In Bulgarian; published in 1989}, journal = {Nauchni Tr. Plovdivski Univ.}, volume = {26}, number = {4,(Fiz)}, year = {1988}, pages = {247--251}, keywords = {Remark, mechanical effects, res+}, submitted = {05/1989}, annote = {This paper, submitted on 5-May-89, lays out the problem of cnf, i.e. the imbalance between the large amount of heat and the small neutron flux. The author invokes mechanical friction effects to explain this, i.e triboelectronic and triboluminous emission. Any process that may lead to electron emission at sufficient energy might also cause fusion, by the formation of high voltage fields, up to 1E09 V/m. Such effects might be taking place at microregions in the palladium deuteride, due to the electrochemical loading with deuterium and subsequent mechanical effects. Some old references are given from the areas of mechanoemission (Kramer, late 1940's) and of tribochemistry (Thiessen et al, 1960's).} } @article{Bald1990, author = {M. Baldo and R. Pucci and P.~F. Bortignon}, title = {Relaxation toward equilibrium in plasmon-enhanced fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {347--350}, keywords = {Remark, res+}, submitted = {02/1990}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {"There is no doubt that the fusion reaction rate within a metal lattice is dramatically higher than estimated for free deuterium molecules", say the authors. The fact that not everyone measures fusion effects, does not imply that Jones et al were mistaken. The recent cluster impact experiments of Beuhler et al indicate that the target plays an important role (I am quoting). The authors have previously considered plasmon interactions (at a conference) and in this paper, further consider the d-phonon interaction and deuteron screening due to particle-hole excitations. The conclusion is that the formation of quasi-deuterium molecules and phonon damping can lead to cold fusion rates comparable to those claimed by Jones et al, and that this will occur in bursts. Eventually, the system equilibrates and fusion rates drop to those for free D2 gas.} } @article{Bale1989, author = {R. Balescu}, title = {Some like it cool}, journal = {Phys. Mag.}, volume = {11}, year = {1989}, pages = {3--18}, note = {In French}, keywords = {Review.}, annote = {A review of the work of FPH, Jones+ and Scaramuzzi+.} } @article{Balej1989, author = {J. Balej and J. Divisek}, title = {Energy balance of D2O electrolysis with a palladium cathode. Part I. Theoretical relations}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {278}, year = {1989}, pages = {85--98}, keywords = {Experimental, theory, calorimetry, res0}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {01/1990}, annote = {Anyone who intends to do calorimetry of D2O electrolysis must read this. The authors develop, in an extremely pedantic and fussy manner, reaction enthalpies for a widish range of operating temperatures. Nothing seems to have been left out, and the large (enthalpy of the overall electrolysis reaction) is mixed with the small (e.g. heat of evaporation of water), and even non-unity current efficiencies are considered - something these authors are experts at, since their daily bread is the economic electrolysis of water to produce hydrogen. In the thermodynamic tradition, however, only the overall process is considered, and local effects are ignored. See Part II under Divisek et al.} } @article{Bali1989, author = {R. Balian and J.~P. Blaizot and P. Bonche}, title = {Cold fusion in a dense electron gas}, journal = {J. Phys. (France)}, volume = {50}, year = {1989}, pages = {2307--2311}, keywords = {Theory, screening, res-}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {The authors calculate the Coulomb penetration factor for two deuterons immersed in a dense electron gas, using the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. They find that electronic densities orders of magnitude larger than those which could be expected in metallic palladium are required in order to bring the cold fusion rate to an observable value, or screening lengths down to 0.1A.} } @article{Balk1990, author = {B. Balke and L. Cox and O. Fackler and M. Mugge and P.~C. Souers and R.~T. Tsugawa and R.~M. White}, title = {Limits on neutron emission from 'cold fusion' in metal hydrides}, journal = {Phys. Rev. C}, volume = {42}, year = {1990}, pages = {30--37}, keywords = {Experimental, gas phase, Ti, Pd, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {03/1990}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {Tried to measure neutrons from pressurised gas charged Ti sponge, shavings and Pd wire, under different conditions of charging and pretreatment. Using careful multiple neutron detection, in all cases, nothing above background was detected, no temperature response. After elimination of false readings of various kinds, no neutron bursts at all were found. Also tried loading with HD and DT gas; still no neutrons. These meticulously run experiments throw considerable doubt on all previous positive experiments with gas charging, finding 2-5 orders of magnitude lower neutron emissions than these other studies (Frascati, LANL).} } @article{Bana1989, author = {J. Banas and M. Ciechanowski and M. Dulinski and A. Kreft and J. Molenda and K. Morstin and A. Stoklosa and J. Wozniak}, title = {Geophysical aspects of cold nuclear fusion in condensed matter}, journal = {Nucl. Geophys.}, volume = {3}, year = {1989}, pages = {321--322}, keywords = {Experimental, Jones style, neutrons, gamma, cps, cosmic influx, res-}, submitted = {07/1989}, annote = {An attempt to reproduce FPH's and Jones+' results. Nothing was found, but cosmic radiation was found to cause background fluctuations. There were large variations in the background, so this must be continuously monitored.} } @article{Bara1990, author = {B. Baranowski and S.~M. Filipek and M. Szustakowski and J. Farny and W. Woryna}, title = {Search for 'cold fusion' in some Me-D systems at high pressures of gaseous deuterium}, journal = {J. Less-Common Met.}, volume = {158}, year = {1990}, pages = {347--357}, keywords = {Experimental, gas phase, Pd, neutrons, excess heat, res-}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {03/1990}, annote = {The authors, experienced in high-pressure generation of metal hydrides, decided that this is a better route to PdD(x), as the loading is easier to control, more stable, and higher loadings can be achieved, than with electrolysis. Neutrons were monitored with liquid scintillation-, silver activation- and a CR-90 nuclear track detectors. Temperature of the metal samples was monitored. A large piece of Pd (5.63 cm**3, 5 times the large piece considered dangerous by FPH) was put under D2, at 0.8 GPa pressure and kept that way for 5 months. Loading factor is about unity, i.e. the octahedral sites in the Pd are filled. No heat nor neutrons were detected, beyond background. Raising the pressure to 2.56 GPa begins to fill some of the tetrahedral sites; this still showed nothing. A higher loading of 2 is achievable with Ni (NiD2) at 0.75 GPa, where it was held for 2 months without any emissions. Just in case there is anything special about electrolytic charging, the authors did this, too, under 0.6 GPa D2 pressure; still no emissions. Thus, 'cold fusion' is an error.} } @article{Bara1994, author = {B. Baranowski and S. Filipek and W. Raczynski}, title = {Electrolytic charging of palladium by deuterium at normal and high pressure conditions}, journal = {Pol. J. Chem.}, volume = {68}, year = {1994}, pages = {845--857}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, pressure, loading, res-}, submitted = {12/1993}, annote = {The authors wish to clear up some of the confusion in the 'cold fusion' field, e.g. the figure of $10^{26}$ atm, and comment on the problems of electrolytic loading of Pd with deuterium. High pressure electrochemical loading was also tried. 0.1 M LiOD and D2SO4 were the electrolytes used, and Pd wires as cathodes. Ambient pressure electrolysis at current densities up to 200 mA/cm$^2$ produced loadings corresponding only to some 400 atm, nowhere near the fugacity figure of $10^{26}$ stated by FPH-89. High pressure electrolysis was also carried out, at up to 4.5 kbar. Here, loadings are achieved that place the Pd resistance on the falling branch. The authors conclude that the formation of D2 bubbles limits loading into Pd, and actual pressures within the metal.} } @article{Bart1992, author = {B.~I. Barts and D.~B. Barts and A.~A. Grinenko}, title = {Theory of nuclear reactions with the participation of slow charged particles in solids}, journal = {Sov. J. Nucl. Phys.}, volume = {55}, year = {1992}, pages = {45--48}, keywords = {Theoretical, screening, res-}, submitted = {07/1991}, published = {01/1992}, annote = {Two aspects of the crystal environment of purported solid state cold fusion are investigated. One is the screening of d-d pairs by valence electrons of the crystal. It is shown that at low energies, this is very important and the rate of fusion can be enhanced by many orders of magnitude. The other is the possibility of two deuterons moving together into a region of minimum crystal potential at the centre of a cell, where their wave functions might overlap and the fusion rate can increase by one or two tens of orders of magnitude. These effects are not enough, however, to explain experimental claims.} } @article{Baru1990, author = {A.~O. Barut}, title = {Prediction of new tightly-bound states of H2+ (D2+) and 'cold fusion' experiments}, journal = {J. Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {15}, year = {1990}, pages = {907--909}, keywords = {Theoretical, screening, res+}, submitted = {05/1990}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {FPH(89) concluded that their results were due to an hitherto unknown nuclear reaction. Barut believes that the explanation may be tightly bound states of D2+ ions, and three-body interactions, which are called the anti- Born-Oppenheimer approximation, in which an electron is squeezed between two positive nuclei rapidly rotating about it. Barut develops this quantum-mechanical model. The formation of these "supermolecules" from only a tiny fraction of the deuterium could account for excess heat observations. One drawback is that normal hydrogen should do the same, and output about a quarter the excess heat.} } @article{Barw1990, author = {S.~W. Barwick and P.~B. Price and W.~T. Williams and J.~D. Porter}, title = {Search for 0.8 MeV (3)He nuclei emitted from Pd and Ti exposed to high pressure D2}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {273.}, keywords = {Experimental, helium, neutrons, Ti, Pd, gas phase, res-}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {Track recording plastic films have been laid alongside Pd and Ti sheets exposed to D2 gas under >= 15 bars, to detect the neutrons from the n+(3)He branch of the fusion reactions. There was temperature and pressure cycling, and radiation background elimination. No evidence of cold fusion was found, with neutron upper limits of 0.7 and 2.5 fusions/s/cm**3, as compared with 20 and 260 measured by De Ninno et al. There were some alpha particles detected, arising from impurities in the metals (Th and U).} } @article{Bash1990, author = {Yu.~A. Bashkirov and R.~Kh. Baranova and B.~G. Bazanin and V.~M. Kazakova}, title = {Observation of neutron emission from electrolysis of heavy water}, journal = {Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz.}, volume = {16}, number = {19}, year = {1990}, pages = {51--55}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {06/1990}, published = {10/1990}, annote = {Cathodes of Pd (0.5 mm) and Ti (1 mm) and anodes of Pt or Au were electrolysed in 0.1-0.15 M LiOH and LiOD, at 150 mA/cm**2. Near the electrolysis cell were placed two neutron detectors; one a type SNM-56 containing 97\% He and 3\% Ar, the other an organic scintillation soup widely used in physics to detect high-energy neutrons. With low-noise photomultipliers, this allowed the team to detect the lower-energy neutrons expected from cold fusion. There was a temp. probe in the cell. For Pd, in heavy water, neutron emission showed a steady increase over the background, around double. The Fig. shows two bursts at 10-100 times the background, simultaneously on both detectors. At the same time (in most cases but not all) there was a temp. spike of a few degrees. A Ti cathode also emitted the larger steady neutron flux (the paper does not mention bursts for Ti).} } @article{Bash1991, author = {V.~A. Bashko and V.~I. Vit'ko and I.~G. Goncharov and V.~F. Zelenskii and G.~D. Kovalenko and S.~M. Krivoruchko and Yu.~N. Ranyuk and I.~K. Tarasov}, title = {Study of the nuclear fusion reaction in palladium by the emission of neutrons upon electrolysis}, note = {In Russian. Chem. Abstracts (117:199600) has the first author as "Rashko", and this will probably be the entry in the CAS database}, journal = {Vopr. Atom. Nauk Tekh. Ser.: Fiz. Radiats. Povrezhden. Radiats. Materialoved.}, volume = {56}, number = {2}, year = {1991}, pages = {54--63}, submitted = {06/1991}, keywords = { Experimental, neutrons, massive Pd, res-}, annote = {This team from Kharkov undertook essentially a pure neutron search, from a CNF electrolysis, using two Pd cathodes, one of 182 g and the other 38 g, of chunky cylindrical shape and charged with 0.23 A/cm$^2$ and 1 A/cm$^2$, resp. The experiment runs stretched over many days, individual runs lasting 4-5 days. The cell was alternately placed within, and outside the detection volume with 1-hour periods of time. Several figures show neutron counts for these periods. An array of 14 (3)He neutron counters was divided into two sets of 7 and the detections treated by analogue and digital means. Careful statistical data reduction led to the conclusion that nothing other than noise was observed.} } @article{Bast1994, author = {A.~V. Basteev and L.~A. Nechiporenko}, title = {Activation of solid-phase deflagration of hydrogen-containing energy-storing substances}, journal = {Int. J. Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {19}, year = {1994}, pages = {739--741}, keywords = {Suggestion, fractofusion}, submitted = {09/1993}, annote = {The authors do not believe in fractofusion in conductors, pointing to the lack of convincing results. In certain nonconducting substances containing hydrogen (isotopes), however, there may be 'deflagration' effects that just might lead to fusion. The authors here examine ND4NO3 and ND4ClO4, both of which can store energy and release it in deflagration events within the solid matrix when irradiated by gamma rays. Such events might enable d-d fusion. Experiments lend some support to this idea.} } @article{Bata1989, author = {E. Batalla and E.~G. Zwartz and B.~A. Judd}, title = {In-situ X-ray diffraction of palladium cathodes in electrolytic cells}, journal = {Solid State Commun.}, volume = {71}, year = {1989}, pages = {805--807}, keywords = {Experimental, crystallography, polemic, res-}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {Question: can high current densities during electrolysis of D2O at Pd lead to higher than normal charging (x in PdD(x)), and thus cause deuterons to occupy tetrahedral crystal sites, giving tighter packing? In normal beta-phase PdD(x), d-d distances are 2.8 A, but in tetrahedral packing, this would be reduced to 2.2. X-ray diffraction during charging with H and D, showed the change from the low-H alpha-phase to the high-H beta-phase but none beyond that, so the answer is no tetrahedral packing. In fact, this is more or less irrelevant, since even 2.2 A is a lot more than e.g. 0.74 A, the d-d distance in D2 gas, which is not enough, either, to allow fusion.} } @article{Batt1999, author = {A. Battaglia and L. Daddi and S. Focardi and V. Gabbani and V. Montalbano and F. Piantelli and P.~G. Sona and S. Veronesi}, title = {Neutron emission in Ni-H systems}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento A}, volume = {112}, year = {1999}, pages = {921--931}, keywords = {Experimental, Ni, hydrogen, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {03/1999}, published = {09/1999}, annote = {This team has previously reported observation of excess heat, but previous attempts to detect penetrating radiation, which they consider must accompany excess heat, were without success, perhaps due to the less sensitive instrumentation then used. This has now been improved, by using three separate 3He detectors. As well, neutrons were measured indirectly by the neutron activation of Au, and detecting gamma radiation from that. The experiments involve Ni metal and hydrogen. In one experiment, one detector was placed close to the cell (which showed excess heat), the other far away. The close one showed neutrons, the far one only the background; at the same time, there was some Au activation. In another run, all detectors were placed close, but no neutrons were detected, and Au was not activated. The authors conclude that the neutron flux is not constant, even for excited cells.} } @article{Baue2002, author = {H.~H. Bauer}, title = {'Pathological Science' is not scientific misconduct (nor is it pathological)}, journal = {HYLE Int. J. Phil. Chem.}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, year = {2002}, pages = {5--20}, keywords = {Sci/phil}, published = {04/2002}, url = {http://www.hyle.org/journal/issues/8-1/bauer.htm}, annote = {Science philosopher and chemist H. H. Bauer argues that the charges levelled at cold fusion and its proponents are unfounded. The field has most of the purported failings in common with other, respected, fields. There are no clear and agreed upon definitions of pathological science or scientific misconduct, and the cases usually given as examples are not clearly different from what is regarded as normal science. The phrase 'pathological science' is outdated and should be abandoned.} } @article{Baur1989, author = {A. Baurichter and W. Eyrich and M. Frank and H. Goehr and W. Kreische and H. Ortner and B. Roeseler and C.~A. Schiller and G. Weeske and W. Witthun}, title = {Search for cold fusion in palladium}, journal = {Z. Phys. B: Condens. Matter}, volume = {76}, year = {1989}, pages = {1--2}, keywords = {Experimental, neutrons, gamma, res-}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {07/1989}, annote = {Neutron and gamma spectroscopy found nothing but background; reserve judgement.} } @article{Bazh1990, author = {Yu.~N. Bazhutov and G.~M. Vereshkov and R.~N. Kuz'min and A.~M. Frolov}, title = {Interpretation of cold nuclear fusion by means of erzion catalysis}, note = {In Russian}, journal = {Fiz. Plazmy Nekotor. Vopr. Obshch. Fiz. M.}, year = {1990}, pages = {67--70}, keywords = {Suggestion, erzions}, annote = {Muons are known to catalyse cold fusion, and could, in principle, be the cause of cold fusion, since they arrive at the Earth's surface in cosmic showers. However, their short life time precludes this possibility, at least at the claimed observation levels. But what if there were another, heavy and negative particle with much longer life, in these cosmic showers? The authors call these hypothetical particles "erzions", and postulate that they may have been accumulating in the Earth's surface for a long time. Erzion catalysis proceeds just like muon catalysis, and if erzions are long lived, cold fusion is explained, along with some other physical mysteries such as "Lebed-X3" energy. The result would be (4)He, thus accounting for the dearth of neutrons; some would however be emitted as secondaries.} } @article{Bazh1991, author = {Yu.~N. Bazhutov and A.~B. Kuznetsov and T.~D. Surova and Yu.~P. Chertov}, title = {Study of the possibility of a cold nuclear fusion reaction by electrolysis of heavy water with a titanium electrode}, note = {In Russian}, journal ={Teo. Eksp. Issled. Vopr. Obshch. Fiz., Min. Obshch. Mashin. SSSR}, year = {1991}, pages = {37--40}, keywords = {Experimental, 5M LiOD, Ti, tritium, x-ray film, res+}, annote = {Two series of experiments were run in Apr-May 1990, using a 20*10*2 mm$^3$ Ti plate in 5M LiOD/D2O, and 5A or ca. 1A/cm$^2$. Tritium was monitored from aliquots taken out, by scintillation counts. In one series, 7 hours of electrolysis roughly tripled the tritium counts from 124000 to 412000 c/min/ml. In another series, the current was reversed twice while checking for tritium; there was an increase in the tritium count at those periods when Ti was the cathode (roughly doubling during these times, 40 min and 20 min, resp.). The paper does not state what the other electrode was, it was presumably an inert metal like Pt. There was also an x-ray film in some runs, placed close to the electrodes, and this was found to be fogged only at the Ti cathode, indicating x-rays.} } @article{Beck1989, author = {E.~W. Becker}, title = {Triple collision reaction of deuterons as a possible explanation of cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Naturwiss.}, volume = {76}, year = {1989}, pages = {214.}, keywords = {Theory, lithium, res+}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {05/1989}, annote = {Tries to find a suitable radiationless nuclear reaction to conform with FPH's results. Suggests that clusters of (D3e2)+ ---> Li(6)*, which then decays to He(4) + D or something. The heavy product particles also would conserve momentum, which is not the case for other plausible reactions.} } @article{Behr1989, author = {R. Behrisch and W. Moeller and J. Roth and B.~M.~U. Scherzer}, title = {Search for fusion reactions between deuterium atoms implanted into titanium}, journal = {Nucl. Fusion}, volume = {29}, year = {1989}, pages = {1187--1190}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti foil, ion beam, protons, res-}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {07/1989}, annote = {Deuterium was implanted into Ti foil at room temperature, 55 micrograms of D3+ was implanted and produced a layer of TiD2, 8 microns thick. A large- area proton detector was placed just next to this for 30 h, and detected only the normal background.} } @article{Behr1992, author = {R. Behrisch}, title = {Comment on: H. Gentsch, DD-fusion reactions at a PdAg(D) target in a minireactor, Ber. Bunsenges, Phys. Chem. 95, 1283 (1991)}, journal = {Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem.}, volume = {96}, year = {1992}, pages = {733.}, note = {In German}, keywords = {Polemic, self targeting.}, submitted = {12/1991}, published = {05/1992}, annote = {Gentsch had a hollow tube as the cathode in a cold fusion electrolysis, with a near vacuum inside, into which he aimed a deuteron beam and got more neutrons and tritium than expected. Behrisch writes here that Gentsch is wrong, that the results are explained by self targeting without invoking anomalous effects. See Gentsch's answer, ibid p.734.} } @article{Belo1990, author = {A.~S. Belov and V.~E. Kusik and Yu.~V. Ryabov}, title = {The nuclear fusion for the reactions (2)H(d,n)(3)He,(2)H(d,gamma)(4)He at low deuterons energy and 'cold' nuclear fusion}, journal = {Il Nuovo Cimento A}, volume = {103}, year = {1990}, pages = {1647--1650}, keywords = {Experimental, ion beam, Pd, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {07/1990}, published = {11/1990}, annote = {First, the team shoots a deuteron beam at a range of energies at a PdDx target, measuring the neutrons emitted as a result. These agree with (much) earlier work. Even at the lowest energies - which might approach cold fusion conditions - no anomalies were found. Subsequent neutron emission measurements made with the beam turned off set the upper limit for cold fusion at 7E-24 fusions/pair/s. The authors conclude that cold fusion, if it happens at all, has an unmeasurably low intensity and there is no basis for assuming any anomalies such as in branching ratios.} } @article{Belt1991, author = {I.~L. Beltyukov and N.~B. Bondarenko and A.~A. Janelidze and M.~Yu. Gapanov and K.~G. Gribanov and S.~V. Kondratov and A.~G. Maltsev and P.~I. Novikov and S.~A. Tsvetkov and V.~I. Zakharov}, title = {Laser-induced cold nuclear fusion in Ti-H2-D2-T2 compositions}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {234--238}, keywords = {Experimental, heating, laser, phase transition, Ti, fractofusion, neutrons, gamma, res+}, submitted = {09/1990}, published = {09/1991}, annote = {In the search for the right nonequilibrium conditions, considered by many to be required for cold fusion, this team tried laser heating to effect phase transitions across the beta/(beta+gamma) and (beta+gamma)/gamma boundaries. Ti rods were used, prehydrided and flushed in vacuum; the rods were recharged by the respective gas at around 773-823K under various pressures. Two neutron and two gamma counters were nearby and thermocouples mounted within the rod to record the axial temperature gradients. It was found that neutron and gamma emissions coincided with phase transitions in the Ti-D system (presumably the transitions were known from the temperatures and reference to phase diagrams). After the experiment, the Ti showed a wide net of cracks. Despite the title, no Ti-H or Ti-T systems are reported but there is a control of Ti in air, with no emissions detected. } } @article{Belz1990a, author = {A. Belzner and U. Bischler and S. Crouch-Baker and T.~M. Guer and G. Lucier and M. Schreiber and R.~A. Huggins}, title = {Two fast mixed-conductor systems: deuterium and hydrogen in palladium - thermal measurements and experimental considerations}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {219--227}, keywords = {Experimental, calorimetry, electrolysis, res+}, published = {06/1990}, annote = {The well known "Huggins" paper, presented at a conference in 1989. This team used an isoperibolic calorimeter to look for excess heat in PdHx and PdDx, respectively. In this type of calorimeter, the cell temperature does not rise very much, so temperature effects and nonlinearities do not appear. The authors measure the power put into a working cell and compare it with the power given off by it. They do not correct for the energy required for the electrolysis of water, so that if any excess heat is found, it must be real; recombination of evolved hydrogen (isotope) with oxygen is of no consequence with this most severe of all definitions of excess heat. The results are presented in the form of plots of power-out vs power-in. For a calibration, using electrical heating, this is a straight line with unity slope. The plot for the Pd-H system (light water) lies below this line, showing that some power is absorbed by the electrolysis. For Pd-D, this is also seen initially, during the charging phase; after 66 h electrolysis, when the Pd is presumably fully charged (given the diffusion coefficient of D in PdD of 2E-11, charging can be expected to reach into the sample to a depth of 2 mm and the Pd was 3-4 mm thick), the plot lies clearly above the calibration line, showing an excess heat of about 10\%. A time effect is also shown: the out/in ratio goes smoothly from below 1 to above, for two cells. The excess heat is comparable with the deficit for Pd-H or for Pd-D initially. So, unless one postulates an exothermic reaction taking place (e.g. between impurities in the Pd and deuterium but not hydrogen) at a scale comparable with the power absorbed by water electrolysis, these results appear to provide strong evidence for a non-chemical source of excess heat in the Pd-D system. Belz1990a} } @article{Belz1990b, author = {A. Belzner and U. Bischler and S. Crouch-Baker and T.~M. Guer and G. Lucier and M. Schreiber and R.~A. Huggins}, title = {Recent results on mixed conductors containing hydrogen or deuterium}, journal = {Solid State Ionics}, volume = {40/41}, year = {1990}, pages = {519--524}, keywords = {Experimental, calorimetry, electrolysis, res+}, published = {08/1990}, annote = {Essentially the same results (and text) as in the authors' paper in the J. Fusion Energy 9 (1990) 219. Belz1990a} } @article{Bened1989, author = {G. Benedek and P.~F. Bortignon}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion: viewpoints of solid-state physics}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. D}, volume = {11}, year = {1989}, pages = {1227--1235}, keywords = {Discussion, screening, res+}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {08/1989}, annote = {Discussion of some of the possible electronic mechanisms that may explain CNF. As usual, localised electron screening is invoked but is not found sufficient - the d-d distance is still too large. The authors admit that dielectric arguments should not apply at such small scales but then say that they might, anyway. Lastly, they speculate that of a cluster of deuterons, if one were missing, this would amount to a negative hole with a large mass, which could be a sufficient coulombic screen.} } @article{Benes1989, author = {C.~J. Benesh and J.~P. Vary}, title = {Fusion rates of squeezed and screened hydrogenic nuclei}, journal = {Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys.}, volume = {40}, year = {1989}, pages = {R495--R496}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {08/1989}, annote = {Calculated the barrier penetration factor for H-like ions confined in a potential well as a function of the equilibrium separation and screening length of the medium. There was no agreement with reported high fusion rates; deuterons would have get much closer than is plausible.} } @article{Benet1989, author = {B.~A. Benetskii and A.~V. Klyachko and A.~I. Rozantsev}, title = {An attempt to observe cold thermonuclear fusion in a condensed medium}, note = {Originally in: Kratk. Soobshch. Fiz. (1989)(6) 58, in Russian}, journal = {Sov. Phys. - Lebedev Inst. Rep.}, year = {1989}, number = {6}, pages = {75--78}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, gas, pressure, heat, res-}, submitted = {05/1989}, annote = {A 200 mm long Pd tube of 2.5 mm diameter and wall thickness 0.1 mm was sealed at one end and D2 gas at 12-14 atm applied to the other, while the tube was electrically heated to 300-400 deg. A total of 10**23 D atoms passed through the tube wall in the course of the experiment. A scintillation counter using stilbene detected the neutrons. None were observed.} } @article{Benn1989, author = {S.~M. Bennington and R.~S. Sokhi and P.~R. Stonadge and D.~K. Ross and M.~J. Benham and T.~D. Beynon and P. Whithey and I.~R. Harris and J.~P.~G. Farr}, title = {A search for the emission of x-rays from electrolytically charged palladium-deuterium}, journal = {Electrochim. Acta}, volume = {34}, year = {1989}, pages = {1323--1326}, keywords = {Experimental, x-rays, res-}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {State that x-rays should be produced by high-energy charged particles slowing down in condensed matter. They found none.} } @article{Benn1990, author = {S.~M. Bennington and M.~J. Benham and P.~R. Stonadge and J.~P.~A. Fairclough and D.~K. Ross}, title = {In-situ measurements of deuterium uptake into a palladium electrode using time-of-flight neutron diffractometry}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {281}, year = {1990}, pages = {323--330}, keywords = {Experimental, neutron diffraction, loading, res0}, submitted = {01/1990}, published = {03/1990}, annote = {Like x-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction can analyse the structure and composition of materials like PdD(x) but with the advantage that neutrons can penetrate more deeply into the bulk; x-rays can only do near-surface measure- ments. So with neutrons, the authors were able to measure the x in PdD(x). This has now been attempted by several methods such as accounting for evolved gas, by gravimetry, by resistance measurements and others. Loadings (x) of up to 2 have been claimed, whereas 0.8 or so is assumed normal. The present paper reports a maximum of 0.78, in line with expectations.} } @article{Berk1989, author = {A.~R. Berkem}, title = {Nuclear fusion. Hot fusion - cold fusion}, journal = {Kim. Sanayi}, volume = {31}, year = {1989}, pages = {7--19}, note = {In Turkish}, keywords = {Review, no references.}, annote = {A longish review, a short time after Mar-89. Although no references are given, Fleischmann and Pons are mentioned. Background on fusion reactions is provided, with examples like p-p fusion, the carbon cycle, thermal fusion of d-d and d-t type etc. Then cold fusion is discussed, and F\&P's setup described.} } @article{Bern1990, author = {R. Bernabei and G. Gannelli and R. Cantelli and S. {Cordero d'Angelo} and N. Iucci and P.~G. Picozza and G. Villoresi}, title = {Neutron monitoring during evolution of deuteride precipitation in Nb, Ta and Ti}, journal = {Solid State Commun.}, volume = {76}, year = {1990}, pages = {815--819}, keywords = {Experimental, neutrons, cracks, gas phase, res-}, submitted = {03/1990}, published = {11/1990}, annote = {The formation of the highly loaded metal deuteride beta phase is here called precipitation (why not?), and this team monitored neutron emissions during such precipitation, as well as during deformation and crack nucleation. The "D-doping" was done under D2 gas (99.96\% pure) at 400 and 550 degC for 1-2 h and loadings of 0.07 to 0.43 were achieved. There was temperature cycling. Crack formation was observed upon precipitation. No neutrons were found under any conditions.} } @article{Bert1989, author = {A. Bertin and M. Bruschi and M. Capponi and S. {De Castro} and U. Marconi and C. Moroni and M. Piccinini and N. Semprini-Cesari and A. Trombini and A. Vitale and A. Zoccoli and S.~E. Jones and J.~B. Czirr and G.~L. Jensen and E.~P. Palmer}, title = {Experimental evidence of cold nuclear fusion in a measurement under the Gran Sasso Massif}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A}, volume = {101}, year = {1989}, pages = {997--1004}, keywords = {Experimental, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {A repeat of Jones+'s experiment but under the Grand Sasso massiv, under low-cosmic background conditions, using two simultaneous neutron detectors: one to measure at the cell, the other, at some distance away, to monitor the background; both being proton-recoil liquid scintillators which enable the workers to distinguish neutrons from gamma radiation. When gamma radiation is not excluded, no significant neutron signals are obtained; gamma discrimination, however, does produce some neutron emission, with a peak at the 2.5 MeV expected from the d+d-->(3)He+n reaction. After some corrections, the neutron flux is comparable with that detected by Jones+. The experiment thus confirms the Jones+ result, suggests that the electrochemical charging of Ti with D plays a role in this, and suggests that discrimination against gamma radiation is useful.} } @article{Bert1990, author = {A. Bertin and M. Bruschi and M. Capponi and S. {De Castro} and U. Marconi and C. Moroni and M. Piccinini and N. Semprini-Cesari and A. Trombini and A. Vitale and A. Zoccoli and J.~B. Czirr and G.~L. Jensen and S.~E. Jones and E.~P. Palmer}, title = {First experimental results at the Gran Sasso Laboratory on cold nuclear fusion in titanium electrodes}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {209--213}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, electrolysis, neutrons, res+}, published = {06/1990}, annote = {This reports preliminary results of neutron measurements from electrolytic infusion of deuterium into Ti. The measurements were undertaken under low- background conditions. The same electrolyte mixture as used by Jones+(89) was used, and the same type of Ti electrodes. The laboratory inside the Gran Sasso massif has an overall radioactivity level 1/10 that elsewhere, and practically no cosmic radiation gets in, except neutrinos. One neutron detector (a NE-213 type) was set next to the cell, another 8m away. Neutron- gamma separation was possible by pulse shape discrimination and confirmed by calibration. The results show a definite difference between the two counters, with a calculated 875+-180 neutrons/hour emitted from the cold fusion cell. Taking account of some experimental differences, this compares well with the results of Jones+(89), thus confirming low-level cold fusion.} } @article{Bert1993, author = {L. Bertalot and F. {De Marco} and A. {De Ninno} and A. {La Barbera} and F. Scaramuzzi and V. Violante and P. Zeppa}, title = {Study of deuterium charging in palladium by the electrolysis of heavy water: heat excess production}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento D}, volume = {15}, year = {1993}, pages = {1435--1443}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, loading, correlations, calorimetry, res+}, submitted = {08/1993}, published = {11/1993}, annote = {One of the few things known from all previous excess heat observations is that the D/Pd ratio must be > 0.8. Here, an electrolysis experiment with calorimetry is reported, and was successful; further, some correlations were demonstrated. Special features of the experiment were: high current densities (cd) (hundreds of mA/cm$^2$); forcing of high D/Pd by using an alternating high/low cd with a semiperiod of 6 h; using a cathode whose other side faced a pressure chamber where extra hydrogen/deuterium gas could be introduced; using Pd as anode as well, thereby causing continuous dissolution of Pd from the anode and deposition of Pd on the cathode and thus preventing poisoning, which might prevent a high D/Pd ratio. A constant flow calorimeter was used, with no recombination of evolved gases. A flow meter was used to ensure that the gas evolved checked with the charge passed through the cell. Excess power was found, uncorrelated with current density, at 3W and lasting about 20 h, for a high input of 3 W alternating with a low input of 0.3 W. Shorter periods of high/low alternation are favourable; overpotential was clearly an important factor, as was the flow of deuterium gas into the back of the cathode. A follow-up paper (ADN and VV) is on the way, interpreting these results in terms of matter waves of deuterium through Pd.} } @article{Bert1996a, author = {A. Bertin and M. Bruschi and V.~M. Bystritsky and V.~M. Bystritsky and M. Capponi and S. {De Castro} and B. Cereda and V.~D. Dugar-Zhabon and A. Ferreti and D. Galli and B. Giacobbe and V.~I. Kirpal and A.~I. Knyazev and I.~M. Kravchenko and U. Marconi and I. Massa and S.~I. Merzlyakov and C. Moroni and M. Piccinini and M. Poly and L.~A. Rivkis and N.~V. Samsonenko and N. Semprini-Cesari and V.~N. Shvetsov and V.~T. Sidorov and V.~N. Smirnov and S.~I. Sorokin and R. Spighi and E.~P. Starshin and V.~A. Stolupin and A.~V. Strelkov and S. Vecchi and A. Vezzani and M. Villa and A. Vitale and J. Wozniak and G. Zavattini and N.~I. Zhuravlev and A. Zoccoli}, title = {Negative result of an experiment aimed at verifying the hypothesis that cold and hot nuclear fusion occurs in Ti/(D-T) and ZrNbV/(D-T) systems}, journal = {Phys. Atomic Nucl.}, volume = {59}, year = {1996}, pages = {744--751}, keywords = {Experimental, neutrons, Ti, alloy, tritium, res-}, submitted = {01/1995}, published = {05/1996}, annote = {A team from four countries (Italy, Poland, Russia, USA) and six institutions, carried out (at Dubna) a very careful neutron emission study of two systems that others had claimed to have seen neutrons from. These are the Ti/hydrogen isotope system with temperature cycling ("Italian mode") and the title alloy, also with the gas. In order to improve neutron detection they used a mixture of protium, deuterium and tritium gas. The d-t fusion reaction has 1-2 orders of magnitude greater fusion cross section and the resulting neutrons have a higher energy (17.6 MeV), making measurements more precise. Three detectors were used in parallel, one of them a scintillation type and the others BF3. Up-to-date electronics assured background rejection etc. Spongy Ti was degassed and then left to absorb the hydrogen mixture over a period of about 22 hours. Thermal cycling was between 78K and 280K and 5 cycles were run over the whole period. The same was done with the intermetallic compound ZrNbV. The results show families of neutron detection data points, clearly staying within the bounds of the background measurements. The authors thus calculate the upper fusion rate limits of (e.g., one of the Ti samples) 5*$10^{-4}$ /s/g Ti or roughly $10^{-27}$ /s/d-t pair (at 1:1 loading), and a similar limit for the alloy, thus pushing back the upper limit considerably. The authors conclude that this result "casts some doubt on the possibility of observing low temperature fusion (the Russian term for CNF) in metal-deuterium systems" as well as on fractofusion ("hot" solid state fusion due to accelerated particles).} } @article{Bert1996b, author = {A. Bertin and M. Bruschi and V.~M. Bystritsky and V.~M. Bystritsky and M. Capponi and S. {De Castro} and B. Cereda and V.~D. Dugar-Zhabon and A. Ferreti and D. Galli and B. Giacobbe and V.~I. Kirpal and A.~I. Knyazev and I.~M. Kravchenko and U. Marconi and I. Massa and S.~I. Merzlyakov and C. Moroni and M. Piccinini and M. Poly and L.~A. Rivkis and N.~V. Samsonenko and N. Semprini-Cesari and V.~N. Shvetsov and V.~T. Sidorov and V.~N. Smirnov and S.~I. Sorokin and R. Spighi and E.~P. Starshin and V.~A. Stolupin and A.~V. Strelkov and S. Vecchi and A. Vezzani and M. Villa and A. Vitale and J. Wozniak and G. Zavattini and N.~I. Zhuravlev and A. Zoccoli}, title = {Negative result of an experiment aimed at verifying a report on cold nuclear fusion in systems of the Na$_x$WO$_3$/D;D-T) type}, journal = {Phys. Atomic Nucl.}, volume = {59}, year = {1996}, pages = {752--756}, keywords = {Experimental, neutrons, Ti, alloy, tritium, res-}, submitted = {01/1995}, published = {05/1996}, annote = {Further study as in Bert1989, this time with sodium tungstate (tungsten bronze). Experimental conditions were similar to those in the earlier paper. No neutrons above the background were observed, and the hypothesis that dt fusion can occur in this system is not confirmed.} } @article{Bert1996c, author = {A. Bertin and M. Bruschi and V.~M. Bystritsky and M. Capponi and S. {De Castro} and B. Cereda and A. Ferretti and T. Florkowski and D. Galli and B. Giacobbe and V.~V. Gushchin and U. Marconi and I. Massa and C. Moroni and M. Piccinini and M. Poly and L.~A. Rivkis and V.~I. Sakharov and N. Semprini-Cesari and R. Spighi and V.~A. Stolupin and V.~N. Tebus and S. Vecchi and A. Vezzani and M. Villa and A. Vitale and J. Wozniak and G. Zavattini and A. Zoccoli}, title = {Absence of tritium yield in metal-deuterium systems}, journal = {Phys. At. Nucl.}, note = {Originally in Yad. Fiz. 59 (1996) 976, in Russian}, volume = {59}, year = {1996}, pages = {934--937}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, deuterium, gas phase temp. cycling, tritium, no FPH/Jones ref., res-}, submitted = {01/1996}, published = {06/1996}, annote = {This joint Italian/Russian/Polish team continues to refine its search for nuclear effects in the Italian-style cold fusion experiments, loading deuterium as the gas, into Ti chips and cycling the temperature between liquid nitrogen and room temperatures. After a number of these cycles, the gas was driven off again by raising the temperature and the presence of tritium was checked for. For Ti, and some alloys such as Zr/Nb, La/Ni/Al etc, no tritium was found.} } @article{Bese1990a, author = {F. Besenbacher and B. {Bech Nielsen} and P. Hornsh{\o}j and E. L{\ae}gsgaard and N. Rud}, title = {Search for cold fusion in plasma-charged Pd-D and Ti-D systems}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {315--317}, keywords = {Experimental, glow discharge, nonequilibrium, neutrons, res-}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {Although the effective-medium theory (see other papers from this group) says that cold fusion should not occur, the team nevertheless tried it out. Nonequilibrium has been said to be the secret; one more way to ensure this is to charge the metal with deuterium from a plasma, obtained by means of a DC glow discharge in a low-pressure deuterium gas between two Cu electrodes. The cathode was the test metal (Pd or Ti) covered with a thin layer (50 A) of Cu, which trapped the D in the metal. The D impinges at 200-400 eV, and loses about 100 eV to the Cu barrier, not leaving enough energy for self targetting neutron emission. Any neutrons measured would thus have to come from fusion. Neutron detection was by means of an NE-213 liquid scintillator coupled to a fast photomultiplier tube, with pulse shape gamma discrimination, and an efficiency of about 3\% at the sample. Measurements continued for 2 weeks. Loading of the top layer of the Pd was determined by surface nuclear reaction analysis and found to be about 0.8. The upper limit for cold fusion, calculated from the neutron flux, was <= 5E-24 fus/pair/s, or well below claimed rates. Thus cold fusion is not found.} } @article{Bese1990b, author = {F. Besenbacher and Nielsen. Bech B and J.~K. N{\o}rskov and S.~M. Myers and P. Nordlander}, title = {Interaction of hydrogen isotopes with metals: deuterium trapped at lattice defects in palladium}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {257--261}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {A fundamental study, both theoretical and experimental, of the interaction of hydrogen isotopes with defects in metals. Ion implantation is used for the experiments. For the theory, the inhomogeneous metal is modelled as a simpler host, the "effective medium", giving the name to the theory (dating back some years). In short, defects act as a trap for hydrogen. There is good absolute agreement between theory and experiment, with respect to trap strength of some metals looked at. Up to 6 hydrogens can be trapped at a single open defect; the distance between them is, however, no less than 1.85 A, far too great to allow fusion.} } @article{Bhat1989, author = {J.~K. Bhattacharjee and L. Satpathy and Y.~R. Waghmare}, title = {A possible mechanism of cold fusion}, journal = {Pramana}, volume = {32}, year = {1989}, pages = {L841--L844}, keywords = {Theory, screening, res+, no FPH/Jones refs.}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {Invokes screening of deuterons from each other by electrons with enhanced effective masses. Seems to assume that deuterium stays as atoms in the metal lattice, not as deuterons.} } @ARTICLE{Bibe2004, author = {J.-P. Biberian}, title = {Condensed matter nuclear science: cold fusion}, journal = {Ann. Fond. Louis de Broglie, Hors serie 3}, volume = {29}, year = {2004}, pages = {1095--1108}, keyword = {Review, update}, annote = {The author presents a brief history, covering the usual events of the field, excess heat, the co-deposition work, helium, tritium, neutrons, x-rays, transmutation, as well as laser stimulation. He concludes that after "15 years of intense work by hundreds scientists in fifteen countries ... nuclear reactions ... occur in solids during electrolysis, gas loading and gas discharge".} } @ARTICLE{Bibe2007, author = {J.-P. Biberian}, title = {Condensed matter nuclear science (cold fusion): an update}, journal = {Int. J. Nucl. Energy Sci. Technol.}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {31--43}, keyword = {Review}, annote = {Review of progress, 17 refs.} } @ARTICLE{Bibe2008, author = {J.-P. Biberian and N. Armamet}, title = {An update on condensed matter nuclear science (cold fusion)}, journal = {Ann. Fond. Louis de Broglie}, volume = {33}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, pages = {1--7}, keyword = {Review}, annote = {Review of progress, 14 refs. More work has been done world wide and an update is in order. B asks why has cold fusion not been accepted? One reason is the experimental difficulty, and there are problems of theory. He concludes that after 18 years [so this was written in 2007] we are still waiting for a major breakthrough, even though we have a lot of evidence.} } @incollection{Bibe2010, author = {J.-P Biberian}, title = {Low energy nuclear reactions in gas phase: a comprehensive review}, booktitle = {{Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook (Vol. 2)}}, year = {2010}, editor = {J. Marwan and S. Krivit}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Washington, USA}, volume = {2}, pages = {9--34}, ISBN = {9780841224544}, annote = {"Low energy nuclear reactions have been demonstrated experimentally mainly through electrochemical experiments. However, a great deal of work has been performed in gas phase. The existence of anomalous excess heat, production of neutrons, tritium, helium-4 and helium-3 as well as the existence of transmutation of elements has been shown by many experimentalists. This chapter reviews all the work that has been done during the past 20 years in low energy nuclear reactions in gas phase." (Abstract reproduced from the book)} } @ARTICLE{Bibe2015, author = {J.-P. Biberian}, title = {{Biological transmutations}}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {108}, year = {2015}, pages = {633--635}, published = {02/2015}, annote = {"Over the past two centuries a large number of experiments with animals, seeds and bacteria, have demonstrated that biology is not only a chemical process, but also a nuclear one. It has been demonstrated that some minerals transmute into other minerals. With the development of low energy nuclear reactions (cold fusion), this topic, is back in the scientific agenda. Very few scientists work in this field, but its importance is such that its further development is crucial."} } @article{Birg1990, author = {O. Birgul and S. Celebi and A. Ozdural and K. Pekmez and A. Yildiz and Y. Yurum}, title = {Electrochemically induced fusion of deuterium using surface modified palladium electrodes}, journal = {Doga-Turk. J. Eng. Env. Sci.}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, year = {1990}, pages = {373--380}, keywords = {Experimental, gammas, electrolysis, Pd, res+}, submitted = {07/1989}, annote = {Bursts of gamma-ray emission accompanying sudden temp. rises were obsd. during the const. current electrolysis of D2O contg. LiOD electrolyte using the surface modified Pd cathodes following the charge-up of the cathode material with the electrolytically produced D. Macroscopic and microscopic deformations of the cathode material were noted at the end of electrolysis that could only be caused by extreme pos. thermal changes. The results were compared with blank expts. using H2O in which no such changes occurred. The nature of surface modification is not specified. The authors speculate that fusion is initiated by microscopic rises in temperature and collapse from the beta to alpha phase, by either recombination of deuterons into D2, or reaction of deposited Li with D2O. The surface modification will be described elsewhere.} } @article{Bitt1990, author = {M. Bittner and A. Meister and D. Ohms and E. Paffrath and D. Rahner and R. Schwierz and D. Seeliger and K. Wiesener and P. W{\"u}stner}, title = {Method for investigation of fusion reactions in condensed matter}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {120--130}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, D2O, H2O, neutrons, res0}, submitted = {02/1990}, published = {08/1990}, annote = {The authors present a sophisticated statistical analysis of neutron measurements made close to electrolysis cells in which palladium was the cathode in electrolytes with heavy and light water, and with current switched on and off. At one-hour intervals, the cell was taken far away from the detector, and this was repeated over many hours. The small differences between background and measurement were enhanced by integrating the total hourly neutron count differences (background total minus cell total) over time. Some cells showed a deficit, due to shadowing. The cell with electrolysis of D2O, however, did show a very small positive effect of about 3 counts/h. Other measurements rule out cosmic muon effects. No strong conclusions are drawn, the object here being to present the method.} } @article{Bitt1991a, author = {M. Bittner and A. Meister and D. Ohms and E. Paffrath and D. Rahner and R. Schwierz and D. Seeliger and K. Wiesener and P. Wuestner}, title = {Indication for the temporary production of deuteron-deuteron fusion neutrons during electrolytic infusion of deuterons into a massive palladium slab}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {334--348}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd slab, large currents, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {02/1991}, published = {11/1991}, annote = {The team from Dresden continues with its cnf experiments, and here reports the use of a slab, initially 50*40*7 mm**3, loaded by a 8A current in 3M LiOD. The authors subscribe to a dense plasma model of cold fusion, and predict (and have shown) a maximum fusion rate at intermediate D loadings, in contrast to most other workers. A maximum loading of 0.615 was reached over 900 h of electrolysis in all. There were some weak but significant neutron emissions but not as definite as the team's previous reports with other cathodes. The upper limit was set at 1E-26 fusions/pair/s for fully loaded Pd.} } @article{Bitt1991b, author = {M. Bittner and G. Ludwig and A. Meister and J. M{\"u}ller and D. Ohms and E. Paffrath and D. Rahner and R. Schwierz and D. Seeliger and P. Stiehl and K. Wiesener and P. W{\"u}stner}, title = {Evidence for the production of d-d fusion neutrons during electrolytic infusion of deuterons into a palladium cylinder}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {2119--2124}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, large currents, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {08/1990}, published = {07/1991}, annote = {This team has previously described their method, without many results, and also has a theory (same journal, p.2114). Here, they report their experimental results. Electrolysis at their chunky Pd cathode (32.1 mm diameter, 19.3 mm long) was kept up for 606 h, at 4A (i.e. ca. 0.5/cm**2) in 3M LiOD and D2O. The electrolyte was topped up regularly, and the temperature and cell voltage measured. The cell was periodically removed from the neutron detectors for one hour, so that there was a total of 110 hours of neutron measurements and 116 hours of background measurement. Weighing after the experiment showed that a D/Pd loading of 0.801 had been achieved. During the first 220 h, effect and background are the same, then the effect increases to up to 4 sigma above background, and decreases again later, confirming these authors' theory on that count, for a loading time constant of 350 h.} } @article{Bitt1991c, author = {M. Bittner and A. Meister and D. Ohms and E. Paffrath and D. Rahner and R. Schwierz and D. Seeliger and K. Wiesener and P. W{\"u}stner}, title = {Emission of DD-fusion neutrons from a massive palladium cyclinder during electrolytic infusion of deuterons into the metal}, journal = {Isotopenpraxis}, volume = {27}, year = {1991}, pages = {274--280}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, large currents, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {01/1991}, annote = {A 92 g cyclinder of Pd, 22.6 mm dia and 20.2 mm length, was electrolysed for over 700 h at a current of 4A in 3M LiOD in D2O, while periodically monitoring the neutron flux, alternating with the background, as previously described. Post-mortem weighing indicated a D/Pd loading of 0.812. Some positive results were obtained; as before, there was a maximum neutron emission at about one charging time constant, i.e. below maximum saturation. The maximum neutron emission rate is 160 n/h, which I translate into about 1E-26 fus/pair/s; the authors make that 1E-44/s/cm**3. The introduction says that there will be a comparison with an H2O electrolysis but this is not found in the paper.} } @article{Bitt1993, author = {M. Bittner and A. Meister and D. Seeliger and R. Schwierz and P. W{\"u}stner}, title = {Observation of d-d fusion neutrons during degassing of deuterium-loaded palladium}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {23}, year = {1993}, pages = {346--352}, keywords = {Experimental, degassing, Pd, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {07/1991}, published = {05/1993}, annote = {High temperature degassing Pd charged with deuterium is expected to allow a higher fusion rate than during electrolytic charging, because of the higher deuteron mobility, and the greater concentration of deuterium in the interstitial plasma, as well as higher deuterium energy. Also, the experiment is shorter. Here, 2.45 MeV neutrons from the 3He branch were searched for. Two massive chunky Pd cylinders, respectively 86 and 518 g mass, were electrolytically charged, and then degassed on a heating plate, with temperatures at the plate and top of the samples 375 C and 205 C, resp. and duration of degassing (and neutron monitoring) about 10 minutes per run. A total of 18 runs (large sample) and 11 runs (small sample) were run, in air, for a single deuterium charge. There was heat shielding between the samples and the neutron detector, which was NE-213 liquid scintillators coupled to photomultipliers, detecting recoil protons. Gamma events were suppressed to $2-5.10^{-4}$. Results show significant neutron emission in the 1.9-3.3 MeV slot, but none in the 3.3-5.2 MeV slot. The emissions decayed to background as the samples lost deuterium after about 50-100 min, i.e. neutron emission correlated with deuterium content of the samples. The calculated maximum fusion rate was about $3.10^{-25}$ fus/d-d pair/s.} } @article{Blag1989, author = {S. Blagus and M. Bogovac and D. Hodko and M. Krcmar and D. Miljanic and P. Tomas and M. Vajic and M. Vukovic}, title = {Search for neutron production during heavy water electrolysis on palladium electrodes}, journal = {Z. Phys. A: At. Nucl.}, volume = {333}, year = {1989}, pages = {321--322}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {07/1989}, annote = {Found that the upper limit on neutron production is $10{-5}$ that of FPH, and also less than Jones+'s results. Scintillation detectors were used, regularly calibrated and checked for stability. There was an apparent neutron peak in the expected region; however, this was present also when the electrolysis was turned off and the Pd electrode taken out. Long-time difference spectra showed only background noise. After electrolysis, x-ray fluorescence showed that Pt had been deposited on the Pd.} } @article{Blag1994, author = {S. Blagus and M. Bogovac and A. Drasner and M. Vukovic}, title = {Evidence for neutron production during heavy water electrolysis on palladium electrode}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26}, year = {1994}, pages = {105--109}, keywords = {Experimental, sintered Pd, electrolysis, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {03/1993}, published = {08/1994}, annote = {An attempt to reproduce the results of Gozzi et al. A Pd cyclinder was made by pressing 99.95\% pure Pd powder at 216 MPa and sintering at 1173 K for 12 H. The final mass of the pellet was 8.2 g at a density of 80\% that of solid Pd. An undivided cell was used, filled with 0.2M D2SO4 in D2O, kept at 298 K; current density was 0.2 A/cm$^2$. Neutrons were monitored with a single 6Li-glass scintillation counter with appropriate electronics for pulse height discrimination etc. Over a period of about 10 days, 12 runs were recorded with an overall duration of 677660 s. All recordings were indistinguishable from those for the background, except in one run, where two neutron bursts were seen, with durations of 200 and 100 s, counting, resp., 193 and 63 neutrons or 256 total in 300 s. Postmortem analysis of the cathode indicated a D/Pd loading of 0.7. The team noted the exact times of x-ray bursts from the Sun (there is a table of such events) and the neutron bursts are not correlated with these. Neutron emissions were about 1/10 of Gozzi et al.} } @article{Blas1989, author = {J.~P. Blaser and O. Haas and C. Ptitjean and C. Barbero and W. Bertl and K. Lou and M. Mathias and P. Baumann and H. Daniel and J. Hartmann and E. Hechtl and P. Ackerbauer and P. Kammel and A. Scrinzi and H. Zmeskal and T. Kozlowski and R. Kipfer and H. Baur and P. Signer and R. Wieler}, title = {Experimental investigation of cold fusion phenomena in palladium}, journal = {Chimia}, volume = {43}, year = {1989}, pages = {262--268}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, excess heat, neutrons, gamma, tritium, helium, mass spec, res-}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {A team from 5 different institutes in Germany, Austria and Switzerland carried out electrolysis and calorimetry of D2O and H2O, using closed cells, while monitoring for neutrons (single detector), gamma radiation, tritium and helium (these by mass spec). During two months, no excess heat was found, no neutrons or gammas; tritium was not possible to separate from enrichment effects; mass spec sensitivity for (4)He is not sufficient while the high sensitivity for (3)He was of no avail, as all such counts could be almost precisely accounted for by tritium entering the Pd. Surface analysis showed a monolayer on the Pd of Zn, Pb and Hg but these did not prevent hydrogen/deuterium from entering the Pd: a loading of 0.85-0.95 was achieved in both cases.} } @article{Blen1990, author = {J.~G. Blencoe and M.~T. Naney and D.~J. Wesolowski and F.~G. Perey}, title = {Tests for 'cold fusion' in the Pd-D2 and Ti-D2 systems at 40-380 MPa and -196-27 degC}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {149--153}, keywords = {Experimental, gas loading, Pd, Ti, heat, neutrons, res+}, published = {06/1990}, annote = {This team decided to try to load Pd with D2 gas; while this was in progress, they heard about the Frascatti experiments with Ti and added this to the experiment. The Pd-D2 system was monitored for heat effects, as well as for neutrons. A triple BF3 neutron detector was used. Results: "no sustained neutron flux" over a long period of pressurisation, depressurisation and temperature cycling for the Pd-D2 system, and temperature changes due only to PV work and deuteride formation. The single Ti-D2 experiment gave an increase in the neutron level over a period of 5 hours at 80 hours. This corresponds to about 1000 n/s, comparable with Jones et al or Menlove et al, but the authors warn that they cannot be sure that their detector was behaving properly. They plan more experiments to confirm/deny this result.} } @article{Bock1990a, author = {{J. O'M}. Bockris and G.~H. Lin and N.~J.~C. Packham}, title = {A review of the investigations of the Fleischmann-Pons phenomena}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {11--31}, keywords = {Review, res+}, submitted = {03/1990}, published = {08/1990}, annote = {A review, with 61 references, of cold fusion, a little selective in parts. Many of the references are to conferences and "private communication", and thus not quite so accessible. The major experiments are reported, and a discussion given on each of excess heat, tritium, neutrons, protons, mass spectrometry, cluster impact fusion. The various theories that have been proposed are explained rather well. These include growing cracks (but there is no mention of the Soviet work), muon catalysis, Coulombic screening, tunnelling, chain reactions, quantum electrodynamic, and the formation of dendrites on the cathode surface; this last theory is the authors', and would explain the long electrolysis time required before anything happens, the sporadicity and irreprodubility of the phenomenon, and even the alleged anomalous branching ratio. Tritium, the authors say, should be the easiest of all fusion products to detect; neutrons are difficult; FPH's calorimetry is beyond reproach.} } @article{Bock1990b, author = {{J. O'M}. Bockris}, title = {Addition to 'A review of the investigations of the Fleischmann-Pons phenomena'}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {523.}, keywords = {Discussion, tritium, res+}, published = {11/1990}, annote = {Since the printing of the review, more evidence has come to light. Bockris says that Kevin Wolf's tritium could not have been in the palladium beforehand and even if it was, it would have been driven out during electrolysis. So the results of Bockris' school, and those of Wolf himself, are not in doubt.} } @article{Bock1990c, author = {J. Bockris and D. Hodko}, title = {Is there evidence for cold fusion?}, journal = {Chem. \& Ind.}, volume = {22}, year = {1990}, pages = {688--692}, keywords = {Discussion, res+}, published = {11/1990}, annote = {A summary of the case for cold fusion, which is a clear "yes" for the authors. In particular, they emphasise the burst-like nature of cold fusion, and say that there have been observations of correlated events like tritium with heat or neutrons or gammas. 77 references are given, many of them of conference talks, reports, and private communications.} } @ARTICLE{Bock1992, author = {J. O'M. Bockris and D. Hodko and Z. Minevski}, title = {Fugacity of hydrogen isotopes in metals: degradation, cracking and cold fusion}, journal = {Electrochem. Soc. Proc.}, volume = {92-5}, year = {1992}, pages = {223--247}, annote = {Minimal on cold fusion itself but interesting stuff on the title keywords.} } @article{Bock1992a, author = {{J. O'M}. Bockris and C.~C. Chien and D. Hodko and Z. Minevski}, title = {Cold fusion as a consequence of high fugacity among hydrogen isotopes}, journal = {Int. J. Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {17}, year = {1992}, pages = {445--450}, keywords = {Discussion, fugacity, pressure, res+}, annote = {Bockris et al here argue for the high-fugacity theory of cold fusion. In the original FPH paper, FPH calculated, from the overpotential, an equivalent "pressure" of 1E26 atm. This is supported here, although called fugacity. The authors refer to 1967 work of Landau and Lifshits, which says that a pressure exceeding 1E17 atm might cause electron capture by deuterium nuclei and thus loss of charge. There is some qualitative argument for equating fugacity with pressure, away from walls. The steep fugacity rise at pressures of around $10^4$ atm is still mentioned.} } @article{Bock1996, author = {{J. O'M}. Bockris and G.~H. Lin and R.~T. Bush}, title = {Do nuclear reactions take place under chemical stimulation?}, journal = {J. Sci. Expl.}, volume = {10}, year = {1996}, pages = {245--248}, keywords = {Polemic, cold fusion, transmutation}, published = {06/1996}, annote = {Gathering under one blanket such diverse alleged phenomena as cold fusion, biofusion (Kervran, Komaki, Alper), chemical transmutation and ampere force fusion (Graneaus), this polemic argues for all of these, suggesting that there is sufficient evidence, in the form of 0.1-1% commensurate tritium, 50\% He, etc. Some theoretical rationale is given, citing Bohm, Hegelstein \[sic\] and others.} } @article{Bock2000, author = {{J. O'M.} Bockris}, title = {Accountability and academic freedom. The battle concerning research on cold fusion at Texas A\&M University}, journal = {Accountability Res.}, volume = {8}, year = {2000}, pages = {103--116}, keywords = {Sci/soc/phil.}, annote = {Eminent electrochemist Bockris here recounts (for the first time?) in detail his cold fusion involvement. The piece begins with a brief summary of the results obtained in several labs at Texas A\&M under Bockris' guidance. Then he recounts the more personal aspects, including attacks on the work and its practitioners by the press and other academics within. Bockris is thought by those who know him superficially as very robust, but his account makes clear that both he and his wife suffered during these years.} } @article{Bona1990, author = {G.~C. Bonazzola and T. Bressani and D. Calvo and A. Feliciello and P. Gianotti and S. Marcello and M. Agnello and F. Iazzi}, title = {A large-area neutron detector based on double scattering}, journal = {Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. A}, volume = {299}, year = {1990}, pages = {25--28}, keywords = {Experimental, neutron detector design. No FPH/Jones refs}, annote = {This team, which has also been active in CNF research, here presents the design of a neutron detector to reliably detect the 2.45 MeV neutrons that must be emitted from d-d fusion. The apparatus is able to measure the impulse vector and the emission time, of every emitted particle reaching the detector.} } @article{Bosc1990, author = {H.~S. Bosch and G.~A. Wurden and J. Gernhardt and F. Karger and J. Perchermeier}, title = {Electrochemical cold fusion trials at IPP Garching}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {165--186}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, heat, neutrons, tritium, gamma, res-}, published = {06/1990}, annote = {The "Bavarian Bubble Bottle Team" reports, in a refreshingly informal and candid manner, their extensive experiments, starting as soon as they heard of FPH's press conference. Lacking all technical details, they nevertheless happened to hit on more or less the same set-up as FPH. Their neutron detectors were not up to Jones+ levels but sufficiently sensitive for FPH levels, as was their calorimetry, at an accuracy of about 5\%. Three electrolysis cells showed no signs of neutrons, tritium, gamma emissions or excess heat above backgrounds. One large electrode, intended to verify the FPH melt-down (it didn't) was thrown into liquid nitrogen after 21 h charging, and allowed to warm up; this, to emulate Italian experiments. Again, no emissions. The deuterium loading was estimated (with some corrections) at 0.9-1.2. The team comments that the thermodynamics of palladium hydride differs from that of the deuteride, and that this could well account for the claims by Huggins (at that time not published), given his conditions of nonequilibrium; i.e. if the loading is changing, then the two hydrogen isotopes behave differently in a thermodynamic sense. They also point out (as Frank Close has done) that no matter what nuclear reaction one postulates, one must expect some kind of radiation; the cooperative, Moessbauer-type effect suggested by some, absorbing such emissions as heat, is highly unlikely.} } @article{Bott1989, author = {F. Botter and J. Bouchez and J. Collot and E. Kajfasz and B. Lefievre and E. Lesquoy and A. Stutz and S. Tistchenko and S. Zylberajch}, title = {Search for emission of neutrons from a palladium-deuterium system}, journal = {Phys. Lett. B}, volume = {232}, year = {1989}, pages = {536--538}, keywords = {Experimental, gas phase, Pd black, heat, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {08/1989}, published = {12/1989}, annote = {Palladium black was used here, to facilitate absorption of H or D. The Pd was put into a stainless tube and exposed to H2 or D2 gas under various pressures. At various stages: during absorption of H or D; during desorption; static conditions with gas at 1 or 3 bar, and passing through phase changes as a result of H or D absorption; temperature and neutron flux were measured. Out of 25 cycles of 197 hours each, runs with D2 emitted 29 neutrons, runs with H2 18. These levels are several orders of magnitude below the results of De Ninno et al, with Ti.} } @article{Bott1992a, author = {E. Botta and T. Bressani and D. Calvo and A. Feliciello and P. Gianotti and C. Lamberti and M. Agnello and F. Iazzi and B. Minetti and A. Zecchina}, title = {Measurement of 2.5 MeV neutron emission from Ti/D and Pd/D systems}, journal = {Il Nuovo Cimento A}, volume = {105}, year = {1992}, pages = {1663--1671}, keywords = {Experiment, gas phase, Ti, Pd, neutrons, res0}, submitted = {04/1992}, published = {11/1992}, annote = {Report of an improved series of experiments, using both Ti and Pd, loaded with deuterium from the gas phase. Blanks with hydrogen were also run. With both metals, thousands of minutes worth of neutron measurements were taken. Background measurements were also taken. The detector was a time-of-flight neutron spectrometer, two blocks of plastic scintillators. The authors point out that the Ti, covered as it is with oxide, does not absorb D2 or H2 unless heat treated, which they did. Temperature-time curves showed phase transitions for low-loaded Ti (x=0.7), but not for highly loaded Ti (1.8). Both metals, initially in the form of sponge (Ti) or small pellets, broke down. Subtraction of the average background in two slightly different ways clearly showed an excess of neutrons at around 2.5 MeV with the metal deuterides at about 4-5 sigma (Ti) and 2 sigma (Pd) but not with the hydrides. The neutron flux was about 1/10 of that found by this team previously, at (Ti) 0.1 n/s/g, and (Pd) 0.02 n/s/g. No bursts were found.} } @inproceedings{Bott1992b, author = {E. Botta and D. Calvo}, title = {Results of cold fusion experiments on Ti/D22 and Pd/D2 systems with gas loading}, booktitle = {Conf. Proc., Common Problems and Trends of Modern Physics, Folgara, Italy}, editor = {T. Bressani and S. Marcello and A. Zenoni}, publisher = {World Scientific}, address = {Singapore}, year = {1992}, pages = {331--340}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, Pd, gas loading, neutrons, res+}, annote = {An improved neutron detector was designed, and some statistically significant neutrons observed, especially for the Ti case, but not as much at Pd.} } @article{Bott1999, author = {E. Botta and T. Bressani and D. Calvo and C. Fanara and F. Iazzi}, title = {On the neutron emission from the Ti/D system}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento A}, volume = {112}, year = {1999}, pages = {607--617}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, gas phase, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {02/1999}, published = {06/1999}, annote = {Although the 4He branch seems to be the main branch in CNF, this team looks for neutrons from the usual free-space fusion branch, in this experiment on Ti and D2. Ti shavings and sponge are used, in a chamber into which D2 is let in under various pressures. A thermometer is inserted inside the Ti, and a pressure gauge in the chamber. The Ti was degassed at 700C in vacuum. Temperatures were cycled, as usual in "Italian mode". A TOF neutron spectrometer was used, using two arrays of NE 110 scintillators. The background was reduced to about 68 events/h. There is a curve of loading ratio D/Ti as a function of temperature (about 1.36 at low temps, declining from about 500C). A weak 2-3 sigma neutron emission is observed at times, unrelated to the loading, some bursts were observed. In any case neutrons are not such a good sign of cold fusion taking place, and a search for 4He might be more fruitful, write the authors.} } @article{Bouc1993, author = {G.~R. Boucher and F.~E. Collins and R.~L. Matlock}, title = {Separation factors for hydrogen isotopes on palladium}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {24}, year = {1993}, pages = {200--201}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, tritium, separation factor, res-}, submitted = {07/1992}, published = {09/1993}, annote = {It is well known that there is hydrogen isotope separation during the electrolysis of water. Until now, there has only been indirect evidence for the separation factor for tritium enrichment due to this effect, in heavy water electrolysis. Here, an experiment is reported where this factor, calculated from that for h/d and h/t separation (about 2) is used to predict tritium concentration in a cell containing heavy water and 0.1M LiOD, and to compare this with measured tritium. The measured points fall on the predicted line. The line showed an "event", i.e. a sudden increase in tritium on day 21, but this was due to a greater tritium background in a replenisher. The cell had a Pd cathode, Pt anode and a recombiner. } } @article{Bour2007, author = {R.~C. Bourgoin}, title = {Inverse quantum mechanics of the hydrogen atom: a general solution}, journal = {Adv. Studies Theor. Phys.}, volume = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {381--393}, keywords = {Theory, inverse-N orbitals, res+}, annote = {Using the wave equation, the author finds that the Mills proposal of inverse-N electron orbitals is supported.} } @article{Boya1990, author = {L.~J. Boya}, title = {Possible mechanisms for cold fusion in deuterated palladium}, journal = {An. Fis. B}, volume = {86}, year = {1990}, pages = {221--223}, keywords = {Discussion, suggestions}, submitted = {09/1989}, annote = {Some speculation about cold fusion in the Pd lattice. The stationary state is first discussed. Deuterium is thought to be present as the neutral D most of the time, and as d (i.e. deuterons, D+) only a small part of the time; and to be colliding frequently ("because of the repulsive and big Pd ions"). However, this will not favour their fusion. Possible mechanisms should therefore be looked for in some non-stationary condition, such as the passing of a current, or an attractive d-d force in the alpha phase, or lattice interaction such as overlapping pseudolocalised Bloch waves; or lattice vibrations; or hysteresis in the alpha/beta transition region. Suggestions are made for experiments to throw light on the puzzle: the use of ac current to enhance the current effect, and heating and cooling to exploit the hysteresis effect.} } @article{Brac1990, author = {L. Bracci and G. Fiorentini and G. Mezzorani}, title = {Nuclear fusion in molecular systems}, journal = {J. Phys. G}, volume = {16}, year = {1990}, pages = {83--98}, keywords = {Theory, fusion rate, screening, effective mass, res-}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {01/1990}, annote = {Theoretical calculation of the fusion rate of pairs xx', where x and x' can be p, d or t, for a range of internuclear distances and effective masses of the binding particle (electron). A model thought to be more accurate than the naive Gamow-Sommerfeld formula is used. In some cases, high pressures might lead to an internuclear distance sufficiently smaller than normal, to increase fusion rates by tens of orders of magnitude, even at normal electron mass. Collective effects on the fusion process are ruled out, however, because they operate at inter-atomic spacings, not the small internuclear distances. The table of results shows that claimed cold fusion rates are possible with effective electron masses of 5-10 for all xx'.} } @article{Bres1989, author = {T. Bressani and E. {Del Giudice} and G. Preparata}, title = {First steps toward an understanding of 'cold' nuclear fusion}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital Fis. A}, volume = {101}, year = {1989}, pages = {845--849}, keywords = {Theory, collective effects, p-d fusion, 4He, res+}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {05/1989}, annote = {Theoretical. Takes as a fact that cold fusion takes place, and tries to find an explanation of it, in terms of lattice effects in Ti and Pd, and why cold fusion might differ from fusion in vacuum. The authors have, for some years, been considering collective interactions in the solid state, through the quantised electromagnetic field, and claim some success in other areas, such as lasers and high-T superconductors. They find that coherent oscillation of electrons around deuterons can indeed enhance fusion rates by 50-60 orders of magnitude and, what is more, that the particular fusion reaction is not expected to be that occurring in vacuum but solely that leading to (4)He plus energy, accounting for FPH's heat-without-neutrons; it can also accommodate the Jones+ results. Lastly, the authors suggest that the reaction p+d will also be enhanced.} } @article{Bres1991a, author = {T. Bressani and D. Calvo and A. Feliciello and C. Lamberti and F. Iazzi and B. Minetti and R. Cherubini and A.~M.~I. Haque and R.~A. Ricci}, title = {Observation of 2.5 MeV neutrons emitted from a titanium-deuterium system}, journal = {Il Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fiz. A}, volume = {104}, year = {1991}, pages = {1413--1416}, keywords = {Experimental, gas phase, Ti, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {08/1991}, published = {09/1991}, annote = {** This team recognised the difficulties of low-level neutron measurement and started, some time ago, to design a suitable detector system. They chose a time-of-flight system, together with a scattering trick which, although lowering the sensitivity to 3E-04, had the advantage of almost complete immunity to background. 3g of Ti shavings were pressurised under H2 or D2 at up to 2 atm at temperatures from 25-540 degC. The Ti was degassed for one day at 540 degC. During pressurising, the temp. was cycled up and down. At the high temps., all gas escaped the Ti, and was reabsorbed during the down cycle. During the downs with D2, small enhancement of the neutron spectrum around 2.45 MeV were observed; none with H2 gas. Signal averaging of up cycles and down cycles separately and subtracting these averages gave a much clearer 2.45 MeV peak than reported previously. The intensity amounts to about 13 n/s/g Ti, or a fusion rate of about 1E-21 fus/pair/s.} } @article{Bres1991b, author = {T. Bressani and D. Calvo and A. Feliciello and C. Lamberti and F. Iazzi and B. Minetti and R. Cherubini and A. M. I. Haque and R. A. Ricci}, title = {ERRATA: Observation of 2.5 MeV neutrons emitted from titanium-deuterium system}, journal = {Il Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A}, volume = {104}, year = {1991}, page = {1587.}, annote = {In the paper referred to here, same journal 104A (1991) 1413, some of the corrections requested by the authors were not carried out in the final version. On p.1417, line 19, there should appear (4.0 +- 1.5) n/s, and in the following row, (1.3 +- 0.5) n/s/g. (Original dates)} } @article{Bria1989, author = {J.-P. Briand and J. Dewynck and P. Chevallier and J.~L. Bobin}, title = {Cold fusion: an alternative diagnostic}, journal = {Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A}, volume = {285}, year = {1989}, pages = {547--548}, keywords = {Experimental, x-rays, res-}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {12/1989}, annote = {A new diagnostic for CNF in Pd targets, using the x-rays that would be emitted during the slowing down of p fusion products in the target, was carried out. This is fairly easy to measure. So far, negative results.} } @article{Bria1990a, author = {J.~P. Briand and G. Ban and M. Froment and M. Keddam and F. Abel}, title = {Cold fusion rates in titanium foils}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {145}, year = {1990}, pages = {187--191}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, gas phase, cracking, res-}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {04/1990}, annote = {In a previous paper, this team had detected cold fusion by the x-rays produced when the neutrons hit metal atoms. They have now improved their technique, and use it on Ti instead of Pd (as previously). Background detector noise is now down by a factor of 100, efficiency up 3 times. Electrolysis was used, in soups containing Jones+-like metal ions. They conclude that even with properly pretreated Ti, the D does not penetrate more than 2-3 mu into the Ti, due to deposition of metals. So, on the one hand, Jones+ fusion rate should be revised by a couple of orders of magnitude, due to the much smaller volume. On the other hand, the present team finds next to nothing, even from Ti fully loaded by D2 gas, nor (a fracto-experiment) from loaded Ti cracked right in front of the detector.} } @article{Bria1990b, author = {J.-P. Briand and M. Froment }, title = {La fusion 'froide' dix-huit mois apres (Cold fusion, 18 months later)}, note = {In French}, journal = {Recherche}, volume = {21}, year = {1990}, pages = {1282--1284}, published = {10/1990}, keywords = {Comments, res0}, annote = {This is a run-down of cnf, summarising the situation 18 months after FPH-89 and Jones et al 89. The main problems are mentioned, as well as the various aspects of the subject, such as the Italian Ti/gas experiments and the Russian fractofusion. The writers state that the subject has at least stimulated some research.} } @ARTICLE{Bric2015, author = {R. A. Brice{\^{n}}o and Z. Davoudi and T C. Luu}, title = {{Nuclear reactions from lattice QCD}}, journal = {J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys.}, issue = {142 023101}, year = {2015}, pages = {1--35}, published = {02/2015}, annote = {"One of the overarching goals of nuclear physics is to rigorously compute properties of hadronic systems directly from the fundamental theory of strong interactions, quantum chromodynamics (QCD). In particular, the hope is to perform reliable calculations of nuclear reactions which will impact our understanding of environments that occur during big bang nucleosynthesis, the evolution of stars and supernovae, and within nuclear reactors and high energy/density facilities. Such calculations, being truly ab initio, would include all two-nucleon and three-nucleon (and higher) interactions in a consistent manner. Currently, lattice quantum chromodynamics (LQCD) provides the only reliable option for performing calculations of some of the low-energy hadronic observables. With the aim of bridging the gap between LQCD and nuclear many-body physics, the Institute for Nuclear Theory held a workshop on Nuclear Reactions from LQCD on March 2013. In this review article, we report on the topics discussed in this workshop and the path planned to move forward in the upcoming years."} } @article{Brid1989, author = {M. E. Bridge and D. R. Lloyd amd J. M. D. Coey}, title = {Cold fusion ideas}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {340}, year = {1989}, pages = {105--106}, published = {07/1989}, keywords = {Polemic, res-}, annote = {Points out that, due to the different resistivities of electrolytes in normal and heavy water, the substitution of normal water might produce different heats, without showing that CNF took place in heavy water. Also, mass spectrometers might be cheated into apparently giving evidence for tritium, while in fact, species such as D2H+ and D3+ might be giving the signals.} } @article{Bril1992, author = {E. Brillas and J. Esteve and G. Sardin and J. Casado and X. Domenech and J.~A. Sanchez-Cabeza}, title = {Product analysis from D2O electrolysis with Pd and Ti cathodes}, journal = {Electrochim. Acta}, volume = {37}, year = {1992}, pages = {215--219}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, Ti, tritium, lithium, res-}, submitted = {03/1991}, published = {02/1992}, annote = {If there be fusion, there must be fusion products; this has been one of the weak points in the cold fusion saga. The Spanish team here looks specifically at the production of tritium and deposition on and diffusion into the metal of lithium and platinum, both at Pd and Ti cathodes, as well as at Pt, as a control. The electrolyte is the usual 0.1M LiOD in pure D2O (and LiOH in H2O as control), as well as some D2O spiked with tritium to about three times the normal contamination level. The metals were high purity sheets and rods and current densities ranged from 5 to 300 mA/cm**2, for many days. The temperature was controlled to 25 degC. Tritium was assayed from aliquots taken from the electrolyte, and near-surface products were detected by SIMS spectra. No unexplained changes in tritium were found, i.e. none was produced by exotic reactions. Lithium was indeed deposited on all cathodes, up to a total content of 30 ppm in the Ti sheet. Much more Pt was deposited (up to 600 ppm).} } @article{Brit1990, author = {D. Britz}, title = {Cold fusion: an historical parallel}, journal = {Centaurus}, volume = {33}, year = {1990}, pages = {368--372}, keywords = {Discussion, historical}, submitted = {11/1990}, published = {09/1991}, annote = {The experiment of Wada and Nishizawa (1989) was preceded by a very similar one, almost 60 years previously. John Tandberg, the Swedish chemist electrically exploded a Pd wire electrolytically charged with deuterium, in order to provoke d-d fusion. The paper provides a translation of the Swedish description of this work, and discusses the parallel.} } @article{Brit1991, author = {D. Britz}, title = {Parameter correlations in cold fusion measurements}, journal = {J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett.}, volume = {155}, year = {1991}, pages = {377--382}, keywords = {Discussion, calculations, correlations, res0}, submitted = {08/1991}, published = {12/1991}, annote = {Besides listing some of those few cold fusion experiments in which correlations between different measured parameters were found, the author looks closely at the paper of Birgul et al, which clearly shows some remarkably correlated gamma emissions and cell temperature; Birgul et al do not seem to make much of this. Britz calculates the cross correlation function and finds a peak of 0.34 at a lag of 16 min, i.e. the temperature tends to lead gamma emissions by 16 minutes on average. No explanation is offered.} } @article{Broe1989, author = {M.~M. Broer and L.~C. Feldman and A.~C.~W.~P. James and J.~S. Kraus and R.~S. Raghavan}, title = {Search for neutrons from deuterium-deuterium nuclear reactions in electrochemically charged Palladium}, journal = {Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys.}, volume = {40}, year = {1989}, pages = {R1559--R1562}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, neutrons, res0}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {10/1989}, annote = {A four-week electrochemical experiment with Pd wire and rods, annealed under nitrogen at 900 degC for 1h, the rods cast from powder under argon and rolled. A single neutron detector was used and found a fusion rate less than 1/5 of that of Jones+.} } @article{Brud1990a, author = {V.~B. Brudanin and V.~M. Bystritskii and V.~G. Egorov and S.~G. Shamsutdinov and A.~L. Shyshkin and V.~A. Stolupin and I.~A. Yutlandov}, title = {Does cold nuclear fusion exist?}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {146}, year = {1990}, pages = {347--350}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, gas phase, Pd, neutrons, res0}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {06/1990}, annote = {Experimental attempt to verify cold fusion, by both electrolysis of D2O at Pd and D2-saturation of Pd, as well as electrolysis of D2-charged Pd. Pure D2O, as well as 50:50 D2O:H2O were used and currents from 1-125 mA/cm**2. The authors seem not to have used LiOD but note that "at high currents", sodium carbonate was added to raise conductivity. In the D2 gas experiments, a loading of 0.5 was achieved. Two SNM-14 boron-containing neutron detectors were used, calibrated at 0.32\% efficiency; x-rays were also measured. Nothing was found above background levels. The authors comment on the use of Li salts: cosmic neutrons react with (6)Li to produce tritium, so Li should be avoided if tritium is to be detected.} } @article{Brud1990b, author = {V.~B. Brudanin and V.~M. Bystritskii and V.~G. Egorov and S.~G. Shamsutdinov and A.~L. Shyshkin and V.~A. Stolupin and I.~A. Yutlandov}, title = {Once more about cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {146}, year = {1990}, pages = {351--356}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Ti, gas phase, neutrons, res0}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {06/1990}, annote = {To add to their other paper on p.347, the authors have tried experiments with Ti, again using electrolysis and D2 gas loading, as well as temperature cycling as in the Frascati trials. No neutrons were found.} } @article{Brud1990c, author = {V.~B. Brudanin and V.~M. Bystritsky and V.~G. Egorov and S.~G. Stetsenko and I.~A. Yutlandov}, title = {Search for the cold fusion d(d,(4)He) in electrolysis of D2O}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {151}, year = {1990}, pages = {543--546}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd foil, helium, alphas, res0}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Previous work by this team did not confirm either FPH(89) or Jones+(89) claims. Nevertheless, the excess heat found by some needs to be explained. Here the possibility of the reaction d+d --> (4)He + lattice energy is investigated, by detection of alpha particles (i.e. He). Thin Pd (50 mu) and Ti (100 mu) foils are used as cathodes in 0.1M Na2CO3 in D2O, at current densities of 30 mA/cm**2 for about 100 h. Two CR-39 track detectors were placed directly under the cathode foils. Not a single track was recorded. In another experiment, a silicon surface barrier detector was used, again with no alphas detected. This set an upper limit for cold fusion at 1E-26 fus/pair/s. Thus, the exotic (4)He+heat branch is not the explanation for the excess heat observed by others, and precision calorimetry must provide the answer.} } @article{Brus1989, author = {L. Bruschi and M. Santini and G. Torzo and G. Nardelli}, title = {Search for neutron emission from a deuterium-titanium system}, journal = {Europhys. Lett.}, volume = {10}, year = {1989}, pages = {303--308}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, gas phase, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {10/1989}, annote = {Examined a Ti-D system at temperatures between 77-1100 K, emulating the De Ninno et al experiments, but here also monitoring the D-loading of the Ti by accounting for lost D2 gas (pressure drops). They achieved a loading of 1.65 and, at all loadings, observed no neutron emission.} } @incollection{Brus1994, author = {M. Bruschi and U. Marconi and A. Zoccoli}, title = {The neutron spectrometer of the cold fusion experiment under the Gran Sasso Laboratory}, booktitle = {Hadronic. Phys. and Course 8th 1993}, year = {1994}, pages = {332--354}, editor = {M. Giblisco and G. Preparata and A. Zenoni}, publisher = {World Scientific}, address = {Singapore}, keywords = {Experimental, neutron detector design, res0. No FPH/Jones refs.}, annote = {This team designed the sensitive coincidence neutron spectrometer that was used in the Gran Sasso cold fusion studies (Italian style, Ti and D2 gas, temp. cycling). Within the 10*10*10 cm$^3$ cell there were 3 1.5 mm NE905, 6Li glass scintillator plates, in NE213C liquid matched to the glass's refractive index. Pulse shape discriminators filtered out gamma background. This setup was extensively tested and all is reported here. Monte Carlo calculations also confirmed the performance.} } @article{Brya1992, author = {S.~R. Bryan and J.~H. Gibson}, title = {Comments on 'Nuclear energy release in metals'}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {21}, year = {1992}, pages = {95.}, keywords = {Polemic, isotope change}, submitted = {08/1991}, published = {01/1992}, annote = {A letter to the Editor, commenting on Mayer and Reitz's previous paper (FT 19 (1991) 552). M\&R claimed that there is experimental evidence for their theory of a nuclear reaction with the Pd atoms, leading to Pd isotope distribution changes. Bryan and Gibson say that this is a misinterpretation, and no such changes took place.} } @article{Buch1999a, author = {A.~L. Buchachenko and V.~V. Chaikovskii}, title = {Contraction of electronic shells and a new strategy for cold fusion}, journal = {Russ. J. Phys. Chem.}, volume = {73}, year = {1999}, pages = {1614--1618}, keywords = {Theory, suggestion, res+}, submitted = {01/1999}, published = {10/1999}, annote = {These two chemical physicists discuss the possibility of compressing the electron shell systems of some atoms, e.g. hydrogen (or deuterium). They give evidence that the hyperfine electron-nucleus coupling constant for an atom in a foreign matrix can be made to deviate from that of the atom in isolation by as much as 50\%. This leads to deep electron levels. If a hole were to be made in one of these levels, then a jump down from a higher level into that hole could provide hard-x-ray or even gamma-ray energies. Holes could for example be punched by mechanical action on crystals like LiD, as done by the Deryagin group. Also, such a hole might make d-d close approach, and therefore fusion, easier.} } @article{Buch1999b, author = {A.~L. Buchachenko}, title = {Chemistry on the border of two centuries - achievements and prospects}, journal = {Russ. Chem. Rev.}, volume = {68}, number = {2}, year = {1999}, pages = {85--102}, note = {Orig. in: Usp. Khim. 68(2) (1999) 99, in Russian}, keywords = {Remark}, submitted = {10/1998}, annote = {The author does a walk-through of chemistry as it is at the time of writing. Among other topics, he very briefly mentions cold fusion, stating that it has been wittily renamed "confusion", and that it is now pursued only by a small group of enthusiasts. He speculates that there has indeed been no chemically induced fusion, but perhaps nuclear processes initiated by mechanical means. This amounts to the Russian interpretation of CNF in terms of fractofusion. The author gives no CNF references in this brief one-paragraph note on CNF and expresses himself very neutrally.} } @article{Budn1990, author = {A.~T. Budnikov and P.~A. Danilov and G.~A. Kartamyshev and N.~P. Katrich and V.~P. Seminozhenko}, title = {Study of gases evolving from palladium, nickel and copper, bombarded with D+ ions, from palladium saturated with gases by heavy water electrolysis and by heating in deuterium}, journal = {Vopr. At. Nauki Tekh., Ser. Fiz. Radiats. Povr. Radiats. Mat.}, year = {1990}, volume = {52}, number = {1}, pages = {81--88}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, ion beam, Pd, Ni, Cu, electrolysis, mass spec, tritium, res+}, submitted = {12/1989}, annote = {The three metals Pd, Ni and Cu were bombarded by D+ ions in a vacuum; other metal samples (Pd) were used as cathodes in heavy water electrolysis or charged in D2 gas. These were then placed in a high vacuum pumping system and the desorption of gases from the metals followed by mass spectroscopy. Masses of 1,2,3,4,5 and 6 were found, as well as higher. The authors exclude, on no basis that this abstractor can see, species containing tritium, ascribing all to combinations of H and D; He is excluded because it does not desorb from within a metal by simple pumping.} } @article{Bull1990, author = {J. S. {Bullock IV} and G.~L. Powell and D.~P. Hutchinson}, title = {Electrochemical factors in cold fusion experiments}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {275--280}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, precharging, mass spec, postmortem, res-}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {Expertise in electrochem, metal hydrides and physics was brought together to study cold fusion, and this paper reports the electrochemical findings. The FPH(89) paper gave a few clues (some now superseded): unalloyed Pd, Pt anode, high-purity D2O with 0.1M LiOD 0.2 M was used here), bulky electrode. Cell symmetry giving an even current distribution etc. were added as reasonable guesses, and gas-phase precharging of the Pd with D2 gas to save time. The electrolyte was analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS), the Pd by metallography, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray crystallography (XRC). Evolved gases were analysed by high resolution MS (HRMS). No evidence of cold fusion was obtained, and comments are made. There is table of the possible (electro)chemical reactions than may take place at both cathode and anode, as well as in solution; this will be useful for the nonspecialists. There is some discussion of the thermodynamics of the cell and some modelling. A scenario is suggested to explain the FPH exploding cube. It is suggested that several poisons should be tried, and high-symmetry cells with reference electrodes used.} } @article{Bunc1991, author = {K.~J. Bunch and R.~W. Grow}, title = {Self-consistent field calculations on diatomic hydrogen in a potential well}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {2131--2134}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, submitted = {11/1990}, published = {07/1991}, annote = {Diatomic dd in a well, i.e. in an octahedral or tetrahedral site in the PdDx lattice, or in a defect or crack, are looked at here. The Schroedinger equation for such a pair plus electron cloud (an overall neutral region) is solved by the Method of Roothaan and Blinder. Results show that the dd pairs are squeezed together in the well, but not enough to explain cold fusion. The model can however be adjusted and might be useful anyway.} } @article{Burr1989, author = {A. Burrows}, title = {Enhancement of cold fusion in metal 'hydrides' by screening of proton and deuteron charges}, journal = {Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter}, volume = {40}, year = {1989}, pages = {3405--3408}, keywords = {Theory, screening, res0}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {08/1989}, annote = {Calculates the screening length Ds required to make cnf possible at the claimed rates, given the lattice parameters in PdD(x), which impart an energy of 0.1-1 eV to the deuterons. At low x, where the diffusion coefficient at 300K of deuterons is $10^{-6}$ cm$^2$/s, Ds is about 0.5 A, which gives a fusion rate of about $10^{-100}$/pair/s. However, in the highly charged beta phase (x>0.7 or so) deuteron diffusion is much slower, reducing Ds but it is not clear by how much. To get values such as claimed by FPH ($10^{-19}$, inferred from their excess heat claims), Ds would have to be 0.03 A. Burrows leaves open the question how this can be achieved.} } @article{Bush1990, author = {R.~T. Bush and R.~D. Eagleton}, title = {'Cold nuclear fusion': A hypothetical model to probe an elusive phenomenon}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {397--408}, keywords = {Theory, suggestion, bosons, res+}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {CNF differs from hot ditto by using subtle effects such as tunnelling, instead of brute force. This must be assisted by something, which needs to be explained, as well as the known facts (?) such as excess heat, few neutrons, coming in bursts, low x-ray and gamma-ray yields, tritium production, irreproducibility and the lack of nuclear signature. Boson clumping is suggested as a jumping-off point for discussion; i.e. the tight clumping of deuterons in the lattice. Helium-4, and some of the other properties of cnf can be accounted for by this model.} } @article{Bush1991a, author = {B.~F. Bush and J.~J. Lagowski and M.~H. Miles and G.~S. Ostrom}, title = {Helium production during the electrolysis of D2O in cold fusion experiments}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {304}, year = {1991}, pages = {271--278}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, helium, calorimetry, correlations, res+}, submitted = {02/1991}, published = {04/1991}, annote = {The "China Lake" paper. The gas effluent from cold fusion electrolysis cells was analysed for He by a sensitive mass spectrometer. Great care was taken to establish that there was no contamination; the N2 gas used to flush the sample flask was checked and found to contain no He, and blank runs showed none. The Pd cathode was surface-ground with wet silicon carbide paper to remove any possible helium from it (?). The MS detection limit for He was about 8E11 atoms of (4)He. Results show that those electrodes that had produced excess heat (reported elsewhere) also gave off (4)He in amounts large compared to the detection limit, while those that gave little or no excess heat did not. None gave off any detectable (3)He. The He detection limit corresponds to around 8\% excess heat, and up to 27\% had been observed. For the cell giving out 0.46 W, about 5.4E14 He atoms are expected during the electrolysis time of 4440 s; this is certainly well above their detection limit. The amount of He found is roughly proportional to the excess power (with large uncertainties because the amounts are still small). Dental x-ray film, placed next to the electrodes, showed evidence of radiation emitted from the electrode. Control electrolyses with light water showed no helium; these electrodes had been used previously in heavy water and contained some residual D, so d+p fusion could not be ruled out; indeed, some unexpected excess heat was found, despite the lack of (3)He, expected from this reaction. There was no evidence of radiation on the film. The fact that He was detected implies that it is produced at the metal surface and that most of it escapes.} } @article{Bush1991b, author = {R.~T. Bush}, title = {Cold 'fusion'. The transmission resonance model fits data on excess heat, predicts optimal trigger points, and suggests nuclear reaction scenarios}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {313--356}, keywords = {Theory, transmission resonance, res+}, submitted = {05/1990}, published = {03/1991}, annote = {Bush, in this 40+ page paper, outlines his model, which explains the neutrons, tritium, excess heat and even cluster impact emissions claimed by various experimenters. When an odd integer multiple number of quarter waves of the de Broglie waves of diffusons (here deuterons diffusing within Pd) match the potential well widths of the lattice particles, 100\% transmissivity can be achieved, and the deuteron can get close to others on the way, and may fuse. The model not only explains the experimental evidence but also makes detailed predictions of, e.g., the shape of the function excess power vs. current density (it finds a relative minimum, matched to a measured point set). It also leads to optimal conditions ("trigger points") for observing cold fusion, and even goes as far as some preliminary reactor design. The nuclear reaction taking place is not d-d fusion but most likely neutron transfer from deuteron to Pd: d + $^{105}$Pd --> p + $^{106}$Pd + energy.} } @article{Bush1992a, author = {R.~T. Bush}, title = {A light water excess heat reaction suggests that 'cold fusion' may be 'alkali-hydrogen fusion'}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {22}, year = {1992}, pages = {301--322}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {07/1991}, published = {09/1992}, annote = {Bush here outlines, in a qualitative manner, his disavowal of the theory of Mills and Farrell (which "is flawed"), and his own theory of how cold fusion takes place in a Pd or Ni lattice. A multitude of reactions of the kind p + M1 ==> M2, and d + M1 ==> M2, are possible, where M1 are alkali metals (as well as hydrogen isotopes), and M2 are ultrastable (or near-ultrastable) elements such as (40)Ca, (4)He, etc. This ultrastability, plus the special conditions in a metal hydride/deuteride lattice, is what enables cold fusion. There is thus a wide choice of fusion fuels, and the good news is that deuterium is not needed. In each case, the resulting high energy is dissipated in a kind of anti-Moessbauer effect, due to the rigidity of the metal lattice at these low temperatures. FPH were lucky because Li can do it with d. The author's TRM model (with Eagleton) is invoked along with all this. There is experimental proof. Using a Ni cathode, a Pt anode and 0.57M Na2CO3 as electrolyte, and a plate of a "Ni alloy", excess heat was found, in contrast with M\&F, whose theory demands light water and a potassium salt (but using Ni itself). Rb salts, too, do the trick. The reaction with potassium should yield some Ca as the ash, and in fact 14 microgram (about the right amount) were found; using a Rb salt, again about the right amount of Sr was found (3 microgram). This subrevolution within cnf could have immense economic ramifications, writes Bush.} } @article{Bush2003, author = {B. Bush and J.~J. Lagowski}, title = {Comments on 'Search for 3He and 4He in Arata-style palladium cathodes I: a negative result.' and 'Search for 3He and 4He in Arata-style palladium cathodes II: evidence for tritium production'}, journal = {Fusion Sci. Technol.}, volume = {43}, year = {2003}, pages = {134--135}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {10/2001}, published = {01/2003}, annote = {The authors of the papers commented on here assumed that the tritium they found originated inside the Arata/Zhang Pd bottle; B \& L say that it could have been produced by cold fusion outside the bottle and transported through the walls along with the deuterium. Their own experiments also indicate a nuclear origin of the 3He, as its ratio to atmospheric 4He and Ne is too low for it to be due to contamination from the air.} } @article{Bushu1990, author = {V.~S. Bushuev and V.~B. Ginodman and L.~N. Zherikhina and S.~P. Kuznetsov and Yu.~A. Lapushkin and I.~P. Matvienko and A.~I. Nikitenko and A.~D. Perekrestenko and N.~P. Saposhnikov and S.~M. Tolokonnikov and A.~M. Tskhovrebov}, title = {Some results obtained by detecting nuclear radiation during heavy-water electrolysis}, journal = {Sov. Phys. Lebedev Inst. Rep.}, year = {1990}, number = {5}, pages = {57--61}, note = {Orig. in: Kratk. Soobshch. Fiz. (1990)(5) 41, in Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolyusis, Pd, neutrons, gamma, res0}, submitted = {03/1990}, annote = {Thermal neutrons and, simultaneously, gamma emissions, were measured at a number of electrolysis cells using various Pt anode shapes and different-size Pd foil cathodes, in heavy water and 30\% D2SO4 or 7\% LiOD. Neutrons were detected by an array of six (3)He counters around the water-filled region, shielded by paraffin and protected from external neutron background by a shield of borate polyethylene and grounded aluminium. A gamma-ray counter was mounted above the cell. The Pd was baked in vacuum at 500-600 degC for a few hours before, and was electrolytically saturated with D before radiation measurement commenced, in some cases. Measurements took place around the clock for several days, with removal of the cell before, during and after the run, for a background check. Some irreproducable neutron bursts were seen with the larger Pd electrodes. No strong conclusions can be reached.} } @article{Bushu1992b, author = {V.~S. Bushuev and V.~B. Ginodman and L.~N. Zherikhina and S.~P. Kuznetsov and Yu.~A. Lapushkin and I.~P. Matvienko and A.~I. Nikitenko and A.~D. Perekrestenko and N.~P. Saposhnikov and S.~M. Tolokonnikov and A.~M. Tskhovrebov}, title = {Experiments in the recording of nuclear emissions by electrolysis of heavy water}, journal = {Trud. Ord. Lenin. Ord. Oktyab. Revol. Fiz. Inst. im. P.N. Lebedeva, Ross. Akad. Nauk}, volume = {220}, year = {1992}, pages = {89--95}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd foil, neutrons, gamma, res0}, annote = {Search for neutrons and gamma radiation, in three variants of electrolytic cells, using small Pd foil 0.1 mm*2.5 cm$^2$ (0.3 g), a larger foil, 0.3 mm* 30.4 cm$^2$ (11 g) and a Pd rod 10 mm dia., 90 mm long (86 g). The first two were electrolysed in 30\% D2SO4, the rod in this as well as 7\% LiOD, all in D2O. Neutrons were detected by a battery of 6 3He tubes around the cell, gammas by CsI(Na) scintillation detectors. The Pd was vacuum annealed at 500-600 C for some h, and electrolysis was maintained for about 100 h. The small foil showed no radiation above background. The large samples showed some irreproducible large neutron pulses, up to 4 times background; no gammas.} } @article{Bushu1996, author = {V.~S. Bushuev and V.~B. Genodman and L.~N. Jerikhina and S.~P. Kuznetsov and Yu.~A. Lapushkin and I.~P. Matviyenko and A.~I. Nikitenko and A.~D. Perekrestenko and N.~P. Saposchnikov and S.~M. Tolokonnikov and A.~M. Tzkhovrebov}, title = {Experiments on detection of nuclear radiation at heavy water electrolysis}, journal = {J. Optics Res.}, volume = {4}, year = {1996}, pages = {171--179}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, neutrons, gamma, res+}, annote = {This Russian team (with some questionable name transliteration) had a go at detecting neutrons and gammas simultaneously during electrolysis of a smallish Pd foil (2.5 cm$^2$, a larger foil (30 cm$^2$) and a 10 mm dia. rod, 90 mm long, at Ampere currents. Gamma radiation was measured by a scintillator and neutrons by six 3He tubes. Background measurements were taken before and after and are graphically shown. For the small foil and the rod, the whole series was just like the background, while the large foil showed some incidents of neutron emission, but not accompanied by gamma events. These results wwere actually obtained in 1989 but not published because they could not be repeated. They were published now, inspired by the similar work of Celani et al (also 1989, a Rept.).} } @article{Buss1989, author = {R.~W. Bussard}, title = {Virtual-state internal nuclear fusion in metal lattices}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {231--236}, keywords = {Theory, chain reaction, optimum loading, res0}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {Theory predicts that the cold fusion rate is a maximum at a loading less than the maximum; this can explain some of the observation, and has a bearing on branching ratios. There is also a suggestion of a sort of chain reaction involving generated tritium and deuterium but this - if it can happen - would destroy the palladium and would thus not offer any hope of practical use.} } @article{Butl1989, author = {M.~A. Butler and D.~S. Ginley and J.~E. Schirber and R.~I. Ewing}, title = {High-sensitivity search for neutrons during electrochemical reactions}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {388--390}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {A redundant neutron detector with 3 independent channels was used, with an overall efficiency of 9.2\% and a background of 10 counts/h. While spurious signals indicative of neutrons occurred at one channel at a time, no real n events (i.e. on all channels) were recorded for a wide variety of conditions.} } @article{Byun1990, author = {J.~H. Byun}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Hwahak Kwa Kongop Ui Chinbo}, volume = {30}, year = {1990}, pages = {86--89}, note = {In Korean}, keywords = {Discussion, review}, annote = {The paper is entirely in Korean. The following was recognisable: "LiOD", "cocktail" (suggesting the Jones paper), "ion beam", the three d-d fusion branches as equations, and that of the p-d reaction; "branching efficiency", "100 mA/cm$^2$", the applied cell power equation with I*1.54 correction, "scintillation counter", "background", "cosmic rays", "(3)He", "(4)He", "DOE", "(Cold Fusion Panel to the Energy Research Advisory Board)", "cluster", "Wall Street Journal", "photonuclear", "(microcrack)", "$10^4-10^6$ V/cm". Assumed to be a review of the field.} } @article{Camp1989, author = {R.~B. Campbell and L.~J. Perkins}, title = {A study of 'cold fusion' in deuterated titanium subjected to high-current densities}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {383--387}, keywords = {Experimental, nonequilibrium, Ti, electric current, res-}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {Since the cold fusion electrochemists have made much of the actual current densities employed (which does not impress the mainstream electrochemists), the authors here take pre-deuterated titanium (TiD(x), x = 0.9) and simply pass electric current through it, comparing the resulting (ohmic) heat with that in plain Ti hydride. Two different current densities gave no heat beyond ohmic, and no neutrons.} } @article{Cann1992, author = {F. Cannizzaro and G. Greco and M. Raneli and M.~C. Spitale and E. Tomarchio}, title = {Search for neutrons as evidence of cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {21}, year = {1992}, pages = {86--91}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, Ti, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {05/1991}, published = {01/1992}, annote = {Report of a Palermo effort. Electrolysis was carried out in D2O containing sodium sulphate, and a mixture of sodium sulphate and iron, nickel and calcium salts. The Pd and Ti cathodes were in the form of plates. Two independent systems of BF3 thermal neutron counters were used, with pulse height analysis. Current densities went up to 24 mA/cm**2. The results do not confirm even Jones+ levels, at an upper limit of 3.6E-24 fus/d-d pair/s.} } @article{Cape1989, author = {V. Capek}, title = {Tunnelling efficiency and the problem of cold fusion}, journal = {Czech. J. Phys. B}, volume = {39}, year = {1989}, pages = {793--795}, keywords = {Theory, discusssion, res+}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {07/1989}, annote = {Argue, irrespective of the final outcome of the CNF debate, that there is a theoretical possibility of a tunnelling mechanism which exists in solids but not in vacuum, to allow CNF. Previous work by the author and elementary QM lead, via coupling to "the bath" (the crystal environment, which differs from a vacuum) to tunnelling rates many orders of magnitude higher than in vacuum. Some simplifying assumptions were made and some of these, when eliminated, might suppress the fusion rates. More work needed.} } @article{Card2009a, Author = {Cardone, F. and Mignani, R. and Petrucci, A.}, Title = {Piezonuclear decay of thorium}, Journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, Year = {2009}, Volume = {373}, Number = {22}, Pages = {1956--1958}, annote = {* A solution of "Th$^{228}$" (not stated which compound) is exposed to ultrasound. The 4 control solutions not exposed showed 3 alpha events, while 8 sonicated solutions showed only 3, or half the number per lot. Also the thorium concentration in the sonicated solutions was halved on average. A nuclear process due to collapsing bubbles, much faster than the natural decay of Th (1.9 years) is proposed, not producing alpha radiation. This is of interest to nuclear physicists, as it may point to a way to eliminate radioactive waste quickly.} } @article{Card2009b, Author = {Cardone, F. and Mignani, R. and Petrucci, A.}, Title = {Reply to "Comment on 'Piezonuclear decay of thorium' [Phys. Lett. A 373 (2009) 1956]" [Phys. Lett. A 373 (2009) 3795]}, Journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, Year = {2009}, Volume = {373}, Pages = {3797--3800}, annote = {* Reply to the Comment by Ericsson et al (Eric2009), rejecting the criticisms. The t-test is not appropriate and in fact results in a value of 0.06, not 0.26, the CR39 detector was indeed inside the chamber, and the Swedish authors are not familiar with the field.} } @article{Carp1989, author = {J.~M. Carpenter}, title = {Cold fusion: what's going on?}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {338}, year = {1989}, pages = {711.}, keywords = {Discussion, polemic}, published = {04/1989}, annote = {JMC was a referee of Jones+'s paper, and was invited by the editor to comment publically on the paper. He warns that cosmic ray neutrons must be eliminated from neutron measurements, or at least recognised. Their intensity is about the same as that reported for CNF, and there can be peaks at the energy 2.45 MeV. Suggests that going underground by two or three metres should reduce the qcosmic ray problem by an order of magnitude.} } @article{Case1990, author = {M. Case and R. Boehm}, title = {Assessment of thermal energy output from electrochemical cells - a critical review}, journal = {HDT (Am. Soc. Mech. Eng.) (Heat Transfer Adv. Energy Syst.)}, volume = {151}, year = {1990}, pages = {55--62}, keywords = {Discussion, suggestion, calorimetry, res0}, annote = {An excellent and simply written description of the problems with cold fusion calorimetry, and the types of calorimeters that have been used. Several suggestions are made for better designs, and an error analysis for the three main designs given. These errors are much larger than those claimed by previous users of the designs. Good design suggestions include the use of differential thermocouples, a differential design for a cooling jacket type that uses only a calibration heater and three temperatures (or two differences), and a good suggestion for better use of the (most accurate) Seebeck effect design. A response simulation is also presented.} } @article{Case1991, author = {L.~C. Case}, title = {The reality of 'cold fusion'}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {478--480}, keywords = {Discussion, suggestion, res+}, submitted = {05/1991}, published = {12/1991}, annote = {The fact that the positive results of cold fusion experiments are few in number and widely scattered is not evidence against the phenomenon, but instead evidence of a lack of understanding of the required conditions, writes Case. He then looks at the results of Yamaguchi and Nishioka and concludes that these can only be due to a nuclear process, most likely d-d fusion. He proposes a tentative mechanism, catalysed (initiated) by traces of tritium present in heavy water. D+T fusion releases neutrons, which then catalyse the main D+D fusion reaction, which releases further tritium, etc. There remains the lack of neutrons. These might be captured, e.g. by tritium or (3)He, both present. This leads to suggestions for improving experiments.} } @article{Ceci1990, author = {F.~E. Cecil and D. Ferg and T.~E. Furtak and C. Mader and J.~A. McNeil and D.~L. Williamson}, title = {Study of energetic charged particles emitted from thin deuterated palladium foils subject to high current densities}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {195--197}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, ion beam, cps, res0}, published = {06/1990}, annote = {Some cold fusion results, such as heat without radiation emissions, could be due to the radiation being in the form of short-range charged particles. So this team looked for such emissions from Pd foil, irradiated by a D+ beam at 95 keV. During beam inpact, roughly the expected flux of neutrons was given off (self-targeting). The beam was switched off, electric current passed through the foil and energy spectra measured. Quote: "In Fig. 4a, accumulated over a period of 19 hours, there is a suggestion of a peak at about 3 MeV which could be identified as the protons from the d(d,p)t reaction". Another spectrum shows a peak at 5 MeV, and this is not seen for the controls in which either there was no current running through the PdD or a current running through undeuterated Pd. The authors have no explanation for this peak, which is consistent with a (d,p) reaction with various Pd isotopes, all very unlikely to occur.} } @article{Ceci1993, author = {F.~E. Cecil and H. Liu and J.~S. Yan}, title = {Measurements of branching ratios of low energy deuteron-induced nuclear reactions on 2H, 6Li, and 10B}, journal = {Phys. Rev. C}, volume = {47}, year = {1993}, pages = {1178--1183}, keywords = {Experimental, branching ratio, ion beam, res-}, submitted = {06/1992}, published = {03/1993}, annote = {The Oppenheimer-Phillips effect suggests that different target electric polarisation may, at low energies of impinging deuterons, affect the branching ratio of the fusion path. The deuteron is roughly seen as a proton and neutron, with the neutron leading due to electric effects from the targets, just prior to impact. Deuteron induced reactions have here been measured at d beam energies of 6, 27.5 and 70 keV on targets of 2H (i.e. D), 6Li and 10B. No appreciable dependence of the branching ratios on beam energy was found in the energy range looked at.} } @article{Cedz1991, author = {K. Cedzynska and S.~C. Barrowes and H.~E. Bergeson and L.~C. Knight and F.~G. Will}, title = {Tritium analysis in palladium with an open system analytical procedure}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {108--112}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, tritium, res-}, submitted = {02/1991}, published = {08/1991}, annote = {Palladium from three different suppliers (45 samples in all) were subjected to open-cell electrolysis, as done by Wolf et al, with the aim of throwing light on tritium analysis. This was done on both the cathode materials and the electrolyte. There was no evidence of any tritium being produced but some evidence of possible artifacts and even artifactal low readings.} } @article{Cedz1992, author = {K. Cedzynska and F.~G. Will}, title = {Closed-system analysis of tritium in palladium}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {22}, year = {1992}, pages = {156--159}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, tritium, res0}, submitted = {07/1991}, published = {08/1992}, annote = {This describes a method of detecting tritium in Pd and the results of using it on about 90 samples of Pd, supplied by Hoover and Strong and Johnson-Mathey. The metal sample is simply dissolved in a distillation flask and the solution distilled past a catalyst to burn any tritium gas to water. The distillate is then prepared for scintillation analysis for tritium. The method was standardised, and a sensitivity of about 5E07 tritium atoms was found for the 5 ml cell, or a ratio of 1:1E13 t/Pd. None of the 90 commercial Pd samples showed any tritium contamination, in contrast with the claims of prior tritium contamination by Wolf. Thus, commercial Pd appears to be free of tritium.} } @article{Cela1990, author = {F. Celani and A. Spallone and S. Pace and B. Polichetti and A. Saggese and L. Liberatori and V. {Di Stefano} and P. Marini}, title = {Further measurements on electrolytic cold fusion with D2O and palladium at Gran Sasso Laboratory}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {718--724}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, neutron, gamma, res+}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {Electrolysis experiments with Pd were performed in the low-background underground lab, measuring gamma and neutron radiation. The diagram shows that two (3)He detectors, two NaI detectors and a plastic scintillator were used. It appears that the electrolyte was 0.1M LiOH in heavy water. Electrolysis current density was 60 mA/cm**2, at hyperpure, vacuum-annealed Pd. There were some definite gamma events on all detectors, calculating out as up to 1E-19 fusions/pair/s. These gamma events were unaccompanied by neutron events, so the authors conclude that an aneutronic process is taking place. They also state that it was not possible to exclude fractoemission effects. Future work is planned.} } @article{Cela1992, author = {F. Celani and A. Spallone and F. Croce and L. Storelli and S. Fortunati and M. Tului and N. Sparvieri}, title = {Search for enhancement of neutron emission from neutron-irradiated, deuterated, high-temperature superconductors in a very low background environment}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {22}, year = {1992}, pages = {181--186}, keywords = {Experimental, HTSC, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {10/1991}, published = {08/1992}, annote = {The authors consider that copper-oxide-based high temperature superconducting materials (which absorb hydrogen) should also aid d-d fusion. Preliminary results were obtained by Jones. These materials have a perovskite crystal structure, similar to some geological crystals in the Earth's mantle. A two-(3)He-tube neutron detector and Pb shielding bricks were arranged around a cell containing variously a calibrating neutron source or a sample of the material, exposed to D2 gas at 40 and 36 bar. Some thermal cycling was carried out. Generally there were no deviations from background or blank detections, but there was one triple neutron event during a superconducting transition; such a triple event is likely to occur once in about 80 h, whereas all the thermal cycle runs lasted only 2.4 h. Other significant multiple events were seen in some other runs, going up to 30 sigmas above background. Thus, HTSC materials are suitable for cold fusion experiments and nonequilibrium conditions are favourable.} } @article{Cela1996a, author = {F. Celani and A. Spallone and P. Tripodi and A. Petrocchi and D. {Di Gioacchino} and A. Boutet and P. Marini and V. {Di Stefano} and M. Diociaiuti and W. Collis}, title = {Reproducible D/Pd ratio > 1 and excess heat correlation by 1-microsec-pulse, high-current electrolysis}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {29}, year = {1996}, pages = {398--404}, keywords = {Experimental, pulse electrolysis, high loading, excess heat, res+}, submitted = {09/1994}, published = {05/1996}, annote = {A flow calorimeter was used, and the cathode was a number of 25*25*1 mm$^3$ Pd sheets, with surrounding Pt anode, in 0.3 M LiOD. Loading was driven by high- level (100 A peak), short-time (< 300 ns) current pulses corresponding to a mean current of 64 mA. Loading was measured by the deficit in the gases released and checked by weighing the cathodes afterwards, heating to drive out the deuterium and reweighing; the two measures agreed. Checks with nonabsorbing Au cathodes showed an error of only 0.01 in loading. Loading time was about 3 days and loadings well above 1 - up to 1.2 - were achieved. Excess heat, calculated after correction for the heat of water electrolysis, was up to nearly 100\%, but not reproducible, possibly due to surface effects. The absorption rate seemed to be an indicator of success.} } @article{Cela1996b, author = {F. Celani and A. Spallone and P. Tripodi and A. Petrocchi and D. {Di Gioacchino} and P. Marini and V. {Di Stefano} and S. Pace and A. Mancini}, title = {Deuterium overloading of palladium wires by means of high power microsecond pulsed electrolysis and electromigration: suggestions of a "phase transition" and related excess heat}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {214}, year = {1996}, pages = {1--13}, keywords = {Experimental, pulsed electrolysis, loading, excess heat, correlations, Coehn effect, res+}, submitted = {07/1995}, published = {05/1996}, annote = {To achieve high D/Pd loadings, electrolysis is better than pressured gas; but a limit is soon hit. The authors suggest some tricks to achieve very high loadings. These are based in part on electrical migration (the Coehn effect). The electrolytic current is applied through a diode, in pulses. No discharge current can flow, due to the diode's blocking it, during no-current periods. So short-period pulses, coupled with large current pulses through the Pd wire to help migration along, resulted in very high loadings, up to 0.95, checked by the wire resistance. At the same time, some 60\% or so excess heat was observed. Some suggestions are listed for optimising the conditions in future work. Finally, there is a remark that possibly, some of the resistance measurements (R/R0<1) indicated a brief superconducting state.} } @article{Cero1992, author = {C.~F. Cerofolini and A.~F. Para}, title = {Alternatives in low energy fusion?}, journal = {Springer Proc. Phys. (Exot. At. Condens. Matter)}, volume = {59}, year = {1992}, pages = {129--147}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, annote = {While hot fusion meets with increasing problems as it approaches break-even, there are appearing many claims for low-energy (cold) fusion. Here, cold fusion and the related cluster impact fusion (CIF) are examined and a unified model proposed to explain them, including their poor reproducibility. Muon catalysis, fractofusion, electrolytic fusion and CIF are discussed. The authors' "hot cloud" theory of CIF also implies that deuterium atoms explosively released from supercharged titanium deuteride might fuse at the levels found by Jones et al. At these levels, one is about 5 orders of magnitude below break-even.} } @article{Cero1993, author = {G.~F. Cerofolini and A. {Foglio Para}}, title = {Can binuclear atoms solve the cold fusion puzzle?}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {23}, year = {1993}, pages = {}, keywords = {Theory, suggestion}, submitted = {02/1992}, published = {01/1993}, annote = {The evidence for cold fusion is inconsistent with known physical laws and self-contradictory. The authors have previously proposed a model of binuclear atoms (dd)2e, but this is not a sufficient explanation. Here, they examine the possibility that these binuclear atoms partly activate cold fusion by the capture of a thermal neutron, which then leads to the breakup of the group, into various fragments, among them D, T, and (4)He. This would cause neutron depletion, and delayed emission, and cnf can be stimulated by thermal neutrons. All this can explain tritium enrichment, the formation of (4)He and neutron bursts. The theory can be tested experimentally.} } @article{Cerr1996, author = {E. Cerron-Zeballos and I. Crotty and D. Hatzifotiadou and J. {Lamas Valverde} and M.~C.~S. Williams and A. Zibichi}, title = {Investigation of anomalous heat production in Ni-H systems}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento A}, volume = {109}, year = {1996}, pages = {1645--1654}, keywords = {Experimental, Ni, gas phase, hydrogen, calorimetry, res-}, submitted = {07/1996}, published = {12/1996}, annote = {This team tried to reproduce the results of Focardi et al (1994), who reported excess heat from a Ni/hydrogen experiment. Focardi et al thought that they had observed a pd fusion reaction (considered by Schwinger as the most likely). A Ni rod, 6mm dia., 90 mm long, was surrounded by a Pt heater coil in a gas chamber, with thermocouples strategically placed. In a given run, 360 Torr of hydrogen was let into the cell, and the heater power ramped up and then down. Input power, pressure and temperature were recorded. A pressure decrease was taken to indicate loading of hydrogen into the Ni. Some cells could not be loaded, some could. Experiments were continued for over a year, with many cycles. In some runs where hydrogen was absorbed, there were heat events, but the authors put these down to changed thermal properties of hydrided Ni with respect to the Ni itself, rather than to an anomaly, as did Focardi et al. So no excess heat was deemed to have been found here.} } @article{Cham1990a, author = {G.~P. Chambers and J.~E. Eridon and K.~S. Grabowski and B.~D. Sartwell and D.~B. Chrisey}, title = {Charged particle spectra of palladium thin films during low energy deuterium ion implantation}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {281--285}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd thin film, ion beam, cps, res0}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {If a new nuclear reaction, rather than conventional d-d fusion, is responsible for the results of FPH(89), then one might expect heavy charged particle emissions such as alphas, tritons or protons. These would be emitted at MeV energies but stopped within the Pd lattice, so not easy to detect. So thin film Pd electrodes were used here, loaded with deuterium by an ion beam and charged particles detected by a silicon surface barrier detector. During several runs, a few counts were detected at the same energy of about 21 MeV, at about the same time into the run (2700 s). If these are due to charged particles, these must be heavier than D; possibly (3)He or (4)He nuclei. No known fusion reaction can account for these, though. Other explanations, in terms of artifacts, are possible.} } @article{Cham1990b, author = {G.~P. Chambers and J.~M. Eridon and K.~S. Grabowski}, title = {Upper limit on cold fusion in thin palladium films}, journal = {Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter}, volume = {41}, year = {1990}, pages = {5388--5391}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, ion beam, cps, res-}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {03/1990}, annote = {If, as stated by FPH, the excess heat comes from some new nuclear reaction not producing neutrons, tritium or helium, it is likely to be producing alpha particles or protons, which are detectable. This paper tests this hypothesis by charging palladium with an ion beam of deuterium, reaching a loading of 0.56. This can be done in vacuum, making particle detection easy. None were detected, however. It is possible that under these conditions the FPH effect does not operate.} } @article{Cham1991, author = {G. Chambaud and B. Levy and J.~G. Esteve}, title = {Estimate of Ti effects on D-D fusion}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {156}, year = {1991}, pages = {395--398}, keywords = {Theory, screening, res-}, submitted = {10/1989}, published = {07/1991}, annote = {A theoretical attempt to explain both cold fusion and cluster impact fusion claims, by looking at possible screening effects in Ti. In the employed model, Ti-D and D-D interactions are taken as additive, and this leads to an overestimate of the tunnelling rate. Nevertheless, this turns out too low to account for observation claims.} } @article{Chan1991, author = {C.~P. Chang and J.~K. Wu and Y.~D. Yao and C.~W. Wang and E.~K. Lin}, title = {Hydrogen and deuterium in palladium}, journal = {Int. J. Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {16}, year = {1991}, pages = {491--497}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, neutrons, gamma, tritium, calorimetry, res-}, submitted = {03/1991}, published = {07/1991}, annote = {A wide-ranging experiment that aimed to determine the permeability of Pd to hydrogen and deuterium, the capacity of Pd to absorb these elements and their diffusion coefficients in the metal, all parameters as a function of temperature; further, gammas, neutrons, tritium, excess heat and changes in lattice parameters (by x-ray diffraction) were measured, and scanning electron microscopy employed on the Pd surface after electrolysis. Permeability, diffusion rate and solubility were measured by electrolytic flushing of the gas from the metal by anodic polarisation. Rather low loadings (D/Pd = 0.1) were achieved in the Pd foil used; there are Arrhenius plots. Deuterium diffuses faster through Pd than hydrogen and is more soluble, at all temps. Excess heat is claimed for both light and heavy water electrolyses, at about 30\% but there are few details. No nuclear products were found. There was lattice expansion of 0.5\% \[sic\] linear, from a measured 3.88 A for pure Pd (the known value is 3.89) and there were (scanning electron microscopy) cracks and pits over both surfaces.} } @ARTICLE{Chan2013, author = {Y.-F. Chang}, title = {{Potential exploration of cold fusion and its quantitative theory of physical-chemical-nuclear multistage chain reaction mechanism}}, journal = {Int. J. Modern Chem.}, volume = {5}, year = {2013}, pages = {29--43}, keyword = {Theory}, submitted = {06/2013}, published = {07/2013}, annote = {Abstract: "Cold fusion is very important and complex. One of main difficulties of cold fusion is the explanation on appearance of nuclear reaction. Based on the standard quantum mechanics, we propose the physical-chemical-nuclear multistage chain reaction theory, which may explain cold fusion. Since cold fusion is an open system, synergetics and laser theory can be applied, and the Fokker-Planck equation is obtained. Using the corresponding Schr{\"o}dinger equation and the nonlinear Dirac equation, and combining the multistage chain reaction theory, the quantitative results agree completely with some experiments on cold fusion. Finally, we discuss some new researches, for example, the nonlinear quantum theory, catalyzer and nanomaterial, etc., and propose the three laws of cold fusion: (1) The time accumulate law, (2) The area direct ratio law, and (3) The multistage chain reaction law."} } @ARTICLE{Chan2013, author = {Y.F. Chang}, title = {{Potential exploration of cold fusion and its quantitative theory of physical-chemical-nuclear multistage chain reaction mechanism}}, journal = {Int. J. Modern Chem}, volume = {5}, year = {2013}, pages = {29--43}, keyword = {cold fusion; physics; chemistry; multistage chain reaction; quantum mechanics; synergetics; equation; theory}, submitted = {06/2013}, published = {07/2013}, annote = {"Abstract: Cold fusion is very important and complex. One of main difficulties of cold fusion is the explanation on appearance of nuclear reaction. Based on the standard quantum mechanics, we propose the physical-chemical-nuclear multistage chain reaction theory, which may explain cold fusion. Since cold fusion is an open system, synergetics and laser theory can be applied, and the Fokker-Planck equation is obtained. Using the corresponding Schr{\"o}dinger equation and the nonlinear Dirac equation, and combining the multistage chain reaction theory, the quantitative results agree completely with some experiments on cold fusion. Finally, we discuss some new researches, for example, the nonlinear quantum theory, catalyzer and nanomaterial, etc., and propose the three laws of cold fusion: (1) The time accumulate law, (2) The area direct ratio law, and (3) The multistage chain reaction law."} } @article{Chap1990, author = {I.~M. Chapnik}, title = {Possibility of induced beta radioactivity in PdD}, journal = {J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett.}, volume = {146}, year = {1990}, pages = {273--282}, keywords = {Theory, suggestion.}, submitted = {09/1990}, published = {11/1990}, annote = {Chapnik notes that charged particle detectors, used to find protons, do not go much below the Pd surface. Some have indeed detected some charged particles. Going back to an old thesis by Segre (1947), C suggests that beta emission may be induced in the deuterons in the interstitial sites of Pd, by virtue of the many electrons around the deuteron nucleus. This would produce (4)He plus energy at 10-12 MeV. He cites Yamaguchi and Nishioka (1990) for experimental evidence.} } @article{Chap1991, author = {I.~M. Chapnik}, title = {Possibility of electrochemically induced transmutation in PdD}, journal = {Physics Lett. A}, volume = {161}, year = {1991}, pages = {111--113}, keywords = {Theory, suggestion for optimisation}, submitted = {09/1991}, published = {12/1991}, annote = {Chapnik here follows up an earlier paper in which he suggested that the process in cold fusion is the Oppenheimer-Phillips reaction, in which neutrons from deuterons tunnel into other, heavier atoms, such as Pd. This would emit beta, gamma and proton radiation, any of which can be detected. This paper considers optimal conditions for the observation of the effect. One method of promoting this reaction might be mechanical distortion (twisting, bending) of the PdD sample, to cause inhomogeneities.} } @article{Chat1989, author = {L. Chatterjee}, title = {More on cold fusion}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {342}, year = {1989}, pages = {232.}, keywords = {Discussion, res0}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {Chatterjee discusses the possibility of cosmic muons causing the small flux of neutrons in cold fusion results such as those of Jones et al 1989. At the time of writing, there was little evidence of neutrons from electrolysis cells placed in a flux of muons, and control experiments are needed.} } @article{Chat1990, author = {L. Chatterjee}, title = {Could spectator electrons legalize cold fusion?}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {683--685}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {06/1990}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {An interesting introductory phrase: "The origin of the phenomenon is not understood, so theoretical adventures may be hazardous until the experimenters reach a concensus". Still, C explores a possible avenue; that of spectator (conduction) electrons somehow enhancing one of the two fusion branches, which might explain "excess tritium" production in some experiments. Theory seems to support this idea; the electrons drain away some of the energy from the fusion vertex, skewing the branching ratio markedly.} } @article{Chat1991a, author = {L. Chatterjee and A. Chakraborty and G. Das}, title = {Non-radiative exit channels in low energy d-d fusion}, journal = {Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys.}, volume = {29}, year = {1991}, pages = {781--786}, keywords = {Theory, res0}, submitted = {04/1991}, published = {12/1991}, annote = {A theoretical look at collisional and muon-catalysed d-d fusion at low energies (the two differ in important ways). Phase space effects might alter the ratio of the two main exit branches t-p and (3)He-n. Indeed, calculations support this, though deviations from unity are smallish except for muon catalysed d-d fusion at high muon energies.} } @article{Chat1991b, author = {L. Chatterjee and G. Das}, title = {Sub-barrier nuclear fusion of amuonic and muonic flavour}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {154}, year = {1991}, pages = {5--8}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {03/1991}, annote = {The physics of cold fusion is analysed in terms of Allis-Morse potentials, to decide in which way this apparently amuonic process might take place. Under the special nonequilibrium conditions during deuterium charging of the metal, abnormal electron pile-up could provide strong screening. The authors arrive at a necessary d-d distance of close to 0.1 A and feel that this can be achieved, especially during the later phases of charging. Thus, the delay before onset of neutron emission is explained and nonequilibrium confirmed as a requirement.} } @article{Chat1991c, author = {L. Chatterjee}, title = {On a weak flavor for cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {358--360}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {04/1991}, published = {11/1991}, annote = {The author explores the possibility that "cold fusion" is not just pure fusion but a reaction flavoured by weak interaction, which might ease the way over the barrier suppressing fusion. Hagelstein considered superradiant neutrinos and the doubtful virtual neutrons, but LC takes a different approach. Excess electron cloud density in the deuterated metal may, with their fluctuations, put some reactions at threshold; the electron participates in the reaction, rather than being - as in screening models - just a spectator. This model does not require exotic physics to explain cold fusion. LC goes on to speculate that the natural deuterium in sea water might have come from p-p reactions in pure H2O over long times. The model also has astrophysical ramifications.} } @article{Chat1991d, author = {L. Chatterjee}, title = {The two faces of the Coulomb barrier}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {365--366}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {04/1991}, published = {11/1991}, annote = {LC examines the problem that the Coulomb barrier response is different for approaching and receding particles, from the mathematical boundary conditions. But wave function solutions show no such difference. A simple mechanism to resolve this paradox is proposed, and may have practical applications. For example, the exit channel (branch) t-p would be enhanced over the n-(3)He one, as claimed by some cold fusion experimenters.} } @article{Chat1993, author = {L. Chatterjee and S. Mandal and A. Chakrabarty}, title = {Electron accumulation and reproducibility of cold fusion}, journal = {Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys.}, volume = {31}, year = {1993}, pages = {131--133}, keywords = {Theory, suggestion}, submitted = {10/1991}, published = {02/1993}, annote = {The authors have previously suggested stochastic electron accumulation as a possible mechanism for fusion, by momentarily increased electron screening; Burrows has also suggested enhanced capture reaction pathways. This paper suggests active promotion of electron accumulation, by making the Pd cathode the negative end of a capacitor, thereby forcing a higher electron density (up to a factor of 100) into the metal. Most suitable as dielectric is TiO2, with its high dielectric constant. The technique would be simple to adapt to gas charging experiments. Enhancement of fusion rates from the observed normal rate of 1E-23 to as much as 1E-13 fusions/pair/s might be achieved, as well as better reproducibility.} } @article{Chat1998, author = {L.~G. Chatterjee}, title = {Electrolysis in thin-film nickel coatings: mimicking supernova physics?}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {34}, year = {1998}, pages = {147--150}, keywords = {Theory, suggestion, res+, no FPH/Jones refs.}, submitted = {02/1997}, published = {09/1998}, annote = {The author has previously tried to explain CNF, and here applies her previous thoughts, as well as the swimming electron model (SEM) of Hora's, to the claims of transmutation by electrolysis at Ni in light water, where in particular, Fe, Ag, Cu, Mg and Cr appear to be made. She finds it feasible that there is a chain or reactions, starting with electron capture by a proton, leading to a neutron and neutrino, just as happens at the collapse of a start going supernova. This is helped by the squeeze electrolysis puts on electrons, into the Ni cathode. There then follow further reactions, leading to heavier elements.} } @article{Chec1994a, author = {V.~A. Chechin and V.~A. Tsarev and M. Rabinowitz and Y.~E. Kim}, title = {Critical review of theoretical models for anomalous effects in deuterated metals}, journal = {Int. J. Theo. Phys.}, volume = {33}, year = {1994}, pages = {617--670}, keywords = {Review}, submitted = {08/1993}, annote = {A large review (54 pp, ca. 180 refs) of the field. Most theories come in for heavy criticism, with "acceleration models" the most plausible, albeit not free from problems either. Part of the problem is that "... not all of the experiments are equally valid...". Theories are neatly classified into barrier circumvention, barrier reduction, barrier ascent, narrow nuclear resonances, multibody fusion and exotic chemistry.} } @article{Chec1994b, author = {V.~A. Chechin and V.~A. Tsarev}, title = {On the nonstationary quantum-mechanical origin of nuclear reactions in solids}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {25}, year = {1994}, pages = {469--474}, keywords = {Theory, fractofusion, res+}, submitted = {08/1992}, published = {07/1994}, annote = {A new theory of 'cold fusion'. The authors start by listing the successes and failures of the fractofusion theory in explaining the diverse observations. They then postulate the appearance of high-momentum components in the deuteron wave function in the solid state, due to violation of stationarity there. They give no explanation of the origin of this, but it may indirectly have to do with fracture formation. Thus this model is based on energetic barrier penetration, not on acceleration (as in the fractofusion model). This might be called the 'perestroyka (reorganisation) model'. Preliminary calculations fall roughly within the ball park.} } @article{Chee1990, author = {G.~T. Cheek and W.~E. O'Grady}, title = {Measurement of hydrogen uptake by palladium using a quartz crystal microbalance}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {277}, year = {1990}, pages = {341--346}, keywords = {Experimental, basic study, EQCM}, submitted = {10/1989}, published = {01/1990}, annote = {The EQCM, a new toy for electrochemists, is used here to measure H-loading of Pd, evaporated onto the quartz surface. Calibration was by means of coulometry. It turns out that the frequency shifts, which normally tell you how much has been laid on, are about double those expected, due to stresses caused by Pd lattice expansion upon H-uptake. A loading of PdHx, x = 0.72 +/- 0.06 and PdDx, x = 0.68 +/- 0.06, was reached. So QCM can be used to measure H/D loading in films of Pd.} } @article{Chee1994, author = {G.~T. Cheek and W.~E. O'Grady}, title = {Measurement of H/D uptake characteristics at palladium using a quartz crystal microbalance}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {368}, year = {1994}, pages = {133--138}, keywords = {Experimental, EQCM, basic study}, submitted = {01/1993}, published = {04/1994}, annote = {Having previously found that the EQCM (electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance) shows anomalous behaviour when used to measure D-loading of a Pd film, they now extend the study to look at the details of film stress as charging proceeds, especially in mixtures of light and heavy water. At 10\% or more light water, H dominates in the Pd film, but if the Pd is precharged with D, this is not replaced by H upon electrolysis in a mixture, a surprising finding.} } @article{Chem1989, author = {M. Chemla and J. Chevalet and R. Bury}, title = {Heat evolution involved with the electrochemical discharge of hydrogen and deuterium on palladium}, note = {In French, Engl. summary}, journal = {C. R. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2}, volume = {309}, year = {1989}, pages = {987--993}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, calorimetry, res-}, annote = {A slightly shorter French version of the other paper by these authors, in J. Electroanal. Chem. 277 (1990) 93. Same results.} } @article{Chem1990, author = {M. Chemla and J. Chevalet and R. Bury and M. Perie}, title = {Experimental investigation of thermal and radiation effects induced by deuterium discharge at the palladium electrode}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {277}, year = {1990}, pages = {93--103}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, calorimetry, res-}, submitted = {08/1989}, published = {01/1990}, annote = {In short: there weren't any. The team is expert in electrochemical calorimetry and used their experience on a cell in which both the cathode and anode were deuterium-charged palladium, which avoids certain problems of heat calculation, as well as oxygen evolution. The overall cell reaction is transfer of D from one electrode to the other (the new technique of "transfer electrolysis"). A quasi-adiabatic calorimeter was used. Tritium was also monitored in the electrolyte. There were some heat excursions but these could all be accounted for by some D2-O2 recombination; also, normal water, H2O, produced such excursions. No tritium was found. Since the authors are experts at microcalorimetry, one might take their error figure for measured heat (3-5\%) as an important, realistic figure. In conclusion the authors note that there are claims of excess heat from other workers, which are not easily accounted for. They call for a theoretical and practical study of possible surface effects that may lead to higher loading of the palladium with deuterium, than is normally achieved.} } @article{Chen1990, author = {M. Chen and S.~G. Steadman and M.~P.~J. Gaudreau and S.~C. Luckhardt and R.~R. Parker and D. Albagli and V. Cammarata and M. Schloh and M.~S. Wrighton and K. Kwok and C. Thieme and D.~I. Lowenstein and R. Debbe and J.~J. Reilly}, title = {Measurements of neutron emission induced by muons stopped in metal deuteride targets}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {155--159}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, Ti, Y, muon beam, res-}, published = {06/1990}, annote = {There have been suggestions that perhaps muons from cosmic infall cause cold fusion. This team investigates by experiment whether this can be so. A muon beam is aimed at deuterated Pd, Ti and Y, and neutron emission measured by a ring of (3)He detectors of high efficiency (14\%). There was no difference between the neutron count from the deuterides and controls, so muons from cosmic radiation cannot explain cold fusion. On the side, some simple heat and tritium measurements were also made, also without result.} } @article{Chen1993, author = {X. Chen and J. Yang}, title = {Studies on dineutron model of cold fusion (I)}, journal = {Hunan Shifan Daxue Ziran Kexue Xuebao}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, year = {1993}, pages = {42--45}, keywords = {Theory, dineutrons, res+}, submitted = {11/1992}, published = {03/1993}, annote = {"This paper review the present condition and new development of nuclear phenomena, deeply discuss the physical foundation of the dineutron modle of cold fusion, and given the formula to calculate the fusion rate of the dinutron, then explain x ray with 20 keV energy and blue light phenomenon". (This is the English abstract provided at the end of this otherwise all- Chinese paper). Clearly, the formation of 2n is suggested and its fusion with a deuteron to produce a triton, a neutron and excess energy.} } @article{Chen1994, author = {Y.~P. Chen and S.~D. Cai}, title = {Dynamic screening effect from acoustic plasmons}, journal = {Science in China A}, volume = {37}, number = {1}, year = {1994}, pages = {62--69}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {05/1993}, published = {01/1994}, annote = {Theoretical paper. The interaction of charged particles in a medium is shielded by the action of the many other particles around them. Acoustic plasmons may be excited in two-band metals, and will then do such shielding. This is the n applied to deuterons in Pd, and fusion rates are calculated. It comes out many orders of magnitudes higher than normal.} } @article{Chen1995, author = {S. Chen and D. Wang and G. Cui and M. Wang and Y. Fu and X. Zhang and W. Zhang}, title = {X-ray diagnostics in gas discharge}, journal = {Trends Nucl. Phys.}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, year = {1995}, pages = {58--60}, keywords = {Experimental, x-rays, gas phase, res?}, submitted = {05/1994}, published = {09/1995}, annote = {What I know about the paper (which is all in Chinese) is what I can see in the figures, and in the Chem. Abstr. item 126:243528 (1997), not much. A metal is loaded with D2 (and maybe with a mixture of D2 and H2) by a gas discharge, and x-rays measured by two methods. They agree on x-ray peaks at about 27 keV.} } @article{Chen1996, author = {S.~K. Chen and C.~M. Wan and . and S.~B. Chu}, title = {The microstructure of electrocatalytically deuterium-loaded palladium rods}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {29}, year = {1996}, pages = {302--305}, keywords = {Experimental, fundamental, crystal structure, TEM, SEM, res0}, submitted = {05/1994}, published = {03/1996}, annote = {This paper aims to provide some fundamental data on the structure change in palladium as a result of loading with deuterium, in the cold fusion context. The Pd specimens were loaded in a molten salt (LiD), as used by Liaw et al (not mentioned), and subsequently the Pd surface was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission ditto. Small crystal grains were seen, and energy dispersive x-ray measurements showed that some of these contained pure Pd. Many of these grains were subgrains formed within larger grains. Only the larger grains were seen in unloaded Pd etched with nitric acid. A SEM picture of an equally etched section cut from a loaded Pd sample showed the same substructures as the surface. Similar results were obtained in samples electrolysed in heavy water. The authors conclude that for loading both in heavy water and salt melt, the microstructures appear. Cold fusion effects are suggested here to take place in the grain boundary sub- structure regions, rather than in uniformly structured crystals.} } @article{Chen1998, author = {L. Chen and X. Qiu and S. Song}, title = {Experimental research of excess heat under high pulse current}, note = {In Chinese, Engl. abstr.}, journal = {High Power Laser Part. Beams}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, year = {1998}, pages = {312--314}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, high current discharge, neutrons, excess heat, res-}, submitted = {12/1997}, published = {05/1998}, annote = {This Chinese paper gives a few details away in the Figs. The experiment seems to be a high voltage discharge from a capacitor, through Pd wires in D2O. A coil is used to shape the pulse, and current peaks of up to 30 kA are used, fed through what seems to be bundles of 15-30 wires about 150 mm long. The abstract notes that neither excess heat nor neutrons were observed but that it is not impossible that they will be, under suitable conditions.} } @article{Chene1990, author = {J. Chene and A.~M. Brass}, title = {Tritium production during the cathodic discharge of deuterium on palladium}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {280}, year = {1990}, pages = {199--205}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, tritium, res+}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {02/1990}, annote = {Under FPH conditions, the authors looked at tritium levels (measured as beta activity) both in the LiOD electrolyte and in the palladium, as a function of time, being careful to correct for background levels. They did observe a beta increase in the electrolyte which they say cannot be accounted for by isotope enrichment due to electrolysis, but the error bars are about equal to the measured levels. Nor does one expect much tritium out in the electrolyte, if cold fusion happens inside the palladium. This they looked at by rinsing the electrodes after hours of charging, and boiling them in the scintillation cocktail, to let out any tritium (I'm not sure how much would come out, and they don't say how long they boil). Here, higher levels, many times the error bars, were observed. The authors conclude that tritium is being produced, unaccounted for by electrolytic isotope enrichment, somewhat uncorrelated with time, so production is not continuous, and mainly near the surface of the palladium. The amounts of tritium would correspond to a neutron flux of 10**5/s, much higher than has been observed so, as they say "tritium production and neutron emission may not be connected". They also present spectrum evidence that they are, in fact, observing tritium.} } @article{Cher1998, author = {I.~P. Chernov and T.~N. Mel'nikova and Yu.~P. Cherdantsev and M. Kreining and Kh. Baumbakh}, title = {Yield of nuclear reaction products from deuterium-saturated composite materials and layered structures}, journal = {Russ. Phys. J.}, volume = {41}, year = {1998}, pages = {642--646}, note = {Orig. in: Izv. Vyssh. Ucheb. Zaved. Fiz. (1998) (7) 36}, keywords = {Experimental, Ni-WC, electrolysis, acoustics, gamma, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {10/1997}, published = {07/1998}, annote = {The paper starts with some history of cold fusion, going back to early Soviet workers in the 1960's and 1980 (Klyuev et al, 1986, are not mentioned). It then states that cold fusion has been established, but still has some irreproducibility problems. In this work, a layered cathode is used, made from a composite pressed from a 50:50 mix of Ni and WC powder and plasticiser, and layered structures of Ti sputtered onto Pd, silicon and ceramic plates. Acoustic energy, gamma emission and neutrons were measured. Gammas were observed at levels higher than the background, and correlated with sound emissions. The authors conclude that the required energy for the fusion comes from crack formation, as predicted by Rodimov in 1980, and film delamination. No neutrons above the background were detected.} } @article{Chib1995, author = {M. Chiba and T. Shirakawa and M. Fujii and T. Ikebe and S. Yamaoka and K. Sueki and H. Nakahara and T. Hirose}, title = {Measurement of neutron emission from LiNbO3 fracture process in D2 and H2 atmosphere.}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento A}, volume = {108}, year = {1995}, pages = {1277--1280}, keywords = {Experimental, fractofusion, superconductivity, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {06/1995}, published = {10/1995}, annote = {This aims to confirm the results of Russian work, in which neutron emission was observed at the Curie temperature Tc during temperature scanning of superconducting ceramics, as well as earlier work by the present team on the title substance. The Russian workers ascribe the emissions to mechanical effects due to phase transitions. The title substance was mechanically crushed in a steel vibromill in an atmosphere of H2 or D2 while monitoring for neutrons, using 10 3He counters divided into 5 sets, placed closely around the sample. Experiments were conducted in an underground environment with a low background count of 9.3 +- 0.1 c/h. For H2 at 101 kPa, the count rate was 8.7 +- 1.2 c/h, or the same as the background, but for a D2 atmosphere (same pressure) it was 10.3 +- 0.7 c/h, or an excess of 1.0 +- 0.2 c/h, regarded as significantly higher than the background. There is some speculation about high voltages generated by the mechanical action, possibly up to 10 keV, and acceleration of deuterons across cracks. Rough calculations agree with the observations. Thus, mechano-nuclear fusion can be added to the other fusion techniques, conclude the authors.} } @article{Chic1998, author = {D. Chicea and D. Lupu and I. Cheregi}, title = {Experimental evidence of neutron emission from TiDx samples}, journal = {Hadronic J.}, volume = {21}, year = {1998}, pages = {567--582}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, gas phase, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {05/1998}, annote = {Cleaned Ti slabs were loaded with D2 gas in a chamber, and neutrons monitored, using a BF3 proportional counter. Background measurements were taken over three periods lasting up to 73 h, and the number of events going over 3 sigma noted (about 6/h). Temperature cycling of the Ti sample was also tried. Neutrons in excess of 3 sigma, and coming in bursts, were observed, especially during heating. These are taken as proof of a low energy nuclear reaction taking place.} } @article{Chic2001, author = {D. Chicea and D. Lupu}, title = {Low-intensity neutron emission from TiDx samples under nonequilibrium conditions}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {39}, year = {2001}, pages = {108--113}, keywords = {Experimental, gas phase, Ti, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {08/1999}, published = {01/2001}, annote = {Invoking nonequilibrium once again, the authors loaded D2 gas into small Ti plates 1.5mm*8mm*9mm, and temperature variation from 20C to 700C applied, while monitoring for neutrons, using a single BF3 detector. Some bursts above the background were detected. No controls with hydrogen were done.} } @article{Chid1989, author = {R. Chidambaram and V.~C. Sahni}, title = {Materials issues in the so-called 'cold fusion' experiments}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {58}, year = {1989}, pages = {597--598}, keywords = {Discussion, loading, res-}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {A very good, clear discussion of the thermodynamics of H/D loading of Pd. Absorption of H2/D2 by Pd is exothermic and absorption of nascent H/D, as generated by electrolysis (if that is indeed what goes into the Pd) can be expected to be even more so. The authors state that this can fully account for the heat measured by FPH. One might wonder why, then, this is not seen every time but - as long as you have good thermodynamic parameters - you can't argue with thermodynamics.} } @article{Chie1992a, author = {C.~C. Chien and D. Hodko and Z. Minevski and J.~O.~M. Bockris}, title = {On an electrode producing massive quantities of tritium and helium}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {338}, year = {1992}, pages = {189--212}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, tritium, helium, res+}, submitted = {01/1992}, published = {10/1992}, annote = {Pd, from original bullion rather than scrap, was formed into cathode rods in a fairly conventional cold fusion electrolysis cell. Pd pretreatment included acid etching and anodic treatment. The rods were 16 mm long and 10 mm diameter. A rod from a cell that produced tritium was cut into a number of sections with a jeweller's saw, and stored in liquid nitrogen to preserve the gases. The samples were then analysed for helium and tritium, and by XPS and EDS surface analysis. The He assay was done by an external lab; extensive controls were used. Results were: there was a marked tritium production, as measured from electrolyte aliquots, well above the background, and increasing with time; this could be quenched by addition of light water, and the rate of tritium emission increased with increasing cathodic potential. It was observed (by MS water analysis) that the heavy water was contaminated with around 10\% of light water after 22 days of electrolysis in the fairly well closed cell. During 761 h of electrolysis, a total of around 1E15 tritium atoms were estimated to have been produced. The original Pd material was checked, and no tritium found in notable amounts; neither was there any in the laboratory air. Out of 10 cells, 9 produced (4)He, ranging from 0.4 to 167E09 atoms, with an uncertainty of 0.5 to 2E09. No (3)He was found. Surface postmortem analysis showed some Cu, Zn, Pt and Si (in small amounts). Surface morphology differed between cells producing tritium and those without. There is some speculation that high fugacity is the explanation of the results.} } @article{Chie1992b, author = {C.~C. Chien and T.~C. Huang}, title = {Tritium production by electrolysis of heavy water}, journal = {Fusion Technology}, volume = {22}, year = {1992}, pages = {391--394}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, tritium, res+}, submitted = {08/1991}, published = {11/1992}, annote = {An effort of the Institute of Nuclear Energy Research in Taiwan. Mild charging conditions were used, and tritium production measured as a function of applied voltage and bath temperature. An open style cell was used, with outlet vent holes, holes for D2O refilling and for insertion of a thermocouple. Pd rods, 10 mm diameter and 10-20 mm long were used as cathodes and thin Pt wire as anode, in 0.1M LiOD in D2O. A recirculating cooler kept cell temperature constant. Acid etching and anodic pretreatments were tried. Results show that tritium in the electrolyte increased roughly linearly with time, the slope depending upon temperature; a rise in temperature during a run (20 C to 30 C) clearly increased this slope. Similarly, increasing cell voltage increased tritium production. Interruption of the current stopped tritium production, but it could be revived by resuming electrolysis. Surface treatment was important and showed that the reaction takes place near the surface.} } @article{Choi1993, author = {E. Choi and H. Ejiri and H. Ohsumi}, title = {Application of a Ge detector to search for fast neutrons from DD fusion in deuterized Pd}, journal = {Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. A}, volume = {32}, year = {1993}, pages = {3964--3967}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd plate, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {03/1993}, published = {09/1993}, annote = {A sensitive Ge detector for fast neutrons was used to measure neutrons at 2.45 MeV, right up close to an electrochemical cold fusion cell. 0.1M LiCl in heavy water, a 5cm * 5 cm * 2 mm Pd plate cathode and two Pt sheets as anode, were the cell; current was held constant at 0.7 A, and cell voltage was 8 V. On both sides of the cell there was a 16mm thick Fe slab to scatter neutrons, with the Ge detector on the other side of one slab. After 471 h of electrolysis, the upper limit of cold fusion rate was about 1.6*10$^{-24}$ fusions/dd pair/s, i.e. this is a null result.} } @article{Choi1996, author = {E. Choi and H. Ejiri and H. Ohsumi and T. Kishimoto}, title = {Search for time-correlated fast neutrons from DD fusion at room temperature}, journal = {Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.}, volume = {35}, year = {1996}, pages = {2793--2796}, keywords = {Experimental, neutrons, Pd electrolysis, res-}, submitted = {12/1995}, published = {05/1996}, annote = {The same team has published a description of a very sensitive neutron detector suitable for CNF work, and here reports its use. An electrolytic cell, Pd in D2O was surrounded by Fe baffles to scatter the neutrons, with Ge detectors outside these. Results showed that the time distribution of the (few) neutrons emitted was not different from the background; no bursts were seen; and the upper limit for dd fusion (calculated from the background) was 2.8 * 10$^{-24}$ fusions/d-d pair/s, an order of magnitude smaller that that found by DeNinno et al. This can be counted as a quality negative.} } @article{Chri1989, author = {O.~B. Christensen and P.~D. Ditlevsen and K.~W. Jacobsen and P. Stoltze and O.~H. Nielsen and J.~K. N{\o}rskov}, title = {H-H interactions in Pd}, journal = {Phys. Rev. B}, volume = {40}, year = {1989}, pages = {1993--1996}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {07/1989}, annote = {Calculation of H-H interaction (H = any isotope) concludes that there can be no cold fusion. High loadings, e.g. tetrahedral occupancy, requires very high pressures.} } @article{Chri1990, author = {D.~R. Christman}, title = {Cold fusion}, journal = {C\&EN September}, volume = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {78.}, keywords = {Discussion, suggestion, tritium}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {The author is a retired chemist, and recounts his experience, of "many years ago" at Brookhaven National Labs, working with heavy water. At one point he was asked to analyse D2O for tritium. The range of T content in about 30 different D2O samples varied by three orders of magnitudes. Christman suggests strongly that tritium in D2O used in cold fusion experiments be checked before each experiment, before drawing conclusions.} } @article{Chu1989, author = {C.~W. Chu and Y.~Y. Xue and R.~L. Meng and P.~H. Hor and Z.~J. Huang and L. Gao}, title = {Search for the proposed cold fusion of D in Pd}, journal = {Mod. Phys. Lett. B}, volume = {3}, year = {1989}, pages = {753--760}, keywords = {Experimental, calorimetry, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {07/1989}, annote = {An electrolysis experiment. A Bonner-sphere n-detector was used. Thermal effects were measured by the difference between the cell and a reference cell in which cold fusion should not take place. No neutrons and no anomalous heat effects were found.} } @article{Chu1990, author = {L.~Y. Chu and D.~H. Lu}, title = {The estimation of nuclear fusion rate in crystal}, journal = {Commun. Theor. Phys.}, volume = {13}, year = {1990}, pages = {33--40}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, submitted = {09/1989}, annote = {A crystal has collective properties and an interior periodic field. C+L ask, what mechanism might there be to promote cold fusion? It turns out that collective properties can't do it because of wavelength problems. The periodic field, however, could bring deuterons together. This idea is examined in detail for PdDx (x <= 0.8). Thomas-Fermi statistics is invoked as well as the Schroedinger equation and WKB method, and the final result is a maximum of about $10^{-60}$ fusions/pair/s and, for titanium deuteride, $10^{-55}$. So no go, unless "there exist some unknown equilibrium effects".} } @article{Chu1991, author = {S.~Y. Chu and B. Shen}, title = {Can the color force be used to achieve fusion?}, journal = {Mod. Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {6}, year = {1991}, pages = {237--244}, keywords = {Theory, color force}, submitted = {04/1990}, annote = {The basic question of cold fusion is: what are the possible forces that can overcome the Coulomb barrier to fusion? So far, muons, quarks and diquarks have been proposed, and the remaining unexplored possibility is the color force. Small deviations from absolute color neutrality might collectively be able to produce a color field sufficient to overcome the Coulomb barrier. The paper examines this question and concludes that the process is feasible. It further suggests that a favourable condition for cold fusion is the creation and maintenance of a deuteron concentration gradient in the Pd, possibly by using a thin Pd sheet with different deuterium concentrations on the two sides.} } @article{Chu1992, author = {L. Chu and S. Wang}, title = {Coulomb screening of deuterium in metal crystal}, journal = {Yuanzineng Kexue Jishu}, note = {In Chinese, Engl. abstr.}, volume = {26}, number = {6}, year = {1992}, pages = {80--81,88}, keywords = {Theory, screening}, published = {11/1992}, annote = {(English abstract:) "The Poisson equation is solved to discuss the Coulomb screening for deuterium in metal crystal". It is not clear to this abtracter whether there is any conclusion.} } @article{Chub1990, author = {T.~A. Chubb and S.~R. Chubb}, title = {Bloch-symmmetric fusion in PdD(x)}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {710--712}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {The Chubbs have an unpublished theory which as yet has not been confirmed or accepted by others. This theory says that at high loading like x = 1, a BBC (Bose Bloch condensate) may form, allowing one or both of the reactions d+d-->(4)He or d+d-->(8)Be--> 2 alpha + 47.6 MeV, which could account for a lot. The authors speculate about future commercial solid state fusion reactors. They plan a demonstration experiment using gas discharge.} } @article{Chub1991, author = {T.~A. Chubb and S.~R. Chubb}, title = {Cold fusion as an interaction between ion band states}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {93--99}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {02/1991}, published = {08/1991}, annote = {The authors add to their theory of cold fusion, in which they propose an interaction between deuteron and (4)He++ ion band states and a new form of matter, namely ion band state matter or Bose Bloch condensate matter. This leads to the release of heat as observed by FPH but not to high-energy particle emission, thus accounting for this phenomenon. The theory also says that pretreatment of the Pd with He improves its cold fusion performance; also it suggests experiments with silver, in which similar processes ought to take place, even though Ag does not form a deuteride. The theory suggests the way to improve reproducibility, by control of the (4)He level.} } @article{Chub1993, author = {S.~R. Chubb and T.~A. Chubb}, title = {Ion band state fusion: reactions, power density, and the quantum reality question}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {24}, year = {1993}, pages = {403--416}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {01/1993}, published = {12/1993}, annote = {This paper discusses the QM basis of d ion-band state fusion and the nuclear reactions predicted, and provides a derivation of a relation between d band-state concentration and power density which shows that when electrochemical loading is used, steady-state power should scale with current. Fusion reactions are different in the lattice than in free space. Solid state conditions are important, and different lattices, e.g. PdDx and TiDx may well behave differently. The theory can account for both "standard" cold (dd) fusion, as well as the more recent Ni/H2O fusion results, and accounts also for 4He as ash and heat.} } @article{Chub2000, author = {S. R. Chubb}, title = {Introduction to the special series of papers in Accountability in Research dealing with 'cold fusion'}, journal = {Accountability Res.}, volume = {8}, year = {2000}, pages = {1--12}, keywords = {Sci/soc/phil.}, annote = {Occam's Razor sometimes fails, and Chubb argues that it fails in the case of cold fusion. It fails in those cases, like CNF, where the simplest explanation is not the correct one. There is still conflicting evidence in cold fusion, and disagreement, none of which shows that the phenomenon does not exist. Chubb was instrumental in getting the journal to devote one issue to cold fusion, and describes the background here, in the introductory paper.} } @article{Chub2002, author = {T. Chubb}, title = {Comments on 'Search for 3He and 4He in Arata-style palladium cathodes I: a negative result' and 'Search for 3He and 4He in Arata-style palladium cathodes II: evidence for tritium production'. (Letter to the Editor)}, journal = {Fusion Sci. Technol.}, volume = {41}, year = {2002}, pages = {151.}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {09/2001}, published = {03/2002}, annote = {Talbot Chubb writes that the 3-helium inside Arata \& Zhang's Pd bottle was historic evidence of a nuclear reaction, independently of where it came from; Clarke et al, in the paper under scrutiny here, wrote that it was extraneous tritium that caused the production of 3He. The lack of 4He observed by C et al is in contrast with that of A\&Z, who did indeed find 4He. Addressing Part II, Chubb criticises the loss of most of the analysed sample (90\% of it), and the fact that this was not adequately looked at.} } @incollection{Chub2008, author = {S. R. Chubb}, title = {Resonant electromagnetic interaction in low-energy nuclear reactions}, booktitle = {{Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook (Vol. 1)}}, year = {2008}, editor = {J. Marwan}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Washington, USA}, volume = {1}, pages = {99--123}, ISBN = {9780841269668, 0841269661}, annote = {Theory} } @ARTICLE{Chub2009, author = {S. R. Chubb}, title = {Overcoming the Coulomb barrier and related effects through resonant electrodynamics and quantum mechanics in the {Fleischmann-Pons} effect}, journal = {J. Sci. Explor.}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {448--452}, published = {10/2009}, keywords = {Theory}, annote = {* Extended abstract, ACS Symp. Utah March 2009. Brief theory of the title problem, invoking Peparata.} } @incollection{Chub2010, author = {S. R. Chubb}, title = {Overcoming the {C}oulomb barrier and related effects through resonant electrodynamics and quantum mechanics in the {Fleischmann-Pons} excess heat effect}, booktitle = {{Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook (Vol. 2)}}, year = {2010}, editor = {J. Marwan and S. Krivit}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Washington, USA}, volume = {2}, pages = {177--192}, ISBN = {9780841224544}, annote = {"Science requires measurements. Interpreting measurements involves recognizing patterns. How this happens is intimately related to the instruments that are used and how the measurements are performed. Abstractly, this can be viewed in a somewhat radical way: Nature is telling us something, but how we interpret it involves how we understand what Nature is telling us. An important point is that, for communication to take place, involving real-life experiences, electromagnetism is required. In higher-energy environments, how this takes place can be inferred in an approximate manner, in which changes in electromagnetism, as a function of time, can be treated as being independent of time. In solids, when many particles are allowed to interact, this assumption is not required, and this can lead to important consequences. This alternative perspective can explain how the Fleischmann-Pons effect can take place." (Abstract reproduced from the book)} } @ARTICLE{Chub2011, author = {S. R. Chubb}, title = {{Conventional physics can explain cold fusion excess heat}}, journal = {Phys. Procedia}, volume = {20}, year = {2011}, pages = {404--419}, keyword = {Cold Fusion; Ion Band States; Nuclear Fusion in Solids; Energy Band States}, annote = {(In the Conclusion:) "others had initially in reproducing their excess heat results are now more fully understood. An important source of confusion is that the fusion process that FP found is aneutronic and does not involve any high- energy particle emission. Instead, their heat is the result of a d+d --> 4He reaction in which energyreleased at levels that are commensurate with the amounts that are predicted by the difference in masses between the initial and final states. A logical rationale, based on a generalization of conventional solid state physics energy band theory, to situations involving finite lattices, can be used to explain the effect. The paper summarizes the underlying argument."} } @ARTICLE{Ciri2012, author = {D. Cirillo and E. {Del Giudice} and R. Germano and S. Sivasubrammanian and Y. N. Srivastava and V. Tontodonato and G. Vitello and A. Widom}, title = {Water plasma modes and nuclear transmutations on the metallic cathode of a plasma discharge electrolytic cell}, journal = {Key Engineering Materials}, volume = {495}, year = {2012}, pages = {124--128}, keyword = {Surface plasma modes, weak interactions, neutrons and nuclear transmutations, low energy coherent systems (LECS), low energy nuclear reactions (LENR)}, doi = {10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.495.124}, annote = {Using QED theory, the paper shows that there are coherence domains interspersed between noncoherence ones in water under these conditions. Water near a metal electrode is partly coherent (structured) and this encourages neutron and neutrino production from hydrogen. The radiation energy for this comes from the water plasma photons impinging on the cathode surface.} } @ARTICLE{Ciri2012a, author = {D. Cirillo and R. Germano and V. Tontodonato and A. Widom and Y. N. Srivastava and E. {Del Giudice} and G. Vitiello}, title = {Experimental evidence oof a neutron flux generation in a plasma discharge electrolytic cell}, journal = {Key Eng. Mater.}, volume = {495}, year = {2012}, pages = {104--107}, keyword = {Experimental, plasma discharge, neutrons, res+}, published = {01/2012}, annote = {Electrolysis with high cell voltage, in potassium carbonate solution in water at a tungsten cathode leads to a plasma around the cathode. CR-39 detected neutrons.} } @ARTICLE{Ciri2012b, author = {D. Cirillo and E. {Del Giudice} and R. Germano and S. Sivasubrammanian and Y. N. Srivastava and V. Tontodonato and G. Vitiello and A. Widom}, title = {Water plasma modes and nuclear transmutations on the metallic cathode of a plasma discharge electrolytic cell}, journal = {Key Eng. Mater.}, volume = {495}, year = {2012}, pages = {124--128}, keyword = {Theory, neutrons, transmutation}, published = {01/2012}, note = {The name Sivasubrammanian is normally written as Sivasubramanian}, annote = {Water is said to contain regions of coherence which contain a plasma of of quasi-free electrons, and close to a metal electrode, this is stabilised and can hold a negative charge. During high voltage electrolysis, neutrons and neutrinos can be produced and lead to transmutation reactions.} } @article{Cisb2001, author = {E. Cisbani and G.~M. Urciuoli and S. Frullani and F. Garibaldi and F. Guiliani and D. Gozzi and M. Gricia and M. Iodice and M. Lucentini and F. Santavenere}, title = {A neutron detector for cold fusion experiments}, journal = {Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. A}, volume = {459}, year = {2001}, pages = {247--255}, keywords = {Experimental, design, neutrons, tritium, res-, no FPH/Jones refs}, submitted = {04/2000}, published = {02/2001}, annote = {This team designed and tested a sensitive neutron detector suitable, among other uses, for cold fusion work. There are two rings with 30 detectors each, surrounding 10 electrolytic cnf cells. They are of the 3He type. Data acquisition makes sure that the accepted signals are coincident etc. The setup was calibrated with a standard 252Cf neutron source, and its sensitivity found to be 22\% and 13\%. It was tested on some real F\&P-type cold fusion cells, and while some excess heat, 4He and some tritium were detected, no neutrons were observed.} } @ARTICLE{Ciuc2012, author = {S. Ciuchi and L. Maiani and A. D. Polosa and V. Riquer and G. Ruocco and M. Vignati}, title = {Low energy neutron production by inverse $\beta$ decay in metallic hydride surfaces}, journal = {Eur. Phys. J. C}, volume = {72}, year = {2012}, issue = {2193}, pages = {1--3}, keyword = {Theory, Widom-Larsen}, submitted = {09/2012}, published = {10/2012}, annote = {It has recently been argued that inverse-$\beta$ nuclear transmutations might occur at an impressively high rate in a thin layer at a metallic hydride surface under specific conditions. In this note we present a calculation of the transmutation rate, which shows that there is little room for such a remarkable effect. [Direct quote of the Abstract]. In other words, Widom and Larsen are wrong.} } @ARTICLE{Ciuc2012, author = {S. Ciuchi and L. Maiani and A. D. Polosa and V. Riquer and G. Ruocco and M. Vignati}, title = {{Low energy neutron production by inverse $\beta$ decay in metallic hydride surfaces}}, journal = {Eur. Phys. J. C}, volume = {72:2193}, year = {2012}, pages = {1--3}, submitted = {09/2012}, published = {10/2012}, annote = {"Abstract It has recently been argued that inverse-$\beta$ nuclear transmutations might occur at an impressively high rate in a thin layer at a metallic hydride surface under specific conditions. In this note we present a calculation of the transmutation rate, which shows that there is little room for such a remarkable effect."} } @article{Clar1991, author = {R.~W. Clark}, title = {What ever happened to cold fusion?}, journal = {J. Chem. Ed.}, volume = {68}, year = {1991}, pages = {277--279}, keywords = {Discussion}, annote = {Clark gives a summary of the cold fusion field, devoting one of three pages to muon catalysed fusion, the "real" cold fusion. He consistently spells Fleischmann as Fleishmann, perpetuates the myth that cnf divided chemists and physicists, and states that physicists have not succeeded in fusing hydrogen nuclei (apart from the muon variety). The other cold fusion, in certain experiments in making superheavy elements, is also mentioned. No conclusion.} } @article{Clar1992, author = {B.~W. Clarke and R.~M. Clarke}, title = {Search for (3)H, (3)He, and (4)He in D2-loaded titanium}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {21}, year = {1992}, pages = {170--175}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti sponge, gas phase, helium, tritium, res-}, submitted = {02/1991}, published = {03/1992}, annote = {A very careful experiment, using titanium sponge and D2 gas. The D2 was prepared from heavy water that had been stored since 1946 and was therefore exceptionally low in tritium contamination (T/D was measured as 1.800E-15). A very sensitive mass spectrometer was used to determine He and tritium; sensitivity to (3)He and (4)He was 2E04 and 4E09 atoms, respectively. The Ti samples were outgassed at various temperatures and found to contain at most 3E03 and 3E09 atoms of the two resp. He isotopes. The D2 gas was passed over the Ti sponge to be absorbed, to form TiD. The gas was then driven off at 900 degC and reabsorbed further down the flow line; this sort of transfer was repeated many times, going to D/Ti ratios up to 2, and using D2 as well as H2 gas, and mixtures thereof. Each time, the (3)He and (4)He levels evolved were measured. There appeared to be a release of these gases but careful accounting showed that it was all due to the He initially present in the metal, so cold fusion did not need to be invoked. An upper limit on the fusion rate of 1.4E-21 fusions/d-d pair/s was calculated and said to be in reasonable agreement with the Jones+ results. Tritium measurements showed an apparent excess of 9E07 atoms; of four possible sources of tritium contamination, two could not be ruled out and thus the figure gives an upper fusion rate limit of 1.6E-19 f/pair/s. The paper ends with a long discussion of origin of He and T contamination.} } @article{Clar2001a, author = {B. Clarke}, title = {Search for 3He and 4He in Arata-style palladium cathodes I: a negtive result}, journal = {Fusion Sci. Technol.}, volume = {40}, year = {2001}, pages = {147--151}, keywords = {Experimental, post-mortem, helium, MS, res-}, submitted = {07/2000}, published = {09/2001}, annote = {The author was supplied with some samples of Pd black that had been inside the double cell of Arata \& Zhang; three samples had yielded excess heat while a fourth had not. Clarke examined these for 3He and 4He, using a mass spectrometer with a greater resolution than that of A\&Z. The samples were folded into Al foil and both the Al and (most of) the Pd were evaporated by a tungsten heating coil at 2300 K. The amounts of helium detected were less by many orders of magnitude that those claimd by A\&Z, but the Al blanks gave off some 3He, whose origin is not clear.} } @article{Clar2001b, author = {B. Clarke and B.~M. Oliver and M.~C.~H. McKubre and F.~L. Tanzella and P. Tripodi}, title = {Search for 3He and 4He in Arata-style palladium cathodes II: Evidence for tritium production}, journal = {Fusion Sci. Technol.}, volume = {40}, year = {2001}, pages = {152--167}, note = {15}, keywords = {Experimental, post-mortem, helium, tritium, MS, res+}, submitted = {07/2000}, published = {09/2001}, annote = {In this second paper by Clarke and here, et al, two Arata-style double walled cells were examined for helium and tritium, after they had been electrolysed at SRI in light and heavy water respectively. In the D2O cell, a large amount of tritium and 3He were found and if it is assumed that the 3He comes from decay of tritium, and that this was generated somehow in a short time, calculations place that event within the duration of the approx. 90 day cathodic run, which was followed by a similar period of anodic polarisation. The amount of tritium produced was about 2*10$^{15}$ atoms. This would have yielded (under the assumption that it came from d-d fusion) a few kJ, rather than the MJ observed by the SRI team and by A\&Z by calorimetry. Nevertheless, tritium was apparently produced by some process.} } @article{Clar2002a, author = {W. B. Clarke}, title = {Response to 'Comments on 'Search for 3He and 4He in Arata-style palladium cathodes I: a negative result'. (Letter to the Editor)}, journal = {Fusion Sci. Technol.}, volume = {41}, year = {2002}, pages = {152.}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {10/2001}, published = {03/2002}, annote = {Clarke rebuts the criticism by Chubb of his and coauthors' findings that it was tritium that caused the appearance of 3He and that no 4He was found, writing that both were wrong. Clarke, on the contrary, here defends this conclusion, citing some text from an Arata \& Zhang paper. Clarke believes that a well known memory effect in mass spectroscopy is the origin of the 4He, not a nuclear reaction.} } @article{Clar2002b, author = {W. B. Clarke and B. M. Oliver}, title = {Response to 'Comments on 'Search for 3He and 4He in Arata-style palladium cathodes II: evidence for tritium production'. (Letter to the Editor)}, journal = {Fusion Sci. Technol.}, volume = {41}, year = {2002}, pages = {153--154}, keywords = {Polemic} } @article{Clar2003a, author = {W.~B. Clarke and B.~M. Oliver}, title = {Reponse to 'Comments on 'Search for 3He and 4He in Arata-style palladium cathodes I: a negative result.' and 'Search for 3He and 4He in Arata-style palladium cathodes II: evidence for tritium production'}, journal = {Fusion Sci. Technol.}, volume = {43}, year = {2003}, pages = {135--136}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {12/2001}, published = {01/2003}, annote = {Responding to the polemic of Bush and Lagowski in the same issue, p. 134, the authors write that among other evidence, there was a negative gradient of 3He in the bottle wall, showing that the tritium was generated inside the bottle. The B \& L hypothesis, that tritium was generated outside the bottle and transported into it, was considered but is contradicted by the experimental results.} } @article{Clar2003b, author = {W.~B. Clarke}, title = {Production of 4He in D2-loaded palladium-carbon catalyst I}, journal = {Fusion Sci. Technol.}, volume = {43}, year = {2003}, pages = {122--127}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd/C gas phase, res-}, submitted = {11/2001}, published = {01/2003}, annote = {Clarke performed a check on Case's experiment, in which he heated some Pd-laced carbon powder with D2 and H2, and found a steady increase in 4He; this was also repeated by some other workers. Clarke used Pb tubes, which he knew from experience were impervious to He. Results showed no 4He content or 3He/4He rations other than what could be expected from simple contamination or prior content in the materials used, so Case and the others were either lucky, or victims of a systematic error. Clarke leans towards the latter explanation.} } @article{Cohe1989a, author = {J.~S. Cohen and J.~D. Davies}, title = {Is cold fusion hot?}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {342}, year = {1989}, pages = {487--488}, keywords = {Discussion, fracto}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {An in-depth discussion of the fracto-theory of CNF, with good references.} } @article{Cohe1989b, author = {J.~S. Cohen and J.~D. Davies}, title = {The cold fusion family}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {338}, year = {1989}, pages = {705--707}, keywords = {Discussion:muon catalysis, M{\"o}ssbauer, branching ratios}, published = {04/1989}, annote = {A clear outline of possible fusion reactions, muon catalysis, cosmic rays, "Moessbauer fusion", branching ratios. This commentary is also (I think) the first to refer to the Klyuev et al paper of 1986, which reported neutron emission from cracks in mechanically bombarded LiD crystals; the authors call what happens there "microscopically hot fusion".} } @article{Coll1990a, author = {G.~S. Collins and G. McGhee and S.~L. Shropshire and H.~J. Jang and J. Fan and R.~B. Schuhmann}, title = {Electrolytic loading of hydrogen in metals studied by PAC}, journal = {Hyperfine Interactions}, volume = {60}, year = {1990}, pages = {663--666}, keywords = {Experimental, fundamental metal hydride}, annote = {PAC (perturbed gamma-gamma angular correlation) measurement was used to study the nature of hydrides of Pt and Ni, produced by electrolysis. In the case of Ni, 30\% of the metal had been transformed into the NiH beta-phase. Normally, about 6 kbar of H2 pressure is required for this and this lends some weight to the claims that electrolysis is equivalent to high pressure.} } @article{Coll1990b, author = {G.~S. Collins and J.~S. Walker and J.~W. Norbury}, title = {Deuteron tunnelling at electron-volt energies}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {409--411}, keywords = {Theory, tunnelling, res0}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Not much more than a conjecture at this stage, this paper tries to find a tunnelling mechanism to explain cnf. Looking at states of helium-4 other than the 23.84 MeV one, it is found that the preferred reaction might be d-d tunnelling, combined with electron-conversion, the three becoming (4)He at 20.1 MeV, which then goes on to become tritium, protium, energetic electrons and small amount of (4)He. A direct test of this conjecture would be the search for electrons at energies of 3.7 or 23.8 MeV.} } @incollection{Coll1993, author = {H. Collins and T. Pinch}, title = {The sun in a test tube: the story of cold fusion}, booktitle = {The Golem. What Everyone Should Know about Science}, editor = {H. Collins and T. Pinch}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1993}, ISBN = {0 521 35601}, pages = {57--78}, keywords = {Sci-soc-phil}, annote = {Chap. 3. Collins and Pinch, two sociologists of science, here more or less relate the story of cold fusion "as is", without much attempt at comment. They extract from the story the message that here, the workings of science are exposed; but that claims of greed or publicity seeking are not unusual, i.e. that in this affair, science works as usual.} } @article{Cont1995, author = {E. Conte}, title = {A generalization of Schroedinger's equation using biquaternions: the possibility of fusion for particles}, journal = {Phys. Essays}, volume = {8}, year = {1995}, pages = {52--59}, keywords = {Theory, biquaternion QM, res+}, submitted = {10/1993}, published = {03/1995}, annote = {This paper revises quantum mechanics, using biquaternions. Schroedinger's equation becomes a sub-case of this wider theory. The bottom line is that low-energy (e.g. cold) fusion is possible.} } @article{Corr1990, author = {D.~A. Corrigan and E.~W. Schneider}, title = {Tritium separation effects during heavy water electrolysis: implications for reported observations of cold fusion}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {281}, year = {1990}, pages = {305--312}, keywords = {Experimental, separation effects, tritium, res-}, submitted = {01/1990}, published = {03/1990}, annote = {But for the last few words of the title, this paper might have ended up as a Peripheral. Here, the authors examine in a very thorough manner the separation effects when electrolysing heavy water containing a little tritium. As is well known, T is gradually enriched because D2 is formed preferentially at the electrode. The results are much as expected from conventional chemistry, using conventional values for S (ratio of fraction T/D in gas phase to ratio in liquid phase) which FPH have fiddled with a little. One could, however, level at the paper the charge of using a circular argument, which goes: assume that the tritium increase is all due to electrolytic enrichment, what would the separation factor S have to be? A suitable value is found (2-10) and when this is used, the results can be fully explained in terms of electrolytic enrichment. OK: S is normally taken to be about 4, and FPH take it to be 1, so there is some point to this. This paper will not convince believers of cnf.} } @article{Corr1991, author = {D.~A. Corrigan and B.~K. Schwemmin and E.~W. Schneider}, title = {Radiochemical measurements of tritium during heavy water electrolysis at palladium cathodes in closed cells}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {312}, year = {1991}, pages = {175--184}, keywords = {Experimental, tritium, electrolysis, Pd, res-}, submitted = {05/1991}, annote = {In previous experiments on long-term electrolysis in heavy water at Pd, open cells were used, allowing the possibility that tritium was introduced by the repeated water top-up. Here a closed cell is used, with a recombiner catalyst, to eliminate the problem. The Pd cathodes were vacuum annealed at 900C. Tritium analysis ws on 1 ml aliquots taken out after electrolysis (11 days, some for 100 days), by scintillation. Some samples were spiked with tritium. After electrolysis, the Pb were unloaded anodically to drive out the hydrogen isotopes. None showed any significant increase of tritium, the changes were all around zero. The results suggest that when tritium was found by others, it may have been artifactual.} } @article{Cott1989, author = {W.~N. Cottingham and D.~A. Greenwood}, title = {The fusion rate of a confined deuteron pair}, journal = {J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part Phys.}, volume = {15}, year = {1989}, pages = {L157--L161}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {08/1989}, annote = {Reaction rate for a d-d pair confined in a harmonic potential for a range of confinement parameters r0 from 0.1 to 1.0 Angstrom. For reactions to be observable, and without a new nuclear reaction, r0 must be < 0.2 A.} } @article{Cran1989, author = {L. Cranberg}, title = {Cold fusion doubts and controls (title given by section editor)}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {309}, year = {1989}, pages = {515.}, keywords = {Discussion}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {Throws doubts on radiation and tritium from FPH, and even on some suggested control experiments.} } @ARTICLE{Crav2015, author = {D. Cravens and M. R. Swartz and B. Ahern}, title = {{Condensed matter nuclear reactions with metal particles in gases}}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {108}, year = {2015}, pages = {582--584}, published = {02/2015}, annote = {"Various metals have been used by a number of researchers to study the condensed matter nuclear reactions occurring within the metal lattice when exposed to gases containing hydrogen, its deuterium isotope and various mixes. This article will give a brief overview of such studies."} } @article{Craw1992, author = {O.~H. Crawford}, title = {Examination of a proposed phonon-coupling mechanism for cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {21}, year = {1992}, pages = {161--162}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, submitted = {06/1991}, published = {03/1992}, annote = {In this paper, Crawford takes a critical look at Schwinger's theory how cold fusion might work, i.e. the idea that coupled harmonic motion of deuterons in the palladium lattice might lower the fusion barrier; in particular, Schwinger proposed that the p-d reaction is favoured. It is shown here that Schwinger's model does not lead to any such thing, that the p-d interaction potential has nothing to do with cold fusion, which cannot be expected to be enhanced by this mechanism.} } @article{Cres1998a, author = {C.~L. Crespo and R.~F.~C. Carvalhal and C.~A.~C. Sequeira}, title = {Anomalous effects during electrolysis of aqueous solutions}, note = {In Portuguese}, journal = {Ciencia \& Tecnol. Materiais}, volume = {10}, number = {1/2}, year = {1998}, pages = {43--50}, keywords = {Experimental, Ni, light water, cell voltage, res0}, annote = {This team of materials scientists attempted a confirmation of the Ni/H2O mode of cold fusion proposed by Bush et al and Notoya. Two cells were run together, each with 1 cm$^2$ Ni cathodes and Pt anodes, in solutions of K2SO4 and Na2SO4. Currents of 200-500 mA were applied, and total cell voltage monitored; in some cases also the cell temperature. There were a few hints of anomalous events but nothing definite.} } @INCOLLECTION{Cres1998b, author = {C. L. Crespo and R. F. C. Carrvalhal and C. A. C. Sequeira}, title = {Electrochemically induced cold fusion and environment}, booktitle = {Chemistry, {E}nergy and the {E}nvironment}, editor = {C. A. C. Sequeira and J. B: Moffat}, year = {1998}, publisher = {Royal Society of Chemistry}, address = {Cambridge, UK}, note = {Proceedings 3rd {E}uropean {W}orkshop on {C}hemistry, {E}nergy and the {E}nvironment, Estoril, Portugal, 1997}, pages = {363--376}, annote = {A review, with 8 refs, with special attention to environmetal aspects such as the production of energy.} } @article{Crib1989, author = {M. Cribier and M. Spiro and J. Favier}, title = {Conventional sources of fast neutrons in cold fusion experiments}, journal = {Phys. Lett. B}, volume = {228}, year = {1989}, pages = {163--166}, keywords = {Discussion, suggestion}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {A source of n is the dissociation of D by alpha particles from naturally occurring radioisotopes such as U and Th, present as impurities in most materials. These decay to radon, which is not removed from Pd or Ti simply by heating, and will perhaps desorb under electrolysis and cause neutron emission by alpha particles' reaction with the D2O in the electrolyte. The electrolyte should be gas flushed to prevent this artifact. Some preliminary calculations show that about 50000 Bq of impurities are needed, or three times this if the reaction takes place inside the metal, for Jones+ neutron levels. This is a little high. Adsorbed radon on the metal surface, however, might help. Look out for this effect if you are measuring cold fusion neutrons.} } @article{Crow1989, author = {B.~J.~B. Crowley}, title = {Nuclear fusion in high density matter.}, journal = {Nucl. Fusion}, volume = {29}, year = {1989}, pages = {2199--2216}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {12/1989}, annote = {H is believed to exist in hydrides as atomic ions. If many such ions can be made to congegrate on a single site, fusion might occur. This is the approach taken here, considering deuterons as a dense plasma. This ends with a fusion rate equation. In order to produce Jones+ rates, a density of 500g/cm**3 is needed. The conclusion is that cold fusion is unlikely; but C speculates on localised fusion or transient nonequilibrium causes. He notes, however, that attempts at corroboration indicate that there may be nothing to explain. He then discusses the implications of his calculations for possible fusion processes taking place inside planets and certain types of stars. C also makes the suggestion that p-d fusion, rather than d-d, should be looked for, as it is favoured.} } @article{Cuev1997, author = {F. Cuevas and J.~F. Fernandez and C. Sanchez}, title = {A search for nuclear reactions in deuterated fresh iodide-titanium films}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {32}, year = {1997}, pages = {644--654}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti film, gas phase, neutrons, gammas, res-}, submitted = {11/1996}, published = {12/1997}, annote = {This team decided that a very pure Ti film, highly loaded with deuterium and some nonequilibrium applied to it, would be the optimal conditions for bringing fusion about. To get very pure Ti, they used "iodide titanium", made from TiI4 evaporated onto heated tungsten filament, where it decomposed into the metal. The upper layers of the Ti were indeed very pure (with less than 1/10 the imputrities in normal "pure" Ti), and not even containing W. This was carefully kept away from air, so that no oxide could form, and deuterated with D2 gas (300 mbar) to a loading of 1.5 D/Ti, said to be high. Large lateral electrical currents were applied to the film. Neutrons were detected with two scintillation counters (one Ne-213, one BC-501) with gamma discrimination etc. Long-time background counts were taken. No clear evidence of significant neutron emissions was found, although there were a few anomalous events. The results set the upper limit for the cold fusion rate at 3*10$^{-21}$ f/s/pair or about Jones et al level.} } @article{Cunn1989, author = {V.~J. Cunnane and R.~A. Scannell and D.~J. Schiffrin}, title = {H2 + O2 recombination in non-isothermal, non-adiabatic electrochemical calorimetry of water electrolysis in an undivided cell}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {269}, year = {1989}, pages = {163--179}, keywords = {Experimental, calorimetry, res-}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {This very careful piece of work examines the question of whether there is significant recombination of electrolytically generated hydrogen/deuterium and oxygen in a FPH-type cell, i.e. undivided and open in the sense that the evolved gases escape the system. The method is to measure the enthalpy of water electrolysis as the difference between the electrical energy input and the heat arising in the cell, using platinum electrodes and light water electrolyte + 0.1M LiOH in a cell otherwise similar to that of FPH, except that it is contained in a Dewar flask and the heat measurements are performed rather more carefully, but still - as done by FPH - essentially by noting the temperature at a point in the cell, at steady state. Together with some calibrations and comparisons using heating elements, this permits the calculation of reaction enthalpy to within about +- 3\%; this is presumably somewhat better than in the FPH experiment, where no such great care was taken. The result is that the enthalpies come out about right within the stated error, so that no significant recombination takes place. The inference is reasonable that this also held for the FPH system. At high current densities (> about 300 mA/cm$^2$) the deviations are rather larger due to evaporation and gas heating effects increasing the error, but the effect is in the direction opposite to that which would indicate recombination. Although in the FPH case, there was palladium exposed to the gases (not the case here), the results rule out the possibility that the excess heat claimed by FPH could be due to the recombination reaction. It is pointed out, however, that possible errors in the heat balance can become quite large if less care is taken with the measurements than here.} } @article{Czer1991, author = {A. Czerwinski and R. Marassi and S. Zamponi}, title = {The absorption of hydrogen and deuterium in thin palladium electrodes. Part I. Acidic solutions}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {316}, year = {1991}, pages = {211-221}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, loading study}, submitted = {05/1991}, published = {10/1991}, annote = {A cyclic voltammetric study with coulometry, on thin Pd film overlaid on Au on glass, in H2SO4 or D2SO4. Coulometry measured the H/Pd or D/Pd loading as a function of potential. Maximum loading was about 0.7. This was independent of the film thickness.} } @article{Czer1992, author = {A. Czerwinski and R. Marassi}, title = {The absorption of hydrogen and deuterium in thin palladium electrodes. Part II: Basic solutions}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {322}, year = {1992}, pages = {373--381}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, loading study}, submitted = {06/1991}, published = {01/1992}, annote = {A report of the potential dependence of the amount of hydrogen/deuterium sorbed in a thin Pd film (supported on Au) in basic solutions of different electrolytes (NaOH, LiOH, NaOD, LiOD, all 0.1 M). It appears that Li+ ions favour absorption but hinder desorption of hydrogen/deuterium, with respect to Na+. Cyclic voltammetry was carried out, and the results show that absorption is strongly potential dependent, that basic electrolytes behave differently from acidic electrolytes, Li+ ions seem to affect the alpha-beta transition more than Na+ ions, maximum H(D)/Pd ratios are not affected by the electrolyte composition, and that sorption causes irreversible changes in the palladium.} } @article{Czer1994, author = {A. Czerwinski}, title = {Influence of lithium cations on hydrogen and deuterium electrosorption in palladium}, journal = {Electrochim. Acta}, volume = {39}, year = {1994}, pages = {431--436}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, lithium}, submitted = {04/1993}, published = {02/1994}, annote = {Lithium is known to be incorporated to some extent into Pd during electrolysis in an electrolyte containing Li+; various processes have been suggested involving incorporated Li. In this paper, C reports the results of a cyclic voltammetric study of thin (2000-2500 atomic layers) Pd layers laid down on Au. Acidic and basic solutions, in light and heavy water were used. Incorporated Li affects the alpha-beta transition, which in turn has an effect on the oxidation rate of absorbed hydrogen (or deuterium); H/Pd or D/Pd loading ratios were not changed by Li incorporation.} } @article{Czer2004, author = {K. Czerski and A. Huke and P. Heide and G. Ruprecht}, title = {The $^2$H(d,p)$^3$H reaction in metallic media at very low energies}, journal = {Europhys. Lett.}, volume = {68}, year = {2004}, pages = {363--369}, keywords = {Theory, screening, ion beams, res+}, submitted = {01/2004}, published = {11/2004}, annote = {This is theory for possible screening effects. A deuteron beam at 5-60 keV is shot at a slightly deuterium-loaded Pd target, so this is not cold fusion, but the screening effect of the Pd lattice that the paper suggests is thought to possibly explain neutron levels observed by Jones et al (1989). The paper is also interesting in not only considering electron screening but also cohesive screening by positive ions in the lattice.} } @article{Czer2006, author = {K. Czerski and A. Huke and P. Heide and G. Ruprecht}, title = {Experimental and theoretical screening energies for the $^2$H(d,p)$^3$H reaction in metallic environments}, journal = {Eur. Phys. J. A}, volume = {27}, year = {2006}, pages = {83--88}, keywords = {Theory, electron screening, enhancement effect, res+}, submitted = {07/2005}, published = {02/2006}, annote = {Following their 2004 paper, the authors again theorise about enhanced fusion in metal targets hit by deuteron beams, and conclude that indeed electrons can screen the deuterons, raising fusion rates to levels comparable with those reported by Jones et al (1989).} } @article{Dadd2001, author = {L. Daddi}, title = {Proton-electron reactions as precursors of anomalous nuclear events}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {39}, year = {2001}, pages = {249--252}, keywords = {Theory, suggestion, res+, no FPH/Jones refs}, submitted = {09/1999}, published = {03/2001}, annote = {Argues that suggestions of the reaction p+e=n +energy or the analogous reaction with d, might be possible by way of virtual neutrons.} } @article{Dala1989, author = {F. Dalard and M. Ulman and J. Augustynski and P. Selvam}, title = {Electrochemical incorporation of lithium into palladium from aprotic electrolytes}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {270}, year = {1989}, pages = {445--450}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, lithium}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {10/1989}, annote = {Li is sometimes claimed to be associated with CNF. So, at what potentials does Li+ get deposited on Pd? They used 1M LiClO4 in acetonitrile plus propylene carbonate, as well as in a solid polymer. They reached, at rather negative potentials, a surface loading of 1 at\% Li in the Pd, which is not much. It is feasible that in FPH's experiments a surface layer of a few microns incorporates Li and this might change the electrochemical behaviour of the Pd.} } @article{Dano1990a, author = {M. Danos}, title = {Coulomb-assisted cold fusion in solids}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {484--489}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {11/1989}, published = {05/1990}, annote = {Previous theories of cold fusion have focussed on some (usually unspecified) way of overcoming the coulombic repulsion of deuterons, and have ignored the metal (Pd, Ti) atoms in the lattice. Danos now involves them in this rough quantitative treatment, in which the Pd atoms are seen as possible catalysts of deuteron fusion, sharing in the liberating energy and momentum. Danos concludes that fusion enhancements of up to 10**40 are possible in principle.} } @article{Dano1990b, author = {M. Danos}, title = {Coulomb-assisted cold fusion}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {413--416}, keywords = {Theory, res0}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {So far, theory and experiment are at variance in cold fusion. Danos tries to find a mechanism that bridges the gap. We have a three-body problem here: the two fusing particles plus the catalyst. The three then share the resulting energy. Using a WKB solution of the wave equation, the result is an enhanced fusion rate, in line with experimental evidence. Just what reactions result from the fusion is left open.} } @article{Dano1991, author = {M. Danos and V.~B. Belyaev}, title = {Estimate of the neutron transfer fusion rate}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {354--357}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {03/1991}, published = {11/1991}, annote = {The use of higher-order terms leads to fusion enhancement up to 40-50 orders of magnitudes. A three-body process of neutron transfer is postulated and treated as a quantum electrodynamic problem. The Feynman diagram is replaced by its non-relativistic time-ordered form, a reaction graph. The results indicate that observational claims for cold fusion are not unreasonable within the framework of nonexotic physics.} } @article{Daro1995, author = {S. Dar{\'o}czy and A. Boly{\'o}s and Z. Dezs{\"o} and T. Scharbert and Z. Papp and J. K{\'o}nya and B. Bert{\'o}k}, title = {Search for neutrons from electrochemically deuterated palladium sheets}, journal = {Acta Univ. Debr. Ludov. Kossuth Nom. Ser. Phys. Chim.}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, year = {1995}, pages = {49--61}, submitted = {12/1995}, published = {12/1995}, keywords = {Experimental, neutrons, electrolysis, Pd, res-}, annote = {This team from Hungary made an attempt to verify F\&P's results, in this case by monitoring neutrons during the electrolysis of heavy water at a Pd cathode in 0.1 M LiOD. Large Pd foils (25 cm$^2$ area) were used, of thickness 0.125 mm and 0.5 mm resp.; they were mounted so that their back sides were not exposed to the electrolytes, and the deuterium gas released through the back was used to estimate the D/Pd loading (0.72). The neutron detector was a three-chamber type in an Fe tank, using heavy water as moderator, with an efficiency of ($5.07\pm 0.03) \times 10^{-4}$. The overall neutron flux was the same as for the background; however, examination of short-term periods showed some bursts not seen in the background, especially with the thinner of the Pd foils and upon gas release from the thicker foil, upon switching off the current. The authors checked on the possibility of solar flares causing these effects, but there was none during their experiment.} } @article{Das1993, author = {D. Das and M.~K.~S. Ray}, title = {Fusion in condensed matter - a likely scenario}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {24}, year = {1993}, pages = {115--121}, keywords = {Theory}, submitted = {07/1992}, published = {08/1993}, annote = {Despite mounting evidence for cold fusion, there is still the problem of irreproducibility, and the lack of a "sure success recipe", owing to the lack of understanding of its mechanism. A new approach is tried here to explain it. Pivotal roles are attributed to the presence of negative elements, oxide at the metal surface, and a desorption process. Oxygen forms an oxide film on Pd and this acts on the structure of the deuteride to create the equivalent of heavy electrons, which will bring deuterons close together by muon-like screening. Also, the metal/insulator layer might induce the formation of (D+D+)2e- species, again reducing nuclear separation. This theory is consistent with enhanced fusion rates and a near-surface reaction, and explains a number of observations such as the induction by oxygen of excess heat and tritium anomalies, Matsumoto's explosive cold fusion, heat and neutron bursts during deloading, results with a solid-state cell, and with gas phase systems; also, the theory encompasses the experiments with Ni, light water and K2CO3.} } @ARTICLE{Dash2009, author = {J. Dash and Q. Wang and E. F. Mallove}, title = {Composition of particles in heavy water electrolyte after electrolysis}, journal = {J. Sci. Explor.}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {462--465}, published = {10/2009}, keywords = {res+}, annote = {* Examination of the Pd surface after electrolysis in D2O by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) showed marked surface features generated during electrolysis, such as solid particles. Semiquantitative EDS analysis showed that the particles were 50\% carbon and Pd. A day further on, there was 76\% C. The authors do not surmise the origin of the carbon, but mention that Chicea (2003), who also observed this, believes it to be a product of a low energy nuclear reaction.} } @incollection{Dash2010, author = {J. Dash and Q. Wang and D. S. Silver}, title = {Excess heat and anomalous isotopes and isotopic ratios from the interaction of palladium with hydrogen isotopes}, booktitle = {{Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook (Vol. 2)}}, year = {2010}, editor = {J. Marwan and S. Krivit}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Washington, USA}, volume = {2}, pages = {61--80}, ISBN = {9780841224544}, annote = {"Surface studies of 40 $\mu$ thick Pd foils after electrolysis in D2O/H2SO4 electrolyte for six minutes found inversions in isotopic ratios. Anomalous isotopes and isotopic ratios were also found on the surface of a 350 $\mu$ thick Pd foil which produced excess heat during electrolysis in a similar electrolyte. Further research is necessary to establish the reproducibility of these results." (Abstract reproduced from the book)} } @article{Daut1991, author = {D.~P. Dautovich}, title = {What do we know? What do we think?}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {10}, year = {1991}, pages = {117--119}, keywords = {Panel Discussion}, published = {03/1991}, annote = {The author took part in a panel discussion on cold fusion, later published in this journal. He presents a potted history, referring to the two approaches of a wet electrolysis cell and the dry gas/metal experiments at Frascati. Some work was also done in Canada, the author's country, in several places, but no convincing results were achieved. There follows some theory. See also Rees1991.} } @article{Davi1989, author = {L. Davis}, title = {Cold fusion: a learning curve?}, journal = {Australian Physicist}, volume = {26}, year = {1989}, pages = {219--220}, keywords = {Discussion}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {An early discussion of cold fusion in the general context of fusion and energy generation. The three possible d-d fusion reactions producing, resp., (3)He, T and (4)He, as well as the p-d reaction, are given and discussed. The rest of the paper is then a report of the Australian AINSE colloquium on May 19, attended by 91 scientists, including such heavies as theoretical chemist Noel Hush and metal hydride expert Alan Oates. The delegates disagree, some plan experiments. Davis has a theory and hints at its publication elsewhere.} } @article{Davi1990, author = {R. Davidonis and G. Duskesas and R. Kalinauskas and K. Makarinunas and J. Petrauskas and V. Remeiskis and B. Ruzele}, title = {An experimental evaluation of the probability of cold fusion}, journal = {Litovskii Fiz. Sbornik}, volume = {30}, number = {6}, year = {1990}, pages = {65--68}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, Ti, electrolysis, neutrons, gamma, tritium, res-}, submitted = {12/1989}, annote = {In May and June 1989, a cold fusion experiment was run in the Institute of Physics of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences, and this is a report. A quartz cell with cooling jacket was used for the electrolysis, using the usual 0.1 M LiOD, and a Ti or Pd rod, 8 mm dia., 40 mm long. Heat was measured as the difference in temperature between the outlet and inlet of the coolant, which entered at 10 degC. This was calibrated using a resistive heater in the cell. The cell was placed in a plastic scintillator well for neutron counting (by proton recoil), and a gamma spectrometer recorded gammas using a NaI crystal. 10 cm of Pb shielding was used to reduce the background. Several measurement series were carried out, at 0.1 and 0.5 A/cm**2, for both Pd and Ti cathodes, and a duration of 24-72 hours. The results show that the upper limit for fusion was 5 orders of magnitude below that reported by FPH-89. Also, the 27\% tritium increase in the electrolyte (no details given how this was measured) was in line with electrolytic enrichment considerations.} } @article{Davi1990a, author = {J.~D. Davies and G.~J. Pyle and G.~T.~A. Squier and A. Bertin and M. Bruschi and M. Piccinini and A. Vitale and A. Zoccoli and S.~E. Jones}, title = {Search for 2.5 MeV neutrons from D2O (heavy water) electrolytic cells stimulated by high-intensity muons and pions}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A}, volume = {103}, year = {1990}, pages = {155--162}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, Ti, ion beams, muons, res0}, submitted = {11/1989}, published = {01/1990}, annote = {D-charged Pd and Ti cathodes were exposed to high-intensity beams of negative muons or pions. PdDx (x=0.8) and TiDx (x=?) were produced electrolytically. Muon results indicate that Jones+ results cannot be explained simply by cosmic muon impingement.} } @article{Davi1990b, author = {J.~D. Davies and J.~S. Cohen}, title = {More on the cold fusion family}, journal = {Ettore Majorana Int. Sci. Ser.: Phys. Sci. (Electromag. Cascade Chem. Exot. At.)}, year = {1990}, pages = {269--275}, keywords = {Theory, discussion}, annote = {A theoretical physicists' view of cold fusion, in 1989. All possibilities are critically examined, such as barrier penetration, branching ratios, muon catalysis via cosmic influx, and the micro-hot fractofusion. Some penetrating comments are made. At the low energies of alleged cold fusion, p-d fusion is favoured. Cosmic muon catalysis is unrealistic because of the short life time of the muons and their sticking to the products, reducing the catalysis cycle. Fractofusion remains, although this, too, seems unlikely because of the metal hydrides' conductivity; charges that may build up will be quickly conducted away. Nuclear reactions with Li are also shown to be unlikely. Experiments with tritiated water would be most fruitful if fractofusion is the answer but the authors warn of the dangers of T2 and especially T2O.} } @article{Davi1994, author = {F. David}, title = {Hypoth{\`e}se de la diafluidit{\'e}}, note = {In French, English translation appended to the pdf file}, journal = {Fusion}, volume = {1994}, number = {49}, year = {1994}, pages = {58--62}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, published = {01/1994}, annote = {The author outlines his hypothesis of cold fusion. It answers the question of excess heat yet few neutrons, as well as irreproducibility. The hypothesis is based on the idea that groups of deuterons assemble in a state similar to superfluid helium(4), inside the Pd lattice, and the author suggests the term "diafluidity" for the phenomenon. This would enable a fusion chain reaction. Some tests of the hypothesis are suggested.} } @article{Davi2006, author = {F. David}, title = {A propos des quasicristaux}, journal = {Fusion (Paris)}, number = {112}, year = {2006}, pages = {56--58}, keywords = {Remark}, annote = {David starts by explaining quasicrystals, that is, crystals formed by two different unit cells that are not quite compatible. These were controversial for some time before becoming accepted. It seems David considers deuterium in palladium as an example of a quasicrystal, and stresses and anharmonic vibrations might explain fusion events} } @ARTICLE{Davi2014, author = {M. Davidson}, title = {{Theories of variable mass particles and low energy nuclear phenomena}}, journal = {Found. Phys.}, volume = {44}, year = {2014}, pages = {144--174}, keyword = {Hydrated palladium Deuterated palladium LENR Fusion}, submitted = {05/2013}, published = {01/2014}, annote = {"Abstract Variable particle masses have sometimes been invoked to explain observed anomalies in low energy nuclear reactions (LENR). Such behavior has never been observed directly, and is not considered possible in theoretical nuclear physics. Nevertheless, there are covariant off-mass-shell theories of relativistic particle dynamics, based on works by Fock, Stueckelberg, Feynman, Greenberger, Horwitz, and others. We review some of these and we also consider virtual particles that arise in conventional Feynman diagrams in relativistic field theories. Effective Lagrangian models incorporating variable mass particle theories might be useful in describing anomalous nuclear reactions by combining mass shifts together with resonant tunneling and other effects. A detailed model for resonant fusion in a deuterium molecule with off-shell deuterons and electrons is presented as an example. Experimental means of observing such off-shell behavior directly, if it exists, is proposed and described. Brief explanations for elemental transmutation and formation of micro-craters are also given, and an alternative mechanism for the mass shift in the Widom-Larsen theory is presented. If variable mass theories were to find experimental support from LENR, then they would undoubtedly have important implications for the foundations of quantum mechanics, and practical applications may arise."} } @article{Davy1989, author = {A. S. Davydov}, title = {Possible interpretation of cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Ukr. Fiz. Zh.}, note = {In Russian}, volume = {34}, year = {1989}, pages = {1295--1297}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {09/1989}, keywords = {Discussion, superconductivity, muons, res0}, annote = {Davydov here presents some general thoughts on CNF, one month after its announcement. He describes d-d fusion and mentions the problems it will have at low temperatures, stating that it requires at least 3 keV to surmount the Coulomb barrier. The possible connection with superconductity is given a mention; while neither pure Pd nor pure D is superconducting, PdD can be, at below 11K. He also mentions the boson state and its possible implication. So, if CNF be real, the crystal state must play a role to promote faster deuterons, or their mobility in the lattice, and their penetration of each other's Coulomb barriers.} } @article{Davy1990, author = {A.~S. Davydov}, title = {Possible explanation of the cold fusion experiments}, journal = {Sov. Phys. Dokl.}, note = {Orig. in: Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 314 (1990) 339 (in Russian)}, volume = {35}, number = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {811--812}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {Submitted 30-May-89, the paper says that the tritium+proton branch is more probable, and the proton then splits another deuteron, producing a neutron at 0.75 MeV. This, together with the 2.45 MeV from the (3)He+n branch, escape from the PdD, and are observed as gamma emission upon being thermalised. D points out that the sharp 2.2 MeV peak of FPH(89) does not, as FPH(89) claim, represent neutrons coming from a fusion reaction. The explanation of cold fusion lies in the electronic structure of Pd and its hydride (which is a superconductor at 11K). Hybridisation of the broad subband of Pd s-electrons and a very narrow subband of 4d-electrons with large effective mass, form Cooper pairs (bosons) which can pull deuterons together, enhancing the rate of fusion.} } @incollection{DeNi2008, author = {A. {De Ninno} and E. {Del Giudice} and A. Fratolillo}, title = {Excess heat and calorimetric calculation: evidence of coherent nuclear reactions in condensed matter}, booktitle = {{Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook (Vol. 1)}}, year = {2008}, editor = {J. Marwan}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Washington, USA}, volume = {1}, pages = {127--152}, ISBN = {9780841269668, 0841269661}, annote = {Experimental. The paper starts with some theory based on QED and the M{\"o}ssbauer effect, which can explain the helium and heat observations. In the Pd lattice, fusion goes via a different route than in a plasma. The authors' own experiments and those of others produce results that support the theory, and lead to further work.} } @ARTICLE{DeNi2009a, author = {A. {De Ninno}}, title = {Understanding low energy nuclear reactions}, journal = {J. Sci. Explor.}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {442--445}, published = {10/2009}, keywords = {Discussion}, annote = {* Extended abstract, ACS Symp. Utah March 2009. The author has performed a long series of experiments at the Italian site ENEA, probing setups and parameters, based on several theories. Special attention was given to the old work of Coehn (here spelled as C{\"o}hn), on migrating protons in metals. He concludes that a revision of our assumptions about condensed matter is needed.} } @ARTICLE{DeNi2009b, author = {A. {De Ninno}}, title = {From the proof of principle to the working prototype}, journal = {J. Sci. Explor.}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {456--458}, published = {10/2009}, keywords = {Discussion}, annote = {* Extended abstract, ACS Symp. Utah March 2009. Rather than run experiments designed to prove CNF, the author discusses the possibility of designing a prototype setup delivering energy. He acknowledges that we are onlybeginning to have a handle on the requirements.} } @article{Deak1989, author = {M.~R. Deakin and J.~D. Fox and K.~W. Kemper and E.~G. Myers and W.~N. Shelton and J.~G. Skofronick}, title = {Search for cold fusion using x-ray detection}, journal = {Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys}, volume = {40}, year = {1989}, pages = {R1851--R1853}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, x-rays, res-}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {On the theoretical likelihood that the dominant cnf reaction at room temperature is the d+d-->t+p one, these authors attempted to measure x-rays arising from the fast protons released. They achieved electrolytic loading of 0.8 D per Pd (using Pd foil), and detected no x-rays above background. This limits the fusion rate to $< 1.6 \times 10^{-20}/s$.} } @article{Degw1990, author = {S.~B. Degweker and M. Srinivasan}, title = {A simple dead time method for measuring the fraction of bunched neutronic emission in cold fusion experiments}, journal = {Ann. Nucl. Energy}, volume = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {583--585}, keywords = {Discussion}, submitted = {04/1990}, published = {10/1990}, annote = {Previous work in India indicates that when there is neutron emission from cold fusion, some of it (10-20\%) comes in about 20 ms bunches of 400-600. This paper suggests and provides theory for a dead time technique for obtaining better resolution in such measurements, using a PC based data acquisition system.} } @article{Dell1989, author = {B. Delley}, title = {Effect of electronic screening on cold-nuclear-fusion rates}, journal = {Europhys. Lett.}, volume = {10}, year = {1989}, pages = {347--352}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {10/1989}, annote = {Theoretical calculation of electronic binding energy for H2, LiH and d in PdD(x). Screening can (1) enhance fusion rates and (2) decrease the electronic binding; the two effects work against each other, and no cold fusion is expected.} } @article{Dema1989, author = {F. Demanins and M. Graziani and J. Kaspar and S. Modesti and F. Raicich and R. Rosei and F. Tommasini and A. Trovarelli}, title = {Search for the neutron production in niobium deuteride}, journal = {Solid State Commun.}, volume = {71}, year = {1989}, pages = {559--561}, keywords = {Experimental, Nb, gas phase, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {08/1989}, annote = {Niobium also absorbs hydrogen and deuterium, and has similar problems as Ti with it - it needs appropriate pretreatment. Here, Nb powder was variously treated: exposed to 1 Mpa D2 gas and slowly heated. No D2 was absorbed until a temp. of 650K was reached. This could be driven out again by heating at 750K, and this, when cooled down again, readily absorbs D2 even at room temp. Measured n spectrum with a p-recoil scintillation detector of variously pre- treated Nb powder, and found an upper neutron emission rate of $7 \times 10^{-25}$, both for D2 and H2 gas. This rules out cold fusion.} } @article{Demi1993, author = {V.~S. Demidenko and V.~I. Simakov}, title = {The state of deuterium and probability of cold nuclear fusion in solids}, note = {In Russian}, journal = {Izv. Vysch. Uchebn. Zaved. Fiz.}, volume = {36}, number = {10}, year = {1993}, pages = {20--30}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, annote = {It is necessary to focus on electric fields in solids and their effect on fusion, in particular band models. The metals Pd and Ti alloys (with V, Mn, Co, Cu) were considered. The "muffin tin" model was tried, with various electron shell configurations in the Ti atom. Tunnelling was considered, and found most effective at low energies; but not sufficient in itself. The answer might lie in zone (band-) models, and excited Wannier states, related to Bloch wave functions (no real conclusions). Phase transitions may also increase Coulomb screening sharply. In general, the high mobility of deuterons in metals, and the application of external fields (pressure etc) might yield several orders of magnitude in fusion rates, so that solids can favour fusion.} } @article{Deni1989a, author = {A. {De Ninno} and A. Frattolillo and G. Lollobattista and L. Martinis and M. Martone and L. Mori and S. Podda and F. Scaramuzzi}, title = {Emission of neutrons as a consequence of titanium-deuterium interaction}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A}, volume = {101}, year = {1989}, pages = {841--843}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, gas phase, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {05/1989}, annote = {Neutrons observed, without electrolysis. Ti shavings in a stainless steel cell were put under pressured D2 up to 50 atm, the temperature reduced to that of liquid nitrogen, and the N2 topped up occasionally, each time presumably bringing down the temperature. The authors claim that a bunch of neutrons are emitted after each such topping up - well above the background - and conclude that nonequlibrium conditions are required for cold fusion, but not electrolysis.} } @article{Deni1989b, author = {A. {De Ninno} and A. Frattolillo and G. Lollobattista and L. Martinis and M. Martone and L. Mori and S. Podda and F. Scaramuzzi}, title = {Evidence of emission of neutrons from a titanium-deuterium system}, journal = {Europhys. Lett.}, volume = {9}, year = {1989}, pages = {221--224}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, gas phase, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {This looks very much like the authors' paper in Nuovo Cimento etc, Deni1989a, with the same figures and results.} } @article{Deni1989c, author = {A. {De Ninno} and A. Frattolillo and G. Lollobattista and L. Martinis and M. Martone and L. Mori and S. Podda and F. Scaramuzzi}, title = {Emission of neutrons from a deuterium-titanium system}, journal = {Energ. Nucl. (Rome)}, volume = {6}, year = {1989}, pages = {9--11}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, gas phase, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {04/1989}, annote = {Two experiments, in which Ti was placed under high pressure D, produced neutrons. This shows that electrolysis is not needed, and that nonequilibrium conditions are essential. A single BF3 neutron counter, placed 20 cm from the experimental cell, was used. D2 pressure and temperature were varied.} } @article{Deni1994, author = {A. {De Ninno} and V. Violante}, title = {Study of deuterium charging in palladium by electrolysis of heavy water}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26}, year = {1994}, pages = {1304--1310}, keywords = {Experimental. Pd, electrolysis, deuterium, diffusion, loading, res0. No FPH/Jones refs.}, submitted = {03/1994}, published = {12/1994}, annote = {By means of a membrane experiment, with D2 gas on one side of the 0.5 mm thick Pd membrane and 0.1 M LiOD on the other, and a current that is switched between high and low densities, the workers measured the transport of deuterium through Pd. With some numerical analysis, they concluded that transport depends on the current through concentration gradients, and on the surface concentration of adsorbed deuterium. Loadings up to about 0.95 were inferred. No actual 'cold fusion' results are reported.} } @article{Derj1989, author = {B.~V. Derjaguin and A.~G. Lipson and V.~A. Kluev and D.~M. Sakov and Yu.~P. Toporov}, title = {Titanium fracture yields neutrons?}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {341}, year = {1989}, pages = {492.}, keywords = {Experimental, fracto, res+}, published = {10/1989}, annote = {This is the same team as Klyuev et al (1986), spelled a little differently (by themselves). Here, they put Ti chips into a ball mill with 6 mm steel balls, D2O, deuterated "polypropilenium" and LiD in various combinations. Where Ti was not in contact with deuterated compounds, no neutrons were observed but in mixtures with D, neutrons up to 6-7 times the background were measured. The authors speculate that either at high D loadings in Ti, the D's can approach sufficiently closely to fuse or - in line with their earlier 1986 paper - that it is fractofusion. The first of these two has been fairly well ruled out by several physics theory papers showing that, in a metal deuteride, D-D distances are in fact greater than in liquid D2.} } @article{Derj1990, author = {B.~V. Derjaguin and V.~A. Kluev and A.~G. Lipson and Yu.~P. Toporov}, title = {Excitation of nuclear reaction under mechanical effect (impact) on deuterated solids}, journal = {Physica B}, volume = {167}, year = {1990}, pages = {189--193}, keywords = {Experimental, fracto, res+}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Another report from this Soviet team of what has been called fractofusion. Metal missiles (50 g) were shot (velocity 200 m/s) at targets of LiD and heavy water ice, and neutrons measured. A block of 7 proportional "all wave" NSW-62 counters was used, immersed in silicone oil; efficiency 1\%. Each shot was centred within a 1s observation period. Both targets showed a background of about 0.08 c/shot or about 0.1 n/s [sic]. Some background checks were done by using dummy targets. The authors conclude that "is established that the count of neutrons in shooting at LiD and D2O targets substantially exceeds the 'pulse background'" (i.e. the dummy shots). The diagrams are not quite as convincing as this. The authors advance two explanations: (1) fractofusion, (2) fusion due to shock compression of highly D-loaded microdomains (dislocations), aided by polarons to provide shielding.} } @article{Dery1986, author = {B.~V. Deryagin and V.~A. Klyuev and A.~G. Lipson and Yu.~P. Toporov}, title = {Possibility of nuclear reactions during the fracture of solids}, journal = {Colloid J. USSR}, volume = {48}, year = {1986}, pages = {8--10}, keywords = {Experimental, fracto, res+}, annote = {Another early paper from the USSR, on fracto-something. Here, they shot pellets at heavy ice, i.e. D2O crystals, and appear to measure small but significant neutrons levels, a few times the background. Normal ice, H2O, did not produce neutrons. They theorise that an acceleration of deuterons in the microcracks of only 10 keV is enough to produce some neutrons from fusion reactions. The yield (from an ice bead of unspecified mass, using pellets with 100-200 m/s velocity) was about 0.25 neutrons per shot, averaged over 75 shots and corrected for the value for H2O.} } @article{Dery1994a, author = {B.~V. Deryagin and E.~I. Andriankin and A.~G. Lipson and E.~V. Metelkin and D.~M. Sakov and G.~V. Fedorovich}, title = {On the possibility of initiation of nuclear fusion in deuterated ferroelectrics by polarisation reversal waves at $T < T_c$}, journal = {Dokl. Akad. Nauk. Fiz.}, volume = {334(3)}, year = {1994}, pages = {291--295}, keywords = {Theory, ferroelectrics, external stimulation, res+}, submitted = {10/1993}, annote = {Previous Russian work has shown that 'cold fusion' takes place at the Curie temp., $T_c$, in ferroelectrics, such as KD2PO4. The authors suggest that at lower temperatures, $T < T_c$, cnf might be initiated by stimulation be polarisation effects. Repolarisation can be induced by the application of an external electric field. The authors theorise about this and conclude that it is feasible. They then performed an experiment to test the idea and were able to detect neutrons at 7 sigma above the background. External stimulation of ferroelectrics is thus a fruitful direction for cnf research.} } @article{Dery1994b, author = {B.~V. Deryagin and E.~I. Andriankin and A.~A. Kutikov and A.~G. Lipson and D.~M. Sakov and G.~V. Fedorovich}, title = {On the initiation of the nuclear fusion reaction in deuterated ferroelectric at its polarisation reversal induced by an electric field}, note = {In Russian}, journal = {Dokl. Akad. Nauk}, volume = {336}, year = {1994}, pages = {753--756}, keywords = {Theory, ferroelectrics, polarisation reversal, fractofusion, res+}, submitted = {01/1994}, annote = {The Deryagin team here theoretically underpins its previous experimental findings of cold fusion in ferroelectrics due to polarisation reversal induced by an externally applied electric field. The old standby DKDP (KD2PO4) as well as some other ferroelectrics are taken as examples. The idea is that polarisation reversal causes abrupt changes in the crystal ions' oscillation and thus oscillating electric fields in the crystal. This inturn can lead to deuteron acceleration. Energies of several hundreds eV might be achieved in DKDP and Ba(0.4)Sr(0.6)Nb2O6 and Pb titanate, and it seems that fusion is feasible as a result in these ferroelectrics. These results agree with experimental results reported in previous publications from this laboratory.} } @article{Dick1990, author = {J.~T. Dickinson and L.~C. Jensen and S.~C. Langford and R.~R. Ryan and E. Garcia}, title = {Fracto-emission from deuterated titanium: Supporting evidence for a fracto-fusion mechanism}, journal = {J. Mater. Res.}, volume = {5}, year = {1990}, pages = {109--122}, keywords = {Experimental, fracto, cps, light, radio emisssion, res+}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {01/1990}, annote = {These authors, as well as others, have for some time been propagating the idea of crack propagation of embrittled metal hydride/deuteride as the cause of fusion (be it cold or otherwise), in support of the Soviet team. Experiments of their own, measuring charged particles, photons and radio frequency signals from the deformation of polycrystalline and deuterated Ti, are presented here. They also critically examine charge separation, crucial to the debate: can it be sustained long enough in a conducting medium, and if so, how? These experiments support fractofusion, and the authors propose a possible mechanism for charge separation. } } @article{Dien1991, author = {J.~K. Dienes}, title = {On nuclear reactions in defects}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {543--546}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {06/1990}, published = {05/1991}, annote = {The object of this analysis is to see whether atoms can approach very closely to each other as a result of lattice slip processes. The model of Frenkel and Kontorova, considered an early example of soliton behaviour, is extended here. It appears that close approach is indeed possible, in a self organised wave propagation process. This hangs together with crack-induced fusion, and the burst nature of fusion, claimed by some observers, including the large bursts of Arata and Zhang and the De Ninno group. } } @article{Digi2002, author = {M. DiGiulio and E. Filippo and D. Manno and V. Nassisi}, title = {Analysis of nuclear transmutations observed in D- and H-loaded films}, journal = {Int. J. Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {27}, year = {2002}, pages = {527--531}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, gas loading, transmutation, res+, no FPH/Jones refs}, published = {05/2002}, annote = {The team made Pd films on Si by evaporation onto the base, and loaded these with H2 or D2 gas at up to 6 atm, for a week or so. After the loading, the films were subjected to a number (2000) of laser burst shots of a UV excimer laser. The samples were then analysed by SEM and EDX to study the surface morphology. Pd, Si and O were always found. Some of both the H2 and D2 loaded films also showed other, unexpected elements such as Ca, Fe, S, Zn, Ti, Cu and Cr, not initially present. This implies that they were the products of transmutation.} } @article{Dign1990, author = {T.~G. Dignan and M.~C. Bruington and R.~T. Johnson and R.~W. Bland}, title = {A search for neutrons from fusion in a highly deuterated cooled palladium thin film}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {469--472}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd-Ir, ion beam loading, neutrons, gammas, res-}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {This group tried to create conditions for optimal cold fusion. They believe that deuteron implantation at low temperatures might provide such conditions, because high d densities can be achieved, and that high-energy implantation is likely to put d's into the most suitable sites in the metal lattice. A thin Pd-Ir (90:10) film was cooled to 77K and implanted at 1000 eV with a neutralised deuterium beam. Neutrons were detected with a moderator/absorber (0.1 $m^3$ of paraffin) with NaI at its centre. If all the deuterium atoms stuck to the film, a surface loading D/Pd of 50 would have been reached; the approximately measured figure was about 9. The gamma spectrum from moderated neutrons measured during the experiment was the same as the background one.} } @article{Dill1993a, author = {C.~T. Dillon and B.~J. Kennedy}, title = {The electrochemically formed palladium-deuterium system. I. Surface composition and morphology}, journal = {Australian J. Chem.}, volume = {46}, year = {1993}, pages = {663--679}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd electrolysis, surface analysis}, submitted = {05/1992}, published = {05/1993}, annote = {To achieve consensus among workers on what processes take place, the role of surface treatment and activation in the formation of PdD(x) must be characterised. This first paper of a series carries out surface analysis upon prolonged electrolysis at Pd cathodes in D2O electrolytes. For particle-induced x-ray emission, Pd foil ($7.5 \times 7.5 \times 0.5$ mm) was used, while for scanning electron microscopy, rods of various sizes up to 1.5 cm diameter were prepared. The D2O was analysed for traces of Zn and Cu, and 1 ppm Zn, 0.03 ppm Cu were found; none in H2O. These traces will deposit on the cathode. Common surface impurities after electrolysis were Pt, Ni, Zn, Cu Cr, Fe and Ag, on one occasion Pb; none of these was present before electrolysis. The use of Ni anodes did lead to some Ni deposition, but not as much as perhaps expected (of similar order as, e.g. Cr); much Ni must be codeposited in the black precipitate formed at the Ni anode. The Ag probably came from the naked Ag/Ag+ reference electrode used. Proton-induced gamma emission analysis was also used to look for Li, but very little was found on the cathodes. Electron microscopy revealed differences between differently pretreated Pd samples, but nothing surprising (to this abstracter); post-electrolysis scans showed cracks due to void formation, ans some black and white deposits. No dendritic growth was observed. An important observation is that if Pd is vacuum annealed and cooled off in vacuum, it will not absorb much deuterium. It can be made to do so by preliminary potential cycling, which seems to work through oxide film formation and reduction, and the formation of some Pd black.} } @article{Dill1993b, author = {C.~T. Dillon and B.~J. Kennedy and M.~M. Elcombe}, title = {The electrochemically formed palladium-deuterium system. II. In situ neutron diffraction studies}, journal = {Australian J. Chem.}, volume = {46}, year = {1993}, pages = {681--692}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, crystal structure}, submitted = {05/1992}, published = {05/1993}, annote = {In this follow-up of Part I, the team examined the crystal structure of deuterated palladium by neutron diffraction, which shows up hydrogen isotope atoms. The aim was to find out how high a loading was possible, and just where the deuterons are in the lattice. Is there supersaturation during electrolysis and are tetrahedral sites occupied? Loading was under potentiostatic control, at -2.5 V vs Ag/AgCl, but the counter electrode was placed so as to favour asymmetric loading. The change in time of the diffraction pattern confirms the formation of the beta phase, and after 36 h electrolysis, no Pd remained as such. The loading was calculated from the diffraction pattern to be 0.59. Attempts to increase this, by long electrolyses at very high overpotentials failed. Despite this, there was vigorous outgassing when the current was stopped; the authors speculate that a super-loaded near-surface layer may exist.} } @article{Divi1989, author = {J. Divisek and L. F{\"u}rst and J. Balej}, title = {Energy balance of D2O electrolysis with a palladium cathode. Part II. Experimental results}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {278}, year = {1989}, pages = {99--117}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, calorimetry, res-}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {01/1990}, annote = {A careful reenactment of FPH's experiments, with divided and undivided cells, and better calorimetry, making use of the relations developed in Part I (Balej and Divisek). Whether using H2O or D2O, the heat measured is within 0.5\% the same as predicted from thermodynamics. Inititally in the undivided cell, some of the evolved deuterium gas recombined with evolved oxygen at the Pd electrode; as this becomes loaded with D, however, this recombination reaction decreased, eventually to zero upon reaching a loading of PdD(x), x = 0.7-0.8. After long electrolysis (270 h), however, appreciable Pt deposits were found on the Pd electrode (from corrosion of the Pt anode, also found by Williams et al), which again catalysed recombination in an undivided cell. An interesting aspect of this work is the method of obtaining D-loading of the Pd. The evolved deuterium gas was monitored and compared with the expected amount from the known current. The deficit was thus that part that went into PdD, and corresponded to a pure beta-phase with x = 0.70 and 0.77 in two separate experiments (divided cells, thus no recombination). They also performed surface x-ray analysis on the Pd, before and after 270 h of electrolysis, and found quite significant amounts of platinum, copper, lead and oxygen accumulated, while carbon decreased. This was confirmed by another analysis technique.} } @article{Dmit1991, author = {V.~N. Dmitrenko and I.~P. Dryapachenko and M.~V. Sokolov}, title = {On the possibility of the study of electron screening in three-particle nuclear reactions}, note = {In Russian}, journal = {Ukr. Fiz. Zh. (Russ. Ed.)}, volume = {36}, year = {1991}, pages = {993--999}, keywords = {Theory, screening, res+}, submitted = {02/1991}, annote = {Screening by electrons is looked at in this paper. In palladium deuteride, the electrons behave in a different way to that in either Pd or D2 itself and fusion is enhanced far beyond the rate in, say, D2. Reactions with three particles in the final state are interesting from the point of view of scattering at low energies. The model of Migdal and Watson is invoked, being a stepped reaction sequence, a + A --> 1 + (2+3)* --> 1 + 2 + 3. An example is the new reaction pair d + D --> p + T + gamma and --> n + (3)He + gamma, both three-particle final states.} } @ARTICLE{Dmit2012, author = {O. Dmitriyeva and R. Cantwell and M. {McConnel} and G. Moddel}, title = {Origin of excess heat generated during loading Pd-impregnated alumina powder with deuterium and hydrogen}, journal = {Thermochim. Acta}, volume = {543}, year = {2012}, pages = {260--266}, submitted = {04/2012}, published = {06/2012}, annote = {We studied heat production in Pd-impregnated alumina powder in the presence of hydrogen and deuterium gases, investigating claims of anomalous heat generated as a result of nuclear fusion, usually referred to as a low energy nuclear reaction (LENR). By selecting the water isotope used to fabricate the material and then varying the gas used for loading, we were able to influence the amount of heat released or consumed. We suggest that Pd in its nanoparticle form catalyzes hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange reactions in the material. This hypothesis is supported by heat measurements, residual gas analysis (RGA) data, and calculations of energy available from H/D exchange reactions. Based on the results we conclude that the origin of the anomalous heat generated during deuterium loading of Pd-enriched alumina powder is chemical rather than nuclear. [Direct copy of Abstract] } } @article{Dong1991, author = {S.~Y. Dong and K.~L. Wang and Y.~Y. Feng and L. Chang and C.~M. Luo and R.~Y. Hu and P.~L. Zhou and D.~W. Mo and Y.~F. Zhu and C.~L. Song and Y.~T. Chen and M.~Y. Yao and C. Ren and Q.~K. Chen and X.~Z. Li}, title = {Precursors to 'cold fusion' phenomenon and the detection of energetic charged particles in deuterium/solid systems}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {330--333}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, Ti, gas phase, emr, UV, x-rays, cps, res+}, submitted = {12/1990}, published = {11/1991}, annote = {To verify cold fusion, fusion products have been searched for, mostly in vain. This Chinese team suggests that there may be precursors to these products, that should be found and correlated with the products. Such findings might also aid in understanding the phenomenon. They assume that only electron screening, helping to overcome the Coulomb barrier, can be an explanation, and this requires the emission of the precursor, electromagnetic radiation in the range 10-3000 eV, i.e. ultraviolet to soft X-rays. Another emission should be energetic charged particles. Both these were searched for here. Pd and Ti foil was gas-loaded with D2 and thermoluminescent detectors (TLD) used for the em radiation measurement, and the plastic track detector (CR-39) for the charged particles (protons and alphas). Both D2 cells and H2 controls showed em radiation at about the same level, but only the D2 cells emitted cp's. Thus something appears to be happening, probably very near the metal surface, since cp's do not get very far.} } @article{Dong1992, author = {Q. Dong and W. Qiu and F. Gan and N. Cai}, title = {Studies on behavior of deuterium and hydrogen in palladium}, journal = {Chem. J. Chin. Univ.}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, year = {1992}, pages = {847--849}, keywords = {Experimental, positron annihilation, res0}, annote = {"The absorption, reserve, diffusion of deuterium and hydrogen in palladium, and the positron lifetime of palladium during electrolysis are investigated by hydrogen permeation method and positron annihilation spectroscopy. The results show that the electrochemical behavior of deuterium is almost the same as that of hydrogen, but the amount of deuterium reserved in palladium is slightly less than that of hydrogen and the diffusion coefficient of deuterium is slightly greater than that of hydrogen. The positron lifetime in palladium after electrolysis is increased by 10.5\%. The behavior similarity of deuterium and hydrogen and the possibility of 'cold nuclear fusion' are discussed". The same authors have published an English-language paper in the same year (see: Qiu WC, Dong QH, Gan FX, Wang SJ; Mat. Sci. Forum 105-110 (1992) 1961.), in which they state that they not able to draw conclusions about cold fusion from the results.} } @ARTICLE{Dong2015, author = {Z. M. Dong and C. L. Liang and X. Z. Li}, title = {{Condensed matter nuclear science research status in China}}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {108}, year = {2015}, pages = {594}, published = {02/2015}, annote = {"A brief introduction of 25 year research on 'cold fusion' in China is presented with address on its five features and the international recognitions."} } @article{Donn1990, author = {A. J. H. Donne and A. A. M. Oomens}, title = {Zon op Aarde}, note = {In Dutch}, journal = {Natuur en Technik}, volume = {58}, number = {2}, year = {1990}, pages = {118--129}, keywords = {Commmentary, no FPH/Jones ref.}, annote = {Dutch report of the cold fusion news. The authors mention the events and comment that water and lithium are abundant so this could be a good energy source, on top of which the only waste product is helium. All this is written in the abstract, but most of the article then is about conventional hot fusion, with just a small box about Fleischmann and Pons type cold fusion, without a reference.} } @article{Dono1991, author = {D.~L. Donohue and M. Petek}, title = {Isotopic measurements of palladium metal containing protium and deuterium by glow discharge mass spectrometry}, journal = {Anal. Chem.}, volume = {63}, year = {1991}, pages = {740--744}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, isotope changes, res-}, submitted = {10/1990}, published = {04/1991}, annote = {The question addressed here is whether there are changes in the isotope distribution of Pd upon electrolysis of D2O at such Pd, acting as a cathode. The Pd was arc melted under argon, and annealed at 900 degC in vacuum. Three kinds of electrolysis were carried out: in 0.1 LiOH in H2O, in LiOD in D2O, and LiOD in D2O followed by LiOH in H2O with the same cathode. Mass spectrometry was the main analytical tool. It was found that pure Pd gave a characteristic isotope pattern, deviating somewhat from the expected. After electrolysis, the spectra included various protonised and deuteronised Pd species such as PdH+, PdH2+, etc. Heating, to drive out the hydrogen isotopes, then restored the original Pd isotope distribution in all cases. That is, electrolysis did not change the Pd isotope distribution. It will be of interest to cold fusion workers that even in 99.9\% pure D2O, something like 25\% of the hydrogen in the Pd after electrolysis was (1)H; thus, the supposedly tiny fraction of H in the D2O seems to be very preferentially taken up. At the low end of the mass spectra, species with masses 3-6 were found; these were assigned to respectively H3+, (DH2+ and D2+), D2H+ and D3+. Tritium or helium species either were not present or were not able to be discriminated from H- and D-species; the authors do not say. } } @article{Drag1991, author = {G. Dragan}, title = {Topoenergetic evidence of cold fusion phenomena}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {361--364}, keywords = {Suggestion, res+}, submitted = {10/1990}, published = {11/1991}, annote = {Dragan has previously applied the title technique in the field of polymer thermodynamics, to clear up a puzzle, and applies it here to the calorimetry of a metal deuteride. The overall energy circuit is modelled by capacitive, inductive, dissipative components, potential and flow sources etc. Such an analysis, applied to the excess heat claims of the FPH and FPALH papers, points to structural disclination states in the deuteride and shear stresses on the deuterium diffusing in the intercrystalline spaces. This might make cold fusion possible, if the stresses are sufficiently large. The author also mentions biological transmutations arising from the same effect, citing a 1972 study. The paper ends with some suggestions for better experiments, e.g. attention to the cathode processing conditions and the crystal structure, a high-resolution calorimeter, the use of different electrolytes.} } @article{Drag1997, author = {A. Dragic and Z. Maric}, title = {Comment on 'On the Barut-Vigier model of the hydrogen atom' by Samsonenko et al.}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {229}, year = {1997}, pages = {130--132}, keywords = {Polemic, no FPH/Jones ref}, submitted = {11/1996}, published = {05/1997}, annote = {The authors attempt to show that the figure of 128 keV allegedly arrived at by Samsonenko et al, for the ground state for the hydrogen atom, should instead be 13.6 eV. They do this by modifying the Ozcelik-Simsek method, used by Samsonenko et al, taking into account an aspect of angular momentum.} } @article{Drag2000, author = {A. Dragic and Z. Maric and J.~P. Vigier}, title = {New quantum mechanical tight bound states and 'cold fusion'}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {265}, year = {2000}, pages = {163--167}, keywords = {Theory, no FPH/Jones refs, res+}, submitted = {10/1999}, published = {01/2000}, annote = {This paper considers interaction terms with $1/r^3$ and $1/r^4$ behaviour, which they believe may be comparable with Coulombic interactions at short distances (small r). The observed excess heat of cold fusion may be related to these interactions; and there are other implications.} } @article{Dudu1989, author = {D. Dudu and M. Molea and I. Pascalau and I. Piticu and I. Vata}, title = {Nuclear effects in the electrolysis of heavy water}, journal = {Rev. Roum. Phys.}, volume = {34}, year = {1989}, pages = {229--232}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, Ti, neutrons, res-}, annote = {Measured neutron flux on Pd and Ti cathodes in LiCl acidified to pH 1.5 by HCl, at currents of 0.1--1.5 A. The cathodes were a cyclinder of Ti, 10*20 mm, or a 16 g ellipsoid (lump?) of Pd. Cell temperatures were 20-90 degC. An NE-213 liquid scintillator neutron detector was used with pulse shape discrimination, and shielded with paraffin and Pb. Alternate background and cell measurements were taken for 3000-5000 s at a time (background by replacing the cell with a dummy). From the detection of $95 \pm 35$ (Ti) and $167 \pm 46$ neutrons over resp. 660 and 1125 h, the maximum cold fusion rates of around $10^{-23}$ fus/pair/s were calculated.} } @article{Dufo1993, author = {J. Dufour}, title = {Cold fusion by sparking in hydrogen isotopes}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {24}, year = {1993}, pages = {205--228}, keywords = {Experimental, spark discharge, calorimetry, Pd, res+}, submitted = {11/1992}, published = {09/1993}, annote = {This (24-page) paper follows a patent by the author, and reports results from a "campaign" of many runs. In all experiments, Pd and stainless steel cylinders were placed in various gases and subjected to a spark discharge. The whole system was placed in a calorimeter bath and the power from the cell measured and compared with the input power. The controls, using nitrogen and argon as well as heater calibrations, all lie close to zero excess heat (for the gas controls: 0.63 W average), while both the deuterium (5 points) and hydrogen (2 points) runs, with Pd and stainless steel, showed excess heat up to 2.4 W or 20\%. Some active and passive radiation devices were also employed, but nothing definite was detected, nor was tritium found. A better detector of ionising radiation was later used, and the level as a function of time during some runs was clearly different for D2 and H2. Since there was excess heat for both hydrogen and deuterium, a theory is needed to explain both. This is provided, in the form of 3-body reactions, of hydrogen isotope particles with virtual neutrons or dineutrons, with most of the energy being carried off by neutrinos. } } @article{Dufo1997, author = {J. Dufour and J. Foos and J.~P. Millot and X. Dufour}, title = {Interaction of palladium/hydrogen and palladium/deuterium to measure the excess energy per atom for each isotope}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {31}, year = {1997}, pages = {198--209}, keywords = {Experimental, spark discharge, Pd, deuterium, excess heat, res+}, submitted = {10/1995}, published = {03/1997}, annote = {Another in the series of experiments with high voltage spark discharges at deuterium (and hydrogen-) loaded Pd wire and foil in a calorimeter. Voltages presumably in the kV range (not stated) were used, and wattages up to 100-200 Watt were input. Excess heat was detected, and some hydrogen disappeared at the same time, but no nuclear ash was found. The "hydrex" or "deutrex" theory of Vigier (seeming a bit like Mills' hydrino/deuterino) is invoked to explain the results. } } @article{Dufo1998, author = {J. Dufour}, title = {Response to 'Comments on 'Interaction of palladium/hydrogen and palladium/deuterium to measure the excess energy per atom for each isotope''}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {33}, year = {1998}, pages = {385.}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {04/1998}, published = {05/1998}, annote = {Response to the polemic by Mills, same issue, page 384, in which Mills charges Dufour with using his hydrino concept (just changing the name to "hydrex"), without attribution to Mills. Dufour replies that the hydrex has nothing in common with Mills' hydrinos, but describe a tightly bound virtual neutron formed when the proton (or deuteron) and electron equilibrate to a position where the attraction and repulsion between them balance. Dufour suggests that Mills attend a few cold fusion conferences.} } @article{Dufo2001, author = {J. Dufour and D. Murat and X. Dufour and J. Foos}, title = {Experimental observation of nuclear reactions in palladium and uranium - possible explanation by hydrex mode}, journal = {Fusion Sci. Technol.}, volume = {40}, year = {2001}, pages = {91--106}, keywords = {Experimental, U, Pd hydrides, calorimetry, hydrex, transmutation, res+, no FPH/Jones refs.}, submitted = {12/2000}, published = {07/2001}, annote = {This team has previously done spark discharge work, but this time, large currents are passed through uranium lathe turnings and Pd wires, in direct but pulsed mode. At the same time, a magnetic field is applied, up to 1T. Heat output is measured. Calibration is done by assuming that a dc current without pulsing produces no excess heat. In pulsed mode, some harmonics are observed, but power input is thought to be measured accurately anyway. There was excess heat of a few \% about input powers of up to 150 W. New species (elements) were found after the runs in the Pd, notably Zn, Cu, Ni, Fe, Mn and Cr. The results are compared with those of others, that appear mutually inconsistent, and a consistent explanation offered, in terms of fission reactions helped along by the hydrex species, similar, but not identical with, Mills' hydrinos. The scheme is given the name of nuclear catalysis with neutron sink.} } @article{Dunl1990, author = {B.~I. Dunlap and D.~W. Brenner and R.~C. Mowrey and J.~W. Mintmire and C.~T. White}, title = {Linear combination of Gaussian-type orbitals - local-density-functional cluster studies of D-D interactions in titanium and palladium}, journal = {Phys. Rev. B}, volume = {41}, year = {1990}, pages = {9683.}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {05/1990}, annote = {Theoretical look at the possibility that two or more deuterons might occupy the same site in the metal deuteride lattice, and thus be squeezed enough to fuse. A combination of the title models is used. The result is that if two d's were to try this, one would be strongly repelled, i.e ejected from the site. Therefore, d-d distances in these deuterides is that of nearest sites from each other, or > 5 bohr, which is much more than in D2 gas. Bad news for cold fusion.} } @article{Duro1989, author = {J.~J.~G. Durocher and D.~M. Gallop and C.~B. Kwok and M.~S. Mathur and J.~K. Mayer and J.~S.~C. McKee and A. Mirzai and G.~R. Smith and Y.~H. Yeo}, title = {A search for evidence of cold fusion in the direct implantation of palladium and indium with deuterium}, journal = {Can. J. Phys.}, volume = {67}, year = {1989}, pages = {624--631}, keywords = {Experimental, ion beam, In, res-}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {In order to emulate the Utah experiments, but without D2O, they used a 30/60 keV beam of D2+ (cf. Beuhler et al) to implant D into indium. The initial surprise upon observing neutrons faded when they calculated that this could be fully accounted for by the beam energy - it was warm fusion, as the implanted D itself is the target.} } @article{Duru1990, author = {J. Durup}, title = {Comment on: "Deuterium nuclear fusion at room temperature: a pertinent inequality on barrier penetration"}, journal = {J. Chem. Phys.}, volume = {93}, year = {1990}, pages = {6120.}, keywords = {Comment, res-}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {10/1990}, annote = {Comment on named paper by G Rosen (1989), who found theoretical grounds for support of cold fusion claims. Like Morgan III (1990) and Mas et al (1990), Durup points out that there are serious flaws in Rosen's treatment of the potential well (d-d interaction), and the calculations are therefore out by tens of orders of magnitude.} } @article{Eagl1990, author = {R.~D. Eagleton and R.~T. Bush}, title = {Design considerations for palladium electrodes as suggested by a deuteron cluster model for cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {359--362}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {According to the authors' model, the essential element in cold fusion is the formation of deuteron clusters in the PdDx lattice. The paper discusses the processes and events in the production of suitable Pd electrodes. Electrode preparation, chemisorption and absorption of deuterium into the Pd, saturation, cluster growth and subsequent fusion of closely crowded deuterons are discussed. Fusion is expected to lead to (4)He, which will give some of their energy to other deuterons, causing local melt-downs and plasma, which would screen x-rays. Tritium can also be produced, if deuterons at a cluster periphery fuse. Design consequences of all this are that any Pd not immersed must be sealed by cladding or a surface poison; cluster formation should be optimum near the electrode cladding.} } @article{Eagl1991, author = {R.~D. Eagleton and R.~T. Bush}, title = {Calorimetric experiments supporting the transmission resonance model for cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {239--245}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {01/1991}, published = {09/1991}, annote = {In a previous paper, the authors' TRM was outlined and predicts a rather characteristic dependence of excess heat with current density and temperature. This paper reports an attempt to verify this, both for varying cd at constant T, and constant cd with varying T. A closed cell with total recombination was used, with a magnetic stirrer. The cell was of Teflon to avoid contamination from corrosion. There was a light water blank. Of the five non-blank cells, two produced excess heat. The fact that some cells do not behave is also explained by the TRM, which predicts chaos. The calorimeter was of the cooling coil type. The results can be roughly fitted to the predicted TRM theory, but the authors admit that the fit is not highly significant. The fit to the temperature dependence is somewhat better. More work is planned, using an improved set-up.} } @article{Eber1989, author = {V. Eberhard and W. Heeringa and H.~O. Klages and R. Maschuw and G. V{\"o}lker and B. Zeitnitz}, title = {Neutron limits from gas-loaded titanium-deuterium systems}, journal = {Z. Phys. A: At. Nucl.}, volume = {334}, year = {1989}, pages = {357--358}, keywords = {Experimental, gas phase, Ti, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {08/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {Ti sponge and shavings were brought in to contact with D gas at various pressures up to about 70 bar and temps. and neutrons measured (4 separate liquid scintillation counters). Nothing found.} } @article{Ebert1989, author = {K. Ebert}, title = {Elektrochemisch induzierte Fusion von Deuterium}, note = {In German}, journal = {Nachr. Chem. Tech. Lab.}, volume = {37}, year = {1989}, pages = {470.}, published = {05/1989}, keywords = {Comment}, annote = {An early report of cold fusion, based on the seminal publication of Fleischmann and Pons (1989). The author states that it became obvious that this was not an April fool joke, but was meant seriously. He then discusses the problems with the claims. He concludes that skepticism is warranted, but that there is no doubt about the authors' integrity, and reminds the readers of the time, 50 years ago, when Hahn and Stra{\ss}mann discovered nuclear fission, which was not immediately understood by others.} } @article{Ehrl1989, author = {A.~C. Ehrlich and D.~J. Gillespie and G.~N. Kamm}, title = {A search for neutrons in single-phase palladium-deuterium}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {529--531}, keywords = {Experimental, gas phase, electrolysis, Pd, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {08/1989}, published = {12/1989}, annote = {A Pd rod is charged to relatively high D levels without passing through the 2-phase region of this system. This is done by a combination of high-temp- high-pressure initial charging, followed by electrolytic charging, to a final loading of 0.88. Low temperature thermal cycling, and room temperature slow discharge of D yielded no neutrons. Data collected during rapid discharge of D are statistically unconvincing but weakly suggestive of some possible neutron production.} } @article{Elbe1989, author = {B. Elbek}, title = {Kold fusion?}, note = {In Danish}, journal = {Gamma (Copenhagen)}, volume = {76}, year = {1989}, pages = {19--21}, keywords = {Comment, experimental, neutrons, res-}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {An early report of FPH's results, and a report of their own results of neutron measurements under several different conditions (electrolysis, heating and pressure), which gave nothing beyond cosmic background. The conclusion is sceptical but leaves the question open.} } @article{Elli1996, author = {C.~H. Ellison and J.~A. Mahaffey}, title = {An investigation of reports of fusion reactions occurring at the cathode in glow discharges}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {29}, year = {1996}, pages = {178--187}, keywords = {Experimental, glow discharge, neutrons, polemic, res-}, submitted = {05/1994}, published = {01/1996}, annote = {There has been some Russian work in which neutron emission is claimed for glow discharge at Pd in a D2 atmosphere (the Kucherov group). At the low voltages used, fusion would be anomalous. The present team tries to confirm these results by experiment. Only neutrons were looked for. The apparatus was similar to the Russian but adding temperature control. Some problems with the Russian work are mentioned. Thus, the currents claimed (500 mA or 40-50 mA/cm$^2$) cannot be attained at the claimed pressure of 500 Pa, and a spark does not always travel by the shortest route. In the present work, 25 mA was used to load the Pd by deuteron ion implantation. The neutron detector used was a BF3 counter in a paraffin moderator. This would produce 1527 counts/min if the Kucherov group's results were confirmed. This was not observed. There is some discussion of possible explanations of some of the Russian results. The supposed degradation of the Pd is likely to have been temperature rise and unloading. Some theories are discussed critically, such as resonance, and dineutrons. Experimental results do not support these.} } @article{Engv1998, author = {K.~C. Engvild}, title = {Nuclear reaction by three-body recombination beteween deuterons and the nuclei of lattice-trapped D2 molecules}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {34}, year = {1998}, pages = {253--255}, keywords = {Theory, hypothesis, res0, no FPH/Jones ref.}, submitted = {05/1997}, published = {11/1998}, annote = {This is a hypothesis to explain the results of Karabut, with glow discharge at special Pd electrodes. The effect built up, went through a maximum and decreased again. Engvild suggests several key components: active areas on the electrode that are not the pure metal but some compound with it; the presence of deuterium molecules of limited mobility in the lattice; deuterons arriving due to the glow discharge, striking the trapped D2; a three-body reaction of the three deuterium nuclei, causing two of them to fuse and leading to 4He and the propulsion of a deuteron. The hypothesis is speculative, but allows some predictions, such as some of Karabut's observations, the formation of 4He rather than tritium or 3He, or neutrons. Some radioactive and stable isotopes should also be formed by flying deuterons and alphas hitting other elements.} } @article{Enyo1991, author = {M. Enyo}, title = {Is the cold fusion reaction possible?}, journal = {Kagaku to Kogyo, Tokyo}, volume = {44}, year = {1991}, pages = {47}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {"A review, with 18 refs., on feasible cold fusion reactions, detection and measurement of neutrons, tritium and excess heat, theor. treatment of electrochem. models and their fundamental understanding". (Direct quote from CA 115:121407 (199)).} } @article{Enyo1992, author = {M. Enyo and P.~C. Biswas}, title = {Hydrogen absorption in palladium electrodes in alkaline solutions}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {335}, year = {1992}, pages = {309--319}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd foil, Li deposition, fugacity, res0}, submitted = {05/1992}, published = {09/1992}, annote = {The entry of hydrogen into palladium has mainly been observed in acid solution; the cold fusion controversy makes alkaline solutions interesting as well. Small foil samples of Pd of 5 mu thickness were subjected to galvostatic transients and the overpotentials monitored against time. From this, it was concluded that normal Butler-Volmer behaviour is observed at these electrodes in alkaline media. There was evidence of underpotential deposition of Li, explaining the disintegration of bulk Pd; this implies that similar deposition of Na and K is not ruled out. Maximum hydrogen pressure as a result of overpotential was less than that calculated from the Nernst equation, at up to about 10000 atm.} } @article{Enyo1993a, author = {M. Enyo and P.~C. Biswas}, title = {Hydrogen pressure equivalent to overpotential on Pd + Ag alloy electrodes in acidic solutions in the presence of thiourea}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {357}, year = {1993}, pages = {67--76}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd/Ag, loading, fugacity, res0}, submitted = {09/1992}, published = {10/1993}, annote = {In order to get an estimate of the internal hydrogen(deuterium) pressure in palladium hydride under electrolysis, it is sufficient to measure the chemical potential of the adsorbed monatomic hydrogen on the Pd surface. The electrolytic overpotential yields an overestimate of the pressure (through the Nernst equation). This species, H(ads) can react in two directions, forming either H2 gas, or entering the Pd bulk to form hydride; the relative rates of the two reactions can be controlled by a surface blocker such as thiourea, which suppresses the H2 branch. Enyo and Biswas use current interruption to measure the true chemical potential of H(ads) for a range of Pd/Ag alloy electrodes (it is believed that F\&P are using such alloys in France). Chemical potentials as large as -200 mV were measured, from which the workers infer an internal hydrogen pressure as high as $10^6$ atm. This exceeds their previous results (JEC 335 (1992) 309) by a factor of 100, although still far below the figure of $10^{26}$ atm estimated (simple Nernst argument) by FPH-89. The new figure might, however, be in the range for the formation of metallic hydrogen, thought to be some $10^6$ atm. The figure also allows an estimate of the loading ratio H/Pd, which came to about 1.0.} } @article{Enyo1993b, author = {M. Enyo}, title = {Key points in the evaluation of experimental results (the excess heat)}, note = {In Japanese}, journal = {Oyo Buturi}, volume = {62}, year = {1993}, pages = {716.}, keywords = {Discussion, no references.} } @ARTICLE{Eric2009, author = {G. Ericsson and S. Pomp and H. Sj{\"o}strand and E. Traneus}, title = {{Comment on 'Piezonuclear decay of thorium' [Phys. Lett. A 373 (2009) 1956]}}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {373}, year = {2009}, pages = {3795--3796}, annote = {* Comment on the paper in an earlier issue (Card2009a) claiming the observation of a nuclear reaction of thorium exposed to strong sonication, in which its concentration halved, and the alpha emission also halved, thus indicating an unknown nuclear reaction. The Swedish team point to a number of weaknesses in that paper, among them poor statistics: a t-test shows a probability of 0.26 that in fact nothing happened, and that the change in thorium concentration had sufficiently large errors that a ratio of 1 rather than 2 is equally possible.} } @ARTICLE{Eric2010, author = {G. Ericsson and S. Pomp and H. Sj{\"o}strand and E. Traneus}, title = {Piezonuclear reactions - do they really exist?}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {374}, year = {2010}, pages = {750--753}, annote = {* A last word on the earlier paper of Cardone et al (Card2009a) and their rebuttal (Card2009b) of the authors' critical Comment (Eric2009). Cardone et al did not, in their comment, address most of the points raised, and it is still very doubtful that a nuclear process occurs at all during sonication of the thorium solutions.} } @article{Ewin1989, author = {R.~I. Ewing and M.~A. Butler and J.~E. Schirber and D.~S. Ginley}, title = {Negative results and positive artifacts observed in a comprehensive search for neutrons from 'cold fusion'}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {404--407}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, gas phase, Pd, Ti, res-}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {A search for neutrons using both electrochemical and gas pressure loading was conducted in an underground lab using 3 highly sensitive neutron detectors. Any n emission would be detected simultaneously in all 3 in a known proportion. Individual detectors occasionally emitted groups of counts mimicking both continuous and burst emission. These were identified as artifacts. The use of simultaneous detection on several detectors is thus essential for exclusion of such artifacts.} } @article{Ewin1990a, author = {R.~I. Ewing and M.~A. Butler and D.~S. Ginley and J.~E. Schirber}, title = {A sensitive multi-detector neutron counter used to monitor 'cold fusion' experiments in an underground laboratory: negative results and positive artifacts}, journal = {IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.}, volume = {37}, year = {1990}, pages = {1165--1170}, keywords = {Experimental, neutron detector design}, published = {06/1990}, annote = {The team has reported their results in two other papers, and here describes the neutron detector used. It consisted of three independent detectors, each one comprising 11 gas proportional counters; thermal neutrons were detected via the (3)He (n,p) reaction. The laboratory was situated underground in a low-background environment, down by a factor of 700 below that at the surface. A total of 339 counting hours produced the same number of counts as a control. There was a single coincidence peak (counts on all three), but this was statistically not significant. There were a number of false signals from single detectors, not shared by the others. These artifacts, which have a number of causes, might confuse a cold fusion experimenter using a single detector. From the measured neutron flux, an upper limit of 66 neutrons per hour can be inferred.} } @article{Ewin1990b, author = {R.~I. Ewing}, title = {High-sensitivity neutron detectors used at Sandia National Laboratories to monitor and diagnose 'cold fusion' experiments: negative results}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {473.}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, gas phase, Pd, Ti, neutrons, res-}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {A multidisciplinary group has tried out every type of cold fusion experiment known to them, for which positive results have been claimed, in an underground site with low background neutron count (10 c/h) and using high efficiency (9-10\%) detectors. This counter can detect < 100 c/h and bursts of < 35 counts. Nothing was detected. The counter has 22 (3)He proportional counter tubes embedded in polythene, connected so as to form three independent neutron detectors. One detector at a time did show random signal artifacts, but coincidence on all three eliminated these. Spurious counts can arise from acoustic disturbances, electrical discharges across insulators, electronic noise and cosmic showers.} } @ARTICLE{Facc2014, author = {R. Faccini and A. Pilloni and A. D. Polosa and M. Angelone and E. Castagna and S. Lecci and A. Pietropaolo and M. Pillon and M. Sansovini and F. Sarto and V. Violante and R. Bedogni and A. Esposito}, title = {{Search for neutron flux generation in a plasma discharge electrolytic cell}}, journal = {Eur. Phys. J. C}, volume = {74:2894}, year = {2014}, pages = {1--5}, submitted = {03/2014}, published = {05/2014}, annote = {"Abstract Following some recent unexpected hints of neutron production in high-voltage atmospheric discharges, we present a measurement of the neutron flux in plasma dis- charges in electrolytic cells. We use two different types of neutron detectors, polyallyl diglycol carbonate (PADC, aka CR-39) tracers and indium disks. At 95 \% C.L. we provide an upper limit of 1.5 neutrons cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ for the thermal neutron flux at $\approx$5 cm from the center of the cell. Allowing for a higher energy neutron component, the largest allowed flux is 64 neutrons cm$^{−2}$ s$^{−1}$ . T upper limit is two orders of magnitude smaller than the signal previously claimed in an electrolytic cell plasma discharge experiment. Furthermore the behavior of the CR-39 is discussed to point out possible sources of spurious signals."} } @article{Fall1989, author = {S.~H. Faller and R.~W. Holloway and S.~C. Lee}, title = {Investigation of cold fusion in heavy water}, journal = {J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.}, volume = {137}, year = {1989}, pages = {9--16}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, tritium, gamma, res-}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {08/1989}, annote = {Did an electrolysis experiment using a Pd cathode and an Fe anode, in a 50-cm long cell at 4 degC, and checked for gamma radiation and tritium in the electrolyte. The electrolyte was D2O with added NaOH; later, a small amount (50 mg) of LiC(2) was added to produce LiOD. Although FPH claim a tritium/deuterium separation factor of 1, it is known to be > 1. In this experiment, electrolyte aliquots removed showed rising tritium levels with electrolysis time, which could lead one to suspect a cold fusion reaction; however, what with D2O losses, the total tritium level in the electrolyte went down. A reasonable separation factor of 1.5 can account for the tritium levels. No gamma emission that cannot be accounted for by natural background was found. The authors conclude with the comment that FPH's gamma results are doubtful until more details of the background and the detector configuration are given.} } @article{Fang1991, author = {P.~H. Fang}, title = {Deuterium fusion through nonequilibrium induction}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {369--370}, keywords = {Suggestion}, submitted = {06/1990}, published = {03/1991}, annote = {Fang notes that a number of authors have appeared to induce cold fusion by a nonequilibrium condition - current pulses, warming up, mechanical fracture and so on. Fang suggests another efficient method of forcing nonequilibrium, using ultrasonics applied to, e.g., Pd powder in heavy water etc. The ultrasound would increase the frequency of collision between metal and deuterium atoms. Many configurations are possible, and can be augmented by electric fields.} } @article{Farl1991, author = {F.~J.~M. Farley}, title = {Cold fusion}, journal = {New Scientist}, volume = {129}, number = {1756}, year = {1991}, pages = {3}, keywords = {Suggestion}, published = {02/1991}, annote = {Farley has an explanation for the fact (?) that the larger the Pd electrode in FPH's experiment, the bigger the excess heat. He assumes that the Pt anode was the same cylinder all the time, and that therefore the gap between the two electrodes is smaller, the larger the Pd cathode. He further says we all know that nascent hydrogen and nascent oxygen are generated by electrolysis, and that these generate heat when they combine with other. This effect is the greater, the smaller the gap. The heat, in other words, comes from recombination of evolved (nascent) gases.} } @article{Fate1995, author = {E.~G. Fateev}, title = {Possibilities for establishing the mechanism of neutron generation in deuterated materials under mechanical loading}, journal = {Tech. Phys. Lett.}, volume = {21}, number = {5}, year = {1995}, pages = {373--374}, keywords = {Theory, fractofusion, res+}, submitted = {02/1995}, published = {05/1995}, annote = {Since 1986, when Kluev et al discovered fractofusion, the mechanism has not been explained satisfactorily. Fateev offers his "rheological explosion" model, resulting from shock waves in a crystal that has been mechanically stressed. Some mathematics is presented, developing the Gamow formula and using estimated pressures, and the author concludes that this could accelerate deuterons sufficiently to explain the neutrons detected experimentally. He proposes an experiment, using electrical low-voltage pulses as well as mechanical stress, to test the model.} } @article{Fedo1990, author = {G.~F. Fedorovich}, title = {Coulomb interaction in a radiation defect of a hydride crystal}, journal = {Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett.}, note = {Orig. in: Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 16 (1990) 63)}, volume = {16}, number = {12}, year = {1990}, pages = {911--912}, keywords = {Theory, fractofusion, lithium deuteride, res+}, submitted = {01/1990}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Fedorovich, who later developed his E-cell theory, here looks at the effect of high pressure on a lithium hydride crystal, and tunnelling. He concludes that there might be a significant fission reaction lithium hit by thermal neutrons at pressures of tens of Mbar.} } @article{Fedo1991a, author = {G.~V. Fedorovich}, title = {The Coulomb interaction in the E-cell}, journal = {Physica B}, volume = {172}, year = {1991}, pages = {491--498}, keywords = {Theory, suggestion, res+, no FPH/Jones refs}, submitted = {09/1990}, published = {07/1991}, annote = {The author suggests that neutron capture by light atoms such as (3)He, (6)Li, (7)Be or (10)B lead to E-cells, i.e. small regions in the lattice in which there is, briefly, a very high concentration of free electrons. This could happen in, e.g., LiH. If a pair of hydrogen atoms should find themselves in the centre of such an E-cell, there is a larger than normal probability of their fusing. No cold fusion references.} } @article{Fedo1991b, author = {G.~V. Fedorovich}, title = {Coulomb interaction in an E-cell}, journal = {Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys.}, note = {Orig. in: Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 61 (1991) 1}, volume = {36}, year = {1991}, pages = {847--850}, keywords = {Theory, fractofusion, res+}, submitted = {02/1990}, published = {08/1991}, annote = {If the width of the tunnelling barrier were reduced, the fusion tunnelling rate would increase. This takes place in an E-cell, a radiation defect created by a thermal neutron in a crystal cell of hydrides of certain light elements such as Li or B. So in, e.g., LiD, there might be appreciable d-d fusion, as suggested by the Soviet fractofusion results.} } @article{Fedo1992, author = {G.~V. Fedorovich}, title = {Quantum-mechanical screening}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {164}, year = {1992}, pages = {149--154}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {06/1991}, published = {04/1992}, annote = {Apparently motivated by cold fusion, F here tackles atom-atom (or ion-ion) interaction in a free-electron gas, with implications to crystalline solids, and particularly for the possible enhancement of fusion rates in such solids. The model, not yet complete, nevertheless may throw some light on cold fusion, in particular its relation to the author's E-cell proposal, published elsewhere. At large electron density, electron wavelengths can become large and strong screening may occur.} } @article{Fedo1993a, author = {G.~V. Fedorovich}, title = {Nuclear fusion in crystal hydrides of light elements}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {23}, year = {1993}, pages = {442--464}, keywords = {Theory, fractofusion, res+}, submitted = {12/1991}, published = {07/1993}, annote = {Radiation defects in the crystal lattice of compounds like AxHy (e.g. LiD) are thought to form so-called E-cells, within which there is Coulomb barrier suppression, and acceleration to around 1 keV of charged particles. This can explain fractofusion in such crystals. This paper examines the theory of these E-cells exhaustively, and the next step is now to obtain experimental evidence.} } @article{Fedo1993b, author = {G.~V. Fedorovich}, title = {A possible way to nuclear fusion in solids}, journal = {Fusion Technology}, volume = {24}, year = {1993}, pages = {288-291}, keywords = {Theory, fractofusion, res+}, submitted = {02/1992}, published = {11/1993}, annote = {Once again, the author proposes his E-cell theory, and an experiment to test it. E-cells are radiation defects in certain low atomic weight element (Li, Be, B) hydrides/deuterides, and fission events, caused by neutron capture, start an E-cell. Within it, extremely high electron densities ($10^{24}/cm^3$) hold and this can act as a Coulomb shield for fusion. Also, crystalline lattice forces can be focussed up to hundreds of eV and reduce internuclear distances to $10^{-9}$ cm, resulting in a measurable hydrogen fusion rate. An experiment is suggested, in which a sample is compressed in a diamond anvil to some Mbar, and a neutron beam aimed at it to stimulate fusion. "The further is the matter of experimental physics".} } @article{Fedo1993c, author = {G.~V. Fedorovich}, title = {Parametric excitation of crystalline structures as a possible cause of high-energy emissions}, journal = {Tech. Phys.}, volume = {38}, number = {10}, year = {1993}, pages = {866--870}, note = {Orig. in: Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 63(10) (1993) 65}, keywords = {Theory, fractofusion, res+}, submitted = {04/1993}, published = {10/1993}, annote = {The well known phenomenon of high energy (radio- to x-ray) emissions from stressed crystals became more interesting with the discovery of fractofusion in 1986 by Kluev et al, who found neutrons being emitted; they were also observed by Yaroslavsky in the same year. In this paper, a theory is developed, based on parametric excitation of vibration in a system of coupled oscillators, to account for these effects. Alternate layers of Pd and deuterium ions oscillate relative to one another in the PdD crystal and this can lead, in regions of shear stress to energies up to 10 eV or $10^5$ K. The simple model needs to be refined.} } @article{Fedo1994, author = {G.~V. Fedorovich}, title = {Screening of the Coulomb potential in a nondegenerate hydrogen isotope gas}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {25}, year = {1994}, pages = {120--123}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {11/1992}, published = {01/1994}, annote = {Theoretical look at screening of deuterons from each other by electrons, invoking special (exotic) solid state plasma effects. The result is that cold fusion is feasible, due to this effect in the metal lattice.} } @article{Fedo1995, author = {G.~V. Fedorovich}, title = {The possible nature of cold fusion in the Earth's mantle}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {28}, year = {1995}, pages = {1749--1762}, keywords = {Theory, geological, fractofusion, res+}, submitted = {12/1993}, published = {11/1995}, annote = {Fedorovich has previously outlined a theory of CNF, and here connects it with the possibility of p-d fusion in the Earth, which (under the name of pycnofusion) originally motivated the Jones team towards their experiments. The author points out the phenomenon of rock burst, a sudden release of energy often seen in tunnel walls etc. Some experiments with this have yielded evidence of neutrons in the past. Geological and fractofusion are related, and further evidence comes from the electron emission from ferroelectrics undergoing polarisation reversal.} } @article{Fehn1989, author = {T. Fehn and C.~A. Schiller}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion and electrochemical measuring techniques}, journal = {Chem.-Tech. (Heidelberg)}, volume = {18}, year = {1989}, pages = {72, 75, 77--78}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, neutrons, res-}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {Attempt to reproduce, at Erlangen, the CNF experiments of FPH, using the same conditions, but using better equipment (triple neutron detector, separation and measurement of gases) under a multidisciplinary study. The aims were (1) to detect radiation, (2) establish the conditions for reproducibility, (3) to protect the scientists from the experiment. Results so far are negative but the study goes on.} } @article{Feng1989, author = {S. Feng}, title = {Enhancement of cold fusion rate by electron polarization in palladium deuterium solid}, journal = {Solid State Commun.}, volume = {72}, year = {1989}, pages = {205--209}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {10/1989}, annote = {Again a theoretical attempt to overcome the coulomb repulsion: invokes dielectric screening and solid state effects which might enhance tunnelling to about E-40; Not enough to explain CNF but there are still some uncertainties.} } @article{Fern1994, author = {J.~F. Fernandez and F. Cuevas and C. Sanchez}, title = {Deuterium concentration profiles in electrochemically deuterated titanium and their evolution after electrolysis}, journal = {J. Alloys Comp.}, volume = {205}, year = {1994}, pages = {303--309}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Ti, loading, res-}, submitted = {09/1993}, annote = {The techniques of elastic recoil detection (ERD) and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) were used to measure D profiles in Ti plates electrochemically charged with deuterium in heavy water electrolyte. Unlike Pd, Ti is loaded only near its surface by electrolysis. The two techniques could be applied, using the one set-up, conosisting of a 4He beam aimed at the Ti sample at an angle of 78deg to the normal. After 768 hours of electrolysis in 0.1M LiOD, at cd's of 0.5-1 A/cm$^2$, there was a fairly level loading D/Ti of 1.6 to a depth of about 120 mu, falling off sharply there. There is a rather thinner layer, about 10-20 mu thick, in which the loading is a little higher, but not as high as 2, said by the authors to be a requirement for cold fusion to take place.} } @article{Fern1997, author = {J.~F. Fernandez and F. Cuevas and M. Alguero}, title = {Experimental investigation of neutron emissions during thermal cycling of TiDx (x = ca. 2.00)}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {31}, year = {1997}, pages = {237--247}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, gas phase,, temp. cycling, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {04/1995}, published = {03/1997}, annote = {A Spanish reenactment of the Italian-style gas phase deuterium loading into Ti (sponge and rod) up to a D-Ti load of 2, temperature cycling between liquid nitrogen and room temperature, was carried out while monitoring for neutrons, using 3 separate detectors (2 NE213 and one BF3). No neutron flux above the background was observed, even at the phase transition at D/Ti = 2. The upper fusion rate limit was about $10^{-23}$ fus/dd/s.} } @article{Ferr1996, author = {C. Ferrari and F. Papucci and G. Salvetti and E. Tognoni and E. Tombari}, title = {A calorimeter for the electrolytic cell and other open systems}, journal = {Il Nuovo Cimento D}, volume = {18}, year = {1996}, pages = {1333--1346}, keywords = {Experimental, calorimeter design.}, submitted = {11/1996}, published = {11/1996}, annote = {The team recognises that a good calorimeter is required to measure any possible excesss heat in cold fusion, and they present a design for a differential type that produces a readout directly in watts, without calibration. Two electrolytic cells are placed in series, the same current going through both and thus the amount of gas produced and evaporation rates being identical, as are the changes in electrolyte level etc. Extensive testing assures the team that their design performed well and they suggest its use not only in cold fusion, but in other areas as well.} } @article{Feug2001, author = {J. Feugeas}, title = {Comments on "Evidence of micrometre-sized plasmoid emission during electrolysis cold fusion"}, journal = {Fusion Sci. Technol.}, volume = {40}, year = {2001}, pages = {109--110}, keywords = {Polemic, no FPH/Jones refs.}, submitted = {11/2000}, published = {07/2001}, annote = {Feugeas wishes to point out that he has himself, as early as 1983, been involved in work in which he observed the circle features described by Lewis on p. 107, same issue. This was in the context of electron beams, and the markings are considered to be due to high-energy electrons forming surface plasmas.} } @article{Fili1990a, author = {V.~A. Filimonov}, title = {Mechanism of cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz.}, volume = {16}, number = {20}, year = {1990}, pages = {29--34}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Theory, suggestions}, submitted = {02/1990}, published = {10/1990}, annote = {A thermodynamic theory, involving conditions far from equilibrium, where there is a high probability of d-cluster formation and shock fronts arising at phase boundaries; the clusters may have some properties of solitons, and consitions may arise in which hot deuterons can overcome the Coulomb barrier and fuse. The conditions for this are that the material have weakly bound and mobile deuterons, that there be phase boundaries and that it be mono- or polycrystalline, with a minimum of defects.} } @article{Fili1990b, author = {V.~A. Filimonov}, title = {On the probability of cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Pis'ma Zh. Teor. Fiz.}, volume = {16(19)}, year = {1990}, pages = {42--46}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Theory, res0}, submitted = {06/1990}, published = {10/1990}, annote = {The probability of the energy jump required for d-d fusion is very small. Two groups of hypotheses put forward: Coulomb barrier penetration enhancement by structure defects, and subtle interactions in solids or plasmas to lower the Coulomb barrier, do not answer the problem. A new theory is presented here. The large energy gap is proposed to be subdivided into a number of sub-levels. The probability of traversing the total gap by successive jumps up the sub-levels is larger than that for the single jump. For this to occur, there must be self-organisation in the medium, and these sub-levels must exist. Shock waves, solitons and directional propagation all play a part in the process. More work will follow.} } @article{Fili1992a, author = {V.~A. Filimonov}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion: Its possibility in principle and means of realization}, journal = {Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys.}, volume = {37}, number = {6}, year = {1992}, pages = {689--690}, keywords = {Theory, suggestion}, published = {06/1992}, annote = {The movement of a deuterium soliton is coherent with the palladium antisoliton, and the deuterium shock compression is coherent with the shock rarification of the Pd sublattice; these cause Pd atom displacements much greater than thermal vibrations. Self organisation of a system of particles makes it easy for them to go to higher energies than the probability calculated from the individual jumps up the sub-levels. So energy may be passed from excited Pd atoms to deuterons, thereby enhancing fusion rates, and Filimonov calculates a rate of $4\times 10^6$ fusion acts/s at a loading (D/Pd) of 0.3. To optimise the cnf rate, Filimonov suggests coating the electrode with Pd black, use of an alkaline electrolyte to raise the cathode potential, and to promote a longitudinal potential gradient along the electrode for nonequilibrium.} } @article{Fili1992b, author = {V.~A. Filimonov}, title = {On the probability of cold nuclear fusion implementation: Synergetic hypothesis}, journal = {J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.}, volume = {162}, year = {1992}, pages = {99--109}, keywords = {Theory, res0}, submitted = {11/1991}, annote = {An alternative theory of cold fusion is attempted here. It consists of the division of an energy gap into a series of smaller gaps and this, together with nonequilibrium (dissipative structure formation) suggests higher fusion probability. State segregation si required for this theory, and this might be provided by lattice distortions as a result of deuteration. Some mathematics is used to describe this idea, and there is a table. Its contents seem to contradict F's conclusions: that this is a possible mechanism. The table shows that rather high energies are needed.} } @article{Fimi1996, author = {N.~N. Fimin}, title = {Quantum-interference effects and the mechanism of cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Pis'ma Zh. Teo. Fiz.}, volume = {22}, number = {5}, year = {1996}, pages = {17--19}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Theoretical, QM, Bose condensate, fractofusion, res+}, submitted = {01/1996}, published = {03/1996}, annote = {Using quantum mechanics, Wigner function and Liouville's equation, the author concludes that fractofusion (in effect) might be real. He suggests that there exists a critical charging beam energy or electrolysis voltage, at which the effect turns on, and that Bose condensates of deuterons might be involved and also acoustic effects are expected resulting from shock wave fronts. So the Russian fractofusion model is upheld.} } @article{Fish1989, author = {R.~S. Fishman and G.~D. Mahan}, title = {Binding of charged particles in lattice defects}, journal = {Phys. Rev. B40}, year = {1989}, pages = {11493--11495}, keywords = {Theory, res0}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {12/1989}, annote = {Calculate the interaction between two positively charged particles in the presence of a spherical lattice defect with uniform electron density, using the jellium model, WKB method, and assuming a background charge density that neutralises the conduction electrons. If cold fusion occurs, it is unlikely that binding of deuterons in lattice defects is responsible.} } @article{Fish1992, author = {J.~C. Fisher}, title = {Polyneutrons as agents for cold nuclear reactions}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {22}, year = {1992}, pages = {511--517}, keywords = {Theory, polyneutrons, res+}, submitted = {01/1992}, published = {12/1992}, annote = {This attempts to address the problem of anomalies in cold fusion, which clearly cannot be "normal" d-d fusion. Electrostatic repulsion demands that the new mechanism involves at least one neutral species; it cannot be a single neutron (not observed), so perhaps it is polyneutrons. This assumes the existence of a precursor super-heavy isotope (A)H (with A=6, for example) and the reaction n + (A)H --> (A)n + H, which is mildly exothermic. The poly- neutron (A)n could then enter a number of different reactions, including fusion and growth to a higher A value, up to 1E09. Much of this takes place in the electrolyte, involving lithium, so the role of the PdD phase is not clear here. This new physics opens up a rich new field of study.} } @article{Fish1998, author = {J.~C. Fisher}, title = {Liquid-drop model for extremely neutron rich nuclei}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {34}, year = {1998}, pages = {66--75}, keywords = {Theory, polyneutrons, res+}, submitted = {08/1997}, published = {08/1998}, annote = {Fisher once again elaborates his theory of polyneutrons as the agent of cold fusion, now using a liquid-drop model. Both lithium and palladium are involved in the nuclear reactions.} } @article{Flan1991, author = {T.~B. Flanagan and W. Luo and J.~D. Clewley}, title = {Calorimetric enthalpies of absorption and desorption of protium and deuterium by palladium}, journal = {J. Less Common Met.}, volume = {172-174}, year = {1991}, pages = {42--55}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, loading enthalpies, calorimetry, res-}, published = {08/1991}, annote = {This is only tangentially a cold fusion paper but was in part motivated by it. The team, long-time experts in metal hydrides, make accurate measurements of the enthalpy of palladium hydride and -deuteride formation and break-down, as well as the entropy at 298K and some other lower temperatures. The metal was a heap of foil pieces, and H2 or D2 gas was used for charging. H(f) for PdH was -19.1 kJ/molH and for PdD, -17.3 kJ/molD, with entropies of 46.3 J/K/molH and 46.7 J/K/molD, resp. There were some hysteresis effects but these could be compensated out. For the first time, enthalpies of formation in the beta phase were measured. At loadings around 0.7 (D/Pd), these begin to decline towards zero, reflecting the difficulty of hydriding beyond this degree. No anomalous heats were detected in any of the many measurements.} } @article{Flei1989a, author = {M. Fleischmann and S. Pons and M. Hawkins}, title = {Electrochemically induced nuclear fusion of deuterium.}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {261}, year = {1989}, pages = {301--308}, note = {See Erratum in ibid 263 (1989) 187.}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, calorimetry, neutrons, tritium, helium, res+}, submitted = {03/1989}, published = {04/1989}, annote = {One of the two original articles that started all the trouble; the "FPH" paper. The authors, using rather simple equipment (too simple, some would say), electrolysed heavy water (D2O) containing LiOD at Pd electrodes of various geometries, measuring the temperature at intervals, gamma radiation and neutrons. They found gammas, neutrons and excess heat (i.e. above that expected from chemical reactions). The erratum (263 (1989) 187--188) is two pages of corrections to the original FPH paper in the same journal, starting with the omission of Hawkins from the author list. For this reason, that earlier paper should have the same three authors as this one when cited. The other errors appear to be errors of detail, and do not basically alter the claims.} } @article{Flei1989b, author = {M. Fleischmann and S. Pons and M. Hawkins and R. J. Hoffman}, title = {Measurements of gamma-rays from cold fusion}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {339}, year = {1989}, pages = {667}, keywords = {Polemic}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {Polemic in answer to polemic of Petrasso, Nature 339 (1989) 183. FPHH claim that Petrasso+ base their polemic on a graph shown on TV and that their gamma spectrum shows in fact a peak at 2.496 MeV, not seen in the background. They admit that the peak at 2.22 MeV, expected from the nuclear reaction they postulate, is obliterated by the Compton peak due to thorium decay. They can't interpret the one at 2.496, though. This is a bit besides the point, since they (FPH) did originally claim the peak at 2.22 MeV and did claim that it is evidence for CNF.} } @article{Flei1990, author = {M. Fleischmann and S. Pons and M.~W. Anderson and L.~J. Li and M. Hawkins}, title = {Calorimetry of the palladium-deuterium-heavy water system}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {287}, year = {1990}, pages = {293--348}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, calorimetry, res+}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {A 50+ pages paper, to back up their preliminary note of 15 months earlier. The authors here meticulously explain and justify the methods they use, and present new results, confined to excess heat measurements. Other measurements such as of tritium, are "to be published". The calorimetry is described in detail; the controversial question of mixing is addressed and it seems that this is not a problem. That is, measured temperature rises cannot be due to local hot spots. Gas recombination has been prevented. Careful calibrations were made, and this time, a number of control experiments were run. These all produce zero excess heat +/- very small error limits. Errors are estimated, and are - where there is excess heat - small in relation to the excess heats. The excess heats - measured at steady state - are clearly a function of current density, and electrode size. Up to about 100 w/cm**3 steady state excess heat was calculated. In contrast to the preliminary note (FPH 1989), the present more comprehensive results show that the larger the palladium electrodes (in terms of diameter), the smaller the excess heat/cm**3; in fact, the largest Pd electrode, of 8 mm diameter, was used as one of the controls in D2O electrolysis. Other controls are Pd in H2O and Pt in both H2O and D2O. All showed zero excess heat. About half of the paper consists of appendices on calorimetry, analysis of calorimetry results, mathematical and numerical procedures and some comments on the authors' previous paper. The authors conclude once more that a nuclear, rather than a chemical process must be responsible for the excess heat results; they express concern that many attempts at verification have focussed simply on neutron emission, since this nuclear process appears to be largely aneutronic (and possibly atritonic).} } @article{Flei1992, author = {M. Fleischmann and S. Pons}, title = {Some comments on the paper Analysis of experiments on the calorimetry of LiOD-D2O electrochemical cells, R.H. Wilson et al., J. Electroanal. Chem. 332 (1992) 1}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {332}, year = {1992}, pages = {33--53}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {03/1992}, published = {08/1992}, annote = {A strong rebuttal of the cited polemic paper. F\&P find it full of misconceptions and misrepresentations of their own previous reports. In particular, F\&P write that they did not neglect evaporation effects, did not overestimate heat transfer, and that they used modern data treatment methods such as Kalman filtering, unlike Wilson et al. } } @article{Flei1993, author = {M. Fleischmann and S. Pons}, title = {Calorimetry of the Pd-D2O system: from simplicity via complications to simplicity}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {176}, year = {1993}, pages = {118--129}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, calorimetry, res+}, submitted = {12/1992}, published = {05/1993}, annote = {Without providing much experimental detail, this paper focusses on a series of cells that were brought to the boil and in fact boiled to dryness at the end, in a short time (600 s). The analysis of the calorimetric data is once again described briefly, and the determination of radiative heat transfer coefficient demonstrated to be reliable by its evolution with time. This complicated model yields a fairly steady excess heat, at a Pd cathode of 0.4 cm diameter and 1.25 cm length, of about 20 W/cm$^3$ or around 60\% input power (not stated), in an electrolyte of 0.6 M LiSO4 at pH 10. When the cells boil, the boiling off rate yields a simply calculated excess heat of up to 3.7 kW/cm$^3$. The current flow was allowed to continue after the cell boiled dry, and the electrode continued to give off heat for hours afterwards.} } @article{Flei1994a, author = {M. Fleischmann and S. Pons and G. Preparata}, title = {Possible theories of cold fusion}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento A}, volume = {107}, year = {1994}, pages = {143--156}, keywords = {Suggestions, res+}, submitted = {06/1993}, published = {01/1994}, annote = {Using 'cold fusion' as the generic name for phenomenology of Pd-hydride anomalies, the authors review some of the key facts, some 'impossible theories' and lastly present their own views of what is happening in CNF. There are anomalies even in the well known fact of the hydrogen absorbing capacity of Pd; in a 600-1000 M sea of electrons, there is a solution of protons at 60-100 M, without the formation of dihydrogen. To explain this, a many-body model must be invoked, rather than single particles or pairs, as well as collective states. Other known anomalies include the high diffusion rate of hydrogen in the Pd lattice and the series D(d) > D(p) > D(t), rather than the expected D(p) > D(d) > D(t) (D being the diffusion coefficient); and the high H/D separation factor under electrolysis. The authors agree that, given the low but definite neutron and tritium production and the anomalous t/n ratio together with the absence of secondary neutrons from the tritium, the process cannot be conventional d-d fusion, but that the conventional branches are a rare occurrence. The main process is the formation of 4He, with absorption of the resultant energy by strong-dipole coupling; hence the absence of gamma radiation. Possible models, then, include collective states and possibly three-body processes.} } @article{Flei1994b, author = {M. Fleischmann and S. Pons}, title = {Reply to the critique by Morrison entitled 'Comments on claims of excess enthalpy by FLeischmann and Pons using simple cells made to boil'}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {187}, year = {1994}, pages = {276--280}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {06/1993}, published = {04/1994}, annote = {Point-by-point rebuttal. F\&P did not use the complicated differential equation method as claimed by Morrison; the critique by Wilson et al does not apply to F\&P's work; very little electrolyte leaves the cell in liquid form; current- and cell voltage fluctuations are absent or unimportant; the problem of the transition from nucleate to film boiling was addressed; recombination (cigarette lighter effect) is negligible.} } @article{Flei2000, author = {M. Fleischmann}, title = {Reflections on the sociology of science and social responsibility in science, in relationship to cold fusion}, journal = {Accountability in Res.}, volume = {8}, year = {2000}, pages = {19--54}, keywords = {Sci/soc/phil}, annote = {Fleischmann here tells the interesting story of how he and Pons came to do their cold fusion research, and reflects on some of the implications for science in general. It seems that F became dissatisfied by current theory of electrolytes (Debye-Huckel) in the 1960's, and realised that a Q.E.D. approach was needed. He also stumbled on the 1930's work of Coehn, who showed that there were protons in PdH, highly mobile in the matrix. This led to many ideas for research projects but only cold fusion could realistically be carried out. This was started in the early 1980's, with the well known results. F is concerned with the military apects of the work. The paper goes on to some fascinating musings on science, and the reception of new results, the role of serendipity, paradigms, science and society. 36 pp in all.} } @incollection{Flei2008, author = {M. Fleischmann}, title = {Background to cold fusion: the genesis of a concept}, booktitle = {{Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook (Vol. 1)}}, year = {2008}, editor = {J. Marwan}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Washington, USA}, volume = {1}, pages = {19--36}, ISBN = {9780841269668, 0841269661}, annote = {Fleischmann is interested in the application of Quantum Electrodynamics (Q.E.D.) to the natural sciences, in particular he believes that cold fusion may be explained by the theory. Here he explains this and provides some interesting background to the field and his own work in it.} } @article{Flem1990, author = {J.~W. Fleming and H.~H. Law and J. Sapjeta and P.~K. Gallagher and W.~F. Marohn}, title = {Calorimetric studies of electrochemical incorporation of hydrogen isotopes into palladium}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {517--524}, keywords = {Experimental, calorimetry design, electrolysis, Pd, res-}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Novel open and sealed calorimeters were designed. In the sealed design, no reaction product is lost, and the heat of hydrogenation is accounted for within 2\%. Electrolyses were run for 1-40 days, at constant current. The electrolyte was 0.1M LiOD or LiOH. The calorimeter was a Setaram HT 1000 functioning as a heat flow isothermal calorimeter. It could provide space for two separate cells, whose heat output could be measured differentially. In this mode, sensitivity was 10 microwatt. For a single cell, this increased to 2.5 milliwatt. For the open (differential) designs, no excess heat was found. The sealed single-cell designs also balanced the output against the input to within 2.2\% of total integrated heat. The small deviation (positive) can be explained by the different responses of the top and bottom of the cells. The paper thus does not support cold fusion.} } @article{Foca1994, author = {S. Focardi and R. Habel and F. Piantelli}, title = {Anomalous heat production in Ni-H systems}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento}, volume = {107A}, year = {1994}, pages = {163--167}, keywords = {Experimental, Ni, gas phase hydrogen, calorimetry, res+}, submitted = {01/1994}, published = {01/1994}, annote = {One of the authors (FP) observed, in 1989, during a calorimetric experiment at about 200K with a deuterated organic substance in hydrogen, some anomalous heat, and suspected the Ni support used. This led to the experiments described here. A Ni rod, 5 mm diameter and 90 mm long, was placed in a cylindrical chamber, surrounded by a Pt heater coil. The chamber could be evacuated or filled with gas (H2 or D2) at various pressures. The system was checked by replacing the Ni rod with a stainless steel one, and its temperature noted as a function of heater power applied, and gas pressure. With the Ni rod, the best temperature for H2 absorption was found to be 173 C. Some Ni rods showed the expected temperature as a function of heater power in a H2 atmosphere, while others had elevated temperatures, showing that there was excess heat, of the order of 20-50 W, with heater power at 40-120 W. No nuclear radiation was detected. The excess power, integrated over time, amounted to such a large energy excess, that a chemical explanation will not suffice. The authors propose the (p,D) reaction, that is fusion between hydrogen and the natural component of deuterium and more work is in progress.} } @article{Foca1998, author = {S. Focardi and V. Gabbani and V. Montalbano and F. Piantelli and S. Veronesi}, title = {Large excess heat production in Ni-H systems}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento A}, volume = {111}, year = {1998}, pages = {1233--1242}, keywords = {Experimental, Ni, H, gas phase, heat, res+, no FPH/Jone refs.}, submitted = {03/1996}, published = {11/1998}, annote = {In addition to a cell used by this team earlier, consisting of a tubular vacuum chamber with a heating mantle around a Ni rod and a single temperature probe on the outside and the inside of the mantle, a new cell has now been designed with multiple probes. Hydrogen gas was admitted to the chambers, which were heated, and temperatures measured. Transient lowering of the input power produced, upon restoring the power, temperatures higher than before the transients. This showed the presence of nuclear phenomena and calibrations performed calculated roughly 20 W of excess power generated by the hydrided Ni rods. The effect, once started, lasted for 278 days, the duration of the experiment.} } @article{Fogl1990, author = {A. {Foglio Para} and V. Sangiust and P.~L. Cavallotti and U. Ducati and P.~F. Bortignon}, title = {Neutron monitoring and related measurements during electrolysis of heavy water with palladium and titanium cathodes: activity report}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {131--135}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, Ti, neutrons, tritium, res+}, submitted = {02/1990}, published = {08/1990}, annote = {From April to August 1989, more than 100 long-term electrolysis experiments with both Pd and Ti electrodes were carried out with monitoring of neutrons and analysis of the electrolyte and the gases evolved. Four neutron detectors ensured good sensitivity. In two cases, significant neutron emissions were observed, one of them associated with palladium electrode deformation which possibly caused heating. No tritium was found in the electrolyte of these cells, but none was expected above experimental error, on the basis of the neutron emission intensity. In another series, neutron counting was synchronised with pulsed cathodic charging of the electrodes, with 60-90 s periods. Out of 30 runs, two showed some differences, again indicating a weak cold fusion effect. Gas analysis using a mass detector found some atomic masses 5 and 6, but no tritium. The authors point out that the positive results were obtained under conditions far from equilibrium.} } @article{Fond1990, author = {L. Fonda and G.~L. Shaw}, title = {Deuteron cold fusion by anti-diquark catalysis}, journal = {Fizika (Zagreb)}, volume = {22}, year = {1990}, pages = {371--376}, keywords = {Theory, anti-diquarks, res0}, submitted = {10/1989}, published = {01/1990}, annote = {In case cold fusion is real, the authors speculate on a possible mechanism, being the catalysis of d-d fusion by the anti-diquark Q with charge -4/3 and large mass, forming (in analogy with muons) the triatomic molecules dQd by Coulombic shielding; these could then fuse. The requirements for this scenario are the -4/3 charge, sufficient stability of Q and a mass of a few GeV. Of the three fusion reaction paths (yielding (4)He, (3)He+n and t+p, respectively, plus the rereleased Q), the (4)He branch would be strongly favoured. Formation of the dQd group would be much faster than the analogous dmud group in muon catalysis because the first product, dQ would have a charge of -1/3 and would attract the second d, unlike the neutral dmu. Where do these Q's come from? "Quarked" atoms (4)HeQ, may exist within transition metals the with properties like H; once released from these, a Q can catalyse a number of d-d fusions and finally either escape from the metal or be sequestered into a metal atom. This predicts a large localised burst of neutrons, calculated roughly to be $10^5$ to $10^6$ n/s/Q, and separated in time by 1E-06-1E-05 s. Finally, these neutrons would not have a fixed energy of 2.45 MeV but a three-body spectrum (the Q makes off with some). If these Q's in fact exist and can be found and harnessed, we can get clean energy from cold d-d fusion.} } @ARTICLE{Fors2013, author = {L. P. Forsley and P. A. Mosier-Boss and P. J. McDaniel and F. E. Gordon}, title = {Charged particle detection in the Pd/D system: {CR-39 SSNTD} vs. real-time measurement of charged particle stimulated Pd K shell X-rays}, journal = {Electrochim. Acta}, volume = {88}, year = {2013}, pages = {373--383}, keyword = {Palladium, CR-39, X-rays, Charged particles}, submitted = {07/2012}, published = {01/2013}, annote = {"There have been a number of efforts to measure charged particle emissions in the Pd/D system. In general, two approaches have been employed. One approach was to indirectly detect charged particles by measuring Pd K-shell X-rays that should be created as charged particles traverse through the Pd lattice. The other approach utilized CR-39, a solid state nuclear track detector (SSNTD). With these detectors, a charged particle creates an ionization trail in the plastic that, upon etching, leaves a symmetric pit. The size, depth of penetration, and shape of the pits provides information about the mass, charge, energy, and direction of motion of the particles. While experiments done using CR-39 solid state nuclear track detectors have shown the presence of these charged particles, X-ray measurements of the Pd K-shell X-rays have not. The most significant difference between the two measurement techniques is that CR-39 is a constantly integrating detector and the X-ray measurements are done in real time. In this communication, this apparent discrepancy between the two charged particle measurement techniques is examined using known alpha sources." (Direct copy of the Abstract)} } @article{Fowl1989, author = {W.~A. Fowler}, title = {Cold fusion results still unexplained}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {339}, year = {1989}, pages = {345.}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {To try to explain the heat/neutron imbalance of FPH's results, Fowler calculates the rate of the reaction d + d --> (4)He + $e^+ e^-$. It turns out to have a rate lower than a factor of 100 than the reaction d + d --> (4)He + gamma, which is known to have a rate $10^{-7}$ lower than the branches giving (3)He or T. Therefore, the above reaction cannot explain the results.} } @article{Fox1993, author = {H. Fox}, title = {Comments on 'Experiments of one-point cold fusion'}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {24}, year = {1993}, pages = {347--348}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {02/1993}, published = {12/1993}, annote = {Polemic on a paper by T. Matsumoto. It has been shown in a US patent that under the conditions described by Matsumoto, electron beads can form, and Matsumoto has inadvertently formed high-energy clusters as taught by that patent. The clusters have $10^8$ to $10^{12}$ electrons. Fox suggests that Matsumoto place a radio receiver near his cell and listen to noises like that of a lightning strike from these clusters. These can accelerate deuterons and induce fusion by locally swamping the Coulomb barrier.} } @article{Fred1993, author = {T. Frederico and Groote. de JJ and J.~E. Hornos and M.~S. Hussein}, title = {Microscopic calculation of the molecular-nuclear d + d--> 3He + n $\oplus$ 3H + p reactions at close to zero energies}, journal = {Braz. J. Phys.}, volume = {23(1)}, year = {1993}, pages = {96--99}, keywords = {Theory, res0}, submitted = {04/1992}, published = {03/1993}, annote = {This Brazilian team looks at theoretical fusion rates for a number of fusion reactions (dd, dp, pt) at low energies, in order to assess the likelihood of cold fusion. The model is fully microscopic and the sensitivity of lambda to the short distance behaviour of the radical d+d wave function is of interest, rather than absolute fusion rates. Fadeev functions and the B-O approximation finally yield no clear results.} } @article{Free1990, author = {S. Freedman and D. Krakauer}, title = {Biases in cold fusion data}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {343}, year = {1990}, pages = {703.}, keywords = {Polemic, statistics}, published = {02/1990}, annote = {The authors throw statistical doubts on the results of Jones et al. One suspicion they appear to harbour is that the Jones team ended their runs - which had durations of widely varying lengths - when positive results had been obtained. This would give positive results from random noise. See Jones, Decker and Tolley's (1990) response.} } @article{Frie1990, author = {H. Friedmann and P. Hundegger and H.~R. Kirchmayr and A. Pavlik and H. Vonach and G. Wiesinger and G. Winkler}, title = {Search for 'cold fusion'}, journal = {Kerntechnik}, volume = {55}, year = {1990}, pages = {161--164}, keywords = {Experimental, gas phase, Ti, TiFe alloy, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {11/1989}, published = {06/1990}, annote = {The authors made an attempt to verify cold fusion. Having failed with electrolysis, they turned to Frascati-type experiments, especially as the apparatus for this was already available. Ti and TiFe alloy were gas-charged with D2 at 200 degC and 50 atm, with thermal cycling. Two separate BF3 neutron counters were used. The neutron flux, corrected for counting efficiency, came to about $8 \times 10^{-24}$ fusions/s/d with Ti, and $1.4 \times 10^{-25}$ for TiFe, both as upper limits. Since some theories (e.g. fractofusion) result in short-time neutron bursts, these were also looked for, in the form of coincidence readings on both detectors. These gave readings of $1.9 \times 10^{-24}$ (Ti) and $2.2 \times 10^{-26}$ (TiFe) (same units). The team concludes that their superior equipment shows that there is no cold fusion and that the Frascati results are due to faults in the measuring equipment.} } @article{Fris1996, author = {F. Frisone}, title = {Study of the probability of interaction between the plasmons of metal and deuterons}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento D}, volume = {18}, year = {1996}, pages = {1279--1285}, keywords = {Theory, res0, no FPH/Jones refs}, submitted = {02/1996}, published = {11/1996}, annote = {This evidently hastily written paper tries to build on from previous papers of Baldo et al (1990) and Rabinowitz (1990). It presents the results of some computations of a 1-D model of a metal lattice with deuterium as well as other (metallic) impurities, using the WKB approximation. The result is that the fusion probability increases by several tens of orders of magnitude, or the Coulomb barrier becomes much narrower, for an impure metal of the type Pt, Pd or Ti, compared with the purer metal. This is not however spelled out in terms of actual probable dd fusion rates, so the bottom line is not clear.} } @article{Fris1998, author = {F. Frisone}, title = {Can variations in temperature influence deuteron interaction within crystalline lattices?}, journal = {Il Nuovo Cimento D}, volume = {20}, year = {1998}, pages = {1567--1580}, keywords = {Theory, chain reaction in lattice, res+}, submitted = {03/1998}, published = {10/1998}, annote = {The author has previously proposed that the Coulomb barrier between deuterons in metal lattices like Ti, Pd and Pt, is lowered by the lattice conditions. Here the effect of temperature on this effect is examined theoretically. It is found that increases up to 40 orders of magnitude in fusion rates are possible. This is not enough, however, to explain F\&P's results. Impure metals favour the fusion rate.} } @article{Fris2000, author = {F. Frisone}, title = {Fusion reaction within a microcrack in a crystalline lattice at room temperature}, journal = {AIP Conf. Proc (Nuclear and Condensed Matter Physics).}, volume = {513}, year = {2000}, pages = {282--285}, keywords = {Theoretical, computation, no FPH/Jones refs}, annote = {The author has computed the probable fusion rate of deuterons in impure Pd, not giving much detail here. He concludes that the rates are raised above those for pure Pd. There is some enhancement, though the numbers do not look promising. This was a conference address and it seems a paper has been submitted to a journal.} } @article{Fris2001a, author = {F. Frisone}, title = {Deuteron interaction within a microcrack in a lattice at room temperature}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {39}, year = {2001}, pages = {260--265}, keywords = {Theory, fracto-, res+, no FPH/Jones refs}, submitted = {01/1999}, published = {03/2001}, annote = {The author theorises on the possibility of fusion in cubic-face-centered crystals, such as in Pd, of deuterons, especially the role of microcracks formed by lattice deformation, and impurities. The conclusion is that if the temperature is increased slowly, tunnelling effects are produced and fusion might take place in microcracks. Calculated fusion probabilities do not seem very great but the author is optimistic.} } @article{Fris2001b, author = {F. Frisone}, title = {Theoretical model of the probability of fusion between deuterons within deformed crystalline lattices with microcracks at room temperature}, journal = {Fusion Sci. Technol.}, volume = {40}, year = {2001}, pages = {139--146}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {07/2000}, published = {09/2001}, annote = {The author considers deuterated Pd, loaded by glow discharge at some 100 eV, so that microcracks have formed. He arrives at the likelihood that then, d-d fusion rates might be enhanced, and the Coulomb barrier lowered, thus providing a theory of cold fusion, perhaps for the first time.} } @article{Frod1990, author = {P. Frodl and O.~E. Roessler and M. Hoffmann and F. Wahl}, title = {Possible participation of lithium in Fleischmann-Pons reaction is testable}, journal = {Z. Naturforsch. A}, volume = {45}, year = {1990}, pages = {757--758}, keywords = {Discussion, suggestion, Li}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {05/1990}, annote = {The "unknown nuclear reaction" just might be (6)Li + d -> 2 (4)He plus nothing but energy (heat). This reaction has been suggested previously by Jones et al. In fact, it has other possible branches, and the authors leave these aside for the moment. Lithium is able to get into Pd. Assuming that all the heat claimed by FPH comes from this reaction, then there should be measurable consumption (of up to 3\% or so) in the Li concentration in the 0.1M LiOD electrolyte used by FPH. Go forth and try it.} } @article{Frol1994, author = {A.~M. Frolov and V.~H. Smith Jr}, title = {On stimulated nuclear fusion in the cold generalized DT hydrides of fissionable elements}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {196}, year = {1994}, pages = {217--222}, keywords = {Discussion, suggestion, fission}, submitted = {10/1994}, published = {12/1994}, annote = {Following suggestions made by others, that cold fusion is possible in compounds of the composition M(x)D(y)T(y), where M is a fissionable element and x << y, the authors theorise on this process. A simple model might e.g. be a DT gas containing a single nucleus of, say, 239Pu or 251Cf, which fissions. The two fast fission fragments (90 an 70 MeV, modelled both as 80) then collide with many DT's, producing shock waves etc. Calculations seem to indicate that for sufficiently high DT densities, some fusion might occur. Its probability would however be negligible for D2 gas. The authors do not comment on implications for 'cold fusion'.} } @article{Fuji1989, author = {S. Fujita}, title = {On the feasibility of nuclear fusion in fcc metals}, journal = {Phys. Status Solidi B}, volume = {156}, year = {1989}, pages = {K17--K21}, keywords = {Discussion}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {The host crystal creates an ideal environment for very close D-D encounters if the coulomb barrier is overcome, because of preferred migration channels in fcc crystals - in other words, deuterons are not free to move anywhere in palladium, but are restricted to narrow channels. Higher temperatures will therefore favour cold fusion. Compare Arista et al, also focussing on the matrix inhomogeneities and arriving at a similar conclusion.} } @article{Fuka1990, author = {S. Fukada and S. Furuya and Y. Matsumoto and K. Ishibashi and N. Mitsuishi}, title = {Neutron emission from some metal deuterides}, note = {In Japanese, English abstr.}, journal = {Technol. Rep. Kyushu Univ.}, volume = {63}, number = {5}, year = {1990}, pages = {475--480}, keywords = {Experimental, gas phase, Pd, Ti, Pd-coated C, neutrons, res0}, published = {10/1990}, annote = {The metal under high pressure D2 mode of cold fusion experiment, including the customary temperature cycling. Ti, Pd and Pd-coated carbon were tried. A single BF3 neutron counter was used. No reproducible neutron emission was observed, but with the Ti sample, analysis of variance indicated some unreproducible bursts; these appear to have occurred at the liquid nitrogen temperature, before the rise to room temp.} } @article{Fuka1993, author = {Y. Fukai}, title = {Present status on cold fusion}, journal = {Nippon Butsuri Gakkaishi}, volume = {48}, number = {5}, year = {1993}, pages = {354--360}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {Review with 29 references. A few experimental results are selected and discussed, such as the many excess heats vs D/Pd loading by McKubre. Some theory is discussed, and the Salamon vs Pons story. All the books and conferences on cold fusion to date are in the references.} } @article{Fuka1994, author = {S. Fukada and S. Furuya and T. Sakae and N. Mitsuishi}, title = {Measurement of exoelectrons from palladium and palladium deuteride with gas proportional counter}, journal = {J. Alloys Compds}, volume = {204}, year = {1994}, pages = {223--229}, keywords = {Experimental, fractofusion, charged particles (electrons), Pd, res-}, annote = {Many materials emit electrons when, e.g., strained. In this work, hydrided and deuterated Pd, as well as Pd itself is strained to see whether the hydrogen or deuterium makes a difference, in view of fractofusion claims. There was indeed a difference, deuteration enhancing the emission of electrons; hydrogen did this as well. The energy of the emission was however below 0.5 keV, not enough to aid fusion.} } @article{Fuku1998, author = {M. Fukuhara}, title = {Possible dynamic interaction of deuterons between tetrahedral and octahedral interstices of palladium lattice at cryogenic temperatures}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {34}, year = {1998}, pages = {151--155}, keywords = {Theory, suggestion, res+, no FPH/Jones ref.}, submitted = {09/1997}, published = {09/1998}, annote = {The author has done experiments with electrolytically loaded Pd, kept at cryogenic temperatures (96-300K), where some anomalies were observed. He suggests that deuterons jump between tetrahedral and octahedral crystal sites, and that this might produce heat, and possibly lead to fusion, although this is not established. Virtual pions may well be involved. More work is needed.} } @article{Fuku2003, author = {M. Fukuhara}, title = {Neutral pion-catalyzed fusion in palladium lattice}, journal = {Fusion Sci. Technol.}, volume = {43}, year = {2003}, pages = {128--133}, keywords = {Theory, res +}, submitted = {01/2002}, published = {01/2003}, annote = {The author applies symmetric meson theory and concludes that cold fusion is reasonable.} } @article{Gabo1997, author = {A.~M. Gabovich}, title = {Possibility of cold fusion in palladium deuterides: screening effects and connection to superconducting properties}, journal = {Phil. Mag. B}, volume = {76}, year = {1997}, pages = {107-118}, keywords = {Theory, superconductivity, res+}, submitted = {08/1996}, annote = {Gabovich looks again at some earlier theories attempting to judge the possibility of CNF, such as that of Leggett \& Baim (1989). He reckons they made some unallowable simplifications. He further looks at the connection with superconductivity, palladium hydride (deuteride) being superconductors at higher Tc's than Pd itself. Rather than going ab initio, he does a reverse study, to see what certain parameters would have to be for CNF to be possible. The result is plausible. It is all based on screening, and heavy electrons. He states at the end, however, that if fusion does take place, it will be normal fusion, implying the usual branching ratios. He also suggests that the addition of other noble metals to Pd might favour CNF, just as it raises the Tc.} } @article{Gai1989, author = {M. Gai and S.~L. Rugari and R.~H. France and B.~J. Lund and Z. Zhao and A.~J. Davenport and H.~S. Isaacs and K.~G. Lynn}, title = {Upper limits on neutron and gamma-ray emission from cold fusion}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {340}, year = {1989}, pages = {29--34}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, gas phase, Ti, neutrons, gamma, res-}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {07/1989}, annote = {Set up a variety of electrochemical cells as well as experiments in which Ti was deuterided at high pressure, and measured gamma and neutron flux. Neutron fluxes were at least a factor 50 less than that of Jones+, and $10^6$ smaller than FPH's. A significant fraction of such events are accounted for by cosmic rays.} } @article{Gai1990, author = {M. Gai and S.~L. Rugari and R.~H. France and B.~J. Lund and Z. Zhao and A.~J. Davenport and H.~S. Isaacs and K.~G. Lynn}, title = {Upper limits on emission rates of neutrons and gamma-rays from 'cold fusion' in deuterated metals}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {217.}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, neutrons, gamma, res-}, published = {06/1990}, annote = {An array of six liquid-scintillator neutron counters with total efficiency of about 1\% and a very low background was used to measure neutron and gamma emissions from a cold fusion experiment. Up to four FPH-type electrochemical cells ran simultaneously for up to 2 weeks, with Pd and Ti as cathodes. No statistically significant emissions above background were observed in any of the experiments. This translates into an upper limit of $10^{-25}$ fus/pair/s from the neutron count, or $10^{-22}$ from the gamma count. The lower limit is 50-100 times smaller than that reported by Jones+(89), and some 1E06 smaller than FPH(89). The results suggest that a significant fraction of the neutrons are associated with cosmic rays.} } @article{Gajd1991, author = {M. Gajda and J. Rafelski}, title = {Jovian limits on conventional fusion}, journal = {J. Phys. G}, volume = {17}, year = {1991}, pages = {653--661}, keywords = {Discussion, Jupiter}, submitted = {11/1990}, published = {05/1991}, annote = {Fusion rates are evaluated for the interior of Jupiter and compared to those assumed by conventional wisdom; might these explain Jovian excess heat? Also, terrestrial cold fusion experiments are looked at. The authors take as given that these latter have now been established to give a rate of $10^{-23}$ fusions/s/dd-pair. A central density of 4 g/cm$^3$ and a temperature of 1.4 eV are assumed for Jupiter, as well as a degenerate Fermi gas state for the electrons, and a d/p ratio of $10^{-5}$. Theory then yields fusion rates that are not sufficient to explain Jupiter's excess heat. Maybe other factors? Such as local high densities and/or higher temperatures, maybe 2.8 eV? G\&R now say that, given Jones+(89), and transferring this knowledge to Jupiter, the heat is still unexplained. But, if a similar enhancement for the dp fusion reaction is assumed, the heat is explained. Unfortunately, there are no reports of laboratory pd cold fusion, for which gamma emission should be seen. So Jones+(89) might help astronomers explain the Jupiter enigma.} } @article{Gaje1991, author = {R. Gajewski}, title = {Fuzja, nadzieja czy iluzja? (Nuclear fusion, hope or illusion?)}, journal = {Postepy Fiz.}, volume = {42}, year = {1991}, pages = {85--95}, note = {In Polish}, keywords = {Discussion}, annote = {Prof. Ryszard Gajewski, who works for the DOE in Waszyngton, USA, gave a talk to the Polish Academy of Science in 1989, on fusion. This is an account of the lecture. Most aspects of fusion, including hot, cold, muon catalysed and ion beams, are discussed. No references.} } @article{Gamm1993, author = {B.~E. Gammon}, title = {Cathode cooling by expansion of hydrogen in calorimetric tests for cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {23}, year = {1993}, pages = {342--345}, keywords = {Polemic, calorimetry}, submitted = {05/1992}, published = {05/1993}, annote = {The author points out an effect that might explain, by conventional means, apparent excess heat observations. It is the negative Joule-Thompson coefficient of hydrogen, which thus becomes warmer as it expands from high to low pressure. Any deuterium escaping from charged palladium, where it exists at high effective pressure, into the electrolyte at atmospheric pressure, will carry some heat with it and therefore cool down the Pd. The heat to keep the Pd at its steady temperature is in part supplied by the metal leads going into the calorimeter, and this is the source of the apparent excess. The effect also explains heat bursts, produced as bubbles of deuterium form. Calorimetric experiments should eliminate this effect by making sure that the leads have the same temperature as the cell at the point of entry into the calorimeter. The author's own experiments with this precaution showed zero excess heat. His calculations show, moreover, that considerable heat can be generated, even sufficient to cause cell boiling.} } @article{Gann1990, author = {V.~V. Gann and V.~I. Pokhodyashchii}, title = {Metastable bound states of deuterium in palladium and its role in cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Vopr. At. Nauki Tekh. Ser. Fiz. Radiats. Povrezhdenii Radiats. Materialoved.}, volume = {1990}, number = {1}, year = {1990}, pages = {89--90}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Theory, effective mass}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {01/1990}, annote = {Examines the possibility of raised probability of tunnelling barrier penetration. Analysis shows that an effective electron mass of twice normal might be realised at the periphery of the d-shells of the Pd, and under some circumstances this might lead to fusion rates of the order of those observed. For this, it is assumed that deuterium exists in a mildly nonuniform gas of quasiparticles (the conductance electrons), whose characteristic dimensions exceed those between the bound d-atoms. Macroscopic defects might play a role in causing electron localisation and aggregation of deuterons.} } @article{Garf1992, author = {M. Garfinkle}, title = {Ion implantation as a definitive means of investigating any possibility of intracrystalline nuclear fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {22}, year = {1992}, pages = {160--163}, keywords = {Suggestion, ion implantation}, submitted = {07/1991}, published = {08/1992}, annote = {Electrochemical loading of a metal with deuterium has several drawbacks, among them the large iE heat term in calorimetric experiments, the presence of oxygen in the solution, and others. Ion implantation is suggested here. It would make mass spectrometry easier; also, with sufficient ion energies, quite large penetration depths up to a micrometer or so can be achieved, and loadings up to $10^{19}$ ions per cm$^3$. Also, the beam composition can be varied, allowing experiments with p, d, t or mixtures of these ions. Thin metal foils should be used, and reaction products can then be measured directly.} } @article{Gent1991, author = {H. Gentsch}, title = {DD-fusion reactions at a PdAg(D) target in a minireactor}, journal = {Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem.}, volume = {95}, year = {1991}, pages = {1283--1286}, note = {In German}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd-Ag alloy, ion beam, neutrons, gamma, tritium, res+}, submitted = {07/1991}, published = {10/1991}, annote = {An electrolysis cell, in which the cathode was a hollow cylinder of the PdAg alloy, is described. The electrolyte is 0.1M LiOD in D2O, and a small current of 0.1 A charges the thin-walled (0.3 mm) cyclinder. Within it is a near-vacuum, and a small D2 pressure after a time indicates that the alloy is deuterated. Down the middle of the cyclinder is an ion source, bombarding the alloy deuteride with ions up to 30 keV. Neutrons were measured by a Bonner sphere and a (6)LiI scintillator, gammas with NaI. The emissions were found to be larger than expected by theory, and more tritium accumulated in the electrolyte than expected. This means either that the ions penetrated more deeply into the alloy surface than thought possible, or that some unexpected fusion reactions were taking place in the alloy deuteride. The apparatus should lend itself to mass spectrometric detection of fusion products such as helium or tritium, and is quite simple.} } @article{Gent1992, author = {H. Gentsch}, title = {Reply to: R. Behrisch, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 96, 733 (1992)}, journal = {Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem.}, volume = {96}, year = {1992}, pages = {734.}, note = {In German}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {01/1992}, published = {05/1992}, annote = {Answer to Behrisch's polemic criticising Gentsch's 1991 paper. True, Gentsch did not read all the relevant literature, but his figures are maybe 10\% accurate, not totally out as Behrisch writes.} } @article{Gerl1992, author = {I.~L. Gerlovin and R.~Kh. Baranova and P.~S. Baranov}, title = {New approach to low-temperature nuclear fusion}, journal = {Zh. Obshch. Khim.}, volume = {62}, year = {1992}, pages = {230--232}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Theory, suggestion}, submitted = {12/1991}, annote = {The author here outlines, in a qualitative manner, their explanation of cold fusion, on the basis of the new unified fundamental field theory, invoking spin orientation, the energy of vacuum, and the existence of different kinds of space interacting, as well as magnetic effects. The vaccum energy effect might explain long-term properties of cnf results, due to diurnal and other rhythms that are a result of the Earth's movement with respect to the vacuum of space. Best results should be achieved at 10 and 11 am, and noon. This preliminary paper will be followed by both more theoretical and experimental work.} } @article{Ghos1989, author = {S.~K. Ghosh and H.~K. Sadhukhan and A.~K. Dhara}, title = {A theory of cold nuclear fusion in deuterium-loaded palladium}, journal = {Pramana}, volume = {33}, year = {1989}, pages = {L339--L342}, keywords = {Theory, screening, jellium model, res+}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {08/1989}, annote = {These Indian workers propose an early theory to explain cold fusion. They state at the outset that tunnelling is not the answer. Instead, they focus on the deuterons (which are bosons) formed by deuterium in the metal lattice, and having large amplitudes. The jellium model is then applied. Enhanced screening is the result of all this, and thus enhanced fusion rates. Thus there is no need for enhanced-mass electrons, as supposed by others.} } @incollection{Gier1992, author = {T.~F. Gieryn}, booktitle = {The Social Dimensions of Science}, editor = {E. McMullin}, publisher = {U. Notre Dame Press}, address = {Notre Dame, USA}, title = {The ballad of Pons and Fleischmann: Experiment and narrative in the (un)making of cold fusion}, year = {1992}, pages = {214--243}, keywords = {Science sociology, discussion}, annote = {A sci-soc/phil paper. The author narrates the development of the 'cold fusion' affair, in a somewhat light vein. He describes how P\&F have kept the subject alive, and have thrown doubt on their critics and generally have succeeded in keeping it in the public consciousness.} } @article{Gill1989, author = {D.~J. Gillespie and G.~N. Kamm and A.~C. Ehrlich and P.~L. Mart}, title = {A search for anomalies in the palladium-deuterium system}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {526--528}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, neutrons, calorimetry, res-}, submitted = {08/1989}, published = {12/1989}, annote = {Charged a polycrytalline Pd rod with D up to 0.81 D/Pd, while monitoring electrical resistivity, sample dimensions, cell temperature and neutrons. Various charging rates were used to provoke anomalous behaviour but none such was observed.} } @article{Gior1991, author = {N. Giordano and A.~S. Arico and V. Antonucci}, title = {Thermal effects during the electrolytic charging of deuterium in the palladium lattice}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {105--107}, keywords = {Discussion, res0}, submitted = {09/1990}, published = {08/1991}, annote = {The absorption of deuterium into Pd may be an uneven process, producing small centres (clusters) of deuteride, and local overheating at length scales small with the electrons' mean free path. This will delay heat conduction, and large internal temperatures may be attained. This effect may explain some of the cold fusion observation and, although it could not account for a sustained excess heat as claimed by FPH, might enter into the process inducing cold fusion.} } @article{Gitt1989, author = {J. Gittus and J. Bockris}, title = {Explanations of cold fusion}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {339}, year = {1989}, pages = {105}, keywords = {Discussion, polemic}, published = {05/1989}, annote = {Suggest that prior accumulation of H in Pd could prevent the absorption of D by Pd during electrolysis in heavy water, and that this could explain why some cells do not work. They also suggest that when D is absorbed, it tends to segregate in cracks and grain boundaries and when it reaches a high enough level, CNF starts. This would explain the induction period. The solution to the problem of prior contamination is to remove the interstitial hydrogen, as well as other impurities.} } @article{Glue1993, author = {P. Gl{\"u}ck}, title = {The surfdyne concept: an attempt to solve (or to rename) the puzzles of cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {24}, year = {1993}, pages = {122--126}, keywords = {Theory, surfdyne (catalysis)}, submitted = {07/1992}, published = {08/1993}, annote = {The author notes that both successes and failures in reproducing cold fusion (success having now increased from an initial 10\% to 35\%) are correct observations, and must be reconciled. He believes that the phenomenon has a "mimosaceous" sensitivity to an extremely small factor, that has not been under control. A body of evidence indicates that the phenomenon takes place at surfaces: the activity of fresh surfaces, fractofusion, the presence of tritium in the electrolyte soon after electrolysis, bursts of neutrons, etc. The cause is likely to be a dynamic effect; this, too, is backed up by observations. This effect is something like heterogeneous catalysis, and information input from this research area is desirable. So fusion takes place not in the lattice, but on the lattice and theory, as well as future experiments, should look along these lines, such as the use of thin or ultra- thin metal films.} } @article{Glue2001, author = {P. Gl{\"u}ck}, title = {A new definition for 'chemical element'?}, journal = {Chem. Innov.}, volume = {31}, number = {10}, year = {2001}, pages = {44--45}, keywords = {Polemic, hydrinos}, published = {10/2001}, annote = {Roumanian Dr. Glueck here describes Mills' hydrinos rather clearly, and suggests that the hydrino in some ways acts as a new element. He proposes the name "millsium" for it. He also proposes, analogously to isotopicity, the new term orbitality, to distinguish between the different orbital states of, for example, normal hydrogen with its ground state, and "millsium" with its sub-ground states.} } @article{Gods1990, author = {N.~A. Godshall and E.~P. Roth and M.~J. Kelly and T.~R. Guilinger and R.~I. Ewing}, title = {Calorimetric and thermodynamic analysis of palladium-deuterium electrochemical cells}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {229--237}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, calorimetry, neutrons, res-}, published = {06/1990}, annote = {A novel, large calorimeter was developed, based on the vaporisation of freon and which does not depend on temperature measurement within the cell, thus avoiding problems of temperature gradients. The 10.6 g Pd rod was vacuum annealed at 900 degC for 16 hours to remove residual hydrogen, and placed, in a dry room to exclude light water, into the cell also containing 167 ml of 0.1M LiOD in D2O. The electrolysis cell was placed into a Dewar, completely immersed in liquid freon. All heat released by the cell resulted in freon vaporisation, and the power output of the cell was calculated from the flow of freon gas out of the system. This gave an accuracy of 2\% of the known power inputs, or 0.1W. Initial loading of the Pd with D took place at low current for 48 h, then the current density was raised to 270-360 mA/cm$^2$ and held for 21 days. The current was reversed for 1 day, and then reapplied for a further 14 days. A neutron detector consisting of three (3)He proportional counters was also mounted close to the cell. The cell heat output was within 2\% of that expected from conventional chemical reactions in all cases. No neutron emissions not accountable as background, were detected. This included a short burst twice the long-term background, but such bursts are not unusual, being artifacts also observed by others. There is a very clear discussion of the thermodynamics of the chemical reactions in the cell, and how this affects the calorimetry of such cells.} } @article{Goed1989, author = {J. A. Goedkoop}, title = {Koude kernfusie in de vaste stof? (Cold nuclear fusion in solids?)}, journal = {Energiespektrum}, volume = {13}, year = {1989}, pages = {156--162}, note = {In Dutch}, keywords = {Review}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {A competent early review of cold fusion, written in June 1989. It contains some useful background information about d-d fusion reactions, thermodynamics of PdDx, electrochemistry and palladium hydride structure. It also points to the theoretical work that appeared subsequently, towards explaining the effect, if any. The possibility of the (4)He branch, which some consider might lead simply to heat dissipated in the Pd lattice, is mentioned, as well as the fracto theory, with the doubt expressed, that the postulated charge separation is sustainable in the hydride as in LiD; this later became one of the strong arguments against fractofusion.} } @article{Gold1989, author = {V.~I. Goldanskii and F.~I. Dalidchik}, title = {Mechanism of solid-state fusion}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {342}, year = {1989}, pages = {231.}, keywords = {Discussion}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {In the search for a possible mechanism for cold fusion of D in Pd, the authors dismiss coulombic screening effects in the lattice, and tunnelling. An increase in the (local) density and effective mass of lattice electrons could, together with lattice deformation, cause a local minimum in the potential barrier and form a quasi-stationary complex, leading to "resonance transparency". This could increase the natural fusion rate by a factor of $10^9$. Another possiblity is that a deuteron could somehow aquire about 10 keV of energy, which could happen during lattice cracking, as found by Soviet workers (Klyuev et al).} } @article{Gold1990, author = {V.~I. Goldanskii and F.~I. Dalidchik}, title = {On the possibilities of 'cold enhancement' of nuclear fusion}, journal = {Phys. Lett. B}, volume = {234}, year = {1990}, pages = {465--468}, keywords = {Discussion, theory, fracto, res+}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {01/1990}, annote = {The authors claim that 3 years ago, the editor of JETP Lett. (i.e. of the Soviet journal Pis'ma etc) rejected Deryaguin's paper on the emission of neutrons from heavy ice or LiD under fracture. Their subsequent publications have remained largely unnoticed, in contrast with FPH and Jones+. Here, the present authors take a look at some possible mechanisms for the claimed cold fusion rates. Coulombic shielding, large effective electron mass, barrier penetration, and stimulation by radiation are considered, and rejected on quantitative theoretical grounds. Thus there remains only energetic activation by, for example, fracture micro-cracks, as suggested by the Soviet fracto-fusion school. G\&D do admit that this is not yet theoretically substantiated.} } @article{Golu1989a, author = {P.~I. Golubnichii and V.~A. Kurakin and A.~D. Filonenko and V.~A. Tsarev and A.~A. Tsarik}, title = {Possible mechanism of cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR}, volume = {307}, year = {1989}, pages = {99--101}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Discussion, fracto}, annote = {Not much more than a restatement of the Klyuev et al paper of 1986; i.e. allows the possibility of dd fusion by acceleration of deuterons in electric fields formed by cracks.} } @article{Golu1989b, author = {P.~I. Golubnichii and V.~A. Kurakin and A.~D. Filonenko and V.~A. Tsarev and A.~A. Tsarik}, title = {A possible mechanism for cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Sov. Phys. - Lebedev Inst.}, year = {1989}, number = {6}, pages = {72--74}, note = {Orig. in Kratk. Soobshch. Fiz. (1989)(6) 56. (In Russian)}, keywords = {Theory, fracto, res+}, submitted = {04/1989}, annote = {Examines one of the possible mechanisms, viz: that of microcracks arising from phase changes during hydrogenation, leading to deuteron acceleration (i.e. the 1986 Lipson et al suggestion). High concentration of H(or D) in the metal, high diffusion coefficient of H in the metal at room temperature, efficiency of hydrolytic hydrogenation, strong increase of the specific volume of the metal at the moment of hydride formation at critical H concentrations and formation of micropores, all are favourable for fusion. The crack formation is accompanied by mechanoemission effects, i.e. pulsed acoustic emission, emission of neutrons with energies $\ge 10^5$ eV and electromagnetic gamma-, x- and radiofrequency radiation. The neutron flux can be attained if deuterons can be accelerated to 380 eV. Seems to be a restatement of their other paper in Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR.} } @article{Golu1990a, author = {P.~I. Golubnichii and A.~D. Filoneko and V.~A. Tsarev and A.~A. Tsarik and V.~A. Chechin}, title = {Verification of the accelerator model for low-temperature nuclear fusion}, journal = {Sov. Phys. - Lebedev Inst. Rep.}, year = {1990}, pages = {16--18}, note = {Orig. in Sb. Kratk. Soobshch Fiz. AN SSSR 1990(9) 15 (in Russian)}, keywords = {Discussion, fracto, res+}, submitted = {06/1990}, annote = {Some rough calculations are made here to see whether the team's experimental results, reported in another paper (specified as a preprint) make sense. The results were some correlations between nuclear, acoustic and electromagnetic emission pulses for a sample of palladium under deuteration. The rough calculations show that the observations are roughly to be expected, within a few orders of magnitude.} } @article{Golu1990b, author = {P. I. Golubnichii and E. P. Koval'chuk and G. I. Merzon and A. D. Filonenko and V. A. Tsarev and A. A. Tsarik}, title = {Detection of neutrons and tritium from solid palladium targets by electrolytic deuterium charging}, journal = {Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett.}, volume = {16}, number = {11}, year = {1990}, pages = {826--827}, submitted = {05/1990}, published = {11/1990}, note = {Orig. in: Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 16(21) (1990) 46--51, in Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd wire, neutrons, tritium, correlations, res+}, annote = {A 7 cm long Pd wire of area 10 cm$^2$ was prepared by deposition from a PdCl2 solution (they don't say deposited onto what), and used as cathode in 0.1M LiClO2 in D2O. 10 neutron detectors were used, and tritium analysed in the gas phase. There were several neutron events during electrolysis, several times the background levels, some of them coinciding with cell temperature rises. In another experiment, one tritium event coincided with a temperature rise, and some neutron events did as well.} } @article{Golu1990c, author = {P.~I. Golubnichii and G.~I. Merzon and A.~D. Filonenko and V.~A. Tsarev and A.~S. Tsarik}, title = {Correlation between nuclear, acoustic, and electromagnetic emissions during the electrolytic saturation of palladium with deuterium}, journal = {Sov. Phys. - Lebedev Inst. Rep.}, number = {8}, year = {1990}, pages = {31--35}, note = {Orig. in Kratk. Soobshch . Fiz. (1990) (8) 26, in Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, acoustics, nuclear, em, res+}, submitted = {05/1990}, annote = {Four series of measurements were carried out, three of them electrolysis at a Pd plate at the bottom of a cell, in 0.1M LiClO4 in D2O; a microphone was soldered to the palladium, a CdI crystal underneath it to catch nuclear events and an electromagnetic probe to catch signals up to 1MHz in frequency. Electrolysis was continued (at 1A) for 3.5, 3.5 and 2 hours. In the fourth experiment, a D-charged Pd cathode was heated in a vacuum chamber to drive out the deuterium, while also monitoring the three kinds of emissions. The acoustic probe came loose, however. All in all, two events were seen, in which the three signals coincided, during the electrolysis runs; none during the desorption run. Going by the frequencies of events of the individual signals, the expected number of such coincidences was $10^{-7}$, so that 2 might be a large number. The authors admit to the weakness of these statistics and agree that further work is needed. They did, however, write another paper to explain these results (p.16/15, same journal issue).} } @article{Golu1991a, author = {P.~I. Golubnichii and F.~F. Kayumov and G.~I. Merzon and O.~A. Petrii and V.~A. Tsarev and G.~A. Tsirlina}, title = {Proton emission in low-temperature nuclear fusion}, journal = {Sov. Phys. - Lebedev Inst. Rep.}, year = {1991}, number = {12}, pages = {6--9}, note = {Orig. in Sb. Kratk. Soobshch Fiz. AN SSSR 1991(12) 41 (in Russian)}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd film, protons, res-}, submitted = {12/1991}, annote = {Detection of protons is easier than that of neutrons, so this fusion branch is studied here, despite the small yield of protons, which are stopped within 30 micrometres in Pd. An electrolysis cell with 0.1M LiOD in heavy water and a control cell with LiOH in light water were arranged such that the Pd film cathode was the cell floor, beneath which was the detector, consisting of a proportional counter (PC) and broad-gap track spark chamber (SC). This had a 2\% efficiency and 4s dead time. In 8 series of measurements, lasting 1010 min and using a current density of 31 mA/cm$^2$, 141 events were recorded, one every 7 min on average. Of these 141, 2 could be said to be coming from the heavy water cell (the tracks point to their origin), the rest are cosmic rays. Even these 2 could be cosmic noise. A 940 min control run with no current produced again 1 ev per 7 min, 2 from the heavy and one from the light water cells. The results set the upper limit for cnf at $10^{-24}$ fus/pair/s.} } @article{Golu1991b, author = {P.~I. Golubnichii and V.~V. Kuz'minov and G.~I. Merzon and B.~V. Pritychenko and A.~D. Filonenko and V.~A. Tsarev and A.~A. Tsarik}, title = {Correlated neutron and acoustic emission from a deuterium-saturated palladium target}, journal = {JETP Lett.}, volume = {53}, year = {1991}, pages = {122--125}, keywords = {Experimental, fracto, Pd, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {12/1990}, published = {01/1991}, annote = {What the fractofusion school of thought has been waiting for; are the cracks sources of neutrons? Experiments were done under low background conditions, underground. The Pd was electrolytically saturated with deuterium. Neutrons were moderated in paraffin and detected with an array of 10 SNM-18 counters, with an overall efficiency of 10\%. Sound was measured with a ceramic piezoelectric device. Correlation measurements were carried out for 3.5 h. There were 42 correlated events (with a time shift, due largely to the finite propagation of the acoustic signal), while 6 are expected if they were random. So the results appear to support the fractofusion model.} } @article{Good1996, author = {W. R. {Good II}}, title = {Comments on 'Calorimetry, excess heat, and Faraday efficiency in Ni-H2O electrolytic cells'}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {30}, year = {1996}, pages = {132--133}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {11/1995}, published = {09/1996}, annote = {W.R. Good, of the Hydrocatalysis Power Corp., polemicises against the paper from the Bose lab, by Shkedi et al. Good reckons that the Bose team did not follow recommended procedure and for this reason failed to detect hydrinos as proposed by Mills.} } @article{Good2000, author = {D. Goodstein}, title = {Whatever happened to cold fusion?}, journal = {Accountability Res.}, volume = {8}, year = {2000}, pages = {59--71}, keywords = {Sci/soc/phil.}, annote = {This is a reprint of an article that appeared in the American Scholar 63 (1994) 527. Since that time (he writes, "In the three years since", indicating when this introduction was written), much has happened but little has changed - in the sense that there is increasingly reliable evidence, but mainstream science has continued to ignore and dismiss the field. Goodstein reports his relationship with Scaramuzzi, and provides a beautifully clear description, in words, of the issues in the fusion of deuterons, including the problems with it that are the cause of mainstream scientists' dismissal.} } @article{Goro1991, author = {V.~G. Gorodetskii and B.~G. Polosukhin and E.~M. Sulimov and P.~I. Novikov and V.~P. Bychin}, title = {Emission of neutrons and gamma quanta from palladium upon its saturation with deuterium in the gas phase}, journal = {Fiz. Metal. Metalloved.}, year = {1991}, number = {7}, pages = {176--178}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, gas phase, Pd foil, neutrons, gamma, res+}, submitted = {06/1990}, annote = {Pd foil, 0.2 mm thickness, 28 g in all, rolled into a cyclinder (15 mm dia, 80 mm long) and wire of 2mm dia, 6 g, were placed into steel and quartz holders, respectively, and D2 admitted into the evacuated holders at 1-4 atm. Two groups of neutron detectors, each consisting of 15 type SI 19N counters, were placed "around" the holders; they had an optimal sensitivity at about 2 MeV. Blocks of scintillation NaI gamma detectors were also placed, max sens. at 662 keV. At room temp., the background neutron count was 0.17/s. The samples were now heated from room temp to 570 K while monitoring neutrons and gammas. The foil showed a maximum of 0.29 n/s and the wire a maximum of 0.4 n/s; these took place in the range 420-570 K, where both alpha- and beta-phases of the deuteride exist. The authors speculate that fluctuating phase transitions, as suggested by Petrillo+ (89), cause fusion.} } @article{Gott1990, author = {S. Gottesfeld and R.~E. Anderson and D.~A. Baker and R.~D. Bolton and K.~B. Butterfield and F.~H. Garzon and C.~A. Goulding and M.~W. Johnson and E.~M. Leonard and T.~E. Springer and T. Zawodzinski}, title = {Experiments and nuclear measurements in search of cold fusion processes}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {287--297}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, neutrons, gamma, calorimetry, res-}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {The Los Alamos team (one of several to have a go) comprised electronics and various nuclear expertise, as well as electrochemical. Four separate electrochemical cells were used. Deuterium loading was monitored by continuous monitoring of the electrode resistance. To measure neutron emissions, a (3)He well counter as well as a NE-213 scintillation spectrometer were used, and a HPGe detector for gamma emissions. Later, thermocouples monitored for thermal swings as well. During a total observation time of about 550 hours, there were some excursions on one counter, not matched by another, and could be rejected. Such excursions were also observed in the absence of an electrolysis cell. Another experiment using titanium exposed to D2 gas yielded no emissions either.} } @article{Gou1990, author = {Q. Gou and Z. Zhu and Q. Zhang}, title = {Possible mechanism of cold fusion and experimental research}, journal = {Yuanzi Yu Fenzi Wuli Xuebao}, volume = {7}, year = {1990}, pages = {1491--1496}, note = {In Chinese}, keywords = {Discussion, theory}, annote = {A possible mechanism is proposed of D-D cold fusion based on at., mol. or solid state physics. After this assumption, the remarkable effects of temp. variation and exothermal and the fusion products with mass no. 4 and 3 were obsvd. during the electrolysis of Dd with Pd or Ti electrodes. (Chem. Abstr. 114:151805, (1991)).} } @article{Gou1998, author = {Q. Gou}, title = {Further discussion on the mechanism of cold fusion and cold fusion materials}, journal = {Chin. J. Atomic Molec. Phys.}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, year = {1998}, pages = {7--12}, note = {In Chinese, Eng. abstr.}, keywords = {Discussion, no references.}, submitted = {09/1997}, published = {01/1998}, annote = {The abstract just says that there is more detail in the paper, and that the ionic crystals TiD2 and PdD may be good cold fusion materials.} } @article{Govo1990, author = {B.~V. Govorov and V.~M. Gryaznov and N.~B. Yeremin and A.~N. Karavanov and N.~R. Roshan and A.~F. Tulinov and I.~V. Tyapkin}, title = {Study of neutron emission from palladium alloy deuterides}, journal = {Zh. Fiz. Khim.}, volume = {64}, year = {1990}, pages = {539--540}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, fracto, gas phase, Pd-Sm, Pd-Ru alloys, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {02/1990}, annote = {Refer to FPH and Jones+, and to the fractofusion explanation of cold fusion, as given by Golubnichi et al. (Lipson et al are not mentioned). To test this, the authors used two alloys, Pd-Sm (80:20 by mass) and Pd-Ru (94:6 by mass), which suffer greatly different hydrogen embrittlements, Pd-Sm fragmenting much sooner than Pd-Ru upon absorption of hydrogen. The idea (I take it) is that there should thus be similarly different neutron emissions, if these are due to fracturing. Deuterium was absorbed as a gas (1 atm), with the metal in a U-tube immersed in a variable temperature bath, cycled between liquid N2 temperature and 500K. 12 proportional neutron counters were used, with an overall counting efficiency of $0.105 \pm 0.005$, together with another 3 detectors for monitoring background neutron counts. Results show clear evidence for neutron emission when the deuterated alloys were brought to 500K (but I am not clear about the units on the graph, or in the text), but no essential difference between the two alloys, so the fractofusion theory is not upheld here.} } @article{Gozz1990a, author = {D. Gozzi and P.~L. Cignini and L. Petrucci and M. Tomellini and Maria. De G and S. Frullani and F. Garibaldi and F. Ghio and M. Jodice}, title = {Evidences for associated heat generation and nuclear products release in palladium heavy-water electrolysis}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A}, volume = {103}, year = {1990}, pages = {143--154}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd sinter, calorimetry, neutrons, gamma, res+}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {01/1990}, annote = {A sintered Pd electrode, shaped from Pd powder to final dimensions of $6 \times 5 \times 25$ mm, was charged galvanostatically (const. current) at 200 mA/cm$^2$ with deuterium. Of two similar experiments, one produced nuclear and thermal effects simultaneously, after 6 days of electrolysis, in the form of a single sharp neutron burst. The event lasted 4 minutes and emitted $7.2 \times 10^5$ neutrons, while the electrode heated to 150 degC. Gamma radiation could not be detected because of the short period of the burst. Excess T was estimated, by complex background corrections, at $2.14 \times 10^{11}$ atoms. However, the calculated excess heat is 3 orders of mag. less than expected from the no. of neutrons. The authors consider the possible role of Li but no conclusion is reached.} } @article{Gozz1990b, author = {D. Gozzi and P.~L. Cignini and L. Petrucci and M. Tomellini and G. {De Maria} and S. Frullani and F. Garibaldi and F. Ghio and M. Jodice and E. Tabet}, title = {Nuclear and thermal effects during electrolytic reduction of deuterium at palladium cathode}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {241--247}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd sinter, calorimetry, neutrons, gamma, res+}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {Used a sintered Pd cathode and measured its temperature, but did no other calorimetry. Neutron and gamma emissions were monitored. The cell was switched off upon reaching 80 degC. A (3)He dosimeter was used for neutron detection, up to 7 MeV, with an efficiency of $5 \times 10^{-5}$. Gamma detection was by means of a NaI crystal connected to a SILENA spectrum analyser. Deuterium charging took place in a series of bursts of increasing length. At the onset of such a burst, there was a temperature rise of the cathode followed, upon current cessation, by a slow drop. This pattern changed gradually due to increasing D/Pd ratio. At one point, there was a temperature spike and a neutron burst at the same time; the authors conclude from this single event that cold fusion had taken place. At the end of the paper, a tritium excess of $2 \times 10^{11}$ atoms is mentioned.} } @article{Gozz1992, author = {D. Gozzi and P.~L. Cignini and M. Tomellini and S. Frullani and F. Garibaldi and F. Ghio and M. Jodice and G.~M. Urciuoli}, title = {Neutron and tritium evidence in the electrolytic reduction of deuterium on palladium electrodes}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {21}, year = {1992}, pages = {60--74}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, neutrons, tritium, res0}, submitted = {04/1991}, published = {01/1992}, annote = {A FPH reenactment, using 10 cells and lasting 3 months, was carried out. All 10 cells were placed in the same water bath and shared the same current. A neutron detector was placed in the centre, and gamma detectors outside the ring. Tritium was measured in the recombined evolved gases. One of the 10 cells contained an H2O solution instead of D2O. Pd electrodes were gas (D2 or H2) charged prior to electrolysis. Current densities were changed according to a program suggested by a Texas A\&M result, up to 500 mA/cm$^2$, and there is a correlation between neutron emission and current density, with a threshold at about 320 mA/cm$^2$. Also, 3 cells out of the 9 showed tritium in excess of enrichment, at the same currents as produced neutrons. Some anomalous thermal effects were found but are in doubt. No gamma emissions were found. The authors conclude that more work is needed.} } @article{Gozz1995a, author = {D. Gozzi and R. Caputo and P.~L. Cignini and M. Tomellini and G. Gigli and G. Balducci and E. Cisbani and S. Frullani and F. Garibaldi and M. Jodice and G.~M. Urciuoli}, title = {Calorimetric and nuclear byproduct measurements in electrochemical confinement of deuterium in palladium}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {380}, year = {1995}, pages = {91--107}, keywords = {Experimental. Pd, electrolysis, excess heat, neutrons, helium, tritium, correlation, res0}, submitted = {02/1994}, published = {01/1995}, annote = {The authors recognise that the simultaneous detection of excess heat and nuclear products would be indicative of cold fusion, and report on their attempts to do this. Ten electrolysis cells, some of them controls with Au or Pt cathodes, are surrounded by a ring of neutron detectors, and the head space gases from the cells are analysed for 4He and T, after some filtering to cut down on the large excess of D2. The cells are of the open type and there is a complicated program of current densities with time. Some small levels of excess heat are found (up to about 60\%), scaling more or less with input power, and some 4He is found at apparently commensurate amounts but after time lags of some hundreds of hours after excess heat events. The authors carefully measure Ne along with He and find some; they recognise that this could mean that the 4He - or at least some it - was contamination from the lab air. No neutrons or significant levels of tritium were found.} } @article{Gozz1995b, author = {D. Gozzi and R. Caputo and P.~L. Cignini and M. Tomellini and G. Gigli and G. Balducci and E. Cisbani and S. Frullani and F. Garibaldi and M. Jodice and G.~M. Urciuoli}, title = {Quantitative measurements of helium-4 in the gas phase of Pd + D2O electrolysis}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {380}, year = {1995}, pages = {109--116}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd electrolysis, helium, mass spec, correlation, res0. No FPH/Jones ref.}, submitted = {02/1994}, published = {01/1995}, annote = {Here, the method used to measure helium in the gas emitted from electrolysis cells described in their other paper (ibid p.91) is described in detail. A mass spectrometer with a resolving power of 660 (mass/delta-mass) was used. The complex chain of traps and lines between the headspace and MS is described. The authors were aware of some leaks and indeed some Ne was detected, at levels correlated with helium levels; this indicates atmospheric contamination. The paper does provide information on how to improve such measurements, however.} } @article{Gozz1997, author = {D. Gozzi and F. Cellucci and P.~L. Cignini and G. Gigli and M. Tomellini and E. Cisbani and S. Frullani and G.~M. Urciuoli}, title = {X-ray, heat excess and 4He in the D/Pd system}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {435}, year = {1997}, pages = {113--136}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, heavy water, x-rays, excess heat, helium, res+}, submitted = {01/1997}, published = {09/1997}, annote = {This long paper reports on electrolysis in several special Pyrex/stainless steel cells, designed to keep out helium from the air, so that helium detection was possible below the ambient level (5.24 ppm). Excess heat and 4He were monitored, and x-ray film was placed 5 cm from the Pd cathode. Effluent gases were carried out with helium-free nitrogen from liquid N2, which also circulated around the cell, the gas stream going out through stainless steel vacuum tubing. He was detected by a high-Q mass spectrometer working in the M-range up to 27 amu. The cathode was a bundle, 4 mm by 40 mm, of Pd wire, held together at the ends by a Pd rod cap. A large Pt mesh cage was the counter electrode (anode). The cathode was vacuum annealed at 970 C for 24 h. Excess heats were measured by a cooling coil calorimeter. Controls were run on everything. Although there appeared to be some helium leaks, there were none at other times and 4He was found, roughly commensurate with the excess heat also found. Time correlations were not possible to obtain however. A check, using the Ne/He ratio, was tried but there was too little Ne to get a figure (this points to the 4He being generated in the cell, not from the air, which contains Ne). One of the several cells employed put out 8 MJ excess heat, or 80\% over input. The x-ray film showed sharply defined spots, and the authors explain these by shadowing through the Pd bundles, the x-rays coming from the central Pd strands for an unknown reason. X-ray film away from the cell showed no spots. The x-rays are tentatively explained by alpha particles (the 4He) hitting Pd. Another result is that the 4He was produced only on the Pd surface and not found in the wire interior.} } @article{Gozz1998, author = {D. Gozzi and F. Cellucci and P.~L. Cignini and G. Gigli and M. Tomellini and E. Cisbani and S. Frullani and G.~M. Urciuoli}, title = {X-ray, heat excess and 4He in the D/Pd system}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {452}, year = {1998}, pages = {251--271}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, heavy water, x-rays, excess heat, helium, res+}, submitted = {01/1997}, published = {09/1997}, annote = {This is an Erratum, but unusual in that it is the complete paper printed once more, without the (apparently) many errors in the original version. The original annotation at the time for the paper in JEC 435 (1997) 113, was: This long paper reports on electrolysis in several special Pyrex/stainless steel cells, designed to keep out helium from the air, so that helium detection was possible below the ambient level (5.24 ppm). Excess heat and 4He were monitored, and x-ray film was placed 5 cm from the Pd cathode. Effluent gases were carried out with helium-free nitrogen from liquid N2, which also circulated around the cell, the gas stream going out through stainless steel vacuum tubing. He was detected by a high-Q mass spectrometer working in the M-range up to 27 amu. The cathode was a bundle, 4 mm by 40 mm, of Pd wire, held together at the ends by a Pd rod cap. A large Pt mesh cage was the counter electrode (anode). The cathode was vacuum annealed at 970 C for 24 h. Excess heats were measured by a cooling coil calorimeter. Controls were run on everything. Although there appeared to be some helium leaks, there were none at other times and 4He was found, roughly commensurate with the excess heat also found. Time correlations were not possible to obtain however. A check, using the Ne/He ratio, was tried but there was too little Ne to get a figure (this points to the 4He being generated in the cell, not from the air, which contains Ne). One of the several cells employed put out 8 MJ excess heat, or 80\% over input. The x-ray film showed sharply defined spots, and the authors explain these by shadowing through the Pd bundles, the x-rays coming from the central Pd strands for an unknown reason. X-ray film away from the cell showed no spots. The x-rays are tentatively explained by alpha particles (the 4He) hitting Pd. Another result is that the 4He was produced only on the Pd surface and not found in the wire interior.} } @article{Grae1990, author = {L. Gr{\"a}sjo and M. Seo}, title = {Measurement of absorption of hydrogen and deuterium into palladium during electrolysis by a quartz crystal microbalance}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {296}, year = {1990}, pages = {233--239}, keywords = {Experimental, EQCM, Pd, res0}, submitted = {07/1990}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {The aim was to examine the quartz crystal resonance frequency change, in response to stress induced by absorption of hydrogen/deuterium into palladium. A 200 nm thick Pd film was electroplated onto the base gold film on the crystal. H/Pd or D/Pd ratios were calibrated by both electrode potential measurement and coulometry (current integration) and agreed within a few \% for higher loadings around 0.6, but not for alpha-phase loadings, probably due to surface impurities taking part in electron transfer in the early stages. There was a linear relation between df (change in resonance frequency) and H or D loading, but this did not conform to theory; stress effects are blamed, and cause an approximate doubling of df with respect to the expected value, as has been found by others.} } @article{Gran1990a, author = {J.~R. Granada and R.~E. Mayer and G. Guido and P.~C. Florido and A. Larreteguy and V.~H. Gillette and N.~E. Patino and J. Converti and S.~E. Gomez}, title = {Thermal neutron measurements on electrolytic cells with deuterated palladium cathodes subjected to a pulsed current}, journal = {J. Nucl. Sci. Technol.}, volume = {27}, year = {1990}, pages = {222--229}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, pulsed current, Pd, neutrons, res0}, submitted = {01/1990}, published = {03/1990}, annote = {The team started with an experiment of charging palladium with deuterium with a constant current over a period of over 2 weeks, without any results. Here, they report a new experiment, in which the charging current is turned on and off at some 10 s intervals, over a long period. Neutrons were carefully monitored using 18 correlated (3)He detectors; overall efficiency was found to be about 17\%. Several palladium electrode shapes were used, and a control with light water, H2O. Results show modest neutron fluxes above the background, but statistical analysis shows that it is about 95\% certain that the results are not simply noise. The authors do not commit themselves to a neutron rate emission because of experimental uncertainties but they do seem 95\% certain that neutrons were emitted whenever current flowed.} } @article{Gran1990b, author = {J.~R. Granada and R.~E. Mayer and P.~C. Florido and V.~H. Gillette and S.~E. Gomez}, title = {Neutron measurements on electrolytic cells (Pd-D2O) performed under very low background conditions}, journal = {J. Nucl. Sci. Technol.}, volume = {27}, year = {1990}, pages = {379--381}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, low-noise background, neutrons, res0}, submitted = {01/1990}, published = {04/1990}, annote = {The previous paper by these authors showed that in pulsed-current electrolysis experiments, there appeared to be a small but significant neutron flux during current flow, although it was only about 30\% above the background. This paper is a preliminary report of a second experiment, done under water at a depth of 50 m (with the bottom at 100 m) which reduced the background neutron flux by a factor of 70, even though the detector assembly was only 2/3 effective, due to an electronic fault. Again, a definite neutron flux from the Pd electrode was observed, this time about twice the background, or 6 sd's above it. The authors promise an analysis of the results in a forthcoming paper.} } @article{Gran1991, author = {E. Granite and J. Jorne}, title = {A novel method for studying electrochemically induced cold fusion using a deuteron-conducting solid electrolyte}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {317}, year = {1991}, pages = {285--290}, keywords = {Experimental, solid state electrolysis, Pd, neutrons, res0}, submitted = {11/1990}, published = {11/1991}, annote = {Most previous cnf experiments have used either a wet cell with electrolysis or metals under pressurised dry deuterium, to load deuterium into a metal. These workers combine the two. They have a beta''-alumina sandwich on Pd film, in a dry D2 atmosphere, and apply a voltage between the Pd films. The alumina is an ionic conductor and D+ ions, generated at the anode, can reach the cathode, there to be reduced to D, which loads into the Pd film. Neutrons were measured by means of two NE 213 counters, with gamma discrimination. Over two days of electrolysis, no deviations from the background were seen, except for some bursts. The authors cannot with certainty attribute these to the cell but do say that a run with hydrogen produced no such bursts. The cell also has a small heat capacity and is thus more sensitive than aqueous systems to heat effects. Calorimetry showed no heat effects, however. Mass spectroscopy did not detect any helium, and tritium was not produced.} } @article{Gran1992, author = {P. Graneau and N. Graneau}, title = {The role of Ampere forces in nuclear fusion}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {165}, year = {1992}, pages = {1--13}, keywords = {Discussion, ampere forces}, submitted = {10/1991}, published = {05/1992}, annote = {Not referring to cold fusion, this paper points to deuterium fusion in conductors exploded by heavy current pulses. Neutrons and x-rays have been observed, not due to thermonuclear fusion, but presumably due to accelerated deuterons formed by the longitudinal Ampere forces along the axis. This might be a cheap alternative to Tokamak fusion, and is called filament fusion by the authors. There is reference to cluster impact fusion, now known to be an artifact.} } @article{Gran1993, author = {P. Graneau and N. Graneau}, title = {Ampere force calculation for filament fusion experiments}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {174}, year = {1993}, pages = {421--427}, keywords = {Discussion, ampere forces, filament fusion}, submitted = {10/1992}, published = {03/1993}, annote = {Filament fusion, described by the authors in an earlier paper, is here related to cold fusion. Storms and Talcott find evidence of filament capillaries in PdD, and cold fusion may thus be taking place along such channels. Acoustic emissions would be expected, and sometimes have been detected; also, the process would stop when the material breaks up, and this, too, is supported by experiments. The authors attempt to calculate the feasibility of this type of fusion, but under conditions rather more severe that those of cold fusion. Results are not encouraging for cold fusion in these terms, but more work is desirable.} } @article{Gran1994, author = {P.~M. Grant and R.~E. Whipple and A. Alcaraz and J.~S. Haas and B.~D. Andresen}, title = {Hydrocarbon oil found in the interior of a 'cold fusion' electrolysis cell after fatal explosion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {25}, year = {1994}, pages = {207--208}, keywords = {Discussion}, submitted = {10/1992}, published = {03/1994}, annote = {This team of forensic scientists here report on the explosion of a cnf electrolysis cell at SRI on Jan 2, 1992, which killed Andrew Riley and injured McKubre. Examination of the debris showed the presence of hydrocarbon oil, presumably from the lubricant residues from the machining of some parts of the cell. This oil may have reacted with the pressurised oxygen generated in the cell and this could in turn have initiated the explosion.} } @article{Gran1995a, author = {P. Grant}, title = {Author response}, note = {Response to the polemic by E.S. Shanley, ibid, same page}, journal = {Chem. Health Saf.}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, year = {1995}, pages = {4--5}, keywords = {Polemic, SRI explosion}, annote = {Grant, who led the forensic team that investigated the explosion of a cold fusion cell in the SRI labs in Jan. 1992, responds to a polemic by E.S. Shanley, who throws doubts upon the team's conclusions regarding the presence of oil traces on the internal cell walls, that might have set off the explosion. Shanley's main points were that the oil could not have reached the "Pd" oxidation catalyst in order to react with oxygen, and that such a reaction should have resulted in left-over deuterium. Grant responds with several points. Explosions are normally less than 100\% efficient, so the residue would not be useful in this way; that there was no way of knowing just how much oil there had been in the cell prior to the explosion; and that the Pd cathode was not the recombination catalyst, which was Pt-coated instead; there is no need to postulate transport of oil to the catalyst, to explain an explosion; and that SRI's reconstruction of the accident is only one of several possible scenarios, and not necessarily the most likely.} } @article{Gran1995b, author = {P.~M. Grant and R.~E. Whipple and B.~D. Andresen}, title = {Comprehensive forensic analyses of debris from the fatal explosion of a 'cold fusion' electrochemical cell}, journal = {J. Forensic Sci.}, volume = {40}, year = {1995}, pages = {18--26}, keywords = {Discussion}, annote = {This team of forensic chemists was charged with the detailed examination of the debris left after the explosion of a cold fusion cell at SRI, in which Andrew Riley was killed. Some of his tissues were in fact found left on the steel of the cell. SRI had at this stage already examined the debris and concluded that the cause of the explosion was a blockage, by a small PTFE flap, of a pressure valve, resulting in a high internal pressure in the sealed cell; and that when Riley moved it, he exposed the deuterium/oxygen mixture to bare palladium. Grant et al do not find any evidence of such a blockage, and their main finding is of residues of oil on the inside of the steel mantle around the cell. They appear to believe that this oil started a combustion process with the pressurised oxygen, that then set off the gas mixture. The steel container was deformed, indicating a peak pressure of about 300 atm. They also found incomplete welds in the container bottom (54\% weld penetration), no doubt resulting in the rocket effect after the bottom blew off. They conducted some elemental analysis but some of the results are confidential, probably part of SRI's secret ingredients for 'cold fusion'. They express some surprise at the absence of nitrate or nitrite, usually present after explosions. They also performed some radionuclide measurements but will publish the findings elsewhere, prevented by the referee from doing so here.} } @article{Gran1995c, author = {P.~M. Grant and . Whipple and F. Bazan and J.~L. Brunk and K.~M. Wong and R.~E. Russo and B.~D. Andresen}, title = {Search for evidence of nuclear involvement in the fatal explosion of a "cold fusion" experiment}, journal = {J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.}, volume = {193}, year = {1995}, pages = {165--169}, keywords = {Postmortem analysis, explosion, radiowaste.}, annote = {The forensic team asked to investigate the fatal explosion at the SRI lab, in which Riley was killed, report on their main measurements in the J. Forensic Sci.). They also searched for emissions due to nuclear processes and report the results here. The measurements were delayed until 3.5 months after the explosion, so short-lived products would have been missed but there is a Table of isotopes that could have been produced by neutron activation, and that would survive for this length of time. The samples were placed in a gamma ray detector for several days while counting. No evidence of any such activated isotope species was found.} } @article{Gran1998, author = {P. Grant and D. Chambers and L. Grace and D. Phinney and I. Hutcheon}, title = {Advanced techniques in physical forensic science}, journal = {Physics Today, Oct.}, year = {1998}, pages = {32--38}, keywords = {Discussion}, published = {10/1998}, annote = {The forensic team describe one of their tools, an ultrasensitive mass spectrometer, and its application to a few cases. One of these was the cold fusion electrolysis cell that exploded at SRI, killing Andrew Riley. The article does not state just what role MS played, but does say that a large number of tests on the debris indicated the possibility that an explosive oxidation of residual lubricating oil might have started the explosion. This has been reported in a fuller paper by these authors.} } @article{Gree1989, author = {T. Greenland}, title = {Numbers off an envelope}, journal = {Physics World}, volume = {2}, year = {1989}, pages = {16--17}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, published = {05/1989}, annote = {Some rough calculations of screening parameters and effective electron masses to enable the claimed fusion rates of Jones+, FPH (neutrons) and FPH (excess heat). Results look unlikely.} } @article{Gree1990, author = {T. Greenland}, title = {Issues connected with cold fusion: a room temperature mechanism for the production of x-rays}, journal = {J. Phys. B}, volume = {23}, year = {1990}, pages = {1679--1690}, keywords = {Theory, suggestion}, submitted = {10/1989}, published = {05/1990}, annote = {Assuming (as in fracto-fusion postulates) that fusion is the result of energetic deuterons moving through the Pd or Ti lattice, the neutrons should produce x-rays at "hot spots". Without accounting for these hot spots, G estimates the yield of these x-rays. Results indicate that neutrons, rather than x-rays, are the most sensitive probe for the existence of these hot spots. G suggests some further experiments to throw light on hot spot theories. He also examines another possibility: instead of individual energetic deuterons "ploughing through the lattice", there could be bunches of deuterons sharing a certain energy inside a small volume ("fire balls"). This turns out not to lead to greater fusion rates than single deuterons doing their stuff.} } @article{Gree1994, author = {T.~A. Green and T.~I. Quickenden}, title = {Electrolytic preparation of highly loaded deuterides of palladium}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {368}, year = {1994}, pages = {121--131}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, calorimetry, loading study}, submitted = {05/1993}, published = {04/1994}, annote = {A high loading ratio D/Pd is sometimes said to be important for the success of cold fusion, but it is not clear in most work, what the loading was or how high a loading can indeed be achieved. These authors survey the field and describe the methods of measuring loading. They then report their own results, using in situ resistance measurement and known calibration curves of resistance vs loading. Even this seemingly best method has its pitfalls. In the first series of measurements, the Pd wires (1mm) were used without pretreatment; conventional loadings of about 0.8 were achieved for these. When pretreatment as used by McKubre's team was used (vacuum annealing, acid etching), the loadings increased to about 0.9. These figures were rather independent of the electrolyte used. It was found that vacuum annealing alone was sufficient. Thus, in situ resistance measurement can be used to measure the D/Pd loading.} } @article{Gree1995, author = {T.~G. Green and T.~I. Quickenden}, title = {Calorimetric studies of highly loaded deuterides and hydrides of palladium}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {389}, year = {1995}, pages = {91--103}, keywords = {Calorimetry, high loading, res0}, submitted = {10/1994}, published = {06/1995}, annote = {G\&Q report here the results of a painstaking study of the calorimetry of the title systems. Many of the published recommendations for producing excess heat were tried (with particular attention to the work of McKubre et al and Hasegawa et al): high loading (up to 0.93), low-high charging current regime, prolonged electrolysis (30 days) and additives (Al and SiO2). An isoperibolic calorimeter was used and the error in the heat balance was 1.5\%. The result of 48 separate measurements (including controls) is that no excess heat outside the error limits was found in any run.} } @article{Groe1992, author = {F. Gr{\o}nlund}, title = {Electrolysis in calorimetry}, journal = {J. Thermal Anal.}, volume = {38}, year = {1992}, pages = {229--238}, keywords = {Discussion, polemic, res-}, published = {01/1992}, annote = {This paper takes a critical look at the paper of Fleischmann et al 1990 or FPALH-90. Instead of the empirical and hard-to-follow method of analysis used by FPALH, Groenlund starts from basics, not unlike Balej and Divisek. Only known thermodynamic relations and reactions are considered. Input power, heat flow out of the cell, enthalpy of electrolysis and of water evaporation (in the saturation of evolved gases) are all known and can be related. The numbers from the grand Table in FPALH are used; the only missing variable, cell temperature, is calculated indirectly. The calculated excess heats are about an order of magnitude smaller than those given by FPALH, i.e. 0-5\% of input power. There is a linear, rather than power-, relation between excess heat and current, and an exponential one with -Ea/RT (Ea = activation energy). The heat bursts of FPALH remain unexplained but no evidence exists for an anomalous effect for their origin. Conclusions are: At low current densities, the present analysis agrees with FPALH, i.e. FPALH's method agrees with the thermodynamic approach; at higher cd's, FPALH's values are too high by an order of magnitude and may be due to error; the apparent large accumulation of excess energy could be due to small rates of recombination, despite FPALH's insistence that no recombination occurred.} } @article{Gryz1989, author = {M. Gryzinski}, title = {Cold fusion: what's going on?}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {338}, year = {1989}, pages = {712.}, keywords = {Discussion, theory, res+}, published = {04/1989}, annote = {Ties in CNF with his own studies of the H(2)+ molecule - i.e. two protons plus one electron. This forms what he calls a collapsing molecule and this phenomenon could aid the tunnelling needed for CNF.} } @article{Gu1989, author = {A.~G. Gu and R.~K.~F. Teng and M.~S. Miller and W.~J. Sprouse}, title = {Preliminary experimental study on cold fusion using deuterium gas and deuterium plasma in the presence of palladium}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {248--250}, keywords = {Experimental, gas phase, Pd, ion beam, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {Deuterium at liquid nitrogen temperature, in contact with Pd, was warmed up to room temp., and neutrons were observed above background. Then, Pd was bombarded with a 1 keV deuterium beam, producing neutrons well above the background; a beam of N ions (as a check) did not. Also, the deuterium beam did not have sufficient energy to expect it to produce fusion.} } @article{Gu1990, author = {A.~G. Gu and R.~K.~F. Teng and M.~S. Miller and J. Sprouse}, title = {Experimental study on cold fusion using deuterium gas and deuterium ion beam with palladium}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {329--331}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, gas phase, high pressure, ion beam, neutrons, res0}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {Pd was exposed to D2 gas at 69 kPa, and a Ludlum 14C neutron detector placed nearby. Temperature cycling was applied. In another experiment, an ion beam of deuterons was aimed at the Pd, with a nitrogen beam as a control. The neutron flux was here detected by a BF3 detector. Upon switching to the deuteron beam, the neutron flux went from 4-6 counts over a 2-min period to about 36. The authors ask themselves whether this might not be plasma beam fusion (self targeting) and it well might, although in one experiment, they continued to detect neutrons after switching off the deuterons and purging with nitrogen. They draw no conclusions but promise more work.} } @article{Guer1994, author = {T.~M. G{\"u}r and M. Schreiber and G. Lucier and J.~A. Ferrante and J. Chao and R.~A. Huggins}, title = {An isoperibolic calorimeter to study electrochemical insertion of deuterium into palladium}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {25}, year = {1994}, pages = {487--501}, keywords = {Experimental, calorimeter design}, submitted = {11/1993}, published = {07/1994}, annote = {Description of a newly designed closed-cell calorimeter, apparently of high quality. It avoids the errors of previous designs for 'cold fusion' calorimetry. At the heart of the setup are two heavy concentric Al cylinders, separated by a well defined conduction gap. There is uniformity of temperature within the cylinders. 1/e settling time was around 13 min. The design has been confirmed to be stable and reproducible over long periods. The conduction gap is filled with alumina powder and thus the setup is suitable for high temperature work up to 600 C. } } @article{Guil1990, author = {T.~R. Guilinger and M.~J. Kelly and J.~R. Scully and T.~M. Christensen and D. Ingersoll and J.~A. Knapp and R.~I. Ewing and W.~H. Casey and S.~S. Tsao}, title = {Investigation of fusion reactions in palladium and titanium tritide using galvanostatic, coulometric, and hydrogen permeation techniques}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {299--304}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, loading, neutrons, tritium, res-}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {Ran a long-term reenactment of FPH(89) using annealed Pd wire (1050 degC at 1E-06 Torr), measuring neutron and tritium emission; none was found, with a sensitivity of $10^{-23} \dots 10^{-22}$ fus/pair/s. There were also hydrogen permeation studies (and some interesting theory) to find the possible D/Pd loading; 0.8 was not exceeded (although this does not rule out that possibility while the charging current is on). The efficiency of loading was found to decreased markedly by surface contamination with carbon; flame washing of the metal to remove this resulted in efficient hydrogen uptake. Tritiated Pd films were tried to see whether this might call forth cold fusion; it did not.} } @article{Hage1990, author = {P. L. Hagelstein}, title = {Coherent fusion theory}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {451--464}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {The long-awaited and much quoted Hagelstein theory, published at last. It is the theory of coherent fusion in which, instead of the emission of a single gamma packet, a large number of lower-energy photons are emitted, coherently. Hagelstein considers electron involvement, i.e. electron-X fusion into a short-lived neutral species (X might be p, d or Li+), which then can fuse with another charged species. This is beta fusion. In the case of X=p, and the virtual neutron fusing with d, the product is tritium and no proton. Reactions starting with X=d are also possible, but X=p is favoured.} } @article{Hage1992, author = {P.~L. Hagelstein}, title = {Coherent and semicoherent neutron transfer reactions I: The interaction Hamiltonian}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {22}, year = {1992}, pages = {172--180}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {11/1991}, published = {08/1992}, annote = {Highly theoretical work, with quintuple discrete and continuous integrals, taxing this bibliographer's ability to keep up. The interaction Hamiltonian describing coherent neutron capture and neutron removel from a lattice are presented, leading to a new nonlinear phonon operator. Increased phonon coupling relative to Lamb theory predictions is an immediate result. Old work by Lamb, Moessbauer and Josephson etc is invoked. Under some conditions, gamma emissions are expected.} } @article{Hage1993, author = {P.~L. Hagelstein}, title = {Coherent and semicoherent neutron transfer reactions III: Phonon frequency shifts}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {23}, year = {1993}, pages = {353--361}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {08/1992}, published = {05/1993}, annote = {Third in a series, this paper focusses on what the author calls the Duschinsky effect, i.e. that which accounts for the change in the lattice mode definitions in the lattice states before and after the fusion event, to gain an understanding of phonon generation. H recognises the problem of a suitable mechanism for energy transfer from high-energy neutrons, yielding only phonons, but believes he has found one, in terms of frequency shifts of three phonon modes. Results of a lengthy analysis are encouraging, but further work is needed.} } @incollection{Hage2008, author = {P. L. Hagelstein and I. U. Chaudhary}, title = {Models relevant to excess heat production in Fleischmann-Pons experiments}, booktitle = {{Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook (Vol. 1)}}, year = {2008}, editor = {J. Marwan}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Washington, USA}, volume = {1}, pages = {249--267}, ISBN = {9780841269668, 0841269661}, annote = {Theory. The paper addresses the anomaly of excess heat without radiation. "Models based on excitation transfer and anomalous energy exchange within the context of lossless spin-boson models" were looked at. This can account for the observations. Conditions were varied to try to find out how the reactions proceed, and if the keys are found, they can contribute to the energy shortage.} } @ARTICLE{Hage2010, author = {P. Hagelstein}, title = {Constraints on energetic particles in the Fleischmann-Pons experiment}, journal = {Naturwiss.}, volume = {97}, year = {2010}, pages = {345--352}, submitted = {11/2009}, published = {04/2010}, keywords = {Theory, helium-4 problem}, annote = {Physicist Hagelstein examines the problem of emission of He4 from cold fusion experiments, accompanied by an amount of heat energy commensurate with the fusion reaction d+d--> He4 which also results in a 24 MeV emission. If the alpha particle (He4) were created with this energy, this should be observed in several other ways besides heat, but is not. H then computes the energy of the alpha required for several potential reactions, such as alpha-induced deterium break-up, secpondary neutrons from knock-on deuteron fusion, K-shell x-rays from alphas knocking out electrons from Pd or Pt atoms, and alpha-induced gamma emission from Li7. The calculations show that the alphas are created with an energy between 6.5 - 20 keV, meaning that they carry less than 0.1\% of the total 24 MeV from the fusion reaction. Therefore, "efforts to account for excess energy in the Fleischmann-Pons experiment based on models that involve energetic particles are unlikely to be successful in light of the upper limits discussed here".} } @ARTICLE{Hage2015a, author = {P. L. Hagelstein and I. U. Chaudhary}, title = {{Phonon models for anomalies in condensed matter nuclear science}}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {108}, year = {2015}, pages = {507--513}, published = {02/2015}, annote = {"Although excess heat has been studied in the Fleischmann-Pons experiment for more than a quarter century, there is as yet no agreed upon theoretical explanation. Here we divide the problem between known physics issues and new physics issues. In our approach there is an important new physics model which addresses the fractionation of a large quantum; and a new fundamental Hamiltonian which describes the coupling between vibrations and internal nuclear degrees of freedom."} } @ARTICLE{Hage2015b, author = {P. Hagelstein}, title = {{Directional X-ray and gamma emission in experiments in condensed matter nuclear science}}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {108}, year = {2015}, pages = {601--607}, published = {02/2015}, annote = {"The absence of energetic particles commensurate with the energy produced in the Fleischmann–Pons experiment hinders our ability to sort out the microscopic physics involved. Models that we have studied for excess heat are based on the fractionation of the large nuclear quantum to a large number of much smaller quanta. These models predict that it should also be possible to up-convert vibrational quanta to produce nuclear excitation. Such a mechanism could produce collimated X-ray and gamma emission. Collimated X-ray emission near 1.5 keV has been reported by Karabut. Other examples of collimated X-ray and gamma emission have been described in the literature."} } @article{Hajd1989, author = {W. Hajdas and S. Kistryn and J. Lang and J. Sromicki and B. Jenny and P. Wachter}, title = {Search for cold fusion events}, journal = {Solid State Commun.}, volume = {72}, year = {1989}, pages = {309--313}, keywords = {Experimental, LaNi5 alloy, gas phase, neutrons, gammas, res-}, submitted = {08/1989}, published = {10/1989}, annote = {If we assume (as we must) an about 50:50 branching ratio for fusion, i.e. that we should get about half tritium and half helium-4, then 1W of excess heat corresponds to $10^{12}$ neutrons. Neutrons, then, are a much more sensitive measure of fusion. But FPH only found in the region of $10^4$. Hajdas et al repeated FPH's experiment, and did one of their own, in which they exposed LaNi5 to D2 gas at 12 bar, 150 degC. This alloy absorbs 6 atoms of hydrogen per unit, and crumbles into a powder upon doing so. Neutrons and gammas were measured with a low background. Results: nothing found.} } @article{Hale1990, author = {G.~M. Hale and R.~D. Smith and T.~L. Talley}, title = {Nuclear reactions and screened-Coulomb fusion rates}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {187--193}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, published = {06/1990}, annote = {The authors say that R-matrix theory is a very convenient way to describe many-body systems with both long- and short-range forces, as we have in cold fusion. This is applied here to the long-range screened-Coulomb potentials of the Hulthen form. The result is that, in order to get fusion rates of the Jones+(89) levels, unreasonably high electron densities are required at low particle energies. Perhaps nonequilibrium conditions supply high-energy particles, which can fuse at larger screening lengths. However, the branching ratios of the d-d fusion come out fairly conventional (close to 1) and the exotic radiationless (4)He branch is not supported.} } @article{Hall1990, author = {J.~W. Halley and J.~L. Valles}, title = {Estimate of nuclear fusion rates arising from a molecular-dynamics model of palladium deuteride}, journal = {Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter}, volume = {41}, year = {1990}, pages = {6072--6075}, keywords = {Theory, coherency, res-}, submitted = {08/1989}, published = {03/1990}, annote = {If cold fusion takes place in metals, while not doing so in fluids, it must be due to solid state effects, and tunnelling. A molecular dynamic model of PdD(x), with x = 1, 3, 4, 5 was attempted, assuming a static Pd lattice and using the WKB approximation. A very low expected fusion rate of $10^{-150}$/s per pair was calculated, even for x = 4 or 5. These values agree with those of Legget and Baym but not with those of Koonin et al, who reached higher values (though still much lower than those claimed by Jones+ etc). Also, the authors considered but rejected quantum coherency effects.} } @article{Hand1990, author = {P. Handel}, title = {Intermittency, irreproducibility, and the main physical effects in cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {512--517}, keywords = {Discussion, theory, res+}, submitted = {03/1990}, published = {11/1990}, annote = {Starts by citing supercooling as a phenomenon difficult to reproduce because of the uncertainty of nucleation; yet we believe it. Cold fusion could in fact be related to the nucleation of deuterium gas bubble formation at the electrode surface: if inhibited, this leaves atomic deuterium at very high energies and this, together with high effective electron mass, may be responsible for cold fusion. The theory can also explain anomalous branching ratios for fusion.} } @article{Hand1994, author = {P.~H. Handel}, title = {Thermoelectric excess heat effect in electrolytic cells}, journal = {Z. Phys. B}, volume = {95}, year = {1994}, pages = {489--492}, keywords = {Theory, Peltier, artifacts, res-}, submitted = {06/1993}, published = {09/1994}, annote = {This is an attempt to explain the excess heat claimed by F\&P and others, in terms of unequal Peltier heats at the junctions between the external leads and the two (different) electrodes in the electrolytic cells, i.e. normally a Pd cathode and a Pt anode. Power would be dissipated at these junctions. Normally these effects are small but Handel speculates on cases where they are large enough to mimick excess heat as observed. For a Ni/Pt system and an open cell, he estimates up to 26\% "excess heat" as this artifact. In closed cells the error is smaller but in any case, he concludes that the effect should be corrected for before making excess heat claims.} } @article{Hans1998, author = {L.~D. Hansen and S.~E. Jones and D.~S. Shelton}, title = {A response to hydrogen + oxygen recombination and related heat generation in undivided electrolysis cells}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {447}, year = {1998}, pages = {225--226}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {10/1997}, published = {04/1998}, annote = {This is a response to a paper by F. Will, ibid 426 (1997) 177. The authors state that Will misquoted them, ignores some of their points and otherwise errs. There is a difference between (purportedly) saying that recombination explains all excess heat and (in fact) saying that it (and other prosaic explanations) must be ruled out for excess heat to be taken as real. The authors here state that they do not believe that recombination can account for all claims of excess heat. Also, Will should not have included Notoya's demonstration at Nagoya as evidence, as it has been shown to be faulty (heat being dissipated into the air by a fine lead wire). Thermal gradients in calorimetric cells have not been ruled out.} } @article{Harb1990, author = {J.~N. Harb and W.~G. Pitt and H.~D. Tolley}, title = {Statistical analysis of neutron burst size and rate during electrolysis of LiOD solutions}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {669--677}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, statistics, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {04/1990}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Rigorous statistical analysis is used to describe the distribution of both the neutron burst size and rate, from a cold fusion electrolysis at a Pd cathode in a 3M LiOD solution in heavy water. This is to overcome the ambiguity plaguing most such experiments, with neutron levels close to the background. A Czirr \& Jensen type spectrometer was used, in conjunction with a neutron flux monitor, enabling detection of bursts. A pair of thermocouples were also placed in the cell but never detected any excess heat. There was also some analysis for tritium but, again, none was found. The results show a rather clear steady rise in the mean neutron emission rate with time, for electrolysis in heavy water, and a very steady constant mean rate for the light water control. The heavy water emissions are characterised by large infrequent bursts superimposed on the background. These results are consistent with those of Menlove et al, and show that careful statistical treatment is essential in such experiments.} } @article{Harg1989, author = {C. Hargitai}, title = {Considerations on cold nuclear fusion in palladium}, journal = {J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.}, volume = {137}, year = {1989}, pages = {17--22}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {08/1989}, annote = {The author attacks the coulombic repulsion of deuterons in PdD(x) by way of dielectric screening. PdD(x) may have a dielectric constant of 20 or so and - if screening still operates at the small interatomic distances needed for d-d fusion to happen, this might explain it. Skeptics will say that if it doesn't, it won't.} } @article{Hari1990, author = {M.~A. Harith and V. Palleschi and A. Salvetti and G. Salvetti and D.~P. Singh and M. Vaselli}, title = {Theoretical and experimental studies on the cold nuclear fusion phenomena}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {704--709}, keywords = {Theory, experimental, Pd, gas phase, excess heat, res0}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {Start with screening theory, and calculate cold fusion rates somewhat higher than from classical models. Furthermore, the authors suggest that the palladium offers a potential 46 electrons for screening, and it would be of interest to know how many can take part. Other theories have assumed the helium atom affinity in Pd or Ti is independent of the degree of deuteration but this needs to be examined experimentally, the authors say. An experiment is then described, using D2 pressure charging of Pd and a differential calorimeter. This publication goes as far as to establish one potential artifact in such measurement, and calculate a heat of hydrogen absorption in Pd at 20 bars pressure, of ($9.37 \pm 0.05$) kcal/mol, somewhat at variance with some published values. A future paper will report results of the full experiment.} } @article{Hass1989, author = {A.~B. Hassam and A.~N. Dharamsi}, title = {Deuterium molecule in the presence of electronic charge concentrations: implications for cold fusion}, journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, volume = {40}, year = {1989}, pages = {6689--6691}, keywords = {Theory, res0}, submitted = {08/1989}, published = {12/1989}, annote = {Could it be that, if a D2+ pair straddles an "ambient localized negative charge concentration" in the PdD(x) lattice, that this would contraction of the D-D bond distance, sufficient to make cold fusion possible? The authors use the Born-Oppenheimer approximation to find out and, depending on the negative charge, reductions by a factor of 3-5 (enough to cause Jones+ rates) and even 10 (enough for FPH rates) are possible in principle. More work is required. Prior (unpublished?) work of Koonin is cited.} } @article{Hawk1991, author = {N. Hawkins}, title = {Possible natural cold fusion in the atmosphere}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {2112--2113}, keywords = {Discussion, suggestion}, submitted = {11/1990}, published = {07/1991}, annote = {Atmospheric disturbances, electron bonding (Cooper pairs), Abrikosov electron vortices (AEV), free floating fire balls and more are invoked here along with the proposition that such atmospheric phenomena may cause or help along cold fusion. For example, there seems to be some evidence that cold fusion cells "work" during electrical storms, due to the influx of AEV's between the cathode and anode. More work is needed, says H.} } @article{Hayd1990, author = {M.~E. Hayden and U. Naerger and J.~L. Booth and L.~A. Whitehead and W.~N. Hardy and J.~F. Carolan and E.~H. Wishnow and D.~A. Balzarini and J.~H. Brewer and C.~C. Blake}, title = {High precision calorimetric search for evidence of cold fusion using in situ catalytic recombination of evolved gases}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {161--164}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, calorimetry, res-}, published = {06/1990}, annote = {A closed electrolytic cell was developed with recombination of the evolved gases, so as to eliminate these as problems in accurate calorimetry. The result was an order of magnitude in the accuracy of the overall power balance. The calorimeter is of the cooling jacket type, with careful measurement of the temperature at the in- and outlet of the jacket by an 8-element thermopile. Chunky bar shaped Pd cathodes were used, degassed at 600 degC, and the electrolyte was 0.1M LiOD in D2O. Loading was measured by mass, and reached a little over 0.8. After loading, the electrode was inserted into the calorimetric apparatus. There were no pressure changes, i.e. recombination worked. For a range of input powers 4-18 W, the ratio of heat outputs from a control cell (using a Pt electrode) to that of the Pd-electrode cell was $1.000 \pm 0.003$, i.e. within 0.3\%, excess heat is ruled out.} } @article{He1993, author = {J. He and Y. Zhang and G. Ren and G. Zhu and Z. Qian and X. Dong and C. Dai and S. Hu and L. Wang and S. Yi}, title = {Study of anomalous nuclear fusion reaction by using HV pulse discharge}, journal = {Chin. Phys. Lett.}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, year = {1993}, pages = {652--655}, keywords = {Experimental, high voltage discharge, neutrons, gamma, res-}, submitted = {07/1993}, annote = {A Pd cathode in a chamber was subjected to high voltage discharges, up to 10 kV. There were detectors for neutrons and gamma rays. As the authors write, if there is emission during the discharge, this would be normal thermonuclear fusion, whereas if there is emission without the discharge, it would be evidence of cold fusion. D2 gas was let into the chamber, for the Pd to absorb for 1 h. Then the HV was applied in pulses of 150 microsec. width and 10 Hz rate. Results showed that no emissions above background were detected between pulses.} } @article{He2007, author = {J.-T. He}, title = {Nuclear fusion inside condense matters}, journal = {Front. Phys. China}, volume = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {96--102}, submitted = {11/2006}, published = {01/2007}, keywords = {Comment, no FPH/Jones refs}, annote = {The article is a run-through of cold fusion up to 2007. It concludes that while there is a lack of theory, cnf is science and prospects are good.} } @article{Hend1990, author = {R.~A. Henderson and K.~R. Czerwinski and H.~L. Hall and K.~T. Lesko and E.~B. Norman and B. Sur and D.~C. Hoffman}, title = {More searches for cold fusion}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {475--477}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, neutrons, gamma, res-}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {This team, from the Nuclear Sci. Div. LBL, tried to find neutrons, gammas and induced radioactivity, i.e. part of the expected signature of cold fusion. A 1mm, 50 mm long Pd wire, as well as a 8 mm, 25 mm long rod were used as cathode, and also two Ti cathodes; one a 1 cm$^3$ cube, one a 10*10, 80 mm long rod. Electrolyte: 0.1M LiOD, from Li metal (enriched to 99.3\% (6)Li) in 99\% pure D2O, as well as the Jones+ "soup" complete with poison. Neutrons were detected with a NE-213 liquid scintillator with pulse shape discrimination, and by a Kodak dosimeter, and by looking for induced radioactivity in the Pd cathodes. A NaI detector took care of gamma counting. All this was done in a special low-background lab, where the bg was $0.118 \pm 0.001$ n/s. In each of the FPH- and Jones-style experiments, 10\% H2O was also added to have a go at the p-d reaction. During various periods of 2.5 and 17 days at a stretch, no radiation of any kind was found, neither from the pure-D2O nor from the 10\% H2O cells. So the upper limits of cold fusion, set by the one-sigma level above detector limit, were $3 \times 10^{-23}$ and $3 \times 10^{-24}$ fus/pair/s for the Pd wire and rod, respectively, and this does not support cold fusion claims, being below even the Jones+ results by one order of magnitude.} } @article{Heni1989, author = {Z. Henis and S. Eliezer and A. Zigler}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion rates in condensed matter: a phenomenological analysis}, journal = {J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys.}, volume = {15}, year = {1989}, pages = {L219--L223}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {10/1989}, annote = {Estimate fusion rates by tailoring a screened Yukawa potential with a harmonic potential. The parameters required for the claimed cold fusion rates lie far outside those holding in Pd, so cold fusion is unlikely.} } @article{Herb1926, author = {H. Herbst}, title = {Ist der Aufbau des Heliums aus Wasserstoff gelungen? (Was the production of helium from hydrogen succesful?)}, journal = {Chemiker-Zeitung}, volume = {50}, year = {1926}, pages = {905}, note = {In German}, keywords = {Discussion}, annote = {A comment on Paneth and Peter's (1926) report of the cold fusion of hydrogen into helium. Herbst points out that he himself had observed that it is not possible to remove all traces of He from catalysts by treatment in a vacuum, that high temperatures are required to drive it out. In particular, he claims that Pd will form compounds with helium, just as with hydrogen, so that a given Pd sample will have absorbed some He from the air. This, he says, explains both the appearance of He in Paneth's experiments, and its cessation after a time. He suggests that Paneth should use the vacuum+heat treatment as a precaution.} } @article{Hiet1989, author = {M. Hietschold}, title = {Electric field control for cold nuclear fusion? - a suggestion}, journal = {Wiss. Z. TU Karl-Marx-Stadt}, volume = {31}, year = {1989}, pages = {635--636}, keywords = {Proposal, theory}, submitted = {04/1989}, annote = {It is hypothesised that trapping of deuterons at the Pd surface or in lattice interstitial positions, combined with high local fields might activate d's to fuse. This might be helped by the external application of electric fields. Two designs, involving thin Pd films separated from the main Pd electrode by a thin insulating film, are shown, to facilitate this.} } @article{Hill1990, author = {J.~C. Hill and C. Stassis and J. Shinar and A.~I. Goldman and R. Folkerts and D.~D. Schwellenbach and D.~T. Peterson and C. Widrig and M. Porter and C.~J. Benesh and J.~P. Vary}, title = {Search for cold fusion using Pd-D2O cells and Ti-D mixtures}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {305--308}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, gas phase, Ti, neutrons, gamma, res-}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {A conventional electrolysis cell was tried, using a 2 mm polycrystalline Pd rod and a 4 mm single crystal. No neutron or gamma emissions above background were detected, with D/Pd loadings of 0.8, measured by degassing in vacuum and measuring the pressure increase. Then, Ti powder and pieces were loaded under D2 at 50 atm, with the usual temperature cycling. Again, no neutrons. Acting on a report by Koonin and Nauenberg, predicting that d-p fusion should be easier, they then placed 4 g of LaHD2 against a Ge gamma detector for 24 days, and found no emissions here, either. The paper ends with some simple theory, arriving at the conclusion that the d-d separation is too great to make fusion plausible.} } @article{Hira1991, author = {T. Hirabayashi and Y. Yoshida and Y. Aradono}, title = {Verification of room temperature nuclear fusion. 2}, journal = {Genshiryoku Kogyo}, volume = {37}, number = {4}, year = {1991}, pages = {31--39}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {A review with 44 refs. is given on the verifications of room temperature nuclear fusion (RTNF) by the electrolysis method and by heavy hydrogen gas dry pressurization method, exptl. results of the verification of RTNF by new dry methods, and exptl. results disproving the RTNF. (Quoted from CA 115:58485 (1991)).} } @article{Hodk1993, author = {D. Hodko and J.~O.~M. Bockris}, title = {Possible excess tritium production on Pd codeposited with deuterium}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {353}, year = {1993}, pages = {33--41}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, tritium, res+}, submitted = {06/1992}, published = {07/1993}, annote = {The problem of confusing conventional electrolytic enrichment with the production, by a nuclear reaction, of tritium in a cold fusion cell is tackled here using the Szpak and Boss technique of codepositing deuterium and Pd from an electrolyte containing a Pd salt. This completely excludes contamination with tritium in the Pd, since one starts with a gold cathode. Another precaution was the use of the same supply of heavy water throughout, eliminating the problem of different tritium levels in different D2O batches. The electrolyte was LiCl and PdCl2 in D2O. Tritium was analysed in samples from both the electrolyte and evolved gas. During two weeks, excess tritium, well above enrichment levels, were observed in four out of six cells; the tritium appeared in bursts.} } @article{Hols1995, author = {P. Holst-Hansen and D. Britz}, title = {Can current fluctuations account for the excess heat claims of Fleischmann and Pons?}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {388}, year = {1995}, pages = {11--16}, keywords = {Experimental, instrumentation, res0}, submitted = {09/1994}, published = {05/1995}, annote = {This responds to some discussion about the possible role of current fluctuations in the F\&P galvanostatic setup in the production of excess heat artifacts. Analysis of the dynamics of F\&P's galvanostat shows that it would indeed produce some high frequency current fluctuations and an experiment with an electrolytic cell confirmed this. However, the fluctuations are very small in magnitude and essentially uncorrelated with cell voltage, so that this error in instrumentation did not lead to artifactual excess heat in F\&P's calculations.} } @article{Hora1990, author = {H. Hora and L. Cicchitelli and G.~H. Miley and M. Ragheb and A. Scharmann and W. Scheid}, title = {Plasma and surface tension model for explaining the surface effect of tritium generation at cold fusion}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. D}, volume = {12}, year = {1990}, pages = {393--399}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {01/1990}, published = {03/1990}, annote = {Introduces the idea of an exotic plasma, with possible short nuclear distance by thermal motion, in order to explain the surface mechanism of D reactions in Pd and Ti (i.e. cold fusion). The resulting swimming electron layer resulting from this new theory, together with high D concentrations near the metal surface and thus short D-D distances can increase fusion rates.} } @article{Hora1993, author = {H. Hora and J.~C. Kelly and J.~U. Patel and M.~A. Prelas and G.~H. Miley and J.~W. Tompkins}, title = {Screening in cold fusion derived from D-D reactions}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {175}, year = {1993}, pages = {138--143}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {12/1992}, published = {04/1993}, annote = {Motivated by earlier experimental work by Prelas et al in 1990, this paper looks at the model of PdD as a dense plasma, with moving ionised deuterium particles, screened from each other both by the swimming electrons and those around the metal nuclei. This model differs from those which consider the deuterons essentially fixed in place. It is found that d-d pairs at an energy of 2.33 eV would, by screening, behave as if they were at 470 eV; i.e. there is fusion enhancement due to the screening. Preparata's similar model also offers an explanation for anomalous branching ratios. These models explain steady cold fusion, where neutrons and (4)He are generated, but an alternative explanation for cold fusion in bursts is needed. These must be associated with phase transitions in the metal deuteride. Neutron swapping with the metal (Pd + d --> Rh + (4)He, or Ni + p --> Co + (4)He) is proposed.} } @article{Hora1996, author = {H. Hora and J.~A. Patterson}, title = {The d and p reactions in low-energy nuclear fusion, transmutation, and fission}, journal = {Trans. Am. Nucl. Soc.}, volume = {76}, year = {1996}, pages = {144--145}, keywords = {Discussion, res+}, annote = {Discursive argument for a possible mechanism of cold fusion in solid metals, based on screening of the swimming electron layer (SEL) at the metal surface or at interfaces between different metals or metal and glass, etc. Such screening could provide the short dd distances required for appreciable fusion to take place.} } @article{Hora1998a, author = {H. Hora}, title = {Magic numbers and low energy nuclear transmutation by protons in host metals}, journal = {Czech. J. Phys.}, volume = {48}, year = {1998}, pages = {321--328}, keywords = {Theory, res+ no FPH/Jones refs}, submitted = {07/1997}, published = {03/1998}, annote = {Theoretical physicist Hora has a theory of cold fusion, or transmutation. He examines such reactions theoretically, and finds maximum reaction rates close to magic numbers 2, 8, 20... (with the exception of Z=20). He concludes that the way to reproducibility is to realise that they are surface reactions or reactions at interfaces between dissimilar metals (layered cathodes). There is also a connection with powers of 3, possibly connected with quarks.} } @article{Hora1998b, author = {H. Hora and G.~H. Miley}, title = {New magic numbers from low energy nuclear transmutations predict element (306)X(126) for compound reactions}, journal = {Czech. J. Phys.}, volume = {48}, year = {1998}, pages = {1111--1116}, keywords = {Theory, transmutation, res+}, submitted = {05/1998}, annote = {Hora, who has previously published on his magic numbers idea, here teams up with George Miley on the same subject. The magic numbers sequence starts with 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82 and 126 and has been predicted to continue with 180, 246, 324 "etc". This paper shows that these new numbers are related to the predicted stable transuranic elements beyond Z=126. A recent experiment has enabled the derivation of the number 180 and this is consistent with the hypothesis. A nuclide with mass 306 and atomic number 126 is very probable. It arises from the number 126 of protons plus the other magic number 180 of neutrons.} } @article{Hora1999, author = {H. Hora and G.~H. Miley and J.~C. Kelly and G. Salvaggi and A. Tate and F. Osman and R. Castillo}, title = {Proton-metal reactions in thin films with Boltzmann distribution similar to nuclear astrophysics}, journal = {Fusion Technology}, volume = {36}, year = {1999}, pages = {331--336}, keywords = {Theory, heavy isotope generation, res+}, submitted = {01/1999}, published = {11/1999}, annote = {This paper tries to explain how heavy isotopes claimed to be formed in experiments by Miley and others, and which cannot be artifacts, might arise. As well, it tries to account for the missing radiation given off by normal fusion events leading to these nuclei.} } @article{Hora2000, author = {H. Hora and G.~H. Miley}, title = {Heavy nuclide synthesis by neutrons in astrophysics and by screened protons in host metals}, journal = {Czech. J. Phys.}, volume = {50}, year = {2000}, pages = {433--439}, keywords = {Theory, transmutation, res+}, submitted = {08/1999}, annote = {Another paper from the Hora/Miley collaboration. Here, they shed light on the problem of how the elements heavier than Fe ever got produced. A plot of the relative abundance of the elements vs their atomic numbers Z is shown, falling off toward high Z. This is also seen in elements created by low energy transmutation experiments using host metals such as Ni, Pd, Ti and others.} } @article{Hora2007, author = {H. Hora and G.~H. Miley}, title = {Maruhn-Greiner maximum of uranium fission for confirmation of low energy nuclear reactions LENR via a compound nucleus with double magic numbers}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {26}, year = {2007}, pages = {349--355}, keywords = {Theory, suggestion, res+}, published = {06/2007}, annote = {It has been observed that when uranium splits, the spectrum of fission products has a local maximum within a minimum. Similar observations of transmutation products in deuterated palladium have been made, and the authors here theorise about how deuterons, due to screening by electrons, might act like neutrons in the metal lattice and lead to low energy nuclear reactions.} } @incollection{Hora2010, author = {H. Hora and N. Ghahramani and G. H. Miley and M. Ghanaatian and M. Hooshmand and K. Philberth and F. Osman}, title = {Quark-gluon model for magic numbers related to low energy nuclear reactions}, booktitle = {{Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook (Vol. 2)}}, year = {2010}, editor = {J. Marwan and S. Krivit}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Washington, USA}, volume = {2}, pages = {219--234}, ISBN = {9780841224544}, annote = {"A new three-fold symmetry is presented for derivation of the magic numbers of nuclei and is compared with the model based on the Boltzmann distribution from the standard abundance distribution (SAD) of nuclei in the universe in the endothermic branch. This results in a 3n relation leading to the motivation to explore the quark state in nuclei. But this is in contrast (duality) to the fact that the confinement of nuclei by a generalized Debye layer can be based only on a nucleon, not on a quark structure. This Debye model result led to a change in the Fermi energy of the nucleons into the relativistic range at higher-than-nuclear density, resulting in a mass independent state at higher-than-nuclear densities for the quark state in neutron stars. This result and the 3n-relation motivated consideration of the quark state in nuclei. Success is reported by quark-like statistics for nuclei reproducing magic numbers up to 126, identical with the Boltzmann model. But for the next-higher number, the Boltzmann model definitely arrives at 180, while the new quark-like model leads to the number 184. The paradox may be solved by accurate measurements of a local Maruhn-Greiner maximum from low energy nuclear reactions (LENR)." (Abstract reproduced from the book)} } @article{Horan1989a, author = {G. Horanyi}, title = {Open questions concerning the Fleischmann-Pons experiment}, journal = {Magy. Kem. Fol}, volume = {95}, year = {1989}, pages = {140--143}, note = {In Hungarian}, keywords = {Discussion}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {04/1989}, annote = {An early paper, written when the ink on FPH(89) was not yet dry. I quote only from the English abstract at the end. Problems of the interpretation of the FPH experiment are discussed, in particular the overpotential (I recognise in the text the juxtaposition of 0.8 eV and $10^{26}$ atm). H says that the theoretical foundations of cold fusion are questionable, as is the calorimetric evidence, without more information about the possibility of the recombination of D2 with O2, evolved from the cell.} } @article{Horan1989b, author = {G. Horanyi}, title = {Some doubts about the occurrence of electrochemically induced nuclear fusion of deuterium}, journal = {Electrochim. Acta}, volume = {34}, year = {1989}, pages = {889--890}, keywords = {Critical comments}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {Two aspects of the FPH-89 are dealt with critically. There are problems with the theoretical foundation, such as the relationship between overpotential (the stated 0.8 V) and chemical potential (the famous $10^{26}$ atm "pressure"); and problems with the experiment, such as the too easy assumption of a nuclear reaction as the source of the excess energy, and the possibility - or, as the author believes, the inevitability - of recombination of D2 and O2 in the cell. Thus there are strong doubts.} } @article{Horan1989c, author = {G. Horanyi}, title = {Some basic electrochemistry and the cold nuclear fusion of deuterium}, journal = {J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett.}, volume = {137}, year = {1989}, pages = {23--28}, keywords = {Critical discussion}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {08/1989}, annote = {Claims that the authors of CNF claim that the flow of current is necessary for CNF, having to do with the resultant overpotential and thus the effective D-compression (I don't think FPH or Jones+ claim this). A "strict" analysis of kinetic and equilibrium relationships is undertaken and shows that we should reject the astronomic pressures stated by FPH. This humble bibliographer suggests that Horanyi is using the wrong reaction for a start (in the alkaline medium used, it is D2O, not D+, which is reduced) and that the 0.8 V --> $10^{26}$ atm issue is in any case controversial, but not settled.} } @article{Horo1989, author = {C.~J. Horowitz}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion in metallic hydrogen and normal metals}, journal = {Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys.}, volume = {40}, year = {1989}, pages = {R1555--R1558}, keywords = {Theory, astronomical connection, pd fusion}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {10/1989}, annote = {The rate of pd fusion in metallic hydrogen at Jupiter's core was calculated as $10^{-50}$ pairs/s. In metals, the width of the fusion barrier must be reduced to 0.1 {\AA}ngstrom to get $10^{-25}$, and if achieved, the branching ratios will be different from hot fusion ratios. Horowitz also points out that the reaction p+d-->(3)He+gamma would be favoured and suggests that it be given attention. See also Schwinger on this point.} } @article{Horo1991, author = {C.~J. Horowitz}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion in dense metallic hydrogen}, journal = {Astrophys. J.}, volume = {367}, year = {1991}, pages = {288--295}, keywords = {Remark, astronomical connection}, submitted = {11/1989}, published = {01/1991}, annote = {H writes that the extreme conditions required to overcome the fusion barrier, although impossible to realise in the laboratory, might have astrophysical relevance; in particular, cold fusion might explain excess heat from Jupiter. Fractofusion is also mentioned, and the possibility that low level cold fusion takes place inside the Earth, producing tritium and (3)He, as suggested by some (I am not sure anyone has found T). Finally, a pp fusion rate in the Sun, greater than expected, might explain the solar neutrino puzzle. H calculates cnf rates in dense metallic hydrogen, possibly existing within Jupiter, at a density of 4-5 g/cm$^3$. At high densities, the electrons degenerate to a Fermi gas. Numerical integration of the Schroedinger equation yields expected fusion rates (i.e. pp and dp; dd is not likely, with the small d-content of H) that, under certain conditions, such as high density could account for Jupiter's heat; unfortunately, Jupiter is not large enough to provide such densities. But wait: maybe other enhancement factors can be found. One avenue is the fairly high temperature (1-5 eV), making the hydrogen liquid. This leads to higher rates at realistic densities, though still not enough. There are still unexplored factors such as fluctuations, collective effects and phase transitions. If only Jupiter were a brown dwarf. An Appendix shows how to do a numerical Runge-Kutta integration of the Schroedinger equation.} } @article{Horo2005, author = {M. Horoi}, title = {Can one measure the temperature dependence of the fusion reaction rates?}, journal = {Nucl. Phys. A}, volume = {758}, year = {2005}, pages = {138--141}, keywords = {Theory, res0}, published = {07/2005}, annote = {This is not actually a cold fusion paper, but might be interpreted as such. It seeks to analyse fusion rates in solids or gases bombarded with ion beams at rather low energies. One result is that a cold plasma target can yield enhanced fusion rates at energies as low as 1-10 eV, which is in the "cold fusion" range, so this might encourage cold fusion researchers.} } @article{Howa1990, author = {R.~A. Howald}, title = {Calculation on the palladium-lithium system for cold fusion}, journal = {CALPHAD}, volume = {14}, year = {1990}, pages = {1--10}, keywords = {Suggestion, lithium deposition}, submitted = {11/1989}, published = {01/1990}, annote = {Proposes a mechanism, involving Li atoms in the Pd lattice, to explain some of the puzzling aspects of cold fusion. Experiments showed that high Li concentrations can build up in the Pd near the surface during electrolysis, and Li is reasonably soluble in Pd, easily up to PdLi(0.125) and is expected to be present as Li+ ions. This opens up the possibility of fusion reactions involving Li. The paper deals in detail with Pd-Li phase systems, providing thermodynamic and calculated phase data.} } @article{Huan1989, author = {Z. Huang}, title = {A possible explanation of the room temperature nuclear fusion}, journal = {J. Beijing Normal Univ.}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, year = {1989}, pages = {43--44}, keywords = {Discussion, res+}, annote = {The author puts forth an idea to explain how cold fusion can take place in the Pd lattice even though the available energies appear too low. He proposes the existence of a sublattice formed by the deuterons after a long loading period. The motion of an oscillating sublattice has soliton solutions, which could concentrate the energies of $10^4 \dots 10^6$ particles on a few members. This has been dealt with theoretically and will be published elsewhere.} } @article{Hubl2007, author = {G.~K. Hubler}, title = {Anomalous effects in hydrogen-charged palladium - a review}, journal = {Surf. Coat. Technol.}, volume = {201}, year = {2007}, pages = {8568--8573}, keywords = {Review, suggestions}, submitted = {10/2005}, published = {08/2007}, annote = {This is somewhat brief review with only 23 references, rather selective. The author reports briefly on the history of cold fusion, mainly on excess heat and ends up with some suggestions for further experiments that might throw light on the matter.} } @ARTICLE{Hubl2015, author = {G. K. Hubler and A. {El-Boher} and O. Azizi and D. Pease J. H. He and W. Isaacson and S. Gangopadhyay and V. Violante}, title = {{Sidney Kimmel Institute for Nuclear Renaissance}}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {108}, year = {2015}, pages = {562--564}, published = {02/2015}, annote = {"Anomalous heat effect (AHE) is the appearance of excess energy in the form of heat when a palladium cathode is electrolysed in heavy water, and is much less evident when light water is used. The present article describes the organization, motivation and plans of an institute formed to perform fundamental research aimed at discovering the mechanism of AHE."} } @article{Hugg1991, author = {R.~A. Huggins}, title = {Fundamental considerations relating to the insertion of hydrogen isotopes into mixed conductors at high activities}, journal = {Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc.}, volume = {210}, year = {1991}, pages = {317--322}, keywords = {Discussion, catalysis}, annote = {A discussion of some issues involved in cold fusion, with attention to the behaviour of hydrogen (isotope) at and in a metal. Some old results in surface catalysis are quoted to (tacitly) support the electrolytic compression argument. There is mention of permeation studies and the light they might throw on conditions at the surface of hydrogen entry. The role of stresses and microstructural metal features in hydrogen transport is discussed, as is that of surfactants as promotors and inhibitors of hydrogen uptake. There is a very useful list of references (but none to cold fusion itself), and the article ends by pointing out the sporadic nature of the effects discussed, which fact correlates with the nature of cold fusion observations.} } @article{Huke2006, author = {A. Huke and K. Czerski and T. Dorsch and A. Biller and A. Heide and G. Ruprecht}, title = {Evidence for a host-material dependence of the n/p branching ratio of low-energy d+d reactions within metallic environments}, journal = {Eur. Phys. J. A}, volume = {27--s01}, year = {2006}, pages = {187--192}, keywords = {Experimental, ion beams, branching ratio, res+}, submitted = {07/2005}, published = {03/2006}, annote = {As with the other papers (Czerski et al (2004) (2006)) this confirms that dd fusion might be different in Pd. Here the target metals are Al, Zr, Ta and Pd and the branching ratios of the dd fusion reactions are examined. For some target metals, the branching ratio of neutrons to protons emitted falls (somewhat) below unity at low beam energies, unlike observations in plasma experiments. This is taken as evidence that the cold fusion claims of greatly different branching ratios for dd fusion in PdD might be real. There are no references to actual cold fusion papers, however, and the crucial rate of helium emission was not examined.} } @article{Ichi1990a, author = {S. Ichimaru and A. Nakano and S. Ogata and S. Tanaka and H. Iyetomi and T. Tajima}, title = {Statistical-mechanical theory of cold nuclear fusion in metal hydrides}, journal = {J. Phys. Soc. Jpn}, volume = {59}, year = {1990}, pages = {1333--1340}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {04/1990}, annote = {Stat-mech Fermi-Thomas approximation look at coulombic screening in Pd-H and Ti-H systems. Calculations cannot account for experimental claims, under the given assumptions. However, there may be effects such as metal lattice periodicity or lattice defects or nonequilibrium, bringing d's together. Isotopic effects favour the p-d reaction, especially in Ti, where higher hydrogen (or deuterium) loadings can be achieved.} } @article{Ichi1990b, author = {S. Ichimaru and S. Ogata and A. Nakano}, title = {Rates of nuclear fusion in metal hydrides}, journal = {J. Phys. Soc. Japan}, volume = {59}, year = {1990}, pages = {3904--3915}, keywords = {Theory, pd fusion, res+}, submitted = {07/1990}, published = {11/1990}, annote = {Hydrogen exists in a metal hydride both as a trapped quantum solid, and an itinerant particle. This paper does some Monte Carlo simulations of the behaviour of these dual particles, which differ from those in starts or plasmas by the interactions with valence and partially localised electrons. Using as a model some previous theory applied to carbon-oxygen solids of similar nature, the paper calculates expected fusion rates for both states. For the trapped state, these are too low to be of interest, whereas for the itinerants they approach observed levels. Further, the fusion rates are very sensitive to the microscopic details of lattice fields in the metal hydrides, which could explain the extreme variation between observations. As others have suggested, the authors suggest that p-d fusion is favoured, that nonequilibrium is a good thing, and that Ti and Pd have special (and different) advantages.} } @article{Ichi1991, author = {S. Ichimaru}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion in pressurized liquid metals}, journal = {J. Phys. Soc. Japan}, volume = {60}, year = {1991}, pages = {1437--1440}, keywords = {Theory, p-d, p-Li fusion, res+}, submitted = {02/1991}, published = {05/1991}, annote = {The author develops a theoretical model for the rate of p-d and p-Li fusion under widely different conditions: solar interior, the white-dwarf progenitor of a supernova, a metal hydride and pressurised liquid hydrogen. The Schroedinger equation, Coulomb repulsion, electron screening and careful Monte Carlo simulations lead to a table of fusion rates. For metal hydrides containing both deuterons and protons, the rates approach those of Jones et al, but might be reduced by some orders of magnitude. The highest rates are obtained for liquid DH and LiH under pressures of the order of 1E07 bar. This system is the author's main interest, and he concludes that it may be feasible to extract energy, e.g. around 10 kW/cm$^3$, from such systems.} } @article{Ichi1993, author = {S. Ichimaru}, title = {Nuclear fusion in dense plasmas}, journal = {Rev. Mod. Phys.}, volume = {65}, year = {1993}, pages = {255--299}, keywords = {Theory, review, astronomy connection}, published = {04/1993}, annote = {45p theoretical view of the area, considering astrophysical and laboratory condensed plasmas. The theory is based on screening effects and multibody correlations. Of the metal hydrides PdD and TiD2, PdD provides more favourable conditions for fusion, but enhancement yields a fusion rate (independent of temperature) of only 1-2 fusions/year/cm$^3$.} } @article{Iguc1990, author = {T. Iguchi}, title = {Measurement of a very small yield of neutron using a moderating-type (3)He gas counter}, journal = {Ionizing Radiation (Hoshasen)}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, year = {1990}, pages = {22--28}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Experimental, neutrons}, annote = {The English summary tells us that by combining thermal n detectors such as BF3 gas cum (3)He gas counter, etc, with n moderators, the neutron detection efficiency the higher energies can be increased. Such apparatus is described here, and tried out on a cold fusion experiment. The rest is in Japanese, but I recognise "64-bit * 2K", "ADC", and a background of 0.086 c/s and what looks like a cold fusion n detection 3.8 sigmas above this. There is an interesting Fig. 7, comparing different workers' measurements; if only I knew some Japanese.} } @article{Iida1995, author = {T. Iida}, title = {Deuteron fusion experiments with some foils implanted with deuteron beams}, journal = {Genshikaku Kenkyu}, volume = {40}, number = {5}, year = {1995}, pages = {77--83}, keywords = {Experimental, ion beam 300 keV, Pd, charged particles, res-}, annote = {A Pd plate was the target of a 300 keV deuteron beam, and was additionally stimulated with large electrical currents; a Zr plate was first loaded from a He+ beam and then targeted with the deuteron beam. Charged particles were looked for with a Si-SSD detector; nothing significant was found, so that the Fleischmann-Pons effect is still unexplained, write the authors.} } @article{Ikeg1991, author = {H. Ikegami}, title = {Present and future of cold fusion. Nuclear products from cold fusion}, journal = {Oyo Buturi}, volume = {60}, year = {1991}, pages = {212--219}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Review}, submitted = {01/1991}, published = {03/1991}, annote = {A review, in the context of fusion in general, of the cold fusion claims of neutrons and tritium. The control, i.e. the reproducibility of experiments is essential. The major results of the past few years are summarised, ranging over about 14 orders of magnitude in intensity from the neutron emissions of Menlove to excess heat of Pons and Fleischmann. There is an English-abstract section of this Japanese-language journal.} } @article{Ikeg1993, author = {H. Ikegami}, title = {Next step to promote cold fusion research}, journal = {Oyo Buturi}, volume = {62}, year = {1993}, pages = {717.}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Discussion.}, submitted = {03/1993}, published = {07/1993} } @article{Ikey1989, author = {M. Ikeya and H. Miyamaru}, title = {Chemical heat production of palladium electrode electrolytically charged with deuterium and hydrogen}, journal = {Chem. Express.}, volume = {4}, year = {1989}, pages = {563--566}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, decomposition, neutrons, tritium, res-}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {D- or H-charged Pd-sputtered Pd plates, having been wiped in air with acetone and then bent, heated up to 280 deg., presumably from the reaction of D or H with the keto-group to give the alcohol. There were some neutrons apparently observed during electrolytic loading, but were due to water vapour. No tritium was found. Cold fusion need not be invoked.} } @article{Ilic1990a, author = {R. Ilic and J. Rant and T. Sutej and M. Dobersek and E. Kristov and J. Skvarc and M. Kozelj}, title = {Investigation of the deuterium-deuterium fusion reaction in cast, annealed, and cold-rolled palladium}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {505--511}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, pretreatment, excess heat, protons, cps, neutrons, gamma, res-}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {11/1990}, annote = {Another thorough experiment in which there were several different neutron monitors as well as detectors for protons, gamma and x-radiation. The aim was to see whether palladium pretreatment would make a difference. The result is that it largely didn't, and the limits for cold fusion rates, determined by the background levels, are at around $10^{-21}$/s/pair or so. No thermal excursions were observed in any run.} } @article{Ilic1990b, author = {R. Ilic and J. Rant and T. Sutej and E. Kristof and J. Skvarc and M. Kozelj and M. Najzer and M. Humar and M. Cercek and B. Glumac and B. Cvikl and A. Fajgelj and T. Gyergyek and A. Trkov and A. Loose and J. Peternelj and I. Remec and M. Ravnik}, title = {A search for neutrons, protons, tritons, (3)He ions, gamma- and x-rays from deuterium-deuterium nuclear reaction in electrochemically charged palladium}, journal = {Int. J. Radiat. Appl. Instrum. Part D: Nucl. Tracks Radiat. Meas.}, volume = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {483--490}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, neutrons, protons, tritium, helium, gamma, x-rays, heat, res-}, submitted = {12/1989}, annote = {A contribution from the J. Stefan Institute in Ljubljana. The system included an array of 6 proportional (3)He counters, a high-purity Ge detector, CR-39 track-etch detector, a BD-100 bubble damage polymer detector and a CaF2:Mn thermoluminescent dosimeter (this is the team that has advocated the use of in-situ passive devices). So upper limits for both the neutron- and proton-producing fusion reaction branches could be determined. A tubular Pd cathode was used, 7.8 g in the solution, and a thermistor mounted near it to detect any gross thermal excursions. Neutrons were H2O-moderated and gamma background reduced with Pb shielding. The neutron background was monitored by another detector 5 m away from the cell. Results do not support cold fusion, the rates being below the lowest measurable. There were no heat events during 2 and 6 days' charging periods.} } @article{Ilic1991, author = {R. Ilic and J. Rant}, title = {The search for cold nuclear fusion with track-etch and bubble damage detectors}, journal = {Int. J. Radiat. Appl. Instrum. Part D: Nucl. Tracks Radiat. Meas}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {619--625}, keywords = {Experimental, passive detectors, neutrons, cps, res-}, annote = {These authors have previously suggested the use of passive radiation detection devices, and here discuss the two in the title. The advantages of these devices are (1) simultaneous detection of neutrons and cp's and the direct determination of the (controversial) branching ratio; (2) particle charge, energy and propagation direction can be determined; (3) in situ detection is possible because of the small size; (4) bursts can be detected, because there is no finite response time. There is a summary of results of experiments with such devices, including the authors'. None of these has so far supported cold fusion.} } @article{Irvi1989, author = {J.~M. Irvine and S. Riley}, title = {Cold fusion doubts and controls}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {339}, year = {1989}, pages = {515}, keywords = {Discussion, cosmology, res-}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {Using results from Big Bang cosmology theory, the authors work out that, to achieve the claimed excess heat, deuterium would need to be packed at $10^7$ mol/cm$^3$, and conclude the excess heat resides in the reports only.} } @article{Isag1996, author = {S. Isagawa}, title = {Mass spectroscopic means for determining 4He in the presence of large amounts of D2}, journal = {Vacuum}, volume = {47}, year = {1996}, pages = {497--499}, keywords = {Experimental, 4He, mass spec, electrolysis, res-}, annote = {One of the current theories of CNF predicts the generation of 4He from an electrolysis cell in heavy water and a Pd cathode. Previous attempts to detect the gas have been criticised for lack of demonstration that contamination from the air was ruled out; and the detection of 4He itself is difficult in the presence of a large excess of deuterium gas, with a mass very close to that of 4He. Isagawa built an apparatus that rigorously exluded contamination, and the MS was of sufficient resolution to clearly resolve the two gases and enhance the 4He signal; the detection limit was 17 ppb, 3 orders of magnitude below the air content. This was then used to detect possible 4He from a long electrolysis. So far, after 3 weeks, none was found.} } @article{Isag1998, author = {S. Isagawa and Y. Kanda and T. Suzuki}, title = {Present status of cold fusion experiment at KEK}, journal = {Int. J. Soc. Mat. Eng. Resources}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, year = {1998}, pages = {60--67}, keywords = {Discussion, report, experimental, multistudy, res+}, submitted = {11/1997}, annote = {This is a roundup of the results of a long study of cold fusion at the KEK site in Japan, going on since 1989. There are experimental details of excess heat, neutron and other nuclear measurements. Excess heat was found at high level, neutrons 3.8 sigma above background, and some x-ray emissions. These were not simultaneous, however.} } @article{Isob2002, author = {Y. Isobe and S. Uneme and K. Yabuta and Y. Katayama and H. Mori and T. Omote and S. Ueda and K. Ochiai and H. Miyamaru and A. Takahashi}, title = {Search for multibody nuclear reactions in metal deuteride induced with ion beam and electrolysis methods}, journal = {Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.}, volume = {41 Part 1}, year = {2002}, pages = {1546--1456}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, ion beam, Pd, Ti, res+, no FPH/Jones ref.}, submitted = {04/2001}, published = {03/2002}, annote = {This is a double-barrelled paper, reporting the results of both an electrolysis experiment in D2O at a Pd cathode, and an ion beam. The electrolysis cell was of the closed type, stainless steel coated with Teflon, and calorimetry was done by the cooling coil method. The initial head space gas was D2. Loading was measured by the gas pressure. A neutron detector was placed next to the cell, and the head space gas and the cathode were examined for 4He after each run. Some cathodes were annealed, some were coated with Ti or Au layers by vacuum evaporation. Out of 8 runs, 5 showed some 4He, but none showed any neutron emissions, and only one showed excess heat, and not much of that. For the ion beam runs, 100-300 keV deuteron and beam was aimed at a Ti target preloaded (from the gas phase) with deuterium. The resulting signals were consistent with a d+d+d triple fusion proposed by the authors. To test whether this was 3 deuterons in the Ti jostled together by the beam, or two deuterons hit by another in the beam itself, the proton beam was used, to see whether there still was a d+d+d triple fusion signal. The results confirmed this.} } @article{Ito1994, author = {T. Ito and T. Kursawa and T. Yaguchi}, title = {Concerning 'cold fusion'}, journal = {Meiji Daigaku Nogakubu Hokoku}, volume = {100}, year = {1994}, pages = {1-12}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {A review, with 10 refs., is presented on socalled 'cold fusion' and the evolution of excess heat during D2O electrolysis on a Pd electrode. The phenomenon (in the author's opinion) is due, not to a D-D fusion reaction, but to an ordinary nuclear reaction between D and Pd accompanied by the emission of neutrons and gamma-rays (Direct quote from CA 122:117268 (1995)).} } @article{Iwam1998, author = {Y. Iwamura and T. Itoh and N. Gotoh and I. Toyoda}, title = {Detection of anomalous elements, x-ray, and excess heat in a D2-Pd system and its interpretation by the electron-induced nuclear reaction model}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {33}, year = {1998}, pages = {476--492}, keywords = {Experimental and theory; transmutation, res+}, submitted = {09/1997}, published = {07/1998}, annote = {A well designed and careful multiparameter experiment. A Pd cathode, 1 mm thick, was placed at the bottom of an electrolysis cell, the lower side facing a vacuum chamber; in this way, a steady flux of deuterium could be induced through the Pd membrane. Various coatings were tried, such as Cu, Pt, Al and MgO. Parameters measured included excess heat, x-rays and neutrons. There was x-ray emission from the Pd side exposed to the electrolyte, and some neutrons but uncorrelated with the x-rays, which were not correlated with excess heat either. The team therefore posits different nuclear reactions as the origin of these products. Also, certain elements were apparently produced at the upper Pd surface, such as Ti and Ca. Careful analysis seems to rule out prior contamination, at least for Ti. The authors then go on to invoke their EINR model to explain the results.} } @article{Iwam2002, author = {Y. Iwamura and M. Sakano and T. Itoh}, title = {Elemental analysis of Pd complexes: effects of D2 gas permeation}, journal = {Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.}, volume = {41 Part 1}, year = {2002}, pages = {4642--4650}, keywords = {Experimental, gas phase, D2, Pd, transmutation, res+, no FPH/Jones ref.}, submitted = {07/2001}, published = {07/2002}, annote = {The authors used a complex layered Pd membrane, consisting of a thin top film of Pd (400 A), a 5-fold CaO/Pd composite layer beneath that (1000 A), and a base Pd layer (0.1 mm). One side of the film was exposed to D2 gas, the other to vacuum. The top Pd layer was coated thinly with Cs or Sr, thickness not stated, by electrolysis. The surface was analysed, from time to time, by XPS and SIMS. For the membrane coated with Cs (at.no. 55), Pr (at.no. 59) was found after the run, while none was found if there was no CaO or no Cs. For the Sr (at.no. 38) coat and CaO layer, Mo (at.no. 42) was found. Also, the isotope distribution of the found Mo was not the same as the natural distribution, having a main peak at mass 96, and a smaller one at the normally largest at 98. Both the Pr and Mo signals increased with time in concert with a decrease of the Cs or Sr signals, respectively. The authors take all this to mean that their own EINR model is confirmed (Iwam1998)} } @article{Iwam2005, author = {Y. Iwamura and T. Itoh and M. Sakano and S. Kuribayashi}, title = {Observation of nuclear transmutation induced by deuterium permeation through Pd complex}, journal = {Mitsubishi Juko Giho}, volume = {42}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, pages = {50--51}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Experimental}, annote = {The observation of nuclear transmutation is discussed induced by deuterium permeation through CaO/Pd complex. Cold fusion is a possible explanation. (Cited from CA 2005:393935). There is a diagram showing a Pd base, coated with a 2 nm layer of CaO, which in turn is coated with a 10 nm layer of Pd. Presumably deuterium is made to pass through these layers, and this causes transmutation to new elements.} } @ARTICLE{Iwam2015, author = {Y. Iwamura and T. Itoh and S. Tsuruga}, title = {{Transmutation reactions induced by deuterium permeation through nano-structured palladium multilayer thin film}}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {108}, year = {2015}, pages = {628--632}, published = {02/2015}, annote = {"Low energy nuclear transmutation reactions have been observed in nano-structured Pd multilayer thin film which is composed of Pd and CaO thin film and Pd substrate, induced by D2 gas permeation$^{1-5}$. Up to now we have observed transmutation reactions of Cs into Pr, Ba into Sm and W into Pt. Replication experiments have been successfully performed by some researchers and Toyota R\&D Center published almost complete replication experiments on the transmutation of Cs into Pr last year. This new phenomenon would be used as an innovative nuclear trans- mutation method for radioactive waste$^{9-11}$ or a new energy source if we could solve many problems for commercialization."} } @article{Iyen1990, author = {P.~K. Iyengar and M. Srinivasan and S.~K. Sikka and A. Shyam and V. Chitra and L.~V. Kulkarni and R.~K. Rout and M.~S. Krishnan and S.~K. Malhotra and D.~G. Gaonkar and H.~K. Sadhukhan and V.~B. Nagvenkar and M.~G. Nayar and S.~K. Mitra and P. Raghunathan and S.~B. Degwekar and T.~P. Radhakrishnan and R. Sundaresan and J. Arunachalam and V.~S. Raju and R. Kalyanaraman and S. Gangadharan and G. Venkateswaran and P.~N. Moorthy and K.~S. Venkateswarlu and B. Yuvaraju and K. Kishore and S.~N. Guha and M.~S. Panajkar and K.~A. Rao and P. Raj and P. Suryanarayana and A. Sathyamoorthy and T. Datta and H. Bose and L.~H. Prabhu and S. Sankaranarayanan and R.~S. Shetiya and N. Veeraraghavan and T.~S. Murthy and B.~K. Sen and P.~V. Joshi and K.~G.~B. Sharma and T.~B. Joseph and T.~S. Iyengar and V.~K. Shrikhande and K.~C. Mittal and S.~C. Misra and M. Lal and P.~S. Rao}, title = {Bhabha Atomic Research Centre studies on cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {32--94}, keywords = {Experimental, theory, multi-study, res+}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {08/1990}, annote = {This is a collection of reports with parts reported by the various author groups, and introduced by PK Iyengar. In the 62 pages, results are presented for the Bhabha cold fusion effort from April to September 1989, involving over 50 scientists and engineers plus technicians, from more than ten Divisions. There were experts on metal hydrides, electrochemistry, isotope exchange process in the concentration of heavy water, neutron and tritium measurement. Of the presumably many experiments, there were some which, in the team's opinion, positively confirm the occurrence of d-d fusion reactions in both electrolytic and gas-loaded palladium and titanium at ambient temperatures. Neutron emission was observed even when the electrolytic current was switched off or, in the case of gas-loaded Ti, when no external perturbation such as heating, cooling, evacuation, etc, was applied. The main results are: 1. Tritium is the primary end-product of cold fusion, with a n/T ratio of 1E-08; cold fusion is essentially aneutronic (even so, one group states that neutrons are easier to measure because much more T is needed to detect it than neutrons). T was found in the electrolyte, escaping gas and in the electrode after the run. 2. Neutron emission from electrolysis and gas loading is Poisson in nature; neutrons are emitted one at a time. It is not clear, however, whether these come from the d-d fusion itself or from secondary reactions of energetic protons or tritium with the lattice; 3. About 10-25\% of the neutrons were emitted in groups of over 100 each within <20 ms, implying a cascade of >1E10 fusions within those 20 ms. Since this seems very unlikely, lattice cracking, wherein the n/T ratio is close to unity, could be a source of these bunched neutron events; 4. Autoradiography of gas-loaded Ti and Pd demonstrated tritium which cannot be explained by enrichment effects. T was concentrated in "hot spots" on the metal surface, indicating the importance of lattice defects. Excess heat measurements do not seem convincing; one of the groups did observe a "mild explosion" with unknown causes. There was an attempt to detect helium, after removal of the large excess of D2 and O2 by recombination; no helium was found in any experiments, using gas chromatography. Autoradiography seemed to confirm cold fusion.} } @article{Izum1990, author = {T. Izumida and Y. Ozawa and K. Ozawa and S. Izumi and S. Uchida and T. Miyamoto and H. Yamashita and H. Miyadera}, title = {A search for neutron emission from cold nuclear fusion in a titanium-deuterium system}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {641--646}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, gas phase, neutrons, fracto-, res+}, submitted = {05/1990}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Spongy Ti was pressurised with D2 gas at 20-50 atm and heated to enhance deuterium absorption by the metal, resulting in absorption "almost to the theoretical limit" (no further details given, but TiD2 is named). The neutron detection equipment consisted of a small water tank filled with purified water as moderator, several (3)He counters and a BF3 counter with polyethylene moderator. A background base was established over a period of 120 h. The TiD2 was cooled to liquid nitrogen temperature, and then allowed to warm up to room temperature. Neutron bursts were detected by both kinds of counters at about 220-250K, and the fusion rate calculated to be $10^{-23}$ fus/pair/s. Statistics confirmed a fusion origin of the neutron bursts. After some cycles, the TiD2 was powdered rather than spongy. Fractofusion is invoked as the mechanism of cold fusion.} } @article{Jabo1997, author = {V.~D.~D. Jabon and G.~V. Fedorovich and N.~V. Samsonenko}, title = {Catalitically induced d-d fusion in ferroelectrics}, journal = {Braz. J. Phys.}, volume = {27}, year = {1997}, pages = {515--521}, keywords = {Experimental, fractofusion, ferroelectrics, res+}, submitted = {03/1997}, published = {12/1997}, annote = {This paper comes from Colombia, where two Russians visited Jabon. The Russian idea of fractofusion is tested on the ferroelectrics LiTaO3 (LT) and Ba(0.4)Sr(0.6)Nb(2)O(6) (SNB). First, some theory is presented, showing how deuterons, arising from deuteration of the ferroelectric, can be accelerated by polarization reversal or phase transition. For the test substances, deuteron energies up to 185 eV (LT) and 92 eV (SNB) are postulated. The samples were placed in a vacuum chamber and first evacuated to degass them. They were then deuterated under D2 at 0.6 to 1.2 atm for 5 days. High ac voltages (up to 75 kV/cm) were then applied to the crystals, under vacuum after deuteration. Neutrons were detected using 10 proportional 3He tubes surrounded by paraffin moderator and a boron polyethylene wall. This had an efficiency of 3\%. Although the results are not presented clearly in the paper, the authors conclude that the LT sample emitted significant numbers of neutrons, corresponding to a fusion rate of about $(1-8) \times 10^{-21}$ fus/s/pair, or 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than the Jones level. Nothing was seen with the SNB sample.} } @article{Jack1989, author = {J.~C. Jackson}, title = {Cold fusion results still unexplained.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {339}, year = {1989}, pages = {345}, keywords = {Suggestion, chain reaction}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {Proposes that the energy release is not due to fusion of deuterons but a chain reaction involving radiative capture, by Pd nuclei, of neutrons produced by photodisintegration of deuterons. Neutrons weakly bound to protons in d are transferred to Pd nuclei: n + (104)Pd --> (105)Pd + gamma. The gammas will knock more neutrons off deuterons. Detailed maths will be needed but J suspects that the cross sections will bring the chain close to being self-sustaining. This scheme would explain the heat/neutron anomaly of FPH. J suggests electrochemical experiments with Be, which can also undergo photochemical reactions.} } @article{Jaen1990, author = {M. Jaendel}, title = {Cold fusion in a confining phase of quantum electrodynamics}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {493--499}, keywords = {Theory, QED, res+}, submitted = {10/1989}, published = {05/1990}, annote = {A new theory, spurred by anomalous results of experiments with heavy ion collisions and cold fusion. This involves the confining phase of quantum electrodynamics (CQED) and the "bag model". In cold fusion, deuterons and electrons enter a CQED region and (4)He comes out, along with energy at 5 MeV. Experiments to test the theory are suggested.} } @article{Jaen1992, author = {M. Jaendel}, title = {The fusion rate in the transmission resonance model}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {21}, year = {1992}, pages = {176--178}, keywords = {Theory, res0}, submitted = {06/1991}, published = {03/1992}, annote = {The model of Turner, worked out in more detail by Bush, is examined. In this model, it is proposed that although there is a large potential barrier to cold fusion, a pair of such barriers might, by resonance, enhance the process. Bush did not offer any quantitative calculations of expected fusion rates based on this model; Jaendel makes these calculations, based on the WKB model. The conclusion is that transmission resonance cannot account for the observed cold fusion rates. Jaendel notes that this does not exclude some other mechanism, and that experimental evidence is paramount.} } @article{Jami2001, author = {M. Jaminon}, title = {La fusion froide}, journal = {Bull. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege}, volume = {70}, number = {3}, year = {2001}, pages = {119--135}, note = {In French}, keywords = {Review, no FPH/Jones refs.}, submitted = {10/2002}, annote = {Review of cold fusion, comparing the results of Fleischmann \& Pons with those of Jones et al. The present situation in thermonuclear and muonic fusion is summarised. Past history is mentioned, such as the prior attempts by Tandberg in the 30's to realise fusion, and the 1926 work of Paneth \& Peters and muonic cold fusion. The author is skeptical of the reality of cold fusion.} } @article{Jens1990, author = {L.~C. Jensen and K.~S. Mortensen}, title = {Beyond fusion, annihilation reactions of confined hydrogen}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {417--422}, keywords = {Theory, antineutrons, res+}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {This baffled abstracter quotes the conclusion: "Antineutrons can enter into a region of confined hydrogen or deuterium and cause annihilation reactions. These annihilation reactions are the likely mechanism of mass changing to energy. Large particles change to energy by multiplicity of less energetic positron-electron annihilations". Etc. Using the FPH result of 40000 n/s (but later modified by those authors), J\&M conclude that PdDx is a good place for the formation of and reaction between antiparticles and normals.} } @article{Jian1993, author = {S. Jiang and G. Yang and S. Wang}, title = {Coulomb screening effect of deuterium-ion in metal - numerical solution of nonlinear Poisson equation}, journal = {Lanzhou Daxue Xuebao, Ziran Kexueban, J. Lanzhou Univ. Nat. Sci.}, note = {In Chinese, Engl. Abstr.}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, year = {1993}, pages = {70--73}, keywords = {Theory, res0}, annote = {The nonlinear Poisson equation, describing the potential field within Pd deuteride, is here solved numerically for various temperatures and loading densities of deuterium. The abtract says that, based on the results, Coulomb screening and its significance in low-temp. nuclear fusion, are discussed, but does not tell what conclusions are drawn.} } @article{Jian1997, author = {X. Jiang and L. Han}, title = {Non-equilibrium conditions of electrolysis and abnormal nuclear phenomena}, note = {In Chinese, Engl. Abstr.}, journal = {Nucl. Phys. Rev. (China)}, volume = {14}, year = {1997}, pages = {111--113}, keywords = {Theory, suggestion, res+}, submitted = {03/1996}, published = {06/1997}, annote = {The abstract says that the pin-point effect and the magnetic self-pinch of electrolysis are suggested as relevant to promoting nonequilibrium, essential for CNF. They also suggest further study of the structural and electronic properties of deuterium in bulk Pd, the role of the electrical double layer (between the Pd and electrolyte) and the localised emission sites on surface protusions on the electrode, in order to understand CNF.} } @article{Jian2001, author = {X. Jiang and X. Wen}, title = {Localised nuclear reactions and dynamic Casimir effect in electrochemical process}, note = {In Chinese, Engl. Abstr.}, journal = {J. Beijing Univ. Aeronaut. Astronaut.}, volume = {27}, number = {6}, year = {2001}, pages = {729--732}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {04/2001}, published = {12/2001}, annote = {The paper discusses previous observations of nuclear activation by electrolysis, in the form of detected charged particles and autoradiography and x-ray effects. These can be interpreted in terms of the model quasar vortex structure with extremely high energy cosmic rays.} } @ARTICLE{Jian2010, author = {S. Jiang and J. Liu and M. He}, title = {A possible in situ $^3$H and $^3$He source in {E}arth's interior: an alternative explanation of origin of $^3$He in deep {E}arth}, journal = {Naturwiss.}, volume = {97}, year = {2010}, pages = {655--662}, annote = {In some volcanic lakes, the authors have found more tritium and 3-helium than expected, and propose a nuclear origin operating currently for these. The process may be cold fusion or a LENR. This might then also explain the missing energy emanating from the Earth.} } @article{Jin1990, author = {S. Jin and Y. Ding and Y. Liu and B. Wu and D. Yao}, title = {The possibilities of cold nuclear fusion of deuterium}, journal = {Chin. Phys. Lett.}, volume = {7}, year = {1990}, pages = {28--31}, keywords = {Theory, res0}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {01/1990}, annote = {Theoretical. Deuterons in Pd constitute a strongly coupled plasma. Two possible fusion mechanisms are considered. One assumes thermal motion and collisions between deuterons, the other on deuteron pairs. There is strong screening of deuterons from each other, increasing the fusion rate substantially, but not enough to be measurable. So if there is fusion, some other unknown effect must be responsible.} } @article{Jin1991a, author = {S. Jin and F. Zhang and D. Yao and Q. Wang and B. Wu and Y. Feng and M. Chen}, title = {Anomalous nuclear effects in palladium-deuterium systems during the gas discharge process}, note = {In Chinese; English abstr.}, journal = {Gaojishu Tongxun}, volume = {1}, number = {5}, year = {1991}, pages = {25--27}, keywords = {Experimental, discharge, gas phase, nuclear products, res+}, submitted = {04/1991}, annote = {"A burst of nuclear products far larger than background was reproducibly detected for the first time by using CR-39 solid state nuclear track detector during the experiments of Pd-D system stimulated by a high voltage discharge. No any anomalous effects were found in the control experiments of Pd-H and Cu-D systems under the same experimental conditions. This indicates that anomalous nuclear effects were definitely produced in the Pd-D system under certain conditions" (Direct cite of the abstract). This looks like a Wada and Nishioka reenactment, with similar results.} } @article{Jin1991b, author = {S.-X. Jin and Y.-B. Ding and B.-L. Wu and Y.-Z. Liu and D.-C. Yao}, title = {The possibilities of electrochemically induced nuclear fusion of deuterium}, journal = {Science in China A}, volume = {34}, year = {1991}, pages = {697--707}, keywords = {Discussion, theory, res0}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {06/1991}, annote = {Rather than what the title suggests, this paper looks for some possible explanations for cold fusion. First the paper calculates the charging time, based on current density (not diffusion). In section II, the lattice system is said to be a strongly coupled plasma, and the screening effect of the mobile electrons might allow closer d-d approach than otherwise. In section III, two possible mechanisms are suggested. One is the thermal motion of and collision between deuterons; this results in a large enhancement of fusion at normal temperatures, but still not enough to measure it. Only at temperatures higher than the Pd melting point might there be a sufficient effect. The other possibility is the fusion of D2 molecules formed in the lattice. Again, the enhancement due to screening is not enough, and loadings thousands of times that which can be achieved would be required. So some nonequilibrium process in the lattice may be responsible for the observations.} } @article{Jin1994, author = {S.-X. Jin and F.-X. Zhang and Y.-Z. Liu and W.-Q. Shi and W. Ou and S.-X. Liu and X.-J. Liu}, title = {Deuterium absorbability and anomalous nuclear effect of YBCO high temperature superconductors}, journal = {Chinese Sci. Bull.}, volume = {39}, number = {2}, year = {1994}, pages = {101--103}, keywords = {Experimental, HTSC connection, nuclear effects, res+}, submitted = {05/1993}, published = {01/1994}, annote = {The HTSC family of compounds Y1Ba2Cu3O7-delta can absorb hydrogen, which is then found on the Cu-O surface, write the authors, who have studied the absorption of deuterium. They found some anomalous effects during this study. CR-39 nuclear track etch was used, placed close to the absorbing samples, and some tracks were found. These tracks were not found in controls without deuterium. The mechanism is not clear and further work is needed.} } @article{John1989, author = {K.~H. Johnson and D.~P. Clougherty}, title = {Hydrogen-hydrogen/deuterium-deuterium bonding in palladium and the superconducting/electrochemical properties of PdHx/PdDx}, journal = {Mod. Phys. Lett. B}, volume = {3}, year = {1989}, pages = {795--803}, keywords = {Theory, superconductivity connection}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {07/1989}, annote = {Propose a common quantum chemical origin of superconductivity and CNF, based on Jahn-Teller coupling. Calculations show that a fusion rate of up to $5 \times 10^{-24}$ fus/pair/s can be achieved, close to the Jones+ levels. The effect can also explain the heat observed by FPH as a chemical phenomenon, not due to fusion.} } @article{Jone1989, author = {S.~E. Jones and E.~P. Palmer and J.~B. Czirr and D.~L. Decker and G.~L. Jensen and J.~M. Thorne and S.~F. Taylor and J. Rafelski}, title = {Observation of cold nuclear fusion in condensed matter}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {338}, year = {1989}, pages = {737--740}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, Ti, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {04/1989}, annote = {One of the two original articles that started it all. This one started with the thought that, since there is naturally occurring He(3) in the Earth, there may be cold fusion happening under geological conditions. The authors attempted therefore to reproduce, in the lab, those conditions most likely to lead to CNF. They used exotic soups to do it. The article is very unsensational; only neutrons were measured and the rate of CNF deduced from the measurements is only a small fraction of that claimed by FPH.} } @article{Jone1990a, author = {S. E. Jones and D. L. Decker and H. D. Tolley}, title = {Scientific correspondence}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {343}, year = {1990}, pages = {703--704}, keywords = {Polemic}, published = {02/1990}, annote = {Response to the accusation by Freedman and Krakauer in the same issue of Nature, that the Jones et al results of 1989 were biased. It appears that the Jones team ended all runs at an arbitrary time, not correlated with success or otherwise, and were in general well aware of possible error sources and the need for controls; this seems also to be clear from their original paper.} } @article{Jone1990b, author = {S.~E. Jones and E.~P. Palmer and J.~B. Czirr and D.~L. Decker and G.~L. Jensen and J.~M. Thorne and S.~F. Taylor and J. Rafelski}, title = {Anomalous nuclear reactions in condensed matter: recent results and open questions}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {199--208}, keywords = {Discussion}, published = {06/1990}, annote = {The Jones+(89) work arose out of earlier work on muon catalysed fusion, where the group measured effects at variance with theory, as was the case with cold fusion. The group continues to measure the same small effect, although no excess heat has been detected. Indeed, the authors do not believe in a nuclear origin of excess heat. This paper gives a summary of the best evidence for cold fusion and discusses it. The idea that muons from cosmic radiation causes cold fusion is eliminated; there is not sufficient time for the dd(mu) melecule to form, before the muon is absorbed elsewhere. The electrolyte used in the electrolysis experiments has been slightly modified, and more work is needed to unravel the essential components; as well, pressurised D2 is used by the group to deuterate metals (this goes back to 1986 but has been modified by the Scaramuzzi group's experience). Some neutron results are shown with error bars, from previous work. On average, this amounts to $10^{-24}$ fus/pair/s if it is a volume effect, or much larger if a surface effect (up to $10^{-20}$). Neutron bursts are discussed. Although there are bursts in the background, those from cold fusion experiments are too large to be background, and should be studied further. There is some discussion of geological cold fusion, which was one of the driving factors for the work; geological (3)He/(4)He ratios are mentioned, as well as geological tritium, which appears to have been detected at some volcanic sites. The authors conclude that cold fusion is an interesting phenomenon worthy of further study, but should not be confused by claims of excess heat production.} } @article{Jone1991, author = {S.~E. Jones}, title = {Nuclear reactions in deuterated solids versus excess heat claims}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {915--923}, keywords = {Discussion}, published = {12/1991}, annote = {Jones has collected a great number of cnf results and tabulated them, along a vertical scale for neutrons/cp's or watts, for one group of searches for nuclear emissions, and one of searches for excess heat. There is a ten-order difference between the two. Jones writes that excess heat must accompany a commensurate emission of nuclear products, if it is to be a product of a nuclear reaction, and it clearly is not. Claims for helium or tritium must also show secondary emissions; the one study claiming (4)He commensurate with excess heat does not show the necessary tritium or (3)He, and is therefore likely to be a result of contamination. Lattice absorption of high energies by some Moessbauer-like effect is not possible.} } @article{Jone1992, author = {S.~E. Jones}, title = {Current issues in cold fusion research: heat, helium, tritium, and energetic particles}, journal = {Surf. Coatings Technol.}, volume = {51}, year = {1992}, pages = {283--289}, keywords = {Discussion}, annote = {Four major issues current in cold fusion are explored in this paper. Transfer, by some cooperative process, of released nuclear energy into the metal hydride lattice a heat: the distances are too large, and the Moessbauer effect is not relevant in this context. Thus, the (4)He branch, without the accompanying commensurate radiation, is impossible. There is considerable doubt about the China Lake results. At least two data points were thrown out, both of some significance. The results are considered in error, the helium no doubt coming in as contamination. The calorimetry at China Lake, too, was poor and the excess heat well within the probable error. Thirdly, tritium production without secondary neutrons is inconsistent. Lastly, large amounts of heat without commensurate nuclear emissions are not possible, so excess heat claims, too, are in error. This leaves the Jones et al findings of very low level neutron emissions, possibly connected with geological tritium and (3)He production; the phenomenon is of academic, rather than practical, importance.} } @article{Jone1995a, author = {S.~E. Jones and L.~D. Hansen}, title = {Examination of claims of Miles et al in Pons-Fleischmann-Type cold fusion experiments}, journal = {J. Phys. Chem.}, volume = {99}, year = {1995}, pages = {6966--6972}, keywords = {Polemic, excess heat, helium correlation, res-}, submitted = {09/1994}, published = {05/1995}, annote = {Reacting to criticism by Jones, Miles has challenged Jones to show why the previous results of Miles et al, which appeared to show evidence of excess heat/ helium correlation, are not reliable. Jones and Hansen comply here. They point out many weaknesses in the several reports by Miles et al, all throwing strong doubts on the excess heat, the helium, as well as any correlation between them. There has been data selection and overconfident conclusions from poor data, it seems. Claims of x-rays, too, are highly doubtful.} } @article{Jone1995b, author = {J.~E. Jones and L.~D. Hansen and S.~E. Jones and D.~S. Shelton and J.~M. Thorne}, title = {Faradaic efficiencies less than 100\% during electrolysis of water can account for reports of excess heat in 'cold fusion' cells}, journal = {J. Phys. Chem.}, volume = {99}, year = {1995}, pages = {6973--6979}, keywords = {Polemic and experimental, excess heat is an artifact, res-}, submitted = {09/1994}, published = {05/1995}, annote = {The Jones team has been stating for some time that claims of excess heat are due to poor calorimetry and in many cases recombination of evolved deuterium with oxygen. If the heat of water electrolysis is then subtracted, this leads to inflated estimates of excess heat. Here they report their own experiments, using both Ni/light water, as well as conventional Pd/heavy water cells. They find excess heat if they do not take care to separate the evolved gases; if they do, however, or flush the cells with nitrogen, the excess heat goes to zero, thus supporting their criticism. They do address one case of excess heat greater than the applied cell power (by Mills et al); however, calorimetric error is likely in this case.} } @article{Jone1998, author = {S.~E. Jones and L.~D. Hansen and D.~S. Shelton}, title = {An assessment of claims of excess heat in cold fusion calorimetry}, journal = {J. Phys. Chem. B}, volume = {102}, year = {1998}, pages = {3647}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {07/1996}, published = {04/1998}, annote = {This is a rebuttal of Miles' rebuttal (ibid, p.3542) of these authors' polemic paper (JPC 99 (1995) 6966) criticising Miles' work. The authors write that Miles' response fails to address some of the main conclusions of their paper. They are critical of Miles' radiation evidence, and of his earlier suggestion (not made in his rebuttal) that deuterium fuses mainly to 4He and that the 23.8 MeV goes off into the lattice; this is not possible, the authors write. Also, Miles' calorimetry is said to be suspect.} } @article{Jone2000, author = {S.~E. Jones}, title = {Chasing anomalous signals: the cold fusion question}, journal = {Accountability Res.}, volume = {8}, year = {2000}, pages = {55--58}, keywords = {Discussion, neutron detection.}, annote = {Jones here muses on the question of an unrepeatable result that appears to be statistically improbable? This was his own experience when his team found weak neutron signals. It turned out that further checking revealed instrumental artifacts, which disappeared when they used better gear. So, Jones has not seen any compelling evidence for cold fusion, yet. He is now looking at evidence of fusion from sonoluminescence in collapsing bubbles, now using state-of-the-art instrumentation.} } @article{Jorg1989, author = {C.~K. J{\o}rgensen}, title = {Scenarios for nuclear fusion in palladium-deuterium alloys at ambient temperatures}, journal = {Chimia}, volume = {43}, year = {1989}, pages = {142--143}, keywords = {Discussion}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {05/1989}, annote = {A hand-waving look, in the light of quantum mechanics, at possible cold fusion scenarios (i.e. explanations): 1. if deuterons are to collide at all, it is most likely to occur at the octahedral sites in the PdD; 2. lithium might be incorporated into the Pd, and the reaction Li+d->2(4)He might explain the neutron/heat imbalance; 3. there may be weakly interacting heavy particles (WIMPs) involved; there are not likely to be any in the palladium, because of its recent chemical treatment, but the heavy water or the LiOD might introduce them, and WIMPs might catalyse cold fusion.} } @article{Jorn1990a, author = {J. Jorne}, title = {Electrochemically induced nuclear fusion of deuterium: the existence of negatively charged deuteride ions}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {519--522}, keywords = {Theory, lithium}, submitted = {03/1990}, published = {11/1990}, annote = {Contrary to almost everyone else, Jorne states that deuterium in PdD(x) is largely in the form of D- anions and that a minute fraction exists as deuterons, assumed to be dominant by others. He marshalls a lot of previous evidence for this. The tiny fraction of deuterons can easily fuse with the D-, as there is a small Coulomb barrier. Furthermore, Li will be deposited in the electrolysis in LiOD electrolyte, and LiD certainly has negative deuterium.} } @article{Jorn1990b, author = {J. Jorne}, title = {Unsteady diffusion reaction of electrochemically produced deuterium in palladium rod}, journal = {J. Electrochem. Soc.}, volume = {137}, year = {1990}, pages = {369--370}, keywords = {Theory, loading, diffusion}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {01/1990}, annote = {A rather approximate theoretical prediction of the time required to load Pd with deuterium right to the centre of the Pd bulk, assuming a given diffusion coefficient diminished by the conversion of deuterium into PdD, of $10^{-7}$ cm$^2$/s. Pd cylinders of diameters (0.1,0.2,0.4,0.6,1.0, 2.0) cm resp. require about (7/24,1,5,10,29,116) days electrolysis for a full PdD(0.6) loading, which corresponds roughly to experimental findings. As an afterthought, Jorne calculates that at full loading, the deuterium is packed at a density corresponding to solid deuterium.} } @article{Jorn1991, author = {J. Jorne}, title = {Neutron and gamma-ray emission from palladium deuteride under supercritical conditions}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {371--374}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, gas phase, nonequilibrium, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {03/1990}, published = {03/1991}, annote = {Another try at forcing nonequilibrium; here, Pd under pressurised D2 gas is cycled between 75 and 295 degC, the critical point for PdDx, beyond which the alpha- and beta phases merge and large fluctuations in density might enhance the sought-after effect. Pd foil and sponge were kept for three days under up to 90 atm pressurised D2, at -80 degC, then slowly allowed to warm up, then heated up to 320 degC. Two NE-213 scintillation neutron counters were placed around the cell, with pulse-shape discriminators to reject gamma radiation. Neutron counting efficiency was about 1\%. Gamma radiation was taken from the same pulse-shape separation. No significant increase over background levels were observed during the warm-up to room temperature, nor upon going to 473K; the cell was then held under 36 atm pressure at room temperature for >2 months, then heated to 620K, well above the critical temp., and significant neutron emissions were recorded above about 550K, the two counters being very well correlated. A similar increase was seen in the gamma emission. Control runs, with empty cells or Pd + H2 gas, showed no emissions of this sort. Rough estimation of the fusion rate leads to about Jones+(89) levels, at $10^{-21}$ or so.} } @article{Jorn1994, author = {J. Jorne}, title = {Neutron emission studies during the electrolysis of deuterium by using BaCeO3 solid electrolyte and palladium electrodes}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26}, year = {1994}, pages = {244--247}, keywords = {Experimental. Solid electrolyte, gas phase electrolysis, res-}, submitted = {04/1993}, published = {11/1994}, annote = {The author set up a solid state electrochemical cell: (-) D2(gas),Pd//BaCeO3//Pd,D2 (+). The BaCeO3 is a proton conductor at higher temperatures and is the electrolyte in this gas/solid cell, capable of charging Pd with deuterium from the gas phase. He ran this cell at whatever current it would give him at 20 V total voltage and a range of temperatures up to 800C (where it gave 160 mA/cm$^2$), with 4 banks of 3He neutron counters around it. He does not use coincidence readings, however, just presents some traces of neutron signals from individual banks. These show a few cases of large excursions from the mean count. The long term mean for active cells is the same as for the background, and due to the Poisson distribution of the neutron rate, these large-sigma excursions are in fact expected, so this is a null result.} } @article{Jorn1996, author = {J. Jorne}, title = {Ultrasonic irradiation of deuterium-loaded palladium particles suspended in heavy water}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {29}, year = {1996}, pages = {83--89}, keywords = {Experimental, ultrasonics, Pd suspension, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {01/1994}, published = {01/1996}, annote = {Ultrasonic irradiation is known to cause intense local energy spots and high temperatures, and is tried here with the hope of initiating fusion in small Pd particles, previously loaded with deuterium, suspended in a slurry. Loading was done by prior electrolysis in 0.1 M LiOD and from D2 gas. The Pd particles had a mean diameter of about 1 micrometre. Loading levels achieved were not measured. Sonification was done using 50W/cm$^2$. A 20-tube 3He counter monitored for neutrons in 4 independent channels. The background was found to be stable at about $7 \pm 0.5$ c/min. It was found that gas loading was preferable. A figure shows a marked neutron spike about 10 min after sonification was turned on followed by another 40 min or so later. No such spikes were seen in the background. There follows some statistical argument, strengthening the fusion hypothesis. Post-mortem examination of the Pd particles showed that the particles were partially oxidised and some particles appeared to fuse with each other. It is concluded that the ultrasonic action induced d-d fusion in the particles.} } @article{Jow1990, author = {T.~R. Jow and E. Plichta and C. Walker and S. Slane and S. Gilman}, title = {Calorimetric studies of deuterated Pd electrodes}, journal = {J. Electrochem. Soc.}, volume = {137}, year = {1990}, pages = {2473--2478}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd wire, electrolysis, excess heat, res-}, submitted = {01/1990}, published = {08/1990}, annote = {Used a twin-cell calorimeter, with both cells (control with Pd and H2O or Pt with D2O, working cell with Pd and D2O) in a large Al block. Both glass and stainless cells were tried, with the Pd in the form of wires of 1mm and 0.5 mm diameter. There was no recombination. Currents of up to 600 mA/cm$^2$ were applied for 2-12 weeks, and calorimetry done for several days at a time. Deuterium loadings D/Pd of between 0.65 and 0.70 were measured thermogravimetrically. Within experimental error (about 2\%), no excess heat was found.} } @article{Juli1991, author = {P. Julin and L.~A. Bursill}, title = {Dendritic surface morphology of palladium hydride produced by electrolytic deposition}, journal = {J. Solid State Chem.}, volume = {93}, year = {1991}, pages = {403--417}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd foil, light water, res-}, submitted = {12/1990}, annote = {The authors used a number of small Pd foil disks, electrolytically worn down to the point where a pin hole appeared in the centre, and used very high resolution transmission electron microscopy to look at the foil before and after electrolysis. The electrolyte was one common in electropolishing but unusual in cold fusion experiments: 5\% ethanol and 50(mol)\% sulphuric acid, the rest presumably being H2O, for the cathodic polarisation to "compress hydrogen galvanistically" into the Pd. An interesting result is that there is extensive dendrite formation, i.e. dendrites of the Pd hydride. Prolonged electrolysis changes the dendrites into blunter forms. These dendrites will increase the surface area of the electrode enormously, and thereby the double layer capacitance. The authors suggest that the FPH effects may originate from this capacitance.} } @article{Kain1989a, author = {R.~C. Kainthla and O. Velev and L. Kaba and G.~H. Lin and N.~J.~C. Packham and M. Szklarczyk and J. Wass and J.~O.~M. Bockris}, title = {Sporadic observation of the Fleischmann-Pons heat effect}, journal = {Electrochim. Acta}, volume = {34}, year = {1989}, pages = {1315--1318}, keywords = {Experimental, res+}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {3 out of 10 cells produced some excess heat, the other 7 precisely what one expects from classical thermodynamics.} } @article{Kain1989b, author = {R.~C. Kainthla and M. Szklarczyk and L. Kaba and G.~H. Lin and O. Velev and N.~J.~C. Packham and J.~C. Wass and J.~O.~M. Bockris}, title = {Eight chemical explanations of the Fleischmann-Pons effect}, journal = {J. Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {14}, year = {1989}, pages = {771--775}, keywords = {Discusssion, res+}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {(Once again, Hawkins is forgotten) An attempt to explain the results by conventional chemical means. Exposure of the top of the Pd electrode to the evolved D2/O2 mixture? This seems to reduce to the question of how fast the deuterium in the Pd can come out and burn with O2; an assumed diffusion coefficient of D in PdDx of about $10^{-6}$ cm$^2$/s (a bit high maybe but all the better) shows that this can't produce enough heat. Neither can recombi- nation of D2 with O2 in the gas phase, nor at the immersed Pd surface. The alpha-beta PdDx transition will not - thermodynamically - either (but how about transients?). Pd deuteride formation cannot produce the heat, up to loadings of 6. Pauling suggests redissociation into Pd and D2 but this, too, cannot work - and in any case, the deuteride seems to be very stable. How about Li deposition? This would consume energy. Stress release, as the Pd expands? Not enough. So: none of these candidates pass the test, in the authors' opinion. One should mention that Kreysa proves the reverse. A weakness in this paper is that all calculated heats are assumed to be released over a 50-hour period and this does not allow short-term highs - although the argument about the diffusion limitation does answer this in part.} } @article{Kali1993a, author = {K.~A. Kaliev and A.~N. Baraboshkin and A.~L. Samgin and E.~G. Golikov and A.~L. Shalyapin and V.~S. Andreev and P.~I. Golubnichiy}, title = {Reproducible nuclear reactions during interaction of deuterium with oxide tungsten bronze}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {172}, year = {1993}, pages = {199--202}, keywords = {Experimental, tungsten bronze, high voltage discharge, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {10/1992}, published = {01/1993}, annote = {This team used Na(0.9)WO(3), which has mobile alkali metal (Na+) ions, which can be replaced by H or D ions, either electrochemically of from the gas phase. Into a stainless steel chamber were placed a monocrystalline Na(0.9)WO(3) plate, 10*10*2 mm, contacting a tungsten anode, and another tungsten piece served as cathode. The chamber was evacuated to $10^{-6}$ to $10^{-5}$ mm Hg, and the sample heated to 720-760 C. A voltage of 500-1000 V was then applied between the two electrodes and the current recorded, for 1-5 h. A total charge of 0.1-1 C was thus passed. The current was switched off, the electrodes allowed to cool, and H2 or D2 allowed into the chamber up to a pressure of 1 mm Hg. From this moment on, neutrons were monitored with two independent blocks of four counters each, of the SNM-42 type, with total efficiency 1.4\%. After 10 min, the chamber was reevacuated, and more gas led in, repeating this cycle 15 times, monitoring neutrons and sample temperature all along. The neutron flow increases sharply every time gas is introduced, and decays again within 10-20 min. A smaller but still significant increase is seen upon evacuating. Sample temperature also increases upon the introduction of both H2 and D2 gas. If the neutrons come from d-d fusion, this roughly translates into a fusion rate of $2 \times 10^{-18}$/s/dd-pair.} } @article{Kali1993b, author = {K.~A. Kaliev and A.~N. Baraboshkin and A.~L. Samgin and E.~G. Golikov and A.~L. Shalyapin and V.~S. Andreev and P.~I. Golubnichii}, title = {Reproducible nuclear reactions by interaction of deuterium with tungsten oxide bronze}, journal = {Dokl. Akad. Nauk}, volume = {330}, number = {2}, year = {1993}, pages = {214--216}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, tungsten bronze, high voltage discharge, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {02/1993}, annote = {The authors note that reproducibility is a major problem in cold fusion work. Here, they use a novel material, for which they have their own technique for growing single crystals of, and an electrochemical method for extracting sodium out of. This is tungsten bronze with the general formula Na(x)WO4, i.e. a range of different stoichiometries. The material had Na removed from it and replaced by deuterium. This was kept in an evacuated chamber and 500-1000 V applied between it and an opposing cathode, for several hours, passing in all 0.1-1 Coulombs. Neutron emissions were measured with two blocks of four SNM-42 detectors and paraffin moderating blocks. As well, the sample's temperature was monitored throughout. After switching off the current, the crystals were brought to room temp. and D2 or H2 gas introduced, still monitoring for neutrons. Results showed that there was a greater temp. rise when introducing D2 gas than for H2 gas, and a correspondingly greater neutron flux for D2, so the process is definitely nuclear. In the acknowledgements, one M. Rambo is thanked for discussions of the results.} } @article{Kali1993c, author = {V.~B. Kalinin}, title = {On the question of the possibility of cold nuclear fusion at the point of ferroelectric phase transition in K2DPO4}, journal = {Neorg. Mater.}, volume = {29}, number = {5}, year = {1993}, pages = {656--658}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Discussion, ferroelectrics}, submitted = {12/1992}, annote = {This is a summarising commentary on previous work by the author and others, showing that the title compound and other related compounds show some anomalies, to do with transitions between the ferroelectric and paraelectric states. In particular, KD2PO4 has been seen by Lipson et al to emit neutrons when thermocycled closely around the temperature of transition, in a bimodal manner. Neutrons at the 15 sigma levels have been observed, while nothing but noise is observed from controls, e.g. KH2PO4, or KD2PO4 cycled around other temperatures. The author theorises that small volume changes and polarisation effects due to the transitions could stimulate fusion of deuterons.} } @article{Kali1995, author = {V.~B. Kalinin}, title = {Dipole ordering, ionic conductivity, and cold nuclear fusion: three types of cation mobility in the orthophosphates KTiOPO4, Na3M2(PO4)3 (M = Sc, Fe, Cr), NaTh2(PO4)3, KD2PO4, and related compounds}, journal = {Inorg. Mater.}, volume = {31}, year = {1995}, pages = {558--566}, keywords = {Discussion of ionic conductors, ferroelectrics, fractofusion, res+,}, submitted = {05/1994}, published = {05/1995}, annote = {Lengthy theoretical discussion of a class of ionic conductors, tying in with earlier Russian work on ferroelectrics and fractofusion. Phase transitions and repolarisation in such compounds might give rise to cold fusion. Four compound structure types that share cation position splitting are discussed, as in the title. Only one of these, KD2PO4, has been tried out with CNF in mind. There are 44 references. } } @article{Kalm2004, author = {P. K{\'a}lm{\'a}n and T. Keszthelyi}, title = {Solid state internal conversion}, journal = {Phys. Rev. C}, volume = {69}, year = {2004}, pages = {031606-1--031606-3}, keywords = {Theory; no FPH/Jones refs.}, submitted = {07/2003}, published = {03/2004}, annote = {This paper examines the possibility of a d+d fusion reaction in a solid containing deuterium. It concludes that there is reason to believe that phonon exchange can help deuterons go through the Coulomb barrier and fuse. The authors call this process the solid state internal conversion process, SS-ICP, yet another name for "cold fusion". The process creates fast moving charged particles that carry off the fusion energy as heat. This might also explain the correlation between He and excess heat production. Some of the faster particles undergo further nuclear reactions, explaining the isotopes sometimes observed (the article says "isomers", but isotopes must be meant).} } @article{Kalm2008, author = {P. K{\'a}lm{\'a}n and T. Keszthelyi and D. Kis}, title = {Solid state modified nuclear processes}, journal = {Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys.}, volume = {44}, year = {2008}, pages = {297--302}, keywords = {Theory}, submitted = {05/2008}, published = {10/2008}, annote = {The authors follow up on their 2004 paper postulating the SS-ICP, internal conversion idea, which attempted to explain cold fusion in solids. In this paper they address a number of basic questions and contradictory observations and show that some of them can be accounted for. Their theory explains the enhanced rate of fusion in deuterated solids, again based on fast charged particles. The fusion reactions are d+d, and possibly also p+7Li and d+6Li. Thus the presence of protons and lithium in the solid may play an important role in the process.} } @ARTICLE{Kalm2010, author = {P. K{\'a}lman and T. Keszthelyi and D. Kis}, title = {Boson induced nuclear fusion in crystalline solids}, journal = {Euro. Phys. J. Appl. Phys.}, volume = {50}, year = {2010}, pages = {31101-p1--31101-p8}, submitted = {07/2009}, published = {06/2010}, annote = {* The phenomenon of low energy nuclear fusion (LENF, a new name), is examined here theoretically, by adapting the phonon exchange induced electron-electron interaction potential for two quasi-free heavy particles. It is concluded that boson induced nuclear fusion processes may account for the observed excess heat and $^4$He production reported by others.} } @article{Kama1992, author = {K. Kamada}, title = {Electron impact H-H and D-D fusions in molecules embedded in Al. 1. Experimental results}, journal = {Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.}, volume = {31 Part 2}, year = {1992}, pages = {L1287--L1290}, keywords = {Experimental, electron beam, cp's, res+}, submitted = {05/1992}, published = {09/1992}, annote = {Hydrogen and deuterium were embedded into Al and then bombarded by electron beams of 200 keV and 400 keV. Fusion events during the bombardment were detected by a CR39 polymer film, as charged particles. Fusion was detected for both hydrogen and deuterium in the Al, not strongly dependent on the energy of the electrons. The author is able to differentiate the rates of fusion not due to and due to electron-hydrogen/deuterium collisions and concludes that most of the fusion is not due to such collisions.} } @article{Kama1996, author = {K. Kamada and H. Kinoshita and H. Takahashi}, title = {Anomalous heat evolution of deuterium-implanted Al upon electron bombardment}, journal = {Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.}, volume = {35}, year = {1996}, pages = {738--747}, keywords = {Experimental, Al, electron beam, excess heat, res+}, submitted = {12/1994}, published = {02/1996}, annote = {An Al sample is first bombarded with either a proton beam or a deuteron beam, at 25 keV and a "fluence" of $5 \times 10^{17}$ ions/cm$^2$ (/s is probably meant), and then looked at with a transmission electron microscope, itself using a beam of electrons at 175 keV and various fluences. The prominent finding is that for the deuteron-implanted sample, but not for the proton-implanted one, TEM sees a speckled structure, which is concluded to arise from a change of the Al surface layers to the polycrystalline form; this can only come about by melting and recrystallisation. Where is the heat coming from, then? The authors look at 4 conventional possible causes, but these are insufficient to explain the heat, which they calculate to be roughly 260 MeV. Thus, they consider an anomalous nuclear cause. They postulate, as an example, the d-d fusion reaction, and calculate the fraction of the local population of d's that must fuse to produce the required energy. It is quite small (between about $10^{-5}$ and $10^{-3}$), so the postulate is considered reasonable. More work needs now to be done.} } @article{Kama2001, author = {K. Kamada}, title = {Heating of deuteron implanted Al on electron bombardment and its possible relation to 'cold fusion' experiment}, journal = {Fusion Eng. Design}, volume = {55}, year = {2001}, pages = {541--548}, keywords = {Experimental, ion implantation, heat, res-, no FPH/Jones refs}, annote = {The author aimed a 15 keV beam of protons and of deuterons at an Al target and subsequently examined the surface with a 200 keV electron beam used for transmission microscopy. He found that this resulted, in the case of the deuteron beam (but not with protons) in melted areas in the Al. He then looks at a number of orthodox explanations for this but discards them all, in favour of a phonon scenario. Fusion of d-d would produce, among other products, 3He at 0.82 MeV and this is a possible cause of the melting. The fusion should also result in 2.45 MeV neutrons, so these were looked for but not found, even though the detectors were sensitive enough. So this scenario too is discarded. The likely explanation involves impinging electrons producing phonons with the deuterium bubbles forming in the Al, especially in tunnels seen under the microscope, leading to a maser-like action and heating. So this is not cold fusion. See also the corrigendum by the author, Fusion Eng. Des. 60 (2002) 219-226. The author corrects his earlier paper, which had some incorrect equations in Sect. 5.2.} } @article{Kama2002, author = {K. Kamada}, title = {Heating of deuteron implanted Al on electron bombardment and its possible relation to 'cold fusion' experiment}, journal = {Fusion Eng. Design}, volume = {60}, year = {2002}, pages = {219--226}, keywords = {Experimental, ion implantation, heat, res-, no FPH/Jones refs}, annote = {This is a correction of the earlier paper Kama2001, which had some incorrect equations in Sect. 5.2.} } @article{Kamm1989, author = {G.~N. Kamm and A.~C. Ehrlich and D.~J. Gillespie and W.~J. Powers}, title = {Search for neutrons from a titanium-deuterium system}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {401--403}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, gas phase, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {Ti sponge was charged under high-pressure D2. The TiD was taken on thermal excursions between 77K and room temp. while monitoring for neutrons; no significant neutrons were found.} } @article{Kapa1994, author = {V. Kapali and M. Ganesan and M.~A. Kulandainathan and A.~S. Mideen and K.~B. Sarangapani and V. Balaramachandran and S.~V. Iyer and B. Muthuramalingam}, title = {Comparison of electrochemical behaviour of the Pd-NaOD and Pd-NaOH systems}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {364}, year = {1994}, pages = {95--102}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolyusis, Pd foil, optical study, res0}, submitted = {01/1993}, published = {01/1994}, annote = {Experimental investigation of Pd electrolysis in NaOD and NaOH electrolytes, H and D electropermeation through Pd and ionisation of H and D at the Pd-alkaline solution interface, optical studies of these systems and H or D loading of the Pd. Foils of thickness 0.025 mm and wires of diameter 0.25-4mm were used. Permeation measurements yielded diffusion coefficients of D ($1.2\times 10^{-8}$ cm$^2$/s) and H ($3-4 \times 10^{-9}$) in Pd. Optical studies showed the formation of deuterium clusters, especially with thicker Pd specimens. This may be due to electrochemical compression, and may be the cause of fusion. No clusters were formed by H. All the findings taken together leave some things unexplained and cannot prove or rule out cold fusion.} } @article{Karab1990, author = {A.~B. Karabut and Ya.~R. Kucherov and I.~B. Savvatimova}, title = {Nuclear reactions at the cathode in a gas discharge}, journal = {Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett.}, volume = {16}, number = {6}, year = {1990}, pages = {463--464}, keywords = {Experimental, electrical discharge, Pd, neutrons, heat, res+}, submitted = {08/1989}, published = {06/1990}, annote = {A cathode, consisting of a 0.1 mm foil of Pd, and an anode were placed in a chamber which was evacuated and then filled with D2 gas at 2-10 Torr. An electrical discharge was then passed between the electrodes by means of 50-500 V, at currents of 10-500 mA. Temperature sensors measured the cathode temperature, and two types of neutron detectors were placed near the setup, as well as some photographic film for penetrating secondary radiation. It was found that when the cathode temperature rose above 500K, the reaction stopped. Below this, however, some neutron emissions correlated with step increases of cathode temperature.} } @article{Karab1991, author = {A.~B. Karabut and Ya.~R. Kucherov and I.~B. Savvatimova}, title = {The investigation of deuterium nuclei fusion at glow discharge cathode}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {924--928}, keywords = {Experimental, glow discharge, excess heat, neutrons, gamma, res+}, annote = {The authors had at the time already published some results from their glow discharge experiments with Pd cathodes in D2 gas, and here follow up with further results. They monitored for neutrons, gammas and heat, and found all. Rough neutron spectra fitted with some of the d-d fusion reaction energies but the gamma results did not. Radiation fluxes were 7 orders of magnitude above the background, and some persisted for 30 min after the discharge was switched off.} } @article{Karab1992, author = {A.~B. Karabut and Ya.~R. Kucherov and I.~B. Savvatimova}, title = {Nuclear product ratio for glow discharge in deuterium}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A170}, year = {1992}, pages = {265--272}, keywords = {Experimental, electrical discharge, Pd, neutrons, heat, helium, res0}, submitted = {09/1992}, published = {11/1992}, annote = {A chamber with a Pd foil of 0.1-1 mm thickness in an atmosphere of D2 at 3-10 Torr was used. Thermistors measured the foil temperature and this served as calorimeter. Also in the chamber were detectors for neutrons, gammas and charged particles (cp's) as well as x-rays. The Pd foil acted as cathode for a discharge beam of 10-100 mA at 100-500V in the chamber. During running, excess heat, neutrons, gammas and cp's were detected. These paramaters were however not in the ratios expected from a fusion reaction. Postmortem examination of the foil revealed some increase in (3)He and an increase by factors of 4-100 in (4)He. All nuclear products, however, were at levels 3-4 orders of magnitude lower than commensurate with excess heat. The authors regard the calorimetry results as promising.} } @article{Karam1991, author = {N.~A. Karamdoust and A. Majeed and S.~A. Durrani}, title = {Cold fusion: Radon contribution to neutron production ?}, journal = {Int. J. Radiat. Appl. Instrum. Part D: Nucl. Tracks Radiat. Meas.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {627--628}, keywords = {Experimental, suggestion, neutrons, res+}, annote = {Several authors have suggested that neutron emissions from PdD may originate from impurities inherent in the Pd used, such as U, Th or radon, Rn. This team investigated this possibility by experiment. A high-purity Pd foil, as used in the same laboratory in a cold fusion experiment (where some neutrons were found) was sandwiched between CR-39 detector foil for one week. The activity recorded was 3 orders of magnitude below that of the possible cold fusion emission level. In another experiment, Pd foil was allowed to absorb Rn for 9 hours and was then left for 2 hours between CR-39 detector foils. Again, the activity recorded was far below that claimed for cold fusion experiments. Thus U/Th/Rn impurities cannot explain cold fusion results.} } @article{Karas1989, author = {A.~I. Karasevskii and D.~V. Matyushov and A.~V. Gorodyskii}, title = {Possibility of the nuclear reaction between deuterium nuclei in electron shells of metal ions}, journal = {Ukr. Khim. Zh. (Russ. Ed.)}, volume = {55}, year = {1989}, pages = {1036--1039}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Theory, res0}, annote = {Use the Thomas-Fermi statistical model to prove that DD fusion (to both T and He) can take place if the two D's meet within the electron shells of ions forming a metal. Highly localised electron clouds between deuterons are invoked. No definite conclusions appear to be given.} } @article{Karp1990, author = {S.~Yu. Karpov and Yu.~V. Koval'chuk and V.~E. Myachin and Yu.~V. Pogorel'skii}, title = {On the possibility of a mechanism of cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett.}, volume = {35}, number = {3}, year = {1990}, pages = {203--204}, keywords = {Experimental, wet chemistry, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {02/1990}, published = {03/1990}, annote = {This paper examines a novel hypothesis. First, some theory, using simple charge relationships and the Thomas-Fermi model, concludes with the possibility that deuterium fusion tunnelling might be aided if deuterons are able to penetrate the electron shells of heavy, preferably negatively charged, atoms. Presumably palladium centres in the palladium deuteride spring to the authors' minds. However, this hypothesis led to a suggestion of a very simple experiment, involving no electrolysis or solid metal. Of a total of five chemical reactions tried out, the following one was succesful: A 40\% solution of HBr (10-15 ml) in H2O was mixed with 20 ml of a saturated solution of KI in D2O. Some KBr is precipitated out, and there is some exchange of H and D from the species HBr, H2O and D2O. This commentator assumes that I- ions act as the heavy anions, into whose electron shells the deuterons (D+ ions) are supposed to penetrate and fuse. The authors monitored neutrons with a single scintillation detector of fast and intermediate neutrons, coupled with a photomultiplier and shielded by an ethylene moderator and a Cd jacket. 16 experiments were averaged, and the Fig. shows a marked increase in neutron activity from the time of mixing the chemicals, lasting about 2000 s, at a level of 0.009 impulses/s, compared with a background of 0.005. The authors cite similar work (Soviet, in preprint) by other workers.} } @article{Kasa1999, author = {J. Kasagi}, title = {Medium effects: nuclear reactions in solids and nucleon resonances in nuclei}, journal = {Front. Sci. Ser.,}, volume = {28 (Nuclear Responses and Medium Effects)}, year = {1999}, pages = {229-236}, keywords = {Experimental, enhancement, targeting, res+, no FPH/Jones refs}, annote = {The authors did some self targetting experiments at a range of rather low beam energies, to see whether there is an enhancement of the fusion rate at low energies, which might provide a clue to PdD cold fusion. Their results did indeed show enhancement over calculated rates, increasing at lower energies. The lowest was about 2-3 keV, so it is possible that at cold fusion energies (at most 1 eV) there is even more enhancement.} } @article{Kash1989, author = {E. Kashy and W. Bauer and Y. Chen and A. Galonsky and J. Gaudiello and M. Maier and D.~J. Morrissey and R.~A. Pelak and M.~B. Tsang and J. Yurkon}, title = {Search for neutron emission from deuterium-loaded palladium}, journal = {Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys.}, volume = {40}, year = {1989}, pages = {1--2}, keywords = {Experimental, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {07/1989}, annote = {Neutrons and gammas < $10^{-6}$ FPH's levels, ie nothing.} } @article{Kaus1990, author = {T.~C. Kaushik and A. Shyam and M. Srinivasan and R.~K. Rout and L.~V. Kulkarni and M.~S. Krishnan and S.~K. Malhotra and V.~B. Nagvenkar}, title = {Preliminary report on direct measurement of tritium in liquid nitrogen treated TiDx chips}, journal = {Indian J. Technol.}, volume = {28}, year = {1990}, pages = {667--673}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, gas phase, neutrons, xrays, tritium, res+}, submitted = {10/1990}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {D2 gas was prepared by electrolysis of D2O, and analysed for tritium contamination; a t/d ratio of $10^{-13}$ was found and attributed to the Pd cathode used for the electrolysis, previously used for a cold fusion experiment. Ti chips were treated with nitric and sulphuric acids followed by water, to remove surface oxides. Batches of the chips were evacuated at 850 degC for 2h, cooled to 600 degC and exposed to D2 gas at 1 bar. Loading, measured by weight, was only 0.05 (D/Ti) but assumed much higher at the Ti surface. A bank of 10 BF3 neutron counters was set up around the liquid nitrogen cell, with paraffin block moderators; the background count was 5 c/s. Two plastic scintillators were placed away from the cell to monitor the background. The Ti chips were dropped into liquid nitrogen and allowed to warm up to room temp upon nitrogen evaporation; the cycle was repeated 4-5 times per batch. One such batch of 100 chips was thus cycled, and there was no indication from the scintillators, but the BF3 detectors showed a signal 15 times the background, implying a burst of about 10000 neutrons during the 5 min interval. Repetition of this, with more chips, was not successful. One way to detect tritium was to detect the K x-ray emissions expected from the Ti if they contained tritium; some signals above background were found by this inaccurate method. Another, better detector was also used, and many chips were found with above-background tritium signals, going up to a factor of about 5 (4 chips). Some high-activity chips were placed between medical x-ray films, and produced images. Although no untreated chips were measured for tritium, it is considered unlikely that there was any tritium surviving the vacuum heating.} } @article{Kaus1997, author = {T.~C. Kaushik and L.~V. Kulkarni and A. Shyam and M. Srinivasan}, title = {Experimental investigations on neutron emission from projectile-impacted deuterated solids}, journal = {Physics Lett. A}, volume = {232}, year = {1997}, pages = {384--390}, keywords = {Experimental, fractofusion, projectile, res+}, submitted = {04/1996}, published = {08/1997}, annote = {This Bhabha team tries to confirm the Russian fractofusion hypothesis, by shooting nylon projectiles at high velocity at polycrystalline solid LiD, TiDx, PdDx etc) and counting neutrons. Velocities were up to 1000 m/s. Neutron detection was by a bank of 12 BF3 detectors embedded in a plexiglass moderator, all shielded by a metal(Al) enclosure, giving about 12\% efficiency. By careful consideration of the neutron data obtained, it was concluded that the LiD samples did indeed emit more neutrons than the background when shot at, though only marginally, and not in all cases. No PdDx or TiDx samples showed neutrons above background. Thus the fractofusion theory of cold fusion is tentatively supported here.} } @article{Kawa1990, author = {H. Kawai}, title = {Profile of the cold nuclear fever}, journal = {Kinki Daigaku Genshiryoku Kenkyusho Nenpo}, volume = {27}, year = {1990}, pages = {19}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {A review of cold fusion. K reckons that about half of cnf experiments have positive results, and suggests using cathodes of graphite or U, both of which absorb hydrogen. Using enriched U would also cause neutron multiplication, making it easier to detect them. DTO could also be used, to enable the more favoured dt fusion reaction. (Abbreviated quote from CA 115:100641, (1991)).} } @article{Kawa1992, author = {J. Kawarabayashi and H. Takahashi and T. Iguchi and M. Nakazawa}, title = {Low level neutron detection system for cold-fusion}, journal = {J. Facul. Eng., Univ. Tokyo B}, volume = {41}, year = {1992}, pages = {595--602}, keywords = {Experimental, neutron detector design}, submitted = {04/1992}, annote = {A new neutron detector is described, using a new digital waveform analysis technique in order to suppress noise and to resolve bursts of pile-up. High sensitivity 3-He detectors were used to catch neutrons (8 set around the detection space) optimally. Pulse height and wave for analysis completes the setup. The lowest observable neutron rate was 0.022 n/s. This was tested in a mixture of heavy and light water, irrradiated by a gamma ray source (24Na) and the count rate found to be linear with heavy water concentration, as required. It works.} } @article{Kay1990, author = {B.~D. Kay and K.~R. Lykke and R.~J. Buss}, title = {Problems with the mass spectrometric determination of tritium from cold fusion}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {491--493}, keywords = {Polemic, mass spectrometry, tritium, res-}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {This study caused the retraction of a claim for the MS detection of tritium, say the authors but give no names. There are 11 different chemical reactions that can give rise to species with mass close to that of tritium (e.g. HD2+, D3+). So MS detection of tritium is ambiguous.} } @article{Kaza1991, author = {V.~E. Kazarinov and I.~I. Astakhov and G.~L. Teplitskaya and I.~G. Kiseleva and A.~D. Davydov and N.~V. Nekrasova and D.~Yu. Kudryavtsev and T.~B. Zhukova}, title = {Cathodic behaviour of palladium in electrolytic solutions containing alkali metal ions}, journal = {Sov. Electrochem.}, volume = {27}, year = {1991}, pages = {6--10}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, lithium deposition, artifacts, res-}, submitted = {01/1990}, published = {01/1991}, annote = {Li, and to a lesser extent K, intrude into a Pd lattice upon cathodic polarisation in aprotic as well as aqueous electrolytes. In aprotic media, the result is the formation of intermetallic Li with the Pd, able to react with water, and a solid solution in the bulk of the Pd. In aqueous media, after 74h of electrolysis, a 0.5mm-thick layer of a solid solution was formed, with a mean overall concentration of 5 at\%, but the electrode gradually dissolves during electrolysis. It is concluded that in electrolytic cold fusion experiments, one is dealing not with deuterated palladium, but rather a solid solution system D-Li-Pd and must reckon with heat effects due to the decomposition of these aqueous intrusion products.} } @article{Kaza1996, author = {O.~D. Kazachkovskii}, title = {A possible mechanism for cold fusion}, journal = {At. Energy}, volume = {81}, year = {1996}, pages = {749--750}, keywords = {Theory, res+, no FPH/Jones ref}, submitted = {07/1996}, published = {10/1996}, annote = {K refers to an earlier unpublished paper of his on the the discrete structure of an electron field in conductors, which leads him to an explanation of cold fusion. Lattice defects in PdD cause potential energy peaks, restricting the conduction electrons there. This divides the lattice into cells, which can get excited by migrating deuterons. At certain cell dimensions, the dd reaction might take place. The model predicts that a pulsed current would favour fusion and a material should be used that has a small lattice defect density.} } @article{Kedd1989, author = {M. Keddam}, title = {Some comments on the calorimetric aspects of the electrochemical 'cold fusion' by M. Fleischmann and S. Pons}, journal = {Electrochim. Acta}, volume = {34}, year = {1989}, pages = {995--997}, keywords = {Critical comments, res-}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {07/1989}, annote = {The author believes that there is a problem with the energy balance in the paper by F\&P-89. The total input power must be calculated (at constant current) by integration of the voltage with time; the electrolyte resistance is not known to great accuracy; bubbles will affect this. Recombination and water evaporation are mentioned and, finally, that there should have been a control using light water. So, there is not sufficient accuracy to make the claims by F\&P reasonable.} } @article{Kees1991, author = {R.~G. Keesing and R.~C. Greenhow and M.~D. Cohler and A.~J. McQuillan}, title = {Thermal, thermoelectric, and cathode poisoning effects in cold fusion experiments}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {375--379}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, excess heat, nuclear, res-}, submitted = {08/1990}, published = {03/1991}, annote = {This team ran FPH-type experiments 24h/day for 10 weeks and observed no excess heat or signs of nuclear emission. However, they gained some understanding of the reaction, thermal effects and heat pumping due to the Peltier effect, as well as the effects of cathode poisoning. Their calorimetric measurements produced negligible excess heat, temperature being monitored at five different points in the cell. During an early run, the cell temperature was lower than expected; heat was being absorbed. The authors believe that this might be due to a Peltier effect at the Pd/Pt junction, and then realised that such an effect might in fact be the cause for excess heat apparently observed by others. The Peltier effect is normally small, but if the Pt is deuterided (near the surface) it becomes as a semiconductor, which would increase the effect. Tests for this were not successful, however. Experiments with poisoning (using cyanide) show that this raises the overpotential; this might lead workers to see excess heat where there is in fact increased ohmic heating. The authors speculate that absorption of CO2 might, by reduction, lead to CO poisoning, with similar effects. The paper concludes that one must be careful to account for exothermicity, any possible Peltier effect and poisoning. No comments about radiation could be made, since nothing was detected.} } @article{Kees1993, author = {R.~G. Keesing and A.~J. Gadd}, title = {Thermoelectric heat pumping and the 'cold fusion' effect}, journal = {J. Phys.: Condens. Matter}, volume = {5}, year = {1993}, pages = {L537--L540}, keywords = {Discusssion, res-}, submitted = {08/1993}, published = {10/1993}, annote = {Once again, Peltier heat is considered as an explanation of excess heat, prompted by the observation that claimed excess heat appears to scale with electrolysis current. The thermoelectric coefficient at a Pd/Pt junction reverses and gets four times larger in magnitude, as Pd absorbs hydrogen. K\&G make a rough measurement of the change for the absorption of deuterium. The effect is roughly the same, and amounts to about 6 mW/A. This is still about 2 orders of magnitude too small to explain excess heat claims. But semiconductor junctions do have a sufficiently large Peltier effect, so the authors then speculate that there might be migration of, e.g., Ni within the Pt and Pd towards either the Pt/Pd or the Pd/electrolyte junction; the NiD might act as a semiconductor. They will examine this in future experiments.} } @article{Kend1999, author = {A. Kendl}, title = {Zehn jahre danach: Was blieb von der 'kalten Kernfusion'? (Ten years after: what has become of 'cold fusion'?}, journal = {Skeptiker}, volume = {12}, number = {1/2}, year = {1999}, pages = {32--39}, note = {In German}, keywords = {Discussion}, annote = {Alexander Kendl is a plasma physicist at a Max Planck institute as well as a rather prolific science writer in Germany. He reviews the CNF field in a rather skeptical light, tending towards the pathological science view, which he makes plausible. He recounts the history of CNF, the role of the media, publication statistics etc. He is quite up to date with the recent somewhat bizarre offshoots. He has talked with Douglas Morrison, Heirich Hora and Rothwell, one skeptic and two proponents and cites their views. Finally, he reports the appearance of a novel by G. Kreysa (a skeptical CNF author), with CNF as its theme.} } @article{Kenn1991, author = {J.~P. Kenny}, title = {Electropionics and fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {547.}, keywords = {Discussion, theory, res+}, submitted = {06/1990}, published = {05/1991}, annote = {Kenny states that pions (pi mesons) undoubtedly must be involved in the cold fusion interaction, having an interaction range about 7 times that of the 7 times heavier protons or neutrons. A model of anomalous nuclear resonances is developed, involving pions. Deuterium fuses into an excited resonant species with a half life of the order of days, and this might explain some of the anomalies seen in cnf. Decay products might be pions, kaons (decaying to leptons), deuterons and dibaryons, or even phonons as suggested by Schwinger. Baryon nonconservation and quarks are invoked as well. Cold fusion demands a new physics and this may be it.} } @article{Khra1996, author = {P.~P. Khramtsov and O.~G. Martynenko}, title = {Peculiar processes of cathodic scattering by electrical discharge through the saturated heavy water - vapour interface}, journal = {Inzh.-Fiz. Zh.}, volume = {69}, number = {5}, year = {1996}, pages = {721--725}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, discharge, neutrons, res+, no FPH/Jones refs.}, submitted = {07/1996}, annote = {In this experiment, the liquid phase, heavy water, was also the cathode, and the anode was of tungsten and hanging in the vapour head space. Voltages around 4 kV were used and the discharge current varied from 80 to 150 mA, while monitoring for neutrons with a single detector plus discriminator circuitry. The neutron background was 1-15 n/min, and a roughly linear dependence of neutron flux with current was observed, with a flux of around 1000 n/s at 100 mA.} } @ARTICLE{Kidw2015, author = {D. A. Kidwell and D. D. Dominguez and K. S. Grabowski and L. F. {DeChiaro Jr}}, title = {{Observation of radio frequency emissions from electrochemical loading experiments}}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {108}, year = {2015}, pages = {578--581}, published = {02/2015}, annote = {"Palladium foil cathodes were electrochemically loaded with deuterium from alkaline solutions of heavy water in specially designed closed calorimeter cells. Here, one cell is described that showed low levels of constant heat (1-7 mW) and radio frequency (RF) emanations, but the RF was not correlated with the heat production. This cell is compared with Pd 90 Rh 10 alloy cathodes that showed excess energy bursts of 2.4-44.3 kJ. In these cells, RF coincident with the bursts was observed peaking at different frequencies from about 450 kHz and extending into the MHz range. Some of the excess energy production in LENR may be in the MHz RF range, which has no conventional explana- tion in electrochemistry."} } @article{Kiku1991, author = {E. Kikuchi and K. Nomura and N. Nogawa and H. Saito and K. Itoh and H. Niikura and M. Murabayashi}, title = {Effect of charging current density on release characteristics of tritium from palladium}, journal = {Denki Kagaku Oyobi Kogyo Butsuri Kagaku}, volume = {59}, year = {1991}, pages = {880--884}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Experimental, tritium loading, res0}, submitted = {05/1991}, annote = {"Tritium was charged electrochemically into annealed Pd at various current densities, and the release rates of tritium were measured as a function of time by liquid scintillation counter. Microstructures of Pd were also observed by a transmission electron microscope before and after annealing. The release rates decreased by annealing and with increased in the charging current density". (Direct quote of the English abstract). I glean further, that annealing took place at a pressure of about 1E-04 Torr and 1300-1500K for 1-1.5 hours. There is a figure showing the tritium release rate after charging at 0.1 mA/cm$^2$, as a function of time; this roughly follows the expected $1/\sqrt{t}$ shape, and about one order of magnitude decrease within 1 hour. The tritium surface concentration decreases only slightly in that time. Higher current densities show similar behaviour, but at different absolute discharge rates. Some smallish different discharge curves are seen for annealed, and non-annealed Pd samples.} } @article{Kim1990a, author = {M.~S. Kim and M.~Y. Park}, title = {Comment on room temperature nuclear fusion}, journal = {Anal. Sci. Technol.}, volume = {3}, year = {1990}, pages = {265--267}, note = {In Korean}, keywords = {Polemic}, annote = {"A polemic in response to M. Fleischmann, S. Pons and M. Hawkins, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1989, 261 (2A), 301". (Direct quote from CA 117:259549, (1992)).} } @article{Kim1990b, author = {Y.~E. Kim}, title = {Neutron burst from a high-voltage discharge between palladium electrodes in D2 gas}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {680--682}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, submitted = {02/1990}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Kim offers a conventional explanation for the results of Wada and Nishizawa who got large neutron emissions from a high voltage discharge "stimulation" between two Pd rods in pressurised D2 gas. W\&N claimed this was due to cold fusion of supersaturated D in the Pd. Kim suggests, and underpins theoretically, that it can be explained in terms of D+ ions, accelerated by the discharge, striking the PdDx; in other words, it is just plain well known beam fusion, as in self-targeting. All W\&N's experimental features such as pressure changes and the "controls" can be accommodated by this explanation.} } @article{Kim1990c, author = {Y.~E. Kim}, title = {New cold nuclear fusion theory and experimental tests}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {423--427}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {In a previous Report, Kim has suggested that the FPH effect may be due to neutron-induced tritium-deuterium fusion. Here, this process is described, independently of the FPH electrolysis, as well as for that situation. Background neutrons break up Li, in the electrolyte, producing (4)He and T. The tritium penetrates the Pd cathode, alongside deuterium from the electrolysis. D-T fusion then releases more neutrons to make a chain reaction, also forming (4)He. The rather doubtful FPH paper is quoted as evidence: MS showing some (4)He; but the excess heat is also consistent with this suggestion. More evidence comes from the inability of NaOD solution to show any cnf. This theory leads to a list of suggested ways to improve the yield, and a number of tests of this theory, such as varying the Li isotope ratio, evidence for (4)He, neutrons at about 14 MeV.} } @article{Kim1990d, author = {Y.~E. Kim}, title = {Cross section for cold deuterium-deuterium fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {507--508}, keywords = {Theory, CIF connection, branching ratio, res0}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {05/1990}, annote = {The experiments of Beuhler et al (1989, see Section 4) with fusion induced by (D2O)(x)+ cluster impact, suggest that at low energies, the branching ratio for d-d fusion - known only from high-energy fusion - may not apply, and that the tritium branch may be favoured. The same might be indicated by the FPH results. Kim suggests further investigation of this.} } @article{Kim1991a, author = {Y.~E. Kim}, title = {Surface reaction mechanism for deuterium-deuterium fusion with a gas/solid-state fusion device}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {558--566}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {07/1990}, published = {05/1991}, annote = {Kim's previously proposed theory of a surface fusion mechanism is applied here to the results of Claytor et al (preprint) said to demonstrate reproducible tritium production from a gas/solid-state (G/S) device. The theory also explains others' irreproducibility. The theory suggests that at D2 bubbles at the cathode surface under electrolysis, or in pockets at the solid state device, electric fields will accelerate deuterons to speeds sufficient to cause fusion upon impact with others. Gas bubbles can cause high electric gradients, up to $10^9$ V/m, etc., and Kim also suggests that breaking of electrolytic contact can lead to "huge" spark discharge currents. This is followed by a mathematical development, leading to cold fusion rates similar to those claimed by some. The theory leads to suggestions for optimisation of the yield: an oxide coating, a pulsed voltage, surface asperities, control of the size and number of the bubbles or pockets and a magnetic field to divert electrons, which might interfere.} } @article{Kim1991b, author = {Y.~E. Kim and R.~A. Rice and G.~S. Chulik}, title = {The role of the low-energy proton-deuteron fusion cross section in physical processes}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {174--177}, keywords = {Theory, p-d fusion, geological and CIF connection}, submitted = {02/1990}, published = {01/1991}, annote = {Drawing on Kim's idea of insulating bubbles causing high voltage discharges at the cathode (which the authors discuss, dismissing the problems with this), the paper examines the p-d fusion reaction theoretically. Using the Maxwell- Boltzmann velocity distribution and some uncertain extrapolation, the result is that at low energies, p-d fusion would dominate. This has implications not only for cold fusion, but also for geophysics (geological heating) and may even solve the solar neutrino problem. It impinges also on cluster impact fusion.} } @article{Kim1991c, author = {Y.~E. Kim and R.~A. Rice and G.~S. Chulik}, title = {The effect of coulomb screening and velocity distribution on fusion cross-sections and rates in physical processes}, journal = {Modern Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {6}, year = {1991}, pages = {929--938}, keywords = {Theory, screening, res+}, submitted = {01/1991}, published = {10/1991}, annote = {The two title effects are examined to see whether they might explain cold fusion observations. Results indicate significant enhancement of fusion rates at energies below 50 eV, which might explain the observations, as well as indicate that pd fusion might be an important astronomical energy source.} } @article{Kim1991d, author = {Y.~E. Kim}, title = {Time-delayed apparent excess heat generation in electrolysis fusion experiments}, journal = {Mod. Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {6}, year = {1991}, pages = {1053--1060}, keywords = {Theory, suggestion, res+}, submitted = {11/1990}, annote = {The 12 orders of magnitude discrepancy between the neutron flux and observed excess heat in cold fusion electrolysis is explained here in terms of a time-delayed chemical effect; namely repeated cycles of deuterium absorption and desorption. This cycle shows hysteresis, from which Kim concludes that excess heat can apparently appear in the form of bursts, during the absorption stage. This raises the Pd internal temperature, initiating the (cooling) desorption phase. Kim makes some calculations based on the experiments of Scott et al (1990) and concludes that this model can account for the observed (about) 10\% excess heat. Kim reiterates his high-field-gradient model of surface fusion, along with his gas bubble arguments in the present connection. The model also suggests that the Pd internal temperature should be measured as a test.} } @incollection{Kim1991e, author = {Y.~E. Kim}, title = {Fission-induced inertial confinement hot fusion and cold fusion with electrolysis}, booktitle = {Laser Interaction and Related Plasma Phenomena}, editor = {Hora, Miley}, publisher = {Plenum Press}, volume = {9}, year = {1991}, pages = {583--591}, keywords = {Theory, surface reaction, res+}, annote = {In a volume otherwise devoted to inertial confinement fusion, Kim presents his surface reaction mechanism for cold fusion by electrolysis. Support for low-energy anomalous branching ratios comes from cluster impact fusion, also showing such anomalies. Whisker formation at the electrode surface is invoked, leading to high voltages across small D2 gas bubbles generated by electrolysis; these then aid fusion as in the Bockris dendrite theory. The neutrons released from this fusion might then initiate a fission/fusion chain: n+(6)Li --> (4)He+T; T+D --> (4)He+n (14.07 MeV); the last-emitted neutron will restart the cycle. Observations are so far not consistent with this, however. The paper continues with conventional fusion, suggesting an alternative to the magnetic or inertial confinement approaches used at present.} } @article{Kim2000, author = {Y.~E. Kim and A.~L. Zubarev}, title = {Nuclear fusion for Bose nuclei confined in ion traps}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {37}, year = {2000}, pages = {151--155}, keywords = {Theory, res+, no FPH/Jones refs.}, submitted = {08/1999}, published = {03/2000}, annote = {The authors have recently developed the theory they call the equivalent linear two-body (ELTB) theory, and apply it here to deuteron pair fusion. They obtain an approximate ground state solution of the many-body Schroedinger equation for a system of identical charged bosons confined by an isotropic harmonic oscillator potential. The theory may be able to account for recent reports of enhanced d-d fusion by Yuki et al (1998, Peripherals) and the Arata \& Zhang observations.} } @ARTICLE{Kim2010, author = {Y. E. Kim}, title = {Theoretical interpretation of anomalous tritium and neutron productions during Pd/D co-deposition experiments}, journal = {Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys.}, volume = {52}, year = {2010}, pages = {31101.p1--31101-p9}, keyword = {Theory, tritium, neutrons, codeposition, helium}, submitted = {06/2010}, published = {11/2010}, annote = {Kim starts by summarising the three branches for d-d fusion, and states that experiments show that the He branch dominates, producing a commensurate amount of heat. He then theorises on this, invoking Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC). More tritium than neutrons are observed in experiments, and the excess (anomalous) tritium comes from decay of energetic He, which also produces neutrons. Kim proposes experimental tests of this theory.} } @article{Kimu1990, author = {T. Kimura}, title = {Quantitative evaluation of multiple production of neutrons induced by cosmic rays in materials}, journal = {J. Nucl. Sci. Technol.}, volume = {27}, year = {1990}, pages = {1147--1150}, keywords = {Experimental, neutron detection, no electrolysis, suggestion}, submitted = {09/1990}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Neutrons can be emitted as a result of cosmic ray influx onto some materials, and this possibility needs to be considered in the very low-level neutron measurements in cold fusion experiments. This is examined experimentally in this work. 32 (3)He detectors, shielded by a Cd plate and a layer of boric acid, and held within a polyethylene moderator, were used, with pulse height- and -interval analysis, multichannel scaling and coincidence measurements. Materials put to the tests included Pb, Cd, Nb-Mo, Cu-Zn and Ti-Al-V-S alloys, Fe, Al, D2O and H2O. Results showed rough log-log linearity of neutron production rate vs atomic weight, with a slope of 1.8; these rates are 0.001-0.01 n/kg/s, corresponding to an equivalent fusion rate of roughly $10^{-27} \dots 10^{-26}$ fus/pair/s. The additive effect of this neutron production in a cold fusion experiment may, however, need to be taken into account.} } @article{Kimu1991, author = {T. Kimura}, title = {Current problems and future of room temperature nuclear fusion}, journal = {Genshiryoku Kogyo}, volume = {37}, number = {4}, year = {1991}, pages = {49--57}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {A review with 26 refs. is given on the measurement of n, effect of cosmic radiation, effect of environmental radioactivity, and problems in measurement of very low level n in room temp. nuclear fusion (Quoted from CA 115:58487 (1991)).} } @article{Kirk1999, author = {V.~A. Kirkinskii and Yu.~A. Novikov}, title = {A new approach to theoretical modelling of nuclear fusion in palladium deuteride}, journal = {Europhys. Lett.}, volume = {46}, year = {1999}, pages = {448--453}, keywords = {Theory, screening, res+}, submitted = {06/1998}, published = {05/1999}, annote = {The authors provide a useful run-through of theories so far, both in favour and against CNF. They then use computer calculations to check whether the s- and d-electrons in the host Pd might increase the rate of pp, dp and dd fusion enough to account for the claims. This rests on the idea that pairs to fuse might both reside in octagonal sites, or one of them, briefly, in a tetragonal site. Various involvement of several screening electrons are tried, combining d- and s-orbit ones. Some of the resulting fusion rates are close to, and even exceed, past claims. The paper suggests in summary that high D-loading and high mobility of the D in the lattice would be favourable. Mobility can be enhanced by gradients, sonics, phase transitions etc.} } @article{Kirk2002, author = {V.~A. Kirkinskii and V.~A. Drebushchak and A.~I. Khmelnikov}, title = {Excess heat release during deuterium sorption-desorption by finely powdered palladium deuteride}, journal = {Europhys. Lett.}, volume = {58}, year = {2002}, pages = {462--467}, keywords = {Experimental, gas phase, Pd, heat, res+}, submitted = {01/2002}, published = {05/2002}, annote = {A steel chamber containing powdered Pd and Pd foil deuteride (prepared by electrolysis) was heated to desorb the deuterium, then cooled again, whereupon the deuterium was absorbed in the powder to a loading of 0.6. Eight series of experiments were carried out. Results showed excess heat if deuterium gas was used, but not with hydrogen gas. Thus, fusion occurred in the chamber.} } @article{Kita1990, author = {M. Kitajima and K. Nakamura and M. Fujitsuka}, title = {Electrical resistivity of high pressure D2-loaded Pd and Ti at low temperatures}, journal = {Solid State Commun.}, volume = {75}, year = {1990}, pages = {159--161}, keywords = {Experimental, D2 loading effect on resistance, res0}, submitted = {03/1990}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {Studied the temperature dependence of electrical resistivity of Pd and Ti under pressurised D2 gas at low temperatures and pressures from 6 to 90 atm. The metals were cooled to 77K, exposed to gas pressure, and allowed to warm up, while the resistance was monitored. The first time Pd was thus treated, its resistivity followed that of pure Pd up to about 270K, and went up steeply thereafter, indicating that no deuterium was absorbed below this temperature. A second cycle produced higher resistivity, showing that the release of D is slower than its uptake. X-ray diffraction showed that a maximum loading of 0.7 was achieved. For Ti, the resistivity was the same as that for pure Ti up to room temperature, and no surface treatment changed this; i.e. the Ti never absorbed any deuterium.} } @article{Kita1996a, author = {A. Kitamura and T. Saitoh and H. Itoh}, title = {In situ elastic recoil detection analysis of hydrogen isotopes during deuterium implantation into metals}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {29}, year = {1996}, pages = {372--378}, keywords = {Experimental, ion implantation, charged particles, res0.}, submitted = {05/1994}, published = {05/1996}, annote = {A deuterium ion beam of up to 30 kV energy was aimed at a Ti or Pd target and some detectors of charged particles (cp's) positioned; as well, elastic recoil detection (ERD) was carried out to measure depth profiles and energies of implanted hydrogen isotope species. Cp's at some unexpected and as yet unexplained energies were detected, and a penetration profile maximum was found at around 20 nm below the surface, extending down to 100 nm. This cannot be regarded as a "cold" fusion experiment but is thought to be germane to the phenomenon by the authors.} } @article{Kita1996b, author = {H. Kitamura and S. Ichimaru}, title = {Dynamic evolution of fusion processes in ultrahigh-pressure liquid-metallic hydrogen: Effects of self-heating and radiative cooling}, journal = {J. Phys. Soc. Japan}, volume = {65}, year = {1996}, pages = {1250--1255}, keywords = {Theoretical, liquid hydrogen, pycnofusion, res+}, submitted = {12/1995}, published = {05/1996}, annote = {The authors examine theoretically the possibility of fusion in hydrogen under high pressures and low temperatures, where it has metallic properties, or pycnofusion. The most promising cases of p-d and d-t fusion are examined. There is some hope for the d-t case, which may have an energy gain, but not for p-d.} } @article{Kita2009, author = {A. Kitamura and T. Nohmi and Y. Sasaki and A. Taniike and A. Takahashi and R. Seto and Y. Fujita}, title = {Anomalous effects in charging of Pd powders with high density hydrogen isotopes}, journal = {Physics Lett. A}, volume = {373}, number = {35}, pages = {3109--3112}, year = {2009}, submitted = {04/2009}, published = {07/2009}, keywords = {Pd.Zr nano-powder, deuterium absorption, hydrogen absorption, D/Pd ratio, isotope effect}, annote = {This team tried to replicate the recent work of Arata and Zhang (Arat2008), in which excess heat was found upon venting D2 into a mixture of Pd and ZrO2. They led both D2 and H2 (as control) into samples of pure Pd powder, Pd black and the same mixture of oxides as use dby A\&Z, and measured output heat. They also monitored for nuclear emissions. They were able to measure loading ratios, and these appear to vary with the material used, higher loadings being observed for the oxides than pure Pd. Two phases were identified: the loading phase, during which gas pressure within the chamber did not rise; and phase 2, in which gas pressure rose. For hydrogen, heat release was roughly that of hydride formation, and no further heat was released in phase 2. For deuterium, especially using the oxide mix, extra heat was emitted in both phases, pointing to a nuclear process, state the authors. No nuclear emissions above background were detected.} } @ARTICLE{Kita2015a, author = {A. Kitamura and A. Takahashi and R. Seto and Y. Fujita and A. Taniike and Y. Furuyama}, title = {{Brief summary of latest experimental results with a mass-flow calorimetry system for anomalous heat effect of nano-composite metals under D(H)-gas charging}}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {108}, year = {2015}, pages = {589--593}, published = {02/2015}, annote = {"A mass-flow calorimetry system has been installed to investigate the excess power phenomenon at elevated temperatures. The first trial runs with a silica-included Cu-Ni nano-composite sample (CNS) containing 4.1 g of Ni showed an implication of a few days lasting excess power of 5 W/g-Ni. Next, a Cu-Ni-Zr oxide nano-composite sample (CNZ4) containing 61 g of Ni has been examined to show excess power of 15 W lasting for 3 days and gradually increasing at a rate of 10 W per 3 weeks. Each corresponds to 30 eV/atom-Ni and 100 eV/atom-Ni, implying a nuclear origin of the excess energy."} } @ARTICLE{Kita2015b, author = {A. Kitamura}, title = {{Status of cold fusion research in Japan}}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {108}, year = {2015}, pages = {655}, published = {02/2015}, annote = {Report, no abstract} } @incollection{Kitc1992, author = {P. Kitcher}, title = {Authority, deference, and the role of individual reason}, booktitle = {The Social Dimensions of Science}, editor = {E. McMullin}, publisher = {U. Notre Dame Press}, address = {Notre Dame, USA}, year = {1992}, pages = {244--271}, keywords = {Soc/sci discussion}, annote = {A sci-soc/phil paper; it is concerned with "the constitution of epistemic authority", as seen in the case of 'cold fusion'. There is mathematical handling of such topics as authority functions, prestige effects, alliances, assessment of others' work, replication and more.} } @article{Klem1996, author = {E.~D. Klema and G.~W. Iseler}, title = {Spark-induced radiation from hydrogen or deuterium-loaded palladium}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {30}, year = {1996}, pages = {114--115}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd gas phase loading, sparks, res+}, submitted = {01/1996}, published = {09/1996}, annote = {Following the spark work by such teams as Uchikawa et al and DuFour, as well as Rout, the authors applied sparks to various Pd samples exposed to hydrogen and deuterium, as well as to air as a control. For the control, no x-rays were detected, but they were for both hydrogen isotopes, at about 20 keV. More work is planned.} } @article{Klot1991, author = {I.~M. Klotz and J.~J. Katz}, title = {Two extraordinary electrical experiments}, journal = {Amer. Scholar}, volume = {60}, year = {1991}, pages = {247--249}, keywords = {Soc/sci discussion}, annote = {A sci-soc/phil paper. K\&K juxtapose the 1836 Crosse with the 1989 F\&P affair. Crosse performed a long term electrolysis and observed the formation of small insects in the cell. K\&K note several parallels, such as announcement by press, simplicity of the experiments, eminence of the workers, confirmation by others, refutation by others, lack of controls. K\&K conclude: People yearn to believe.} } @article{Klyu1986, author = {V.~A. Klyuev and A.~G. Lipson and Yu.~P. Toporov and B.~V. Deryagin and V.~I. Lushchikov and A.~V. Strelkov and E.~P. Shabalin}, title = {High-energy processes accompanying the fracture of solids}, journal = {Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett}, note = {Orig. in: Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 12 (1986) 1333. (In Russian)}, volume = {12}, year = {1986}, pages = {551--552}, keywords = {Experimental, fracto, res+}, annote = {Shot small pellets at LiD crystals and observed energetic radiation emitted, presumably from the micro-cracks resulting from the stress. The authors assume the possibility of nuclear fusion in these cracks. Note the year.} } @article{Knap1990, author = {J.~A. Knapp and T.~R. Guilinger and M.~J. Kelly and B.~L. Doyle and D. Walsh and S.~S. Tsao}, title = {Thin-foil electrochemical cells: high-sensitivity fusion tests and in-situ beam measurements of deuterium loading}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {371--375}, keywords = {Experimental, cps, thin foil, electrolysis, res0}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Again, the statement that emitted protons ought to be more easily detected than neutrons because of the much lower background. Also, a thin foil's D content can be easily monitored using a suitable ion beam, and thus the claim tested, that high loadings D/Pd > 1 can be achieved. This was done in this work, in which in situ measurements were performed, while the experiment ran. The ssb detector is mounted up close to the back of the foil cathode, with 0.5 A/cm$^2$ flowing. It would detect not only the 3.02 MeV protons but also 1.01 MeV tritons (if any) or the (perhaps) ca. 1 MeV (4)He's, if any. A pulse height spectrum collected over 23.2 h showed nothing better than background. In the other part of the experiment, a 3 MeV (3)He ion beam was shot at the back of the foil under electrolysis, resulting in backscattered 14 MeV protons from reaction with deuterium in the foil. Calibration with known metal hydride foils showed a loading peaking at around 0.8. This can be assumed to hold not only for the top 2 mu thus analysed, but for the whole 25 mu foil thickness, because the back of the foil was coated by d-impervious Au. Other experiments showed that (1)H is indeed absorbed preferentially over deuterium.} } @article{Koba1993, author = {M. Kobayashi}, title = {Present of 'cold fusion'}, journal = {Kagaku Kogaku}, volume = {57(10)}, year = {1993}, pages = {715--717}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {Short review of cold fusion, drawing mainly on the 3rd Int. Conf. at Nagoya (9 out of the 11 references are to papers given there), and focussing on the McKubre work, and that of Takahashi at NTT, both presenting correlations: McKubre correlates excess heat with D/Pd loading; Takahashi correlated heat with the production of (4)He.} } @article{Koch1991, author = {D.~I. Kochubey and V.~P. Babenko and M.~N. Vargaftik and I.~I. Moiseev}, title = {Enrichment of deuterium with tritium in the presence of a palladium-561 giant cluster}, journal = {J. Molec. Catal.}, volume = {66}, year = {1991}, pages = {99--104}, keywords = {Experimental, chemical, complex, tritium, res+}, submitted = {06/1990}, annote = {Pd561Phen60(OAc)180, i.e. the complex formed of (ideally) 561 Pd atoms, 60 molecules of 1,10-phenanthroline and 180 acetic ester groups, with the Pd atoms forming a central densely packed structure. This is a catalyst for some chemical reactions, and also can absorb hydrogen up to a 1:1 H/Pd ratio. The authors decided to use this instead of Pd metal, in a cold fusion experiment. They expect this dense Pd cluster not to be subject to cracking. The complex was exposed to D2 gas at atmospheric pressure for 1-11 days, after which the D2 was purged with Ar, passed over a Pt/Al2O3 catalyst with oxygen, and the resulting D2O analysed for tritium. Results show tritium levels at twice and five times the background after resp. 5 and 11 days exposure. Careful checks exclude artifactual tritium sources. Using H2 gas gave exactly the same as the background; using H2 with cluster previously exposed to D2 (but purged) gave some tritium, indicating incomplete purging; D2 used after exposure to H2 gave less tritium than when it was used with fresh complex.} } @article{Kocs1990, author = {M. Kocsis and L. Nyikos and I. Szentpetery and D. Horvath and J. Kecskemeti and A. Lovas and T. Pajkossy and L. Pocs}, title = {Search for neutrons from cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett.}, volume = {145}, year = {1990}, pages = {327--337}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, gas phase, Pd, Ti, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {06/1990}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {The authors note that of those cold fusion studies in which neutron emission was measured, few have been successful; they, too, wanted to have a go at it. An FPH-type electrochemical cell was used with Pd, as well as a tube filled with Ti chips and D2 gas. A triple (3)He proportional counter was used for neutron detection; its calibrated efficiency was 6.3\%. A lengthy background measurement showed some "statistically significant" excursions above the mean of 0.06 c/s, possibly due to barometric variations in the cosmic background, and a well distinguished neutron peak. A subsequent 9-day electrolysis showed nothing above this background. The experiment was then moved into an underground tunnel at a depth of 30 m in limestone. Now the mean background was 0.003 c/s but with occasional "huge burstlike excursions" due to electrical disturbances in the power network. Some filtering etc resulted in a stable background of about 0.002 c/s. During two electrolysis runs - one continuous, the other with periodic current switching -, as well as the Ti/D2 run, no neutron emission above the background was observed. The authors note that upon switching off the electrolysis current, violent bubbling occurred at the Pd cathode, i.e. that the Pd was saturated with deuterium.} } @article{Kogo1990, author = {S. Kogoshi}, title = {Present status of cold fusion research}, journal = {J. Inst. Electron. Inf. Commun. Eng. (Japan)}, volume = {73}, year = {1990}, pages = {1311--1317}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Discussion}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Cold fusion has not been proved yet scientifically judging from the principle that scientific truth is reproducible by test. It has been reported that a large amount of tritium is produced from a multilayer sandwich structure of heavy-hydrogen-adsorbed [sic] Pd films and Si films by sending an electric current to the structure, which has been attracting interest of people concerned including researchers in the field of semiconductor engineering (38 refs.) (Direct quote from Phys. Abstr. 94:114582 (1991)).} } @article{Koma1990, author = {V.~V. Komarov and O. Melsheimer and A. Popova}, title = {Does cold fusion exist and is it measurable?}, journal = {Z. Naturforsch. A}, volume = {45}, year = {1990}, pages = {759--761}, keywords = {Theory}, submitted = {02/1990}, published = {05/1990}, annote = {Considers the dynamics of a deuteron sitting in the Pd lattice, and another one coming in. Considering all other deuterons as distant perturbations only, a quantum mechanical treatment then indicates a possible resonance effect leading to close d-d approach and cold fusion rates as claimed. If this is assumed to be a surface effect taking place within the first few monolayers, then one can expect about 1-10 particles emitted per s, which is a weak effect and therefore perhaps not observable, as has happened in some experiments.} } @article{Kona1996, author = {K. Konashi and H. Kayano and M. Teshigawara}, title = {Analysis of heavy-ion-induced deuteron-deuteron fusion in solids}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {29}, year = {1996}, pages = {379--384}, keywords = {Theory, low energy beam fusion, enhancement effect, res-}, submitted = {06/1994}, published = {05/1996}, annote = {The possibility is examined of fusion due to bombardment of a metal/deuterium target with heavy ions from an accelerator, with up to 10 keV energy. Numerical calculations indicate that masses of about 30-50 are optimal. Comparison with known experimental data did not find good agreement, however - no enhancements are evident; but the theory does predict them and new experiments might show them in future.} } @article{Kond1989, author = {J. Kondo}, title = {Cold fusion in metals}, journal = {J. Phys. Soc. Japan}, volume = {58}, year = {1989}, pages = {1869--1870}, keywords = {Theory, jellium model, res0}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {Presents a simple electrons-in-jellium model for calculating fusion rates. Applying this to D2 and dd(mu), produces the known fusion rates within an order of magnitude. He then applies the model to deuterons in metals, and arrives at a screening length (d-d distance) of 0.12 A which gives a cold fusion rate of $10^{-30}$/pair/s; reducing the length to 0.064 results in $10^{-19}$ as claimed by FPH. Kondo does not say why we should reduce it, though, and the 0.12 A is an order-of-magnitude result. Other workers have found 0.3 A to be enough. Kondo concludes that either rate is, in any case, not enough to cause appreciable heating effects.} } @article{Kone1991, author = {N.~V. Konenkov and S.~S. Silakov and G.~A. Mogil'chenko}, title = {Quadrupole mass-spectrometric analysis of hydrogen isotopes during deuterium implantation in titanium}, journal = {Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett.}, note = {Orig. in: Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 17(1) (1991) 21, in Russian}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, year = {1991}, pages = {8--9}, keywords = {Experimental, mass spec, Ti, helium, tritium, discharge, res-}, submitted = {10/1990}, published = {01/1991}, annote = {The unequivocal establishment of the presence of 3He and T, as products of the nuclear reaction of D during implantation of the ions into Ti, by the mass-spectrometric method requires a min. resolving power m/delta-m of 510 for the sepn. of ions (3He + T)+ and HD+ and 590 for sepg. the doublet T2+, D3+. A quadrupole mass spectrometer with high resoln. was used by the authors to analyze the compn. of plasma ions of a Ti magnetodischarge pump. The use of this more ideal mass spectrometer did not, however, confirm the hypothesis of cold D-D fusion in solids.} } @article{Kont1989, author = {D. K. Kontturi and H. Pajari and G. Sundholm and M.Lindstr{\"o}m}, title = {S{\"a}hk{\"o}kemiallisesti indusoitu fuusio (Electrochemically induced fusion)}, journal = {Kem.-Kemi}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {610--612}, note = {In Finnish}, keywords = {Review, res0}, annote = {A short review, a few months after Mar-89, outlining some of the problems. The conclusion is that the phenomenon probably exists but there is no proof as yet.} } @article{Koon1989, author = {S.~E. Koonin and M. Nauenberg}, title = {Calculated fusion rates in isotopic hydrogen molecules}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {339}, year = {1989}, pages = {690--691}, keywords = {Theory, screening, res-}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {Looks at the possibility that electrons, like muons, could catalyse fusion but concludes that they would need to be 5-10 times their mass.} } @article{Koon1990, author = {S.~E. Koonin and M. Mukerjee}, title = {Branching ratios in low-energy deuteron-induced reactions}, journal = {Phys. Rev. C}, volume = {42}, year = {1990}, pages = {1639--1645}, keywords = {Theory, branching ratio, res-}, submitted = {03/1990}, published = {10/1990}, annote = {Using a second-order Born approximation to the Schroedinger equation, K\&M arrive at an expression for the branching ratio which turns out to vary by at most 10\% from unity. This is at variance with earlier work by others on the d+(6)Li reaction, as well as with cold fusion claims, who all come in for criticism here. It is pointed out that low-energy beam fusion and muon catalysed fusion all have about unity branching ratio, which nullifies statements about cluster impact, fracto- or dendrite fusion branching ratio anomalies.} } @article{Kosy1989, author = {A.~A. Kosyakhkov and V.~S. Triletskii and V.~T. Cherepin and S.~M. Chichkan}, title = {Detection helium-3 and tritium formed during ion-plasma saturation of titanium with deuterium}, journal = {Soviet JETP}, volume = {49}, year = {1989}, pages = {744--747}, keywords = {Experimental, ion beam, Ti, helium, tritium, mass spec, res+}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {They detected helium-3 and tritium, at a Ti target shot at with an ion beam of deuterium with an energy up to 9 keV. Mass spectroscopy was used for the detection. This humble commentator does not feel great confidence in the results, which consist of tiny pimples on the mass specs, at $\times 100$ magnification.} } @article{Kosy1990a, author = {A.~A. Kosyakhkov and V.~T. Cherepin and V.~V. Kolotyi and K.~K. Kisurin}, title = {Neutron yield in the deuterium ion implantation into titanium}, journal = {Fiz. Tverd. Tela}, volume = {32}, year = {1990}, pages = {3672--3672}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, discharge, Ti, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {This team investigates cold fusion by means of their magnetic discharge pump, sending an ionised deuterium beam at 8 keV at a Ti target. The Ti is grounded and Penning discharge results in the target bombardment. Despite the neutron detector not being positioned optimally because of the pump's geometry, clear neutron emission is seen upon this bombardment. The authors take this as confirmation of cold fusion (it is not).} } @article{Kosy1990b, author = {A.~A. Kosyakhkov and S.~S. Triletskii and V.~T. Cherepin and S.~M. Chichkan}, title = {Mass-spectrometric study of the products of nuclear reactions occurring due to deuterium ion-plasma saturation of titanium}, journal = {Sov. Phys. Dokl.}, volume = {35}, number = {5}, year = {1990}, pages = {470--471}, note = {Orig. in Dokl. Akad. Nauk. (Tekh. Fiz.) 312(1) (1990) 96, in Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, discharge, Ti, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {04/1989}, annote = {Very similar to - i.e. almost identical with - the earlier paper by the same authors. They used a magnetodischarge pump to aim high-intensity beams (up to 1A) of deuterons at titanium, and MS to analyse sputtered products. As in their other paper, small traces of tritium and helium-3 were found, though at large magnifications ($\times 100$). The authors interpret this as evidence for fusion of deuterium. Ion-beam induced fusion has been known since the 1950's.} } @article{Kova1989, author = {E.~P. Koval'chuk and O.~N. Romaniv and Yu.~A. Pazderskii and E.~M. Aksiment'eva and Yu.~I. Babei and A.~E. Koval'chuk}, title = {Electrochemically stimulated radiation by metals}, journal = {Fiz.-Khim. Mekh. Mater.}, volume = {25}, year = {1989}, pages = {119--120}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, Ni, Fe, electrolysis, beta, res+}, annote = {Electrolysis of D2O at Ni and Fe; 20-40 events/sec were observed with D2O, none with H2O. "Events" were apparently beta emissions, said to come from the reaction n --> e+e- (my strong guess is that they had no neutron detectors). No details are given as to background, etc.} } @article{Kova1994, author = {E.~P. Koval'chuk and O.~M. Yanchuk and O.~V. Reshetnyak}, title = {Electromagnetic radiation during electrolysis of heavy water}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {189}, year = {1994}, pages = {15--18}, keywords = {Experimental, Ni, electrolysis, emr, res0}, submitted = {04/1993}, published = {06/1994}, annote = {Both Pd sheets (5 * 1.5 * 0.6 cm and Ni foil (4 * 2.5 * 0.2 cm) were used as cathodes in a quartz cell containing LiClO4 (0.1-2M), while monitoring emr given off with a photomultiplier. For Ni, at currents above about 25 mA/cm$^2$, there was emr emission, increasing with time and with increasing current density. The effect itself was quite reproducible although the emission intensity was not; it was up to 10$^5$ cps or more. The effect peaked with time and then decreased again. It can readily be explained as a result of electrode cracking and thus triboluminescence, except that it was not observed in light water, and in fact was considerably quenched by small admixtures of light to heavy water (1/3 intensity at 1.2 vol\%, e.g.) The authors draw no conclusions but more work is needed.} } @article{Kowa2008, author = {L. Kowalski}, title = {Comment on 'The use of CR-39 in Pd/D co-deposition experiments' by P.A. Mosier-Boss, S. Szpak, F.E. Gordon and L.P.G. Forsley}, journal = {Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys.}, volume = {44}, year = {2008}, pages = {287--290}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {06/2008}, published = {12/2008}, annote = {Retired physicist Kowalski challenges the title paper, focusing on the pits in film, that were used as evidence of nuclear reactions taking place at a Pd electrode produced by codeposition (i.e. along with deuterium gas) of Pd in D2O. K states that additional evidence on the pits is needed to prove that a nuclear reaction has taken place, as neither protons nor alpha particles could have caused the pits. In experiments by other workers also using film, however, the pits could have been due to such reactions.} } @article{Kozi1990a, author = {H. Kozima}, title = {On a mechanism of the electrochemically induced nuclear fusion}, journal = {Rept. Fac. Sci., Shizuoka Univ.}, volume = {24}, year = {1990}, pages = {19--21}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {07/1989}, annote = {A mechanism is proposed to explain the experimental findings of Jones et al. A qualitative model is that deuterons can approach more closely than deuterium atoms in D2 (which keep apart at about 0.72 {\AA} distance), because of the electrons around the particles in the metal lattice. The 1926 work of Paneth and Peters is mentioned also.} } @article{Kozi1990b, author = {H. Kozima and K. Hasegawa and H. Suganuma and S. Oe and K. Sekido and M. Fujii and M. Yasuda and T. Onojima}, title = {On a mechanism of the electrochemically induced nuclear fusion II}, journal = {Rept. Fac. Sci., Shizuoka Univ.}, volume = {24}, year = {1990}, pages = {23--28}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {07/1990}, annote = {The mechanism of cold fusion proposed by Kozima in the preceding paper (ibid page 19) is extended to a calculation of expected fusion rates and the results are consistent with recent claims. The authors caution, however, that the model is limited and further work is needed.} } @article{Kozi1990c, author = {H. Kozima and S. Oe and K. Hasegawa and H. Suganuma and M. Fujii and T. Onojima and K. Sekido and M. Yasuda}, title = {Experimental investigation of the electrochemically induced nuclear fusion}, journal = {Rept. Fac. Sci., Shizuoka Univ.}, volume = {24}, year = {1990}, pages = {29--34}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {09/1990}, annote = {An early attempt at replication. The Pd cathode was a thin (0.2 mm) plate, 50*50 mm, and a current of 600 mA was applied. Neutrons were detected with a neutron dose meter. There were more detected than for the background, outside tha standard deviation. A control with light water gave the same as without electrolysis; it is concluded that cold fusion is confirmed.} } @article{Kozi1994a, author = {H. Kozima}, title = {Neutron Moessbauer effect and the cold fusion in inhomogeneous materials}, journal = {Il Nuovo Cimento A}, volume = {107}, year = {1994}, pages = {1781--1783}, keywords = {Theory, Moessbauer, trapped neutron model. Res+}, submitted = {04/1994}, published = {09/1994}, annote = {The author takes as fact that such elements as Ti, Pd and Ni induce cold fusion, and examines (mainly by discussion) the Moessbauer effect as a possible process involved. Neutron absorption and reemission in the crystal lattice can act as a neutron reservoir with certain elements. The author suggests that besides Pd, Ti and Ni, Si might be worth a look.} } @article{Kozi1994b, author = {H. Kozima}, title = {How the cold fusion occurs?}, journal = {Rept. Fac. Sci., Shizuoka Univ.,}, volume = {28}, year = {1994}, pages = {31--52}, keywords = {Theory, trapped neutrons, res+}, submitted = {10/1993}, annote = {Accepting many reports of excess heat, neutron, tritium and other particles generation, K seeks a theoretical basis for these observations. All the diverse observations appear to fit the model involving trapped neutrons. Neutrons that happen to enter the sample are thermalised and trapped as standing waves, bounded by the reflecting walls of ordered arrays of deuterons or protons. These neutrons then essentially fuse with deuterons/protons, producing tritium or deuterium. Tritons go on to fuse with deuterons to produce the odd 4He, and the high-energy fusion product neutrons cause other d-d pairs to fuse. All this explains the Pd/D2O, Ni/H2O as well as the exotic systems such as ceramics etc. } } @article{Kozi1997a, author = {H. Kozima and K. Kaki and T. Yoneyama and S. Watanabe and M. Koike}, title = {Theoretical verification of the trapped neutron catalyzed model of deuteron fusion in Pd/D and Ti/D systems}, journal = {Repts Fac. Sci. Shizuoka Univ.}, volume = {31}, year = {1997}, pages = {1--12}, keywords = {Theory, trapped neutrons, res+}, submitted = {08/1996}, annote = {Kozima has previously given his explanation of cold fusion. He reasons that there are a lot of low-energy neutrons around, from cosmic infall and reaction with hydrogen. These low-energy neutrons get trapped by deuterons in metal, so that we have reactions n+d--> t + gamma, and then the triton reacts further as t+d--> 4He + n. The gamma is absorbed quietly somehow, and the high-energy neutron produced accelerates other deuterons into more fusion. The authors examine this model theoretically and semiquantitatively, and find that the model is at least consistent with observations.} } @article{Kozi1997b, author = {H. Kozima and S. Watanabe and K. Hiroe and M. Nomura and K. Kaki}, title = {Analysis of cold fusion experiments generating excess heat, tritium and helium}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {425}, year = {1997}, pages = {173--178}, keywords = {Analysis, theoretical, excess heat, tritium, res+}, submitted = {02/1996}, published = {03/1997}, annote = {The results of Fleischmann et al (1989) and others are condidered in the light of the authors' model of trapped neutron catalysed fusion. They believe that surface layers of Li, laid down under electrolysis, as well as other chemical species, contribute to a number of nuclear reactions involving neutrons. Their model also suggests the possibility of a chain reaction, consistent with the melt-down claimed by Fleischmann et al (1989).} } @article{Kozi1998a, author = {H. Kozima and K. Kaki and M. Ohta}, title = {Anomalous phenomenon in solids described by the TCNF model}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {33}, year = {1998}, pages = {52--62}, keywords = {Theory, commentary, res+}, submitted = {08/1996}, published = {01/1998}, annote = {The Kozima team has had the TCNF theory for some years, for "trapped thermal neutron catalyzing fusion". In this model, neutrons (likely from an outside source) trigger a sequence of nuclear reactions, possibly starting with the absorption of a neutron by 6Li. Here they make some rough and simple assumption (order of magnitude) such as: there is a layer of Li deposit on Pd cathodes, about 1 micrometer thick; the neutron reaction takes place near the surface, and others. They then look at 28 papers published on CNF by other labs, and assess the results in the light of their model. They conclude that all of them, including those with null results, are consistent with TCNF. Null results, for example, in shielded environments, can be due to the lack of thermal neutrons, required for a reaction. The model thus also accounts for the sporadic nature of CNF, and for practically everything else observed.} } @article{Kozi1998b, author = {H. Kozima}, title = {How the cold fusion occurs (2)}, journal = {Rept. Fac. Sci. Shizuoka Univ.,}, volume = {32}, year = {1998}, pages = {1--43}, keywords = {Theoretical, TCNF model, res+}, submitted = {06/1997}, annote = {This is Part 2, following the author's first paper of 1994, same journal. The authors' TCNF (trapped neutron catalyzed fusion) model is again examined critically, appplying it to 40 different CNF reports, comprising the most prominent CNF publications. The model is consistent with these. He ends by urging scientists off their chairs and to produce convincing theory of the phenomenon, so that it does not remain obscure.} } @article{Kozi1998c, author = {H. Kozima}, title = {The cold fusion phenomenon}, journal = {Int. J. Soc. Mat. Eng. Resources}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, year = {1998}, pages = {68--77}, keywords = {Review}, submitted = {10/1997}, annote = {Kozima reviews cold fusion after almost 9 years of its discovery. Theory is still lacking but there is some progress. } } @article{Kozi1999a, author = {H. Kozima and K. Arai and M. Fujii and H. Kudoh and K. Yoshimoto and K. Kaki}, title = {Nuclear reactions in surface layers of deuterium-loaded solids}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {36}, year = {1999}, pages = {337--345}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {09/1998}, published = {11/1999}, annote = {The release of such gases as helium and tritium from cold fusion in Pd indicates a near-surface reaction. This, and the isotopic distribution changes also observed, are accounted for by Kozima's theory, the TCNF model. During the five years since the drafting of this model, new results have been able to be accommodated by the theory, as it evolved with these new results. Most recently, the anomalous elimination of radioactive species could also be interpreted in the light of TCNF.} } @article{Kozi1999b, author = {H. Kozima and M. Ohta and M. Fujii and K. Arai and H. Kudoh and K. Kaki}, title = {Analysis of energy spectrum of neutrons in cold-fusion experiments by the TCNF model}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento A}, volume = {112}, year = {1999}, pages = {1431--1438}, keywords = {Analysis, theory, res+}, submitted = {02/1998}, published = {12/1999}, annote = {The paper looks at the neutron results of Bressani et al (1991, 1992, 1999), in the light of Kozima's trapped neutron theory, which can explain a large variety of cold fusion results. Bressani et al have observed neutrons with their Ti/D experiments, and TCNF is able to account for the neutron spectra with the help of a single adjustable parameter.} } @article{Kozi1999c, author = {H. Kozima}, title = {Present status of cold fusion research. 1}, journal = {Hoshasen Kagaku (Tokyo)}, volume = {42}, number = {10}, year = {1999}, pages = {310--315}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {There is little to glean from this all-Japanese paper for those of us who know no Japanese. There are tables of results, both for heavy and light water systems and a row of metals.} } @article{Kozi1999d, author = {H. Kozima}, title = {Present status of cold fusion research. 2}, journal = {Hoshasen Kagaku (Tokyo)}, volume = {42}, number = {11}, year = {1999}, pages = {351--358}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {Part 2 of the review; here, there is mention of the author's TCNF theory, that is, trapped neutrons.} } @article{Kozi2000a, author = {H. Kozima and K. Yoshimoto and K. Arai}, title = {First reliable tritium data by Packham et al. analyzed by TCNF model}, journal = {Int. J. Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {25}, year = {2000}, pages = {505--507}, keywords = {Theory, analysis, tritium, res+}, annote = {Kozima has the TCNF theory, that he believes can explain all cold fusion results with a single parameter. The Packham tritium claims are from 1989, but have not been widely accepted until now. The authors calculate the parameter, n(n), the trapped neutron density, and get a figure of $3.6 \times 10^7$ cm$^{-3}$. They warn that this is an order-of-magnitude thing.} } @article{Kozi2000b, author = {H. Kozima and K. Arai and K. Yoshimoto}, title = {Tritium and 4He data by Chien et al. confirmed the cold fusion phenomenon}, journal = {Int. J. Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {25}, year = {2000}, pages = {509--511}, keywords = {Theory, analysis, tritium, helium, res+}, annote = {Another use of Kozima's TCNF model (trapped neutrons), now applied to the old results of Chien et al (1992). The calculated TN density (other paper, ibid p. 505) is not the same as that inferred from the experimental data, but this is copnsistent with the different electrode geometries assumed. There was also a discrepancy between the amount of tritium and helium produced, but this, too, can be accommodated, so TCNF still does not fall down.} } @article{Kozi2000c, author = {H. Kozima and K. Arai}, title = {Localized nuclear transmutation in PdHx observed by Bockris and Minevski revealed a characteristic of CF phenomenon}, journal = {Int. J. Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {25}, year = {2000}, pages = {513--516}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, annote = {Recently, transmutation has been added to the observations of cold fusion events. The author's TCNF theory was therefore applied to these results. A case in point is the work of Bockris \& Minevski, who found evidence of fission products in the metal surface layers. TCNF can account for the formation of polyneutrons in this surface region, and this can explain the results. It also explains the poor reproducibility.} } @article{Kozi2000d, author = {H. Kozima and K. Arai}, title = {Local coherence, condensation and nuclear reaction of neutrons at crystal boundary of metal hydrides and deuterides}, journal = {Int. J. Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {25}, year = {2000}, pages = {845--851}, keywords = {Theoretical, TNCF model, res+, no FPH/Jones refs}, annote = {Kozima teams up with Arai and they explore the possibilities of local coherence, Cooper pair formation, neutron condensation etc in metals with hydrogen isotopes. They conclude that nuclear reactions are likely but more study is needed.} } @article{Kozi2000e, author = {H. Kozima and K. Kaki}, title = {Anomalous nuclear reactions in solids revealed by CF experiments}, journal = {Rep. Fac. Sci., Shizuoka Univ.}, volume = {34}, year = {2000}, pages = {1--35}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {11/1999}, annote = {A unified picture is given of a number of cold fusion observations, using Kozima's TNCF theory.} } @article{Kozi2000f, author = {H. Kozima}, title = {Neutron drop: condensation of neutrons in metal hydrides and deuterides}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {37}, year = {2000}, pages = {253--258}, keywords = {Theory, res+, no FPH/Jones refs.}, submitted = {03/1999}, published = {05/2000}, annote = {There are two possible explanations for anomalous nuclear reactions in solids: the author's TCNF theory, or neutron drops, as seen by the mass spectrum of nuclei produced by transmutation. Neutron drops are high-density regions of neutrons and protons clumped together. Kozima considers that these might form within the PdD lattice and suggests that they may be detectable by means of neutron diffraction, or NMR.} } @article{Kozi2001, author = {H. Kozima and M. Ohta and M. Fujii and K. Arai and H. Kudoh}, title = {Possible explanation of 4He production in a Pd/D2 system by the TNCF model}, journal = {Fusion Sci. Technol.}, volume = {40}, year = {2001}, pages = {86--90}, keywords = {Discussion, theory, TNCF model, res+, no FPH/Jones refs.}, submitted = {07/2000}, published = {07/2001}, annote = {The 4He data of Botta et al are here analysed in terms of Kozima's TNCF (trapped neutrons) model. 4He is not formed from dd fusion, but from a reaction between Pd and trapped neutrons. As usual, Kozima's single parameter that can fit all, is adjusted and this time found to deviate by some orders of magnitude from previous values. This is no problem.} } @article{Kras1991, author = {Yu.~I. Krasnoshchekov and L.~V. Larionov and V.~A. Makovei and E.~Yu. Muryshev and G.~I. Syrenkov}, title = {Possibility of nuclear reaction during phase transitions}, journal = {Sov. Phys. Dokl.}, volume = {36}, year = {1991}, pages = {705--706}, note = {Orig. in: Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR 320 (1991) 1358, in Russian}, keywords = {Discussion, suggestion}, submitted = {05/1991}, published = {10/1991}, annote = {Phase transitions in metal hydrides are considered here. In Fe at high temperature, for example, a gamma-alpha PhT is known in which pressures of hydrogen, thousands of times the equilibrium state are observed. Also, the release of hydrogen from the metal upon PhT is impulsive. As the phase boundary moves through titanium deuteride, reorganisation of the crystal structure and thus displacement of deuterium should occur. This, and the possibility of charge separation upon cleavage, might be a clue to the understanding of cold fusion.} } @article{Krey1989, author = {G. Kreysa and G. Marx and W. Plieth}, title = {A critical analysis of electrochemical nuclear fusion experiments}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {266}, year = {1989}, pages = {437--450}, keywords = {Discussion, res-}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {07/1989}, annote = {A demolition job. } } @article{Kriv2008, author = {S. Krivit}, title = {Low energy nuclear reaction research - global scenario}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {94}, year = {2008}, pages = {854--857}, keywords = {Review}, submitted = {02/2008}, published = {04/2008}, annote = {A review of cold fusion, with 35 references.} } @incollection{Kriv2008c, author = {S. B. Krivit}, title = {Low energy nuclear reactions: the emergence of condensed matter nuclear science}, booktitle = {{Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook (Vol. 1)}}, year = {2008}, editor = {J. Marwan}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Washington, USA}, volume = {1}, pages = {3--16}, ISBN = {9780841269668, 0841269661}, annote = {A general run-through of the field, briefly covering the history and the evidence for LENR or CMNS as it is also called. This is similar to the article the author wrote in Encyclopaedia of Electrochemical Power Sources, Kriv2009a.} } @incollection{Kriv2009a, author = {S. B. Krivit}, title = {Cold fusion - history}, booktitle = {{Encyclopaedia of Electrochemical Power Sources (vol. 2)}}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, editor = {J. Garche and C. Dyer and P. Moseley and Z. Ogumi and D. Rand and B. Scrosati}, volume = {2}, year = {2009}, pages = {271--276}, annote = {This is a backup chapter to the main one by the same author, on the preceding pages of the same volume. The history is rather selective and truncated but does point out the important highlights. The role of Jones is however presented in a way that differs markedly from all other accounts. The history does go back to Paneth and Peters (1926) and even to Wendt and Irion (1922), who are not often mentioned in this context.} } @incollection{Kriv2009b, author = {S. B. Krivit}, title = {Cold fusion - precursor to low-energy nuclear reactions}, booktitle = {{Encyclopaedia of Electrochemical Power Sources (Vol. 1)}}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, editor = {J. Garche and C. Dyer and P. Moseley and Z. Ogumi and D. Rand and B. Scrosati}, volume = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {255--270}, annote = {A kind of review of cold fusion, with the strong message that the term is inappropriate, as the process underlying the various observations is very unlikely to be fusion of deuterons. The author prefers the term low-energy nuclear reaction or LENR. The strongest evidence for such an as yet unknown process is the excess heat claimed by many. The chapter draws heavily on results from the SRI laboratories, and concludes that the Widom-Larsen theory of 2006 is the most likely candidate for an explanation of the reaction taking place.} } @article{Kriv2009c, Author = {S. B. Krivit and J. Marwan}, Title = {A new look at low-energy nuclear reaction research}, Journal = {J. Environ. Monit.}, Year = {2009}, Volume = {11}, Number = {10}, Pages = {1731--1746}, submitted = {07/2009}, published = {10/2009}, annote = {A review of the field, from its prehistory (Paneth \& Peters 1926, Wendt \& Irion 1922) to 2006, including the most recent theories of Widom and Larsen and Kozima. 57 References. The author clearly favours the term LENR, and this accounts for the mention of Wendt \& Larsen, whose observations probably point to fission, rather than fusion.} } @ARTICLE{Kriv2009d, author = {S. B. Krivit}, title = {Low-energy nuclear reactions research: 2008 ACS update}, journal = {J. Sci. Explor.}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {439--441}, published = {10/2009}, keywords = {Discussion}, annote = {* Extended abstract, ACS Symp. Utah March 2009. A science journalist's view of the field. Krivit compares the strengths and weaknesses of the two opposing hypotheses: that what has been observed is fusion, or a result of a weak interaction (the Widom-Larsen theory). The latter explains more than the former, Krivit believes.} } @ARTICLE{Kriv2013a, author = {S. B. Krivit}, title = {{Nuclear phenomena in low-energy nuclear reaction research}}, journal = {Naturwiss.}, volume = {100}, year = {2013}, pages = {899--900}, keyword = {Polemic. LENRs. Low-energy nuclear reactions. Cold fusion. Energy balance}, submitted = {04/2013}, published = {08/2013}, annote = {"Abstract This is a comment on Storms E (2010) Status of Cold Fusion, Naturwissenschaften 97:861-881. This comment provides the following remarks to other nuclear phenomena observed in low-energy nuclear reactions aside from helium-4 make significant contributions to the overall energy balance; and normal hydrogen, not just heavy hydrogen, produces excess heat."} } @ARTICLE{Kriv2013b, author = {S. B. Krivit}, title = {{ENERGY Review of Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions}}, journal = {Reference Module in Chemistry, Molecular Sciences and Chemical Engineering}, year = {2013}, pages = {255--270}, publisher = {Elsevier}, annote = {Review of the field.} } @article{Krug2003, author = {E.~P. Kruglyakov and I.~B. Khriplovich}, title = {On the experiments in the field of 'low-energy nuclear transformations'}, journal = {Dokl. Phys. Chem.}, volume = {392}, year = {2003}, pages = {249.}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {06/2003}, published = {10/2003}, annote = {This comments on a paper in the same journal by Krymskii et al, ibid 385 (2002) 197, which had claimed observation of nuclear changes effected by em pulses. The present authors state that the elements claimed to have been produced in the earlier work (Cu, Fe) could simply be the result of redistribution of existing elements in a nonhomogeneous lump of alloy. Also, none of the references cited is to serious refereed journals, and the authors are not competent in nuclear physics, write the authors. They do ignore the disappearance of Zn in the aqueous solution experiment, which cannot have the same explanation.} } @article{Krym2002, author = {V.~V. Krymskii and V.~F. Balakirev}, title = {Effect of nanosecond electromagnetic pulses on the properties of matter}, journal = {Dokl. Phys. Chem.}, volume = {385}, year = {2002}, pages = {197--198}, keywords = {Transmutation by em}, submitted = {05/2002}, published = {08/2002}, annote = {Powerful em pulses: 0.5 ns duration, > 8 kV amplitude, 1000 kHz rep. rate, were applied to salt solutions and metal melts. A solution of copper sulphate and zinc sulphate was irradiated and the copper content increased while the zinc content decreased ("vanished"). In one run, 0.16 M Cu increased to 0.18M, while 0.03 M Zn went to zero. In another run, the same salts were used but at a low pH, and the process went the other way, showing that pH determines the direction of the nuclear reaction. Lastly, an 8 kg casting alloy melt was irradiated and out of the metals initially present (Cu, Fe, Si, Mg, Mn) all increased in concentration, except Mg, which decreased, though not, it seems, in the same measure as the increase of the other elements. There is reference to Kervran, but the name does not appear in list of references.} } @article{Kuch2004, author = {M.~Yu. Kucherov and B.~L. Altshuler and V.~V. Flambaum}, title = {Exponential enhancement of nuclear reactions in a condensed matter environment}, journal = {Phys. Rev. C}, volume = {70}, year = {2004}, pages = {047601--047601-4}, note = {see Erratum, ibid. C 71 (2005) 029901(E)-1)}, keywords = {Theory, suggestion}, submitted = {12/2003}, published = {10/2004}, annote = {A mechanism is suggested and theorised on, which might increase the probability of nuclear reaction of a beam of acccelerated nuclei impinging on a target. For a t+p collision, the mechanism can act at energies below 1 keV. The mechanism consists of using a beam of particles heavier than those in the target. Although these probabilities are very low, theory suggests that they can be boosted by as much as $10^8$ at low beam velocities (energies). Whether the energies concerned can be considered "cold" is a matter of choice.} } @article{Kueh1991a, author = {R.~W. K{\"u}hne}, title = {Possible explanations for failures to detect cold fusion}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {159}, year = {1991}, pages = {208--212}, keywords = {Discussion, res0}, submitted = {05/1991}, published = {10/1991}, annote = {K{\"u}hne first gives a summary of some of the explanations for th Jones+89 effect, i.e. statistical (pro and con), cosmic influx variations, solar flares and muon catalysis; all these are now rejected, he says. He then states that what he calls MHF (micro hot fusion or fractofusion) is the likely candidate. This would take place in cracks formed by bubbles at dislocations, and those investigators who did not have the right conditions for this to occur, observe nothing. E.g., the optimum temperature range is -100..0 degC, and most people work outside this. Ion implanation would not lead to bubbles and in any case, any neutrons from MHF would be overwhelmed from self target effects. Neutrons must be measured at very low background, not easy. Lastly, the burst frequency is rather low and one must wait a sufficient time. These four factors conspire to prevent the detection of MHF. The paper gives 108 references, most of which are "real" (as opposed to preprints or conferences).} } @article{Kueh1991b, author = {R.~W. K{\"u}hne}, title = {Cold fusion: pros and cons}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {155}, year = {1991}, pages = {467--472}, keywords = {Review}, submitted = {06/1990}, published = {05/1991}, annote = {A sort of review of the cold fusion scene, stating some of the arguments for and against, as marshalled by the various authors. K himself refrains from suggestions, beyond the odd calculation or small comment. 99 refs.} } @article{Kueh1994, author = {R.~W. K{\"u}hne}, title = {The possible hot nature of cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {25}, year = {1994}, pages = {198--202}, keywords = {Discussion}, submitted = {03/1993}, published = {03/1994}, annote = {The author has previously suggested fractofusion or, as he calls it, micro-hot fusion (MHF) as the most plausible mechanism of cold fusion. He cites a large volume of supporting literature among the 84 references given at the end. Here he provides more evidence for MHF and claims that it can explain observations, including the burst nature of cnf. The model is based on the formation of "deuterid bubbles", which cause cracks to form near the surface in Pd but away from the surface in Ti. This would be accompanied by acoustic emissions, which have in fact been detected. The bubbles and cracks are charged and thus, radio and low electron emission is also expected, and found. Deuterons will then be accelerated by the potential fields up to 100 keV, enough to allow fusion. Most of them will however just be slowed down again without fusion; this explains the anomalous heat/neutron results. Electrons are bound and cannot neutralise the fields. There are some problems with the model but these are easily swept aside. Finally, K{\"u}hne suggests how to optimise cnf experiments. One must not clean the Pd cathodes too well or use Pd of too high a purity;there must be no oxide layer; precharging is bad.} } @article{Kueh1995, author = {R.~W. K{\"u}hne and R.~E. Sioda}, title = {An extended micro hot fusion model for burst activity in deuterated solids}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {27}, year = {1995}, pages = {187--189}, keywords = {Theory/speculation, fractofusion, bursts, res+}, submitted = {02/1993}, published = {03/1995}, annote = {This paper describes a model that the authors believe can explain all the disparate observations of 'cold fusion'. Cracks with up to 10 keV energies can be formed in PdD and K\&S state that 10 keV ions have been detected and d-d fusion can occur. The cracks can become hot spots, explaining heat generation, while some nuclear reactions are initiated simultaneously, thus explaining the heat/nuclear products anomaly. The authors appear unaware that the hot spots require energy input, so this model falls flat.} } @article{Kueh2000, author = {R.~W. K{\"u}hne}, title = {Response to 'Strange behavior of tritiated natural water'.}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {37}, year = {2000}, pages = {265--266}, keywords = {Polemic.}, submitted = {07/1999}, published = {05/2000}, annote = {The author first summarises the area of cold fusion, starting with the Klyuev et al fractofusion paper of 1986, then the geophysical evidence of the Jones team and the 1989 electrolysis work of F\&P. Some have reported the formation of tritium in these papers. Now, Shyam, in a Letter on the previous page, reports tritium arising from distilled (and other) water, so the tritium observed in cold fusion work does not necessarily come from nuclear reactions. The author states that micro-hot fusion (his term for fractofusion) is unable to explain tritium, and is thus supported by this new evidence.} } @article{Kula1990, author = {A.~V. Kulakov and E.~V. Orlenko and A.~A. Rumyantsev}, title = {Problem of physical mechanism of so-called cold fusion}, journal = {Power Eng. (USSR Acad. Sci)}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, year = {1990}, pages = {141--143}, keywords = {Discussion, theory}, annote = {An earlyish paper trying to explain cold fusion in the Pd lattice by enhancement of Coulomb barrier penetration, due to the special conditions in the lattice. The authors say that the Debye shielding radius here is 0.3{\AA}, less than the Bohr radius. One out of four colliding d-d pairs fuse, and the tritium + proton + gamma branch would dominate, explaining the dearth of measured neutrons.} } @article{Kumag1991, author = {H. Kumagai and S. Nakabayashi and S. Yamagata and S. Isomura and T. Ichihara and K. Yoshida and T. Suzuki and K. Takahashi and A. Kira and I. Tanahata}, title = {Attempts in detection of neutrons on so-called cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {J. Phys. Soc. Japan}, volume = {60}, year = {1991}, pages = {2594--2601}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, Ti, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {02/1991}, published = {08/1991}, annote = {The authors note that there is a substantial discrepancy between the results of Fleischmann and "Ponse" and of Jones et al; they even question whether these teams observed the same phenomenon. In any case, if fusion takes place, they write, neutrons must be emitted. Low background and a stable detection are essential for measuring neutrons. All radiation events were here accumulated one by one, enabling later off-line analysis. Two identical detectors were used, and some anomalous artifacts were rejected. The counters were of the NE-213 scintillation type and Pb blocks shielded them from gammas. Paraffin reduced cosmic fast neutron influx. The background ended up as 0.025 cps neutrons and 25 cps gammas for each detector. Two separate methods for neutron/gamma discrimination were used. In one experiment, a Pd rod, degassed at $10^{-6}$ Torr at 600 degC and cooled in D2 gas was used as cathode in an electrolysis at 100-200 mA/cm$^2$ in 0.1M LiOD. A Pd/Ti rod, and a Pd pipe were also used. Pulsed operation was tried. In another experiment, Pd/Ti alloy and a Ti alloy containing 6\% V, 6\% Al and 2\% Sn, were exposed to D2 gas at 50 atm, cooled to 77K and heat cycled. In no case were any significant neutron emissions detected. Significantly, however, one of the detectors (but not the other) did show increased counts, and the spectrum could have been interpreted as having a peak at 2.5 MeV. The authors warn that multiple detectors are essential.} } @article{Kumar1989, author = {N. Kumar}, title = {Cold fusion: is there a solid state effect?}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {58}, year = {1989}, pages = {833--835}, keywords = {Discussion, suggestion}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {08/1989}, annote = {Looks at the possibility of d-d pair fusion in metals and rejects it on theoretical grounds, but suggests a closer look at fracto-work.} } @article{Kumar1991, author = {K. Kumar and I.~S. Hwang and R.~G. Ballinger and C.~R. Dauwalter and A. Stecyk}, title = {Analyses of palladium cathodes used for heavy water electrolysis}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {178--187}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, structure, res-}, submitted = {07/1990}, published = {01/1991}, annote = {Since the various cold fusion experiments' results have depended on the particular palladium used, it is important to characterise it. This paper reports a post-mortem examination of some cathodes after long electrolysis, including one that showed positive results. The 4mm*10cm rods were vacuum annealed for 196 h at 800 degC. They were examined later for D/Pd ratio, microstructure, X-ray structure and chemistry. The loading was found to be about 0.7. EDAX showed that the Johnson \& Mathey supplied rods, supposed to be cast, were in fact cold worked and heat treated. There were differences in the grain structure between the top and bottom of the rods; at the top, there was some Pd mixed with PdD0.7. This may be due to uneven current distribution. No dendritic structures were seen on the surface. There was surface degradation. The charging time was measured from evolved gas volumes, and had a time constant of about 5 h (my estimate), being complete at 14-16 h. SIMS showed traces of species with masses 3 and 4 but at very low level, and these findings were not repeated.} } @article{Kuni1994, author = {K. Kunimatsu}, title = {Current status of room-temperature nuclear fusion. Excess heat measurement}, journal = {Petrotech. (Tokyo)}, volume = {17}, number = {12}, year = {1994}, pages = {998--1003}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Small review, 12 refs.}, annote = {"A review with 12 refs is given on measurement of excess heat related to cold fusion using an electrolytic method comprising open-type water electrolysis, and fuel cell type heavy water electrolysis". (From CA). One notes figures out of Fleischmann \& Pons's papers showing excess heat bursts, a calibration curve of R/Ro vs loading for PdH and PdD (both extending to loading of 1), the famous SRI figure of excess heat vs loading with many data points, showing an exponential-like relation, a cold fusion electrolysis cell (presumably Kunimatsu's) and (his own?) excess heat vs loading figure (much steeper relation) (Cited from CA 122:224620 (1995).} } @article{Kuni1996, author = {K. Kunimatsu}, title = {Surface modification of the cathode in the study of cold fusion}, journal = {Hyomen Gijutsu}, volume = {47}, number = {3}, year = {1996}, pages = {218--222}, note = {In Japanese}, submitted = {12/1995}, keywords = {Discussion, loading, excess heat}, annote = {This is a round-up of results obtained in a number of places, among them SRI and Japanese work. The crystal structure of PdD is described, and a Fig. shows a collection of results of excess heat plotted against the loading ratio D/Pd (looks roughly exponential) from SRI work. Surfactants and their effect on the loading ratio are discussed.} } @article{Kuro1997, author = {K. Kuroiwa and Y. Ohtsu and G. Tochitani and H. Fujita}, title = {Experimental investigation on loading ratio D/Pd using high pressure and deuterium glow discharge methods}, journal = {Rept. Fac. Sci. Eng., Saga Univ.}, volume = {26}, year = {1997}, pages = {33--38}, keywords = {Experimental, loading, gas phase, glow discharge, res0.}, annote = {A 12.5 * 12.5 * 0.2 mm plate of 99.9\% pure Pd was mounted in a chamber and deuterated with D2 gas at up to 6 atm pressure. This achieved D/Pd ratios of about 0.75 after 50 hours or so. The Pd sample was then weighed at intervals while being kept in air, and did not lose much deuterium. For the glow discharge, it seems to have been done at 20 Torr and 10 mA through a 50 kohm resistor, i.e. about 500 V total applied. The results of this are not clear to this abstracter, who has to find stuff in between the Japanese text and in figures. The abstract says that after glow discharge charging, the ratio was kept at 0.70 by cooling the Pd sampling.} } @article{Kuss1989, author = {H.~M. Ku{\ss}}, title = {Die elektrochemische Kernfusion bleibt unbewiesen! (Electrochemical nuclear fusion still unproven!)}, journal = {Chem. Labor Betr.}, volume = {40}, year = {1989}, pages = {353--358}, note = {In German}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {Critical review, inspired by the meeting of about 250 delegates at the Dechema Institute in Frankfurt, Germany, on May 18, 1989. The article sums up what has gone before this meeting, and quotes the summary by Prof. Vielstich: 1. No measured neutron count so far lies clearly above the background; 2. gamma measurements were not sufficiently well resolved to allow distinction from the (214)Bi natural radiation; 3. tritium findings are within the range of impurities in D2O; 4. no calorimetry has so far included recombination of D2 with O2. Kreysa confirmed the heat criticism; can explain even the famous melting of the FPH electrode, by conventional means. Fractofusion is mentioned.} } @article{Kuzm1989, author = {E. Kuzmann and M. Varsanyi and L. Korecz and A. Vertes and T. Masumoto and F. Deak and A. Kiss and L. Kiss}, title = {Investigation on the possibility of cold nuclear fusion in Fe-Zr amorphous alloy}, journal = {J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.}, volume = {137}, year = {1989}, pages = {243--250}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Fe-Zr alloy, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {08/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {Used Moessbauer, neutron and gamma spectroscopy on Fe90Zr10 amorphous ribbon, which has a high H-absorbing ability. The alloy was deuterated electrolytically in a solution of sulphuric acid and sodium sulphate in D2O. Neutrons were detected by two independent detectors and noise was carefully excluded also for gamma detection. A loading of 1 D per metal atom was achieved. The background-corrected neutron spectrum fluctuates around zero; Moessbauer results also have a non-nuclear explanation. The authors comment finally that the use of thin ribbon may have prevented cold fusion in this case.} } @article{Kuzm1992, author = {E. Kuzmann and M. Varsanyi and L. Korecz and A. Vertes and T. Masumoto and Y. Ujihira and A. Kiss and L. Kiss}, title = {Moessbauer study of cold nuclear fusion in Fe-Zr alloy}, journal = {Hyperfine Interactions}, volume = {71}, year = {1992}, pages = {1417--1420}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Fe-Zr alloy, neutrons, gammas, Moessbauer, res-}, published = {04/1992}, annote = {Amorphous Fe89Zr11 ribbon was used as cathode and deuterised electrolytically both "in air and nitrogen" (i.e. in the cell head space), in an electrolyte of D2O or H2O and 0.005 M D2SO4 (or H2SO4) + 0.495 M Na2SO4, for 5000 s at constant potential. A plastic scintillator and a BF3 tube detected neutrons, a Ge-Li device detected gamma emissions, and Moessbauer spectra were taken in transmission geometry using a $10^9$ Bq activity (57)Co(Pd) gamma source. No dependence of the neutron emissions on cathode potential was found. Moessbauer spectrum changes with loading could be explained simply by changes in deuterium (hydrogen) occupancy in the alloy. Spectrum changes due to the gas in the cell head space were likely due to the gases' effect on loading. So no cold fusion effects were seen.} } @article{Kyot1990, author = {{Kyoto University CNF Test Group}}, title = {Search for cold nuclear fusion at the research reactor institute}, journal = {Kyoto Daigaku Genshiro Jikkensho Gakujutsu Koenkai Koen Yoshishu}, volume = {24}, year = {1990}, pages = {45--52}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Experimental, various, res-}, annote = {There have been intense efforts at the Institute to verify FPH's or Jones+' results, under various conditions. No evidence of neutron, gamma or heat production has been seen. The Frascati experiment was also attempted, as well as the Los Alamos one, using good equipment, capable of distinguishing between noise and neutrons. So far, nothing.} } @article{Labi2005, author = {J.~A. Labinger and S.~J. Weininger}, title = {Controversy in chemistry: how do you prove a negative? The cases of phlogiston and cold fusion}, journal = {Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.}, volume = {44}, year = {2005}, pages = {1916--1922}, keywords = {sci-soc-phil}, submitted = {09/2004}, published = {03/2005}, annote = {Two cases are considered, deliberately chosen to be separated widely in time. Phlogiston is considered to have expired by 1800, while cold fusion only started in 1989 (unless one consideres its historical predecessors by Paneth and Peters, 1926, and Klyuev et al, 1986, both not mentioned here). The phlogiston theory initially was able to explain a lot and seemed to fit the facts, while the (now known) oxygen theory did not, always. Eventually the latter was accepted. Cold fusion, in the opinion of the authors, fits well within two concepts; pathological science as defined by Langmuir in 1953, and the concept of the "experimenter's regress" by Collins (1993), which argues that questions about the reality of a novel phenomenon cannot be separated from questions about the experiments designed to detect it. Thus, a negative finding can be challenged as being based on incorrect experiment - which has indeed happened. The result is what the authors call the "short life but long afterlife" of cold fusion.} } @article{Lam1989, author = {P.~K. Lam and R. Yu}, title = {Comment on 'Cold fusion: How close can deuterium atoms get inside palladium?'}, journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, volume = {63}, year = {1989}, pages = {1895.}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {10/1989}, annote = {A correction of the paper by Sun and Tomanek, in which a distance of 0.93 {\AA}ngstrom was calculated; Lam and Yu calculate something more like 1.7, varying a little with orientation. Thus it is even less likely that fusion will occur, which Sun and Tomanek had already ruled out.} } @article{Lang1989a, author = {K. Langanke and H.~J. Assenbaum and C. Rolfs}, title = {Screening corrections in cold deuterium fusion rates}, journal = {Z. Phys. A: At. Nucl.}, volume = {333}, year = {1989}, pages = {317--318}, keywords = {Theory, screening, res0}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {07/1989}, annote = {Recalculation of expected fusion rates; screening of deuterons from each other by electrons increases the fusion rate by several orders of magnitude, depending on the effective mass of the electrons. About 5 or 8 times, respec- tively, would make the results of Jones+ or FPH, resp., possible. This paper is similar to that of Koonin et al.} } @article{Lang1989b, author = {K. Langanke}, title = {Potential of a deuterium molecule trapped in an external field of screened point charges with fcc-symmetry}, journal = {Mod. Phys. Lett. B}, volume = {3}, year = {1989}, pages = {1031--1038}, keywords = {Theory, screening, res-}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {Calculated the potential between 2 d, within the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, using the Monte-Carlo technique. No significant deviation was found from D2.} } @article{Laso1992, author = {L. Lason and M. Przytula and R. Wojtkiewicz and J. Baczynski and J. Bauer}, title = {Search for neutrons from cold fusion of deuterium absorbed in palladium}, journal = {Acta Univ. Lodz., Fol. Phys.}, volume = {16}, year = {1992}, pages = {3--12}, keywords = {Experimental, gas phase, Pd, neutrons, res-}, annote = {A Pd tube, closed at one end, could be filled with deuterium up to a pressure of 1 atm, and heated by an electric coil around its outside. A BF3 and a 3He detector of neutrons were arranged around the chamber, with a paraffin moderator allowing detection of continuous neutron emission, and the pulses from the 3He detector were recorded as well. To detect bursts, a GM beta counter with a Ag or In sample was used. The Pd tube was saturated with deuterium and measurements performed over 7 days, twice. No continuous or burst neutron emissions above background were observed.} } @article{Laws1991, author = {D.~R. Lawson and M.~J. Tierney and I.~F. Cheng and L. S. {van Dyke} and M.~W. Espenscheid and C.~R. Martin}, title = {Use of a coulometric assay technique to study the variables affecting deuterium loading levels within palladium electrodes}, journal = {Electrochim. Acta}, volume = {36}, year = {1991}, pages = {1515--1522}, keywords = {Experimental, loading measurement}, submitted = {07/1990}, published = {08/1991}, annote = {The problem of the determination of deuterium loading is looked at here. One way is to reverse the electrolytic current, and to measure the total charge needed to drive out the deuterium again. This is carefully compared with the rough-and-ready method of wiping and weighing. Some interesting results are obtained. At no current densities did the loading (D/Pd) exceed 0.73 or so; for light water, H/Pd was 0.8; the wipe \& weigh method gives much the same result; gas bubbles, or gas dissolved in the electrolyte do not significantly interfere with the measurements. Two electrochemical poisons were also tried, since some workers believe that these might force a higher D/Pd ratio. Neither thiourea nor As2O3 succeeded in this.} } @article{Lee1989, author = {A.~R. Lee and T.~M. Kalotas}, title = {On the feasibility of cold fusion}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A}, volume = {102}, year = {1989}, pages = {1177--1180}, keywords = {Theory, collective effects, res0}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {10/1989}, annote = {Despite the journal, an Australian contribution. Estimation of fusion rates of deuterons trapped in Pd lattice, where deuterons oscillate, instead of - as in vacuum - moving around freely; this might change the fusion rate and collective effects must be considered. As in other theoretical studies, claimed cold fusion rates can be achieved by overcoming coulombic screening. The authors suggest that this might happen by localisation of the electronic charges in the lattice, and do not dismiss the possibility of cold fusion.} } @article{Lee1991, author = {K.~P. Lee and S.~W. Kim and K.~U. Choi and S.~T. Hwang}, title = {Cold Fusion}, journal = {Anal. Sci. Technol.}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, year = {1991}, pages = {103--107}, note = {In Korean}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {"Review of room temp. nuclear fusion phenomena controversy started by Fleishmann [sic] and Pons with 8 refs." (Direct quote from CA 117:259455 (1992)). The article shows a stylised figure of an electrochemical cnf cell, gives some general fusion background, describes a spectrum of cnf experiments, the problem of Coulomb barrier to fusion, tunnelling and screening.} } @article{Legg1989a, author = {A.~J. Leggett and G. Baym}, title = {Exact upper bounds on barrier penetration probabilities in many-body systems: application to 'cold fusion'}, journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, volume = {63}, year = {1989}, pages = {191--194}, keywords = {Theory, tunnelling, res-}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {07/1989}, annote = {The allowed rate of tunnelling of deuterons is far too small to be consistent with inferred rates of fusion. Calculations give an upper limit for dd fusion of $2\times 10^{-31}$/cm$^3$, and $3\times 10^{-20}$/cm$^3$ for dp.} } @article{Legg1989b, author = {A.~J. Leggett and G. Baym}, title = {Can solid-state effects enhance the cold-fusion rate?}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {340}, year = {1989}, pages = {45--46}, keywords = {Theory, Born-Oppenheimer, res-}, published = {07/1989}, annote = {Using the Born-Oppenheimer approach, these authors arrive at the consequence that, if the d-d repulsion were somehow overcome, then alpha particles, too, would be tightly bound to the palladium; they are not, and this counts against cold fusion. An upper limit of $10^{-50}$/s/pair is calculated.} } @incollection{Lett2008, author = {D. Letts and D. Cravens and P. L. Hagelstein}, title = {Thermal changes in palladium deuteride induced by laser beat frequencies}, booktitle = {{Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook (Vol. 1)}}, year = {2008}, editor = {J. Marwan}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Washington, USA}, volume = {1}, pages = {337--352}, ISBN = {9780841269668, 0841269661}, annote = {Two lasers aimed at a spot on a deuterated Pd electrode can induce more heat than by laser heating alone. "Optical phonon modes may be involved in the excess heat process".} } @ARTICLE{Lett2009, author = {D. Letts and D. Cravens and P. L. Hagelstein}, title = {Dual laser stimulation of optical phonons in palladium deuteride}, journal = {J. Sci. Explor.}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {459--461}, published = {10/2009}, keywords = {res+}, annote = {* In previous experiments by Marwan \& Krivit (2008), two laser beams, tuned so as to produce various beat frequencies and aimed at a deuterated Pd cathode, produced more heat than could be accounted for by laser heating alone. New experiments by the present authors confirm these results, with the frequencies of around 8, 15 and 20 THz. This supports the conjecture of d-d fusion to He-4 and quiet coherent dissipation of the energy as heat. More work is needed.} } @incollection{Lett2010, author = {D. Letts and D. Cravens and P. L. Hagelstein}, title = {Dual laser stimulation and optical phonons in palladium deuteride}, booktitle = {{Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook (Vol. 2)}}, year = {2010}, editor = {J. Marwan and S. Krivit}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Washington, USA}, volume = {2}, pages = {81--93}, ISBN = {9780841224544}, annote = {"In work done in 2007, we observed that two laser beams irradiating a deuterated palladium cathode at a single spot induced significant thermal increases many times larger than those expected from laser heating alone. This effect was observed only when the lasers were tuned to produce a beat frequency near 8 THz, 15 THz and 20 THz. These preliminary experiments support the conjecture that optical phonons are involved in the heat-producing mechanism (THz = 1012 Hz). In recent experiments, results from more than 20 runs appear to confirm the three thermally sensitive frequencies at 8, 15 and 20 THz. Further, the experiments allowed us to produce an initial thermal response spectrum." (Abstract reproduced from the book)} } @ARTICLE{Lett2015, author = {D. Letts}, title = {{Highly reproducible LENR experiments using dual laser stimulation}}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {108}, year = {2015}, pages = {559--561}, published = {02/2015}, annote = {"The present article reports a summary of results relating to 170 on-protocol tests performed on five deuter- ated palladium bulk cathodes stimulated by dual lasers at 8, 15 and 20 THz over the period March 2007 to May 2008. These frequencies were not measured but assumed to be effective based on a calculated difference beat frequency. Excess power was observed in 161 tests, giving a success rate of approximately 95\%. The cathode fabrication, loading and laser application protocols are discussed."} } @article{Lewe1991a, author = {B.~V. Lewenstein and W. Baur}, title = {A cold fusion chronology}, journal = {J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.}, volume = {152}, year = {1991}, pages = {273--298}, keywords = {Sci-soc, chronology}, submitted = {01/1991}, annote = {Science historian-philosophers Lewenstein and Baur have compiled a useful chronology of key events in the cold fusion saga, starting with Paneth and Peters in 1926, the 1927 patent application of John Tandberg, some early speculation on fusion in hydrides; the idea, and its verification, of muon catalysed cold fusion, the early Jones work, and (now getting denser in time) the recent events that gave a new special meaning to the term "cold fusion". There are 163 references, many of them from the press. This paper is an invaluable aid to anyone studying this science-sociological phenomenon.} } @article{Lewe1991b, author = {B.~V. Lewenstein}, title = {Preserving data about the knowledge creation process. Developing an archive on the cold fusion controversy}, journal = {Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilization}, volume = {13}, year = {1991}, pages = {79--86}, keywords = {Sci-soc}, published = {09/1991}, annote = {A sci-soc paper, using cold fusion as a case. The Cornell Cold Fusion Archive (CCFA) is described, as well as some of the problems of setting it up. The archive comprises published papers, mass media reports, electronic messages, some manuscript material (letters, notebooks, seminar notes etc), even some experimental apparatus and joke items, and taped interviews. L argues that, even if CNF is shown to be false, the process of showing that itself will be of great interest, and this archive will help.} } @article{Lewe1992a, author = {B. Lewenstein}, title = {Cold fusion saga: Lesson in science}, journal = {Forum Appl. Res. Public Policy}, volume = {7}, number = {4}, year = {1992}, pages = {67--77}, keywords = {Sci-soc}, annote = {The author examines the question whether cnf is a unique phenomenon in the science sociological sense. He briefly outlines the history of events for the three years up to the time of writing, and then finds that the characteristics one might name for cold fusion, are in fact not anything new after all. The role of the press, press conferences, the intrusion of politics, competition between universities, double discovery (Jones and FPH), controversy; all are fairly normal in science. The one special feature might be the confluence of all these in a single issue.} } @article{Lewe1992b, author = {B.~V. Lewenstein}, title = {Cold fusion and hot history}, journal = {Osiris}, volume = {7}, year = {1992}, pages = {135--163}, keywords = {Sci-soc}, annote = {A soc-sci paper, following the cold fusion saga and its conflicts and problems it engendered. There is a chronology up to mid-1991 and some publication statistics. Some interviews are quoted.} } @article{Lewe1994, author = {B. Lewenstein}, title = {La saga de la fusion froide (The cold fusion saga)}, journal = {Recherche}, volume = {25}, year = {1994}, pages = {636--641}, note = {In French}, keywords = {Remark}, annote = {This is a sci/soc report on cold fusion, from Cornell science sociologist Bruce Lewenstein. He recounts the story and the controversy it roused, and produces some bibliographic statistics, comparing with other newsworthy technical events such as the Exxon Valdez accident and high temperature superconductivity.} } @article{Lewe1995a, author = {B. Lewenstein}, title = {From facts to fax: communication in the cold fusion saga}, journal = {Soc. Stud. Sci.}, volume = {25}, year = {1995}, pages = {403--436}, keywords = {Soc/sci}, annote = {An early (34-page) Lewenstein paper, taking science-sociological look at cold fusion. He argues that the pupular view of how science operates is wrong, and that in fact communication among scientists uses many media. New models are needed to account for the boundaries between formal publication, preprints, computer networks, fax machines, mass media presentations and other scientific forums. Increased communication activity may lead to some instability, especially initially in a controversial scientific event.} } @article{Lewe1995b, author = {B.~V. Lewenstein}, title = {Do public electronic bulletin boards help create scientific knowledge? The cold fusion case}, journal = {Science, Technol. \& Human Values}, volume = {20}, year = {1995}, pages = {123--149}, keywords = {Sci-soc}, annote = {The author, a science sociologist, examines the title question, looking at how electronic mail, news groups etc (computer-mediated communication or CMC) affect the spread of knowledge. CMC has certain characteristics of its own. BVL takes the cold fusion as a case study. CMC (and the telefax) played a significant role in the spread of the cold fusion news. Bulletin boards (by which BVL means news groups) have certain properties, and one that interests the author is the "big and little ideas" distribution. He concludes that, despite the faster spread of news, these news groups do not all help professionals very much and will not soon replace face-to-face communication. A cold fusion chronology is appended.} } @article{Lewi1989, author = {N.~S. Lewis and C.~A. Barnes and M.~J. Heben and A. Kumar and S.~R. Lunt and G.~E. McManis and G.~M. Miskelly and R.~M. Penner and M.~J. Sailor and P.~G. Santangelo and G.~A. Shreve and B.~J. Tufts and M.~G. Youngquist and R.~W. Kavanagh and S.~E. Kellogg and R.~B. Vogelaar and T.~R. Wang and R. Kondrat and R. New}, title = {Searches for low-temperature nuclear fusion of deuterium in palladium}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {340}, year = {1989}, pages = {525--530}, keywords = {Experimental, various, res-}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {08/1989}, annote = {Tried a variety of conditions. No excess heat, no radiation, T or He.} } @article{Lewin1989, author = {J.~D. Lewins}, title = {The fusion trail goes cold}, journal = {Nucl. Eng. (Inst. Nucl. Eng.)}, volume = {30}, year = {1989}, pages = {181--182}, keywords = {Discusssion, no refs.}, annote = {Lewins looks at the phenomenon of CNF; it raised public interest partly because here was a development by chemists in a physical area, and there was a press conference. Lewins seemed not to know about the FPH-89 paper in J. Electroanal. Chem., only noting the abortive paper in Nature (which the authors withdrew). Lewins allows himself some sarcasm, and recounts the stories of N-rays and polywater, as well as the Paneth \& Peters work of 1926 and ends with some philosophising about what science is.} } @article{Lewis1990a, author = {D. Lewis and K. Sk{\"o}ld}, title = {A phenomenological study of the Fleischmann-Pons effect}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {294}, year = {1990}, pages = {275--288}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, calorimetry, neutrons, res0}, submitted = {05/1990}, published = {11/1990}, annote = {The authors have performed a very thorough and careful cold fusion experiment, using a cell similar to that of FPH but adding a cooling coil for the calorimetry, and using a ring of 30 helium counters to monitor neutron emissions at about 2.5 MeV. They also analysed aliquots of the electrolyte for tritium. Everything is described clearly and in detail. There are tables of input and calculated power, and clear figures of same; a control series is reported, of electrolysis of H2O at Pt and Pd, which show an approximately zero excess power with some fluctuation. Using D2O and Pd, there was some excess power during some time, and it fell back to the input power after that. Neutron emission showed some spikes. Some were associated with, for example, switching on of the galvanostat, or with movement of a thermocouple in the detector well, leading to an electrical contact or, in some cases, with a nearby nuclear reactor being turned on. However, some large neutron events remained unaccounted for and the largest correlated with a thermal excursion of the cell. Another run showed thermal and neutron excursions at different times. Tritium levels are reported without much comment. The authors carefully conclude that there is indeed evidence for an anomaly similar to that of FPH, while admitting that their measurements are close to their experimental errors. They then point out that, since these events seem to correlate with D2O top-up additions, they may be due to an impurity in the D2O, such as light water or T2O.} } @article{Lewis1990b, author = {L.~N. Lewis and P.~G. Kosky and N. Lewis}, title = {On the search for non-electrochemical cold fusion: production of D2 off of high surface area Pd colloid}, journal = {J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett.}, volume = {145}, year = {1990}, pages = {81--91}, keywords = {Experimental, chemical hydriding, heat, neutrons, gammas, res-}, submitted = {03/1990}, published = {05/1990}, annote = {Yet another way to deuterate Pd: the reaction of triethyl-SiX with Na2PdCl4 in normal (if X=H) or deuterated (if X=D) methanol produces Pd colloid and X (i.e. H or D) at its surface. Thus one can expect the Pd to absorb the hydrogen/deuterium, and we have yet another cold fusion experiment. The team carried out both the control (X=H) and test (X=D) in a Dewar and measured the rise in temperature; they were roughly the same, so no excess heat. They also monitored gamma and neutron emission with a variety of gear, and found nothing. So, they say, there is no need to worry about the possibility of high energy emission from high surface area Pd, deuterated by nonelectrochemical means, as some have warned (i.e FPH and one AH Alberts).} } @article{Lewis1991, author = {D. Lewis}, title = {Some regularities and coincidences in thermal, electrochemical and radiation phenomena observed in experiments at Studsvik on the Fleischmann-Pons effect}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {316}, year = {1991}, pages = {353--360}, keywords = {Discussion, autopolemic, res+}, submitted = {07/1991}, published = {10/1991}, annote = {A previous paper by Lewis and Skoeld reported finding some excess heat. In that paper, it was noted that the start of temperature excursions occurred after topping up with fresh D2O, and other workers have also noted this. The old L\&S data is analysed here and it is seen that out of 11 runs showing excess heat, 9 showed this effect, with a delay time < 15 min (this being the sampling time). Simultaneously, there was a rise in cell voltage, probably due to the change in electrolyte conductance. At the time, no neutron emission flares were found associated with these events. However, now the data has been compared with solar flare data and one such flare correlated with the extinction of a thermal event in the cell. To test this unlikely connection, Lewis placed a (252)Cf neutron source near the cell, and observed the extinction of another thermal event; in a third case, a thermal event was accompanied by some neutron emission, i.e. the opposite effect. The first effect might be consistent with resonance theories, and the second effect with theories involving the (4)He branch. Cold fusion seems to be indicated by the level of the thermal events.} } @article{Lewis1993, author = {F.~A. Lewis and S.~G. McGee and R.~A. McNicholl}, title = {Limits of hydrogen contents introduced by electrolysis into palladium and palladium-rich alloys}, journal = {Z. phys. Chem.}, volume = {179}, year = {1993}, pages = {63--68}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, loading, pressure, res-}, annote = {Fundamental study to measure the maximum effective pressure at high loading of Pd and some Pd alloys, loaded electrolytically. Upon current interruption, electrode potentials were followed and gave the result that mostly the pressure did not exceed 100 bar or $10^7$ Pa. This illustrates the need to be careful when using overpotentials to state pressures in these metals while loading with hydrogen (or deuterium).} } @article{Lewis1999, author = {E. Lewis}, title = {Comments on 'Transmutation in a gold-light water electrolysis system'}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {36}, year = {1999}, pages = {242--243}, keywords = {Polemic, transmutation}, submitted = {11/1998}, published = {09/1999}, annote = {E. Lewis, who has his own maverick ideas on 'cold fusion', remarks on a report by Ohmori et al (FT 33 (1998) 367), claiming anomalous (nuclear) events and the appearance of some isotopes on a gold cathode electrolysed in light water. The evidence was, in part, some craters formed on the gold surface. Others have observed these craters and connected them with such anomalous phenomena. Lewis interprets these craters with the help of his postulated 'plasmoids' that he believes are behind 'cold fusion'.} } @article{Lewis2000, author = {E. Lewis}, title = {Reply to "Comments on 'Transmutation in a gold-light water electrolysis system'"}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {37}, year = {2000}, pages = {266.}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {10/1999}, published = {05/2000}, annote = {Lewis thanks Ohmori for his Comments in a previous issue. Ohmori appears to have seen voids with connections to the surface, but Lewis did not, and for that reason suggested transmutation of elements appearing below the surface. He then explains his plasmoid idea again, and cites Matsumoto for support.} } @article{Lewis2001, author = {E. Lewis}, title = {Evidence of micrometre-sized plasmoid emission during electrolysis cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Sci. Technol.}, volume = {40}, year = {2001}, pages = {107--108}, keywords = {Polemic, no FPH/Jones refs.}, submitted = {08/2000}, published = {07/2001}, annote = {Lewis, who espouses his theory that plasmoids are the source of cold fusion, here points out that the circles found on film by Matsumoto are very like those found by Nardi in 1980 in discharge experiments. Basically, atoms are plasmoids and can behave like ball lightning, so this confirms the theory.} } @article{Li1993, author = {X.~Z. Li and D.~W. Mo and L. Zhang and S.~C. Wang and T.~S. Kang and S.~J. Liu and J. Wang}, title = {Anomalous nuclear phenomena and solid state nuclear track detector}, journal = {Nucl. Tracks Radiat. Meas.}, volume = {22}, year = {1993}, pages = {599--604}, keywords = {Experimental, gas phase, Pd, cps, res0}, annote = {This team reasoned that the nuclear reactions in cold fusion would produce charged particles, and with gas phase experiments, it is feasible to detect these, using track detectors. A CR-39 can be put on a Pd surface and has much greater efficiency than the usual neutron detectors. This was done. Pd foil (0.02*0.5*0.5 cm$^3$) was sandwiched with CR-39 film, both exposed to D2 gas at 9 atm. at liquid N2 temperature for 4 hours. The sample was then allowed to warm up to room temperature slowly. Preliminary results from 1989-90 showed some pits that could be due to alpha particles from the Pd, but later results were not conclusive.} } @article{Li1996a, author = {X. Li}, title = {A new approach towards nuclear fusion without strong nuclear radiation}, journal = {Nucl. Fusion Plasma Phys.}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, year = {1996}, pages = {1--8}, keywords = {Theory, resonance tunneling, res+}, submitted = {12/1995}, published = {02/1996}, annote = {Li goes through some QM theory and concludes that lattice-confined ions react in a different way from beams hitting a target. Because of the Coulomb barrier, only the long-life energy levels have a chance to resonate, and thus (fast) reactions emitting neutrons do not occur; instead, only those not emitting neutrons do occur, which supports the cold fusion claim.} } @article{Li1996b, author = {D. Li}, title = {The measuring principle and the experimental method of the cold fusion - reaction cross section}, note = {In Chinese, Engl. abstract. Title as given in the English abstract; a librarian hand-corrected the title in my copy to "Principle and experimental method for the measurement of the cold fusion - reaction cross section"}, journal = {Jishou Daxue Xuebao, Ziran Kexueban}, volume = {17}, number = {3}, year = {1996}, pages = {65--68}, submitted = {05/1996}, published = {09/1996}, keywords = {Discussion, theoretical, apparatus, res0}, annote = {"This paper discussed the measuring principle and the experimental method of the cold fusion-reaction cross section in detail, which provided a possible path for verifying the existence or no of the cold fusion. The principle and method discussed in this paper can be applied to some practical problems in electrochemistry" (Direct quote from the summary). One notes some mathematics in the text, and some figures of a two-compartment cell (but without diaphragm) as well as some simple thermodynamics relations. There is a single reference, to FPH-89, referred to as "submitted to Electroanal. Chem".} } @article{Li1999a, author = {X.~Z. Li and C.~X. Li and H.~F. Huang}, title = {Maximum value of the resonant tunneling current through the Coulomb barrier}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {36}, year = {1999}, pages = {324--330}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {11/1998}, published = {11/1999}, annote = {Examines the idea that tunneling through the Coulomb barrier can account for the observation of cold fusion. Resonant tunneling, together with crystal lattice effects, might indeed do the job.} } @article{Li1999b, author = {X. Z. Li}, title = {Overcoming of the Gamow tunneling insufficiencies by maximizing the damp-matching resonant tunneling}, journal = {Czech. J. Phys.}, volume = {49}, year = {1999}, pages = {985--992}, submitted = {10/1998}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, annote = {Li has expounded his theory before, and does it again. His resonant tunnelling model can account for d-d fusion in Pd, that is unlike hot fusion and chooses the normally unlikely branch to 4He, although Li only mentions (d+d)x species. Nevertheless, cold and hot fusion are in harmony, as written by Hora in the same journal.} } @article{Li2002, author = {J.~Q. Li and L.~R. Shen and G.~S. Li}, title = {Study on physical basis of cold fusion}, journal = {Plasma Sci. Technol.}, volume = {4}, year = {2002}, pages = {1585--1589}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, submitted = {06/2002}, published = {12/2002}, annote = {The authors calculate the expected rate of cold fusion of deuterons confined in a Ti lattice and arrive at a small rate of $10^{-76}$ / cm$^3$ / s, too small to be detected. So more research is needed into thermal fusion if future energy needs are to be met.} } @article{Li2004, author = {X.~Z. Li and B. Liu and Q.~M. Wei and S.~X. Zheng and D.~X. Cao}, title = {A Chinese view on summary of condensed matter nuclear science}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {23}, year = {2004}, pages = {217--221}, keywords = {Theory, tritium puzzle, res+}, published = {09/2004}, annote = {The authors state the basic problem of tritium production that has been confirmed repeatedly, but the lack of neutrons that should also be emitted, by cold fusion. Their "selective resonant tunnelling model" can explain all, and has in fact been applied to solve a problem in hot fusion. Their model involves the fusion of a proton with a deuteron, and they point out that there is always light water present in heavy water, as a contaminant. The authors suggest some experiments to further test their hypothesis.} } @article{Li2006, author = {X. Li and Q. Wei and B. Liu and S. Zheng and D. Cao}, title = {Progress in condensed matter nuclear science}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {25}, year = {2006}, pages = {175--180}, issue = {3}, keyword = {Review}, annote = {Review of progress, emphasising both the symposium ICCF-12 and the DOE reviews of 1989 and 2004. 15 refs. Li concludes that the field is being increasingly accepted.} } @incollection{Li2008, author = {X. Z. Li and Q. M. Wei and B. Liu}, title = {An approach to nuclear energy without strong nuclear radiation}, booktitle = {{Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook (Vol. 1)}}, year = {2008}, editor = {J. Marwan}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Washington, USA}, volume = {1}, pages = {39--56}, ISBN = {9780841269668, 0841269661}, annote = {Theory paper. Physicists hesitate to believe chemists when they stray into physics, as happened with cold fusion. Heat without radiation was considered impossible, and so was cold fusion, because of the Coulomb barrier. However, there are theories that can explain how this barrier might be overcome by resonant tunnelling. The paper then develops this theme, and makes suggestions for future work.} } @ARTICLE{Lian2015, author = {C. L. Liang and Z. M. Dong and X. Z. Li}, title = {{Selective resonant tunnelling - turning hydrogen-storage material into energetic material}}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {108}, year = {2015}, pages = {519--523}, published = {02/2015}, annote = {"A new formula for nuclear fusion cross-sections reveals the existence of a low energy resonance in p + 6Li system, and the selectivity of low energy resonance. It indicates that lithium-6 might be a nuclear fuel in condensed matter nuclear science. Evidences from both hot fusion and 'cold fusion' experiments are presented."} } @article{Liaw1991, author = {B.~Y. Liaw and P.~L. Tao and P. Turner and B.~E. Liebert}, title = {Elevated-temperature excess heat production in a Pd + D system}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {319}, year = {1991}, pages = {161--175}, keywords = {Experimental, salt melt electrolysis, Pd, heat, helium, res0}, submitted = {03/1991}, published = {12/1991}, annote = {This team used a new approach to a cold fusion electrolysis, employing a molten salt electrolyte instead of the usual 0.1M LiOD heavy water one. They perform the electrolysis at a Pd anode [sic] in a LiCl and KCl eutectic mixture at above 350 degC; the eutectic was saturated with LiD, providing D- ions in the melt. This strong reductant removes oxide from the metal and is also the source of deuterium, upon oxidation at the Pd anode. The cathode was Al, and Li is deposited there. No gases are generated, a decided advantage from many angles, not least the calorimetry. An isoperibolic calorimeter was used, with resistance heating for calibration. After the prolonged electrolysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine surface changes on the Pd. The graph of power in vs. temperature shows a consistent slope during calibration and a much steeper slope for electrolysis; excess heats are calculated (in an unusual way) as high as 1500\% or over 7 MJ/mol D2, strongly indicating a super-chemical process. There was no correction for the thermoneutral power, so these figures may be low. Some metals, notably Fe and Zn were found on the surface afterwards. Some preliminary experiments using LiH (a possible control) have been carried out without excess heat being found, and will be reported elsewhere.} } @article{Liaw1992, author = {B.~Y. Liaw and P. Tao and B.~E. Liebert}, title = {On charging palladium in an Al|LiCl-KCl eutectic, excess LiH(D)|Pd cell}, journal = {Proc. Electrochem. Soc. (Proc. 8th Int. Symp. Molten Salts)}, volume = {16}, year = {1992}, pages = {1--13}, keywords = {Experimental, molten salt, excess heat res+}, annote = {On high current-density charging of Pd with deuterium, excess heat was found. Various aspects of the experiments are discussed. Excess heat was observed only sporadically.} } @article{Liaw1993, author = {B.~Y. Liaw and P.~L. Tao and B.~E. Liebert}, title = {Helium analysis of palladium electrodes after molten salt electrolysis}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {23}, year = {1993}, pages = {92--97}, keywords = {Experimental, salt melt electrolysis, Pd, helium, res+}, submitted = {10/1991}, published = {01/1993}, annote = {This team, which has previously claimed large amounts of excess heat from an electrolysis in molten LiD, has now both SEM-examined some 4 mm Pd rods used in these runs (as well as controls), and sent them for He assay. The technique used was able to measure a He fraction in the material as low as $10^{-11}$. Although the results showed considerable fluctuations, the deuterated samples stood out with somewhat more (4)He than blanks and controls, especially when looking at a distribution of the number of He atoms released, which brings out a distinct grouping. For some events, the statistical significance (probability of event being random) is $1/2^{14}$. No significant (3)He was found. The amounts of (4)He found were 8 orders of magnitude below the level that would be commensurate with excess heat, and the authors speculate that there was escape of the He from the samples at the elevated melt temperature (about 400 C), only a trace remaining for analysis. Contamination from the atmosphere is considered unlikely but not entirely ruled out.} } @article{Libo1979, author = {R.~L. Liboff}, title = {Fusion via metallic deuterium}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {71}, year = {1979}, pages = {361--362}, keywords = {Discussion}, submitted = {03/1979}, published = {05/1979}, annote = {"A deuteron has spin 1 and is therefore a boson" is a recurring theme in this author's papers since this seminal one, in which he states that in the metallic phase of deuterium, thought to be attained at a pressure of some Mbar, there will be appreciable d-d fusion at low temperatures due to wave function overlap, leading to 3He. So this must be an early cold fusion paper.} } @article{Libo1993, author = {R.~L. Liboff}, title = {Feasibility of fusion of an aggregate of deuterons in the ground state}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {174}, year = {1993}, pages = {317--319}, submitted = {12/1992}, published = {03/1993}, keywords = {Discussion, suggestion}, annote = {The author suggests that a ribbon beam of deuterons at about 4 keV will, at a current of 0.2 A, undergo a transition to superconductivity, and the deuterons in the beam will then fuse. This must be called cold fusion, since the fusing deuterons have a low energy relative to each other within the beam. The model is based more on wave function overlap than on Coulomb barrier tunnelling.} } @article{Liev1990, author = {L.~A. Lievrouw}, title = {Communication and the social representation of scientific knowledge}, journal = {Crit. Stud. Mass Commun.}, volume = {7}, year = {1990}, pages = {1--10}, keywords = {Soc/phil-sci, discussion; no FPH/Jones refs.}, published = {03/1990}, annote = {Lievrouw, a prof. of communication, here examines communication issues in the "cold fusion" area. Not providing too many references for some statements made, the author fits the issue into the mould of knowledge culture and the three stages of the scientific communication cycle: Conceptualisation, documentation and popularisation. She propagates the assumption of competing scientific interests in the case of "cold fusion", i.e. that hot fusion workers had reasons for suppressing "cold fusion". This affected "cold fusion" workers' strategies to some extent, in the direction of media exploitation.} } @article{Lihn1993, author = {C.~J. Lihn and C.~C. Wan and C.~M. Wan and T.~P. Perng}, title = {The influence of deposits on palladium cathodes in D2O electrolysis}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {24}, year = {1993}, pages = {324--331}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, post mortem, res0}, submitted = {12/1992}, published = {11/1993}, annote = {Fundamental study of a cell as used in cold fusion electrolysis, but using quartz for purity; post mortem surface analysis was done, as well as a study of permeation of deuterium through Pd, and some cyclic voltammetry to study the electrochemistry of heavy water reduction at Pd. These factors might be involved in the poor reproducibitlty of cold fusion. Despite precautions, after long electrolysis there was (besides Pd) Pt, Si and even Zn on the cathode. When the cell temperature was raised to 90C, the deposits formed very quickly, especially silicon. SEM analysis showed needle-like crystals formed on a Pt cathode, and a black layer of Pt formed on Pd. These layers reduce the diffusivity of deuterium in Pd and change the electrochemistry. The diffusion coeff (D in Pd) was found to be about $10^{-7}$ cm$^2$/s. D/Pd loadings were found to be about 0.72, as expected. } } @article{Lin1990a, author = {G.~H. Lin and R.~C. Kainthla and N.~J.~C. Packham and J.~O.~M. Bockris}, title = {Electrochemical fusion: a mechanism speculation}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {280}, year = {1990}, pages = {207--211}, keywords = {Discussion, dendrites}, submitted = {11/1989}, published = {02/1990}, annote = {The authors speculate that dendrites of Ni, Fe and Cr, formed after prolonged electrolysis, may be responsible for cold fusion. They say that this would also explain why tritium is not seen until 5 days electrolysis, which is more than enough to fully charge palladium with deuterium (then how come Chene and Brass see tritium after only 24 or 48 hours?). On the tips of these dendrites, high energies are available, and D2 may be split into D+ and D; the D+, in the presence of a high voltage field, might then be accelerated back towards the dendrite and smack into D waiting there. Furthermore, because it always comes from a certain direction, the branching ratio for tritium/helium might not be 50:50. A lot of "might"'s, but if there be (cold) fusion, we need a radically new explanation; some of this speculation is surely testable. } } @article{Lin1990b, author = {G.~H. Lin and R.~C. Kainthla and N.~J.~C. Packham and O. Velev and J.~O.~M. Bockris}, title = {On electrochemical tritium production}, journal = {Int. J. Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {15}, year = {1990}, pages = {537--550}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, tritium, res+}, submitted = {04/1990}, annote = {Four and a half months' experiments lead the team to report clear evidence of tritium production, weakly correlating with excess heat. The tritium is not accounted for by electrolytic enrichment (on which Bockris is an expert) but is produced in much larger amounts. Samples of the electrolyte and the electrodes used were analysed by other labs and confirm the team's findings that there was no T in the palladium before the runs, and their results of solution analysis. The possibility of mischief is dismissed. This reviewer does not find any control experiments in the paper. The paper ends by proposing the "dendrite" theory of cold fusion, assuming a high double layer electric field of $10^9$ V/cm and dielectric breakdown of water (another field in which at least Bockris is an expert). The paper concludes with suggestions for how to optimise cold fusion. Pd may not be needed; surface dendrites should be encouraged.} } @article{Lin1990c, author = {T.~L. Lin and C.~C. Liu}, title = {Cold fusion experiment at Department of Nuclear Engineering, National Tsing-Hua University}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {487--490}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, neutrons, gammas, res0}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Thermalised neutrons are easier to detect than fast ones, and efficiency is important in low-level measurements. The right amount of moderator is also important: too little, not enough moderation; too much, no neutrons come out. This pair electrolysed 0.1M LiOD in D2O at a Pd rod 5 mm by 80 mm. Thermal neutrons were detected by one (3)He and one BF3 detector, with H2O the moderator. The neutron signal was pulse-distribution discriminated. Besides the two neutron counters, a Ge detector looked for gamma emissions. Before applying the current to the cell, the backgrounds were measured. During a run of about 24 h, with increasingly higher current densities, two neutron bursts were detected by the (3)He tube but not by the BF3 counter; the latter did have a much lower sensitivity, but an artifact cannot be ruled out. There is no mention of gamma results. More work is needed.} } @article{Lin1995, author = {G.~H. Lin and R. Bhardwaj and J.~O.~M. Bockris}, title = {Response to Noninski et al: Observation of beta radiation decay in low energy nuclear reaction}, journal = {J. Sci. Exploration}, volume = {9}, year = {1995}, pages = {207--208}, keywords = {Polemic, transmutation, res+}, annote = {A polemic arguing against the paper in the same journal (9 (1995) 201), by Noninski et al, who found no evidence of gamma radiation from purported transmutation experiments. In this paper, the authors report their own experiments, using about the same mixture, and found beta emissions after the burn, decaying in the expected manner. See Noninski et al (9 (1995) 317) for a comment on this and further experiments.} } @article{Lind1989, author = {D. Lindley}, title = {Does commercial pressure make for bad science?}, journal = {The World \& I,}, year = {1989}, number = {November issue}, pages = {513--525}, keywords = {Comment}, annote = {DL examines the title question, in the light of claims by 'cold fusion' workers that they cannot divulge information because of patent considerations. Lindley shows that in the roughly contemporary case of high temperature superconductivity, "scientists filed for patents and got on with their work". The difference, he concludes, is that HTSC is a proven phenomenon while CNF is not and is increasingly doubted by the majority. Commercial pressure, then, is not a barrier to good science.} } @article{Linf1991, author = {R.~K. Linford}, title = {What do we know? What do we think?}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {10}, year = {1991}, pages = {121--122}, keywords = {Panel Discussion}, published = {03/1991}, annote = {The author took part in a panel discussion on cold fusion, later published in this journal. He refers to a conference at Santa Fe on cold fusion and summarises the reported results there, pointing out the discrepancies between reported excess heat and the equivalent numbers of watts from the observed fusion products. Tritium was reported from cells where calorimetry was not done, and other problems existed. More coordination between workers is needed. In Rees1990} } @article{Lips1989a, author = {A.~G. Lipson and V.~A. Klyuev and B.~V. Deryagin and Yu.~P. Toporov and D.~M. Sakov}, title = {Anomalous beta activity of products of mechanical working of a titanium-deuterated material}, journal = {Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett.}, note = {Orig. in: Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 15 (1989) 88, in Russian}, volume = {15}, number = {10}, year = {1989}, pages = {783--784}, keywords = {Experimental, fracto, Ti, ball mill, tritium, res+, no FPH/Jones refs.}, submitted = {08/1989}, published = {10/1989}, annote = {The fractofusion team put Ti and D2O, as well as deuterated polypropylene into a ball mill and vibrated it at 50 Hz, amplitude 5 mm. As a control, copper pieces were vibrated instead of Ti. Tritium was looked for by its beta emission. After milling, the barrels were opened and samples removed for analysis. The Ti samples showed more tritium (i.e. beta emission) than the controls.} } @article{Lips1989b, author = {A.~G. Lipson and V.~A. Klyuev and Yu.~P. Toporov and B.~V. Deryagin and D.~M. Sakov}, title = {Deuterium-deuterium fusion initiation by friction in the system titanium-deuterated polymer}, note = {In Russian}, journal = {Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz.}, volume = {15}, number = {17}, submitted = {06/1989}, year = {1989}, pages = {26--29}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, fracto-, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {Friction was applied to Ti in solutions of (C2D4)x polymers in D2O and observed a substantial excess of neutrons above the background, amounting to 0.3 events/s. This is similar to their earlier ball mill paper.} } @article{Lips1989c, author = {A.~G. Lipson and A.~G. Sakov and V.~A. Klyuev and B.~V. Deryagin and Yu.~P. Toporov}, title = {Neutron emission during the mechanical treatment of titanium in the presence of deuterated substances}, journal = {JETP}, volume = {49}, year = {1989}, pages = {675--678}, note = {Orig. in: Pis'ma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 49 (1989) 588, in Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, vibromill, fracto-, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {Vibrational dispersion of Ti shavings in 10\% D2O and/or 4-5\% (D3CD=CD2)x (i.e. low polymer) produced neutrons. Freezing increased the count but this decreased again later, confirming the micro-crack theory. This paper seems to be very similar to their paper in Nature. The neutron rate was 0.3/s measured, or 5-6 times the background, or 10-30 n/s (presumably due to detector attenuation). There is no mention how Ti metal in contact with D2O should produce the deuteride.} } @article{Lips1990a, author = {A.~G. Lipson and V.~A. Klyuev and B.~V. Deryagin and Yu.~P. Toporov and M.~G. Sirotyuk and O.~B. Khavroshkin and D.~M. Sakov}, title = {Observation of neutrons from cavitation action on substances containing deuterium}, note = {In Russian}, journal = {Pis'ma Zh. Teo. Fiz.}, volume = {16}, number = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {89--93}, keywords = {Experimental, LanNi5 etc, fracto vibromill, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {07/1990}, published = {10/1990}, annote = {Heavy and light water cells, with and without suspensions of LaNi5 or LaNi5Dx particles, were subjected to a Ti vibrator and ultrasound, while neutrons were measured by a block of 7 proportional counters immersed in an oil bath and shielded by 1mm of Cd; overall efficiency: 1\%. The ultrasound vibrations induce cavitation. For D2O, and D2O plus LaNi5Dx suspension, cavitation produces neutrons at about 4 sigmas above the background, and this ceases when the ultrasound is turned off. For a suspension of LaNi5, neutrons are only detected after the ultrasound is turned off - the "after-effect". For D2O, the authors suggest that cavitation promotes Ti deuteride formation at supersaturation, which is stopped by hydroxide layers formed when cavitation ceases. In the case of a LaNi5 suspension, there is no deuteride formed during cavitation, but when this ceases, relaxation of surface stresses might allow deuteride formation at near-surface Stokes defects, and thus fracto-fusion. Lastly, the LaNi5Dx suspension again shows neutrons during cavitation, not connected with surface cracking, but rather with collapsing voids on the particles' surface; this ceases with cavitation cessation, explaining the lack of after-effect. More experiments are needed to clear this up.} } @article{Lips1990b, author = {A.~G. Lipson and V.~A. Klyuev and Yu.~P. Toporov and B.~V. Deryagin}, title = {Neutron generation by mechanical activation of metal surfaces}, note = {In Russian}, journal = {Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz.}, volume = {16}, number = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {54--57}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, LaNi5, fracto-, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {06/1990}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Another in the fracto-fusion series. Here the team used mechanical abrasion of sample disks (30 mm diameter, 20 height) of Ti and LaNi5, to a depth of 1mm. After 1 min of this, 1ml of D2O was placed on the abraded surface; all this was done in air, rel. hum. 30\%, room temp. The samples were placed into a block of 7 neutron detectors of the type NWJ-62, with an efficiency of about 1\%, the whole being shielded by 1 mm Cd metal. With the H2O controls, the samples did not emit neutrons above background; with D2O, however, in the case of deuterated Ti samples (though not with Ti itself), and the LaNi5 alloy, emitted neutrons at around 3-4 sigma above background. The difference between Ti and TiDx is that the latter has more crystal defects, which lead to microcracks. Abrasion removes impervious hydroxide films.} } @article{Lips1991a, author = {A.~G. Lipson and B.~F. Lyakhov and B.~V. Deryagin and V.~N. Kudryavtsev and Yu.~P. Toporov and V.~A. Klyuev and M.~A. Kolobov and D.~M. Sakov}, title = {Reproducible neutron emission by the combined effect of cavitation and electrolysis at the surface of a titanium cathode in electrolyte based on heavy water}, journal = {Pis'ma Zh. Teor. Fiz.}, note = {In Russian}, volume = {17}, number = {21}, year = {1991}, pages = {33--37}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, electrolysis, fracto-, vibrator, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {10/1991}, published = {11/1991}, annote = {The Ti cathode was vibrated strongly at a frequency of 15 kHz and amplitude of 15 micrometres; cathodes and anodes were separated by a glass frit membrane. Both alkaline (1M NAOD) and acid (0.2M D2SO4) electrolytes were tried, as well as the use of Ti powder in suspension. Electrolysis currents were in the range 1-100 mA/cm$^2$. A neutron detector as described previously, was used. Many cycles of electrolysis-vibration-electrolysis, were alternated. In alkaline solution, neutrons were observed at about 20-25 times the background during cavitation (vibration), and a post-effect of 30 times background during electrolysis subsequent to vibration. In acid solution, during vibration: 25 times with a post-effect of 5 times background. With the Ti dispersion present, resp. 30 and 15 times the background (alkaline) and 25 and 5 (acid).} } @article{Lips1991b, author = {A.~G. Lipson and V.~A. Kuznetsov and B.~V. Deryagin}, title = {Scenarios of 'cold nuclear fusion' by concentration of elastic energy in crystals}, journal = {Dokl. Akad. Nauk. Fiz. Khim.}, volume = {318}, number = {3}, year = {1991}, pages = {636--639}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Theory, fracto-, res+}, submitted = {01/1991}, annote = {Another in the fractofusion series. Here the authors draw upon earlier work on mechanical crushing of crystals, where the L-factor was conceived, i.e. the compressional resistance of the material. This leads to the idea of nonuniform absorption of elastic energy in isolated crystal microregions, called supercondensates. Application of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle and some mathematics leads to a life time of such (virtual) supercondensates of about $10^{-22}$ s, and further development makes fractofusion feasible by this mechanism. It might be helpful to apply lasers to metal deuterides for extra compression and possibly the production of quarks, perhaps observed by Shaw et al for cryo-shocked Nb spherules.} } @article{Lips1991c, author = {A.~G. Lipson and D.~M. Sakov and Yu.~P. Toporov and V.~V. Gromov and B.~V. Deryagin}, title = {The possibility of 'cold nuclear fusion' in deuterated ceramic YBa2Cu3O(7-x) in the superconducting state}, journal = {Sov. Dokl.}, note = {Orig. in: Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 321(5) (1991) 958, in Russian}, volume = {36}, year = {1991}, pages = {849--851}, keywords = {Experimental, HTSC ceramics, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {10/1991}, annote = {Solid state mechanisms proposed for cold fusion might be illuminated by an experiment using the recently discovered high temperature superconducting (HTSC) ceramic materials such as the title material, for 0.1 <= x <= 0.4. For x = 0.1, the transition temp is 91K, comfortably above 77K, the boiling point of liquid nitrogen. The material was made up into small disks, 6.5 mm dia and 1 mm thickness, and placed variously into D2O or H2O, as such, and also containing 1M NaOD or NaOH, resp. The disks were verified to be without defects and to have the proper transition temp. Pure Cu disks were also used as controls. After a 10-min exposure to the solution, the samples were frozen to 77K and neutron emissions measured by a block of 7 boron neutron detectors of nominal efficiency 1.5\%; subsequently they were warmed up again. A 2-week period established the neutron background, which consisted mainly of single neutron events and a total of only 10 double events, none higher. The superconducting disks, and only these, emitted neutrons at 5 sigma above the background, if frozen below 91K. There were 3-, 4- and even 5-neutron events. At higher temperatures, emissions were as for the background; all controls were like this. The authors speculate on crack formation due to deuteriding, causing oxygen vacancies near the disk surface and the formation of polarons or excitons and the penetration of the Coulomb barrier. An alternative is the qcharge separation in fresh cracks, i.e. fractofusion.} } @article{Lips1992a, author = {A.~G. Lipson and B.~V. Deryagin and V.~A. Klyuev and Yu.~P. Toporov and M.~G. Sirotyuk and O.~B. Khavroshkin and D.~M. Sakov}, title = {Initiation of nuclear fusion by cavitation action on deuterium-containing media}, journal = {Zh. Tekh. Fiz.}, volume = {62}, year = {1992}, pages = {121--130}, number = {12}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, some alloys, vibromill, fractofusion, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {11/1991}, annote = {This is an update of an earlier work by the same team (in Pis'ma Zh. Teo. Fiz. 16(9) (1990) 89), providing much the same data. Heavy and light water cells, with and without suspensions of LaNi5 or LaNi5Dx particles, were subjected to an ultrasonic Ti vibrator (22 kHz) while neutrons were measured by a block of 7 proportional counters immersed in an oil bath and shielded by 1mm of Cd; overall efficiency: 1.5\%. As before, the ultrasound vibrations induce cavitation and for D2O, and D2O plus LaNi5Dx suspension, this produces neutrons at about 5 sigmas above the background, ceasing when the ultrasound is turned off. For a suspension of LaNi5, neutrons are only detected after the ultrasound is turned off - the "after-effect". } } @article{Lips1992b, author = {A.~G. Lipson and V.~A. Kluev and V.~N. Mordovin and D.~M. Sakov and B.~V. Derjaguin and Yu.~P. Toporov}, title = {On the initiation of DD reactions in the zirconium-deuterium system}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {166}, year = {1992}, pages = {43--46}, keywords = {Experimental, Zr, vibromill, fractofusion, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {03/1990}, published = {06/1992}, annote = {The authors suggest that group IV metals should be good materials, and high dispersivity should, by favouring cracks and dislocations, favour the dissociation of D2 into atoms, and thus loading into the metal. Here, Zr is tried, in a vibromill, together with several deuterated substances such as D2O and polypropylene PP(D6). 10 g of untreated Zr chips were used, mixed with 4\% PPD6 + 10\% D2O, placed into a steel cylinder with steel balls and milled at an applied power of 10W/g. Seven proportional counters measured neutron emission. The cosmic background was 0.03 n/s. Control experiments with just Zr in the mill produced no excess neutrons. The charged mill was frozen to -160 C and then vibrated for 3 min, then allowed to warm up to about 25 C to get the "post-effect" previously reported. The cell was then again taken down to -160 C. This cycle was repeated several times. Spectra show neutron event differences between these runs and blank runs, both during freezing and the post-effect, of 7 and 6 sigmas, and of a strongly unsteady nature. Other transition metals that form deuterides should do the same.} } @article{Lips1992c, author = {A.~G. Lipson and V.~A. Kutsnetsov and D.~M. Sakov and B.~V. Deryagin}, title = {Yield of nuclear fusion products from absorption of elastic energy in deuterated metals}, note = {In Russian}, journal = {Dokl. Akad. Nauk}, volume = {323}, number = {6}, year = {1992}, pages = {1097--1101}, keywords = {Theory, fracto-, res+}, submitted = {11/1992}, annote = {An explanation is sought for the source of energy, about 5-10 keV, required for deuterons to overcome their mutual repulsion, in a metal deuteride. The authors state that in a conducting medium, acceleration to these energies (by the fracto-mechanism) is improbable. The present theory involves supercondensates, i.e. small volumes with high energy, supplied by external forces such as vibration (the Ti vibrator, ultrasonics, cavitation), or internal phase transitions. Feynman diagrams are invoked, as well as phonons, and the model seems to explain observed results reasonably well, both for the Ti vibrator and electrolysis.} } @article{Lips1992d, author = {A.~G. Lipson and B.~F. Lyakhov and B.~V. Deryagin and D.~M. Sakov}, title = {Parallel recording of pulsed thermal effects and neutron bursts in heterostructural Au/Pd/PdO, saturated with deuterium by electrochemical means}, journal = {Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz.}, volume = {18}, number = {20}, year = {1992}, pages = {58--63}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, Pf film, electrolysis, neutrons, heat, res+}, submitted = {10/1992}, published = {12/1992}, annote = {A 30 mu cold-rolled Pd film was heated and annealed at up to 600 C, forming an oxide layer. A 5000 A layer of gold was then electrolytically laid down on one side, and the sandwich electrolysed in NaOD/D2O at 20-30 mA/cm$^2$. Temperature was measured by a gas thermometer, and neutrons by a block of 7 proportional counters with 3\% efficiency. Overall, no correlation between thermal and neutron events was observed.} } @article{Lips1992e, author = {A.~G. Lipson and D.~M. Sakov and V.~B. Kalinin and B.~V. Deryagin}, title = {Neutron emission in monocrystals of KD2PO4, stimulated by ferroelectric phase transition}, journal = {Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fis.}, volume = {18}, number = {16}, year = {1992}, pages = {90--95}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {** Experimental, ferroelectrics, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {06/1992}, published = {08/1992}, annote = {Essentially the same paper as that published by the same authors (with Khodyakov) in Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 103 (1993) 2142, or JETP 76 (1993) 1070 in English translation. See the abstract for that paper.} } @article{Lips1993a, author = {A.~G. Lipson and B.~F. Lyakhov and E.~I. Saunin and B.~V. Deryagin and Yu.~P. Toporov and V.~A. Klyuev and D.~M. Sakov}, title = {The generation of nuclear fusion products by a combination of cavitation action and electrolysis at the titanioum surface in deuterated electrolyte}, journal = {Zh. Tekh. Fiz.}, volume = {63}, number = {7}, year = {1993}, pages = {187--196}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, fracto, Ti, cavitation, neutrons, tritium, res+}, annote = {The team used a vibrating Ti electrode, going at an amplitude of about 15 mu and 15 kHz, input power 1W/cm$^2$, in D2O (and H2O as control) in both acid (D2SO4) and alkaline (NaOD) electrolyte, applying a cathodic current of 1-100 mA/cm$^2$ to the Ti electrode. Neutrons were searched for by a block of seven boron detectors (described in another paper), tritium by scintillation. In NaOD, neutrons were seen at 20-30 sigma above the background, with a pronounced "post-effect", i.e. after vibration was stopped, while in the acid there was 25 sigma during, but only 4 sigma after vibration. Significant levels of tritium were found in NaOD but much more while vibrating than with plain electrolysis, and about 7-8 times the neutron emission rate. In some runs, Ti powder was dispersed in the electrolyte and this too gave neutrons.} } @article{Lips1993b, author = {A.~G. Lipson and B.~F. Lyakhov and B.~V. Deryagin and D.~M. Sakov}, title = {Is 'cold nuclear fusion' necessary to understand the anomalous thermal effects in the Pd-D(H) system?}, note = {Orig. in: Dokl. Akad. Nauk 331 (1993) 39, in Russian}, journal = {Phys. Dokl.}, volume = {38}, year = {1993}, pages = {286--288}, keywords = {Discussion}, submitted = {01/1993}, published = {07/1993}, annote = {Reports of excess heat are not accompanied by observations of the required huge amounts of radiation. The Mills et al scenario is even less likely than cold fusion, with its fusion of K with H. The present authors, too, have observed anomalous heat, with their heterostructures of Pd/PdO and Au/Pd/PdO, charged with hydrogen/deuterium. Neutron emissions from some of these have been reported elsewhere. However, again, cold fusion cannot be the cause because of the incommensurate amounts of heat and radiation. It is suggested that the cause is the formation of quasimetallic hydrogen at the Pd-PdO interface. The loss of stability of this phase can lead to bursts of heat. This explains both the fact that deuterium gives more heat than hydrogen, as well as the small neutron emission, due to enhanced dd fusion of metallic deuterium. The two are thus due to two different mechanisms.} } @article{Lips1993c, author = {A.~G. Lipson and D.~M. Sakov and E.~I. Saunin and B.~V. Deryagin}, title = {Possibilities for increasing the neutron emission in KD2PO4 crystals at the phase transition through the Curie point}, journal = {Tech. Phys. Lett.}, note = {Orig. in: Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 19(11) (1993) 74, in Russian}, volume = {19}, number = {11}, year = {1993}, pages = {729--730}, keywords = {Experimental, ferroelectrics, neutrons, res0}, submitted = {10/1993}, published = {11/1993}, annote = {The authors have previously reported observation of cold fusion in this material, due to the ferro-paraelectric phase transition when passing through Tc, the Curie point. The S/N ratio was, however, low at about 2, due to the diffuseness of the transition and the small mass of material used. Therefore, better signals might be obtained by using a larger sample and a sharper transition. This was successful, and a S/N ratio of 10 was obtained using powdered crystalline material mixed and compacted with 70\% (by mass) of Cu powder into 1.5 g tablets to increase the thermal conductivity and thereby sharpen the transition. Another 0.45 g sample of single crystal material, gave the same low S/N as before, while another large (10 g) polycrystalline one gave an even lower signal. This points the way to further work on this system.} } @article{Lips1993d, author = {A.~G. Lipson and D.~M. Sakov and E.~I. Saunin and V.~B. Kalinin and M.~A. Kolovov and B.~V. Deryagin and A.~A. Khodyakov}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion induced in KD2PO4 single crystals by a ferroelectric phase transition}, journal = {JETP}, note = {Orig. in: Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 103 (1993) 2142, in Russian}, volume = {(76}, number = {6}, year = {1993}, pages = {1070--1076}, keywords = {Experimental, ferroelectrics, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {12/1992}, published = {06/1993}, annote = {Most cnf studies have used deuterated group IV and V metals, expecting high local deuteron concentrations, cracking and phase transitions. All this would hold better in ferroelectric deuterated KD2PO4 crystals, where cracking can give us deuteron accelerations of 10-1000 eV, and thus fusion, from strong phase transitions. This team made single crystals of this kind and temperature cycled them from 100 K upwards, measuring neutron emission with an array of 8 proportional BF3 counters. Controls were run, counting neutrons under various non-fusion conditions. The crystals' Curie point Tc was at 222 K, and at this temperature, neutrons at 2.45 MeV were found. The effect wears off after a large number (80-90) of cycles, when there is a network of cracks in the cystals. The suggested mechanism is a combination of close d-d approach (0.45A and acceleration to about 10 eV; this is enough to explain the results.} } @article{Lips1994a, author = {A.~G. Lipson and D.~M. Sakov}, title = {Increase in the intensity of the external neutron flux in the irradiation of a KD2PO4 crystal at the point of the ferroelectric transition}, journal = {Tech. Phys. Lett.}, note = {Orig. in: Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 20 (1994) 46, in Russian}, volume = {20}, year = {1994}, pages = {954--956}, keywords = {Ferroelectric, background effect, experimental, res+}, submitted = {09/1994}, published = {12/1994}, annote = {This paper addresses the frequent observation that as the neutron background radiation level decreases, so does the observed neutron emission level in 'cold fusion' experiments. The authors irradiate a sample of deuterated ferroelectric, KD2PO4, with a range of neutron flux levels and measure its emissions. These are indeed correlated with and about 10\% above, the input fluxes, thereby confirming the proposition. Moreover, an anisotropy in the emissions is observed, supposed to have to do with crystal axes.} } @article{Lips1994b, author = {A.~G. Lipson and I.~I. Bardyshev and D.~M. Sakov}, title = {Generation of hard gamma-radiation in KD2PO4 single crystals during the ferroelectric phase transition}, journal = {Tech. Phys. Lett.}, note = {Orig. in: Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 20 (1994) 53, in Russian}, volume = {20}, year = {1994}, pages = {957--959}, keywords = {Experimental, ferroelectrics, gamma, res+}, submitted = {09/1994}, published = {12/1994}, annote = {Continuing with their study of fractofusion in ferroelectrics around the Curie point, the team here measures gamma emissions from the title substance (called DKDP by the authors) single crystals put through cooling/heating cycles. Gamma ray background was measured before, between and after the experiments, and all measurements were taken with a high-purity Ge detector calibrated with a 60Co source. The ferroelectric phase transition has a maximum around the Curie point, 221K, and in the range 212-222K, a clear gamma excess over the background is reported. Previously, tritium and neutrons have been observed with this system. After about 10 temp. cycles, the crystals deteriorated, presumably due to cracking, and the emission curves distorted. The gamma emissions were at 3.5-4.5 MeV, consistent with 4He formation, in its excited state, by d-d fusion.} } @article{Lips1995a, author = {A.~G. Lipson and B.~F. Lyakhov and V.~A. Kuznetsov and T.~S. Ivanova and B.~V. Deryagin}, title = {The nature of excess energy liberated in a Pd/PdO heterostructure electrochemically saturated with hydrogen (deuterium)}, journal = {Russ. J. Phys. Chem.}, volume = {69}, year = {1995}, pages = {1810--1813}, keywords = {Theory, fractofusion, polywater, res0}, submitted = {08/1994}, published = {11/1995}, annote = {Deryagin, deceased, was the leader of the team in which Lipson still works. Deryagin is remembered as the originator (or the person who took over from the originator) of "polywater", also called "Deryagin water", which excited world-wide interest in the late 60's and early 70's, until it was definitively proved to be an artifact due to impurities on quartz capillaries. Lipson has, until this paper, been defending the Russian fractofusion theory, which explains the nuclear events in terms of cracks formed in the PdD and charged particles accelerating across them. Here, he adds what resembles polywater to the theories; i.e. that water forms highly structured layers at some surfaces, e.g. at Pd, and that this layer can harbour large amounts of energy in hydrogen bonds, that could release "excess heat" when broken. The authors do not calculate the amounts of such energetic substance, or they might not make these claims (they do guess at the layer thickness, about 50 {\AA}ngstrom). The theory is given the name of mechanochemical destruction of hydrogen bonds. As well, quasimetallic hydrogen is invoked, the addition of electrons to protons, and the "molization" of hydrogen atoms, and the abstraction of two protons from water. The paper concludes saying that a definition of cold fusion is now possible without recourse to highly unusual nuclear reactions, but as isolated fusion events - apparently not presumed unusual.} } @article{Lips1995b, author = {A.~G. Lipson and D.~M. Sakov and B.~F. Lyakhov and E.~I. Saunin and B.~V. Deryagin}, title = {Generation of the products of DD nuclear fusion in high-temperature superconductors YBa2Cu3O7-deltaDy near the superconducting phase transition}, journal = {Tech. Phys.}, note = {Orig. in: Zh. Tekh. Fiz 65 (1995) 166, in Russian}, volume = {40}, year = {1995}, pages = {839--845}, keywords = {Experimental, superconductivity, fractofusion, phase transition, neutrons, tritium, res+}, submitted = {07/1994}, published = {08/1995}, annote = {Previous results of this team from work with KD2PO4, a ferroelectric, showed evidence of fractofusion and emission of neutrons, due to phase transitions around the Curie point. The authors predict that the high temperature super- conductor (title substance), a ceramic, when deuterated, also should show this effect. Previous experiments in 1990-2 left some unanswered questions, addressed in this work. Here, (electrochemical) deuteration of the ceramic (8.5 cm diameter tablets, 1 mm thick, coated with Pd) was monitored by vacuum flushing and correlated with sample resistance, and the temperature of maximum neutron emission was closely observed. Also the rate of tritium generation was measured by liquid scintillation. The neutron detector was a set of seven proportional BF3 counters with an efficiency of $2.9\pm 0.5$\%, shielded by 150 mm polyethylene. Background was measured before, during and after the experiments and fluctuations over 1 h did not exceed 2 sigma from the value $0.012\pm 0.003$ c/s. It was found that in the Curie range 88-93 K, the neutron yield was above the background by a factor of 2-3, but not in other temp. ranges. Also, the emission statistics were distinctly different in the active range from that of the background. Tritium levels significantly higher than in controls were found in the active samples, up to about $2\times 10^9$ t atoms per g sample. This was not correlated with the neutron flux. The authors speculate that electrolytic deuteration is different from gas charging, and that this has to do with the results. They conclude that they have clear evidence for cold fusion. } } @article{Lips1995c, author = {A.~G. Lipson and D.~M. Sakov and E.~I. Saunin}, title = {Interaction of weak neutron flux with triglycine sulphate (D0.6H0.4) at the paraelectric-ferroelectric phase transition}, journal = {Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz.}, volume = {21}, number = {24}, year = {1995}, pages = {25--31}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experiment and theory, ferroelectric phase transition, fractofusion, neutrons, res+, no FPH/Jones refs.}, submitted = {10/1995}, published = {12/1995}, annote = {Partly deuterated TGS, with a Curie temperature (Tc) of transition from para- to ferroelectric property at 330.6 K, was cycled around this temperature while monitoring for neutrons with a block of counters and Cd shielding. 50 such temperature cycles showed that the neutron flux decreased by 5 sigma below the background, thus indicating neutron absorption by the sample at the Tc. There has been previous Russian work on repolarisation in ferroelectric; here it is suggested that this process absorbs energy, which here comes from hot neutrons of the background, which are captured. } } @article{Lips1997, author = {A.~G. Lipson and V.~A. Kuznetsov and T.~S. Ivanova and E.~I. Saunin and S.~I. Ushakov}, title = {Possibility of mechanically stimulated transmutation of carbon nuclei in ultradisperse deuterium-containing media}, note = {Orig. in Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 67 (1997) 100, in Russian}, journal = {Tech. Phys.}, volume = {42}, year = {1997}, pages = {676--682}, keywords = {Experimental, fractofusion, vibrating mill, carbon, heavy water, neutrons, res+, no FPH/Jones refs.}, submitted = {01/1996}, published = {06/1997}, annote = {The fractofusion scenario is continued here, using the vibratory mill used previously with Ti and heavy water, the Ti here replaced with carbon particles. The drums were periodically cooled to increase the action, and the air within was replaced by argon to stop the C catching fire as it heats up. The team has a theory about mechanical effects on the carbon leading to virtual neutrons, which can be captured by carbon atoms, changing the isotope distribution of the carbon (more 14C). They apply a small neutron source next to the mill, to speed things up, to release these virtual neutrons. These come from the splitting of deuterons into protons and the virtual neutron. Indeed, an increase in the 14C content was measured with heavy water but not with light water, thus confirming the hypothesis. The team goes on to note that this could happen in deep groundwater and falsify radiocarbon dating. More work needs to be done and is planned.} } @article{Lips2000, author = {A.~G. Lipson and B.~F. Lyakhov and A.~S. Roussetski and T. Akimoto and T. Mizuno and N. Asami and R. Shimada and S. Miyashita and A. Takahashi}, title = {Evidence for low-intensity D-D reaction as a result of exothermic deuterium desorption from Au/Pd/PdO:D heterostructure}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {38}, year = {2000}, pages = {238--252}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd heterostructure, electrolysis, neutrons, cps, res+}, submitted = {07/1999}, published = {09/2000}, annote = {The Russian team visited a Japanese lab and an experiment was done, using the Au/Pd/PdO layered electrode in an electrolyte of either 1M NaOD in D2O or NaOH in H2O.Electrolysis time varied from 5 min for thin foil up to 90 min for thicker foil. Loadings up to 0.7 were achieved. Neutrons were measured by two NE-213 detectors on opposite sides of the cell with appropriate electronics to filter out gamma rays, in a low-background underground environment. For charged particles, SSB detectors were used. Results were very low neutron emissions, indicating fusion rates below the Jones level at $10^{-23}$/s/dd. Even less cp emission was detected but can be explained by absorption within the foils. Thus, both measurements confirm cold fusion.} } @incollection{Lips2010, author = {A. Lipson and I. Chernov and A. Roussetski and Yu. Chеrdantsev and A. Tsivadze and B. Lyakhov and E. Saunin and M. Melich}, title = {Hot deuteron generation and charged particle emissions on excitation of deuterium subsystem in metal deuterides}, booktitle = {{Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook (Vol. 2)}}, year = {2010}, editor = {J. Marwan and S. Krivit}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Washington, USA}, volume = {2}, pages = {95--117}, ISBN = {9780841224544}, annote = {"Statistically significant emissions of DD-reaction products, 3 MeV protons and high-energy alpha particles (11-20 MeV) were observed in specially prepared Pd/PdO:D$_x$ and TiD$_x$ targets in vacuum, stimulated by electron beam (J $\approx$ 0.6 mA/cm$^2$, U = 30 keV). These charge particles' energies and identities were determined using a set of CR-39 detectors covered with various metal foils. In contrast, the Pd/PdO:D$_x$ and the TiD$_x$ samples show no sign of nuclear emissions in vacuum without e-beam stimulation. Extrapolation of both DD-reaction cross section and the enhancement factor (consistent with a calculated screening potential Ue = 750 eV) to very low deuteron energy satisfactorily describes the detected DD-reaction yield in Pd/PdO:D$_x$ targets, under the assumption of hot deuteron ( ~ 3.0 eV) generation under e-beam bombardment. This result strongly supports the theoretical prediction (1, 2) for electron excitation of the D- subsystem in Pd- deuterides." (Abstract reproduced from the book)} } @ARTICLE{Litt2009a, author = {M. E. Little and S. R. Little}, title = {Cold fusion: fact or fantasy?}, journal = {J. Sci. Explor.}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {407--409}, published = {10/2009}, annote = {* Essay in a special issue of JSE devoted to cold fusion.} } @ARTICLE{Litt2009b, author = {M. E. Little and S. R. Little}, title = {"Extraordinary evidence" replication effort}, journal = {J. Sci. Explor.}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {411--417}, published = {10/2009}, keywords = {res0}, annote = {* Extended abstract, ACS Symp. Utah March 2009. The two authors did four experiments closely resembling the SPAWAR setup, including codeposition of Pd onto a silver cathode by electrolysis in LiCl in D2O. The cathode wire was wrapped around a CR39 chip. After three weeks of electrolysis, they too observed cloudiness in the CR39 and about $10^6$ pits per cm$^2$, confirming the SPAWAR results. Further tests showed that the pits could possibly of chemical origin and not nuclear with certainty. So, this is not a positive result but not negative either.} } @article{Liu1989, author = {F. Liu and B.~K. Rao and S.~N. Khanna and P. Jena}, title = {Nature of short range interaction between deuterium atoms in palladium}, journal = {Solid State Commun.}, volume = {72}, year = {1989}, pages = {891--894}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {12/1989}, annote = {How close can two deuteriums get in PdD(x)? Are there maybe other metal hydrides in which they can get closer and make CNF more likely and cheaper? Both the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, and the Hartree-Fock method are used, and in all cases, nothing special which might favour cold fusion is found. As also found by others, the D-D distance in PdD(x) is greater than that in D2 gas.} } @article{Liu1990a, author = {S. Liu and F. Qiu and Y. Sun}, title = {Mass spectra analysis of the products of the so-called 'cold fusion'}, journal = {Fenxi Huaxue}, volume = {18}, number = {4}, year = {1990}, pages = {400--401}, note = {In Chinese}, keywords = {Experimental, MS, helium, res-}, annote = {MS anal. of the products of cold fusion did not show the presence of (3)He, (4)He and T which should be present in nuclear fusions. A VG 7070E double focus MS, EI ionization source, and e energy 70 eV were used. The emission current, collected current, and instrument resolving power were 2 mA, 400 $\mu$A, and 1000, resp. (Cited from Chem. Abstr. 113:139992 (1990))} } @article{Liu1990b, author = {Z. Liu and K. Xie and S. Qi and J. Cao and N. Li and X. Yu and Z. Lin}, title = {Photoemission studies of Pd/D system with high deuterium content}, journal = {Chin. Phys. Lett.}, volume = {7}, year = {1990}, pages = {125--128}, keywords = {Experimental, spectroscopy, Pd, gas phase, post mortem, res-}, submitted = {10/1989}, published = {03/1990}, annote = {Measured the ultraviolet photoelectron emission spectra (UPS) of PdDx vs x, in order to help understand cold fusion (only the Jones et al paper is referred to). Pd foil was cleaned by several cycles of sputtering and annealing (450 degC), until XPS (x-ray emission) no longer showed C and S impurities. Different preparations were examined. One foil sample was treated at 450 degC and $2\times 10^{-5}$ Torr D2 gas; this showed peaks similar to H-treated Pd but one that was not observed with Pd treated with D2 at room temperature. Another was given the same treatment used in the group's cold fusion experiments: oxidation at 500 degC in O2 for 1.5 h, followed by reduction at 600 degC in H2 for 1.5 h, then loading under high pressure H2, which was removed again by heating and pumping. Then the Pd was charged with D by D2 under "50 kg/cm$^2$ pressure" and measured (XPS showed no C or S). Measurement was repeated after heat treatment in vacuum for various lengths of time, and showed a change in the spectra. Results indicate that the deuteride behaves as the hydride, and deuterium is dissociatively absorbed by Pd, and diffuses into the lattice. Only a limited amount of the deuterium is ionised in the lattice, however, especially at high loadings. The electrons from the ionised deuterons occupy the Pd 4d holes and the delocalised states in the 5s band, and there are various shifts in properties.} } @article{Liu1994, author = {R. Liu and D. Wang and S. Chen and Y. Li and Y. Fu and X. Zhang and W. Zhang}, title = {Measurement of neutron energy spectra from the gas discharge facility}, journal = {Yuanzi Yu Fenzi Wuli Xuebao}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, year = {1994}, pages = {115--118}, note = {In Chinese}, keywords = {Experimental, discharge, neutrons, res-}, annote = {Chem. Abstr. 121:93277 (1994) writes: "In the process of research on cold fusion phenomenon with the gas discharge method, the NE-213 org. liq. scintillation neutron spectrometer was used to measure neutron energy spectra from the gas discharge facility. Neutrons were emitted from the gas discharge facility. The peak energy in neutron spectra is about 2.38 MeV. Neutrons whose energy is larger than about 3 MeV haven't been found. The neutron spectra from the gas discharge facility and D-D neutron source are compared. The exptl. error of neutron spectra is about $\pm$ 6\%". The paper is almost entirely in Chinese and little else can be gained by this abstracter. There are the usual FPH-89 and Jones+89 references.} } @article{Liu1996, author = {F.~S. Liu}, title = {The phonon mechanism of the cold fusion}, journal = {Mod. Phys. Lett. B}, volume = {10}, year = {1996}, pages = {1129--1132}, keywords = {Theory, phonons, res+}, submitted = {10/1996}, annote = {Using phonon theory, the Wannier function and more, the author considers the movement of deuterons in metal deuteride as affected by acoustics. The conclusion is that predicted d-d fusion rates come to roughly observed values, near the surface where there is strong nonequilibrium and a higher electron density. } } @article{Lo1989, author = {S.~Y. Lo}, title = {Enhancement of nuclear fusion in a strongly coupled cold plasma}, journal = {Mod. Phys. Lett. B}, volume = {3}, year = {1989}, pages = {1207--1211}, keywords = {Discussion, res+}, submitted = {04/1989}, annote = {Conditions in a metal deuteride are those of dense coupled plasmas (coupled in the sense that the charges interact). Lo looks at the possibility of d-d fusion enhancement as a result of this environment and concludes that the observations of P\&F are feasible.} } @article{Loba1991, author = {V.~V. Lobanov and A.~S. Zetkin and G.~E. Kagan and V.~E. Demin and I.~I. Mil'man and A.~I. Syurdo}, title = {Studies of neutron emission from TiFe alloy loaded with deuterium at room temperature}, journal = {Soc. Tekh. Phys. Lett.}, note = {Orig. in: Pis'ma Zh. Teor. Fiz. 17(23) (1991) 22, in Russian}, volume = {17}, year = {1991}, pages = {832--833}, keywords = {Experimental, alloy, Ti, Fe, gas phase, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {06/1991}, published = {12/1991}, annote = {The alloy (46.14 at\% Fe) was loaded preliminarily by exposure to D2 gas to a mass\% of 0.41 D2 (I make that a loading of close to 0.1 D/metal). The temperature was cycled up to 882 degC under 600 Torr of D2; at 600 degC, the alloy went into the alpha phase, and between 600-882, into the mixed alpha- and beta phase. Many cycles of charging and vacuum degassing were carried out. After thermocycling, the sample was cooled in a D2 atmosphere to room temp. and kept for some hours. Neutrons were measured by a scintillation radiometric dosimeter, type MKS-01R, the detector block was of 155 mm diameter and could detect integrated neutrons in the energy range $10^{-3}$ to 14 MeV. Differentiation produced instantaneous neutron fluxes, and were seen to be 125 and 760 times the known background for two runs respectively, arriving in bursts. This shows that neutron bursts are given off by TiFe alloy treated in this way.} } @article{Lohr1989, author = {L.~L. Lohr}, title = {Electronic structure of palladium clusters: implications for cold fusion}, journal = {J. Phys. Chem.}, volume = {93}, year = {1989}, pages = {4697--4698}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {An ab initio calculation, saying "no" to CNF.} } @ARTICLE{Loma2015, author = {A. R. Lomax}, title = {{Replicable cold fusion experiment: heat/helium ratio}}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {108}, year = {2015}, pages = {574--577}, published = {02/2015}, annote = {"Cold fusion effects have often been called 'unreliable', even by those convinced of their reality. The chaotic nature of material conditions, so far, has made ordinary reliability elusive. However, the Fleischmann-Pons experiment produces more than one effect, and two major ones are heat and helium. Miles, in 1991, measured both, and found that they were correlated, within an order of magnitude of the ratio expected from deuterium fusion. Miles was amply confirmed, and precision has increased. While there are outliers, there is no experimental evidence contradicting the correlation, and only the exact ratio remains in question. In this, we have direct evidence that the effect is real and is nuclear in nature; the mechanism remains a mystery well worth exploration."} } @article{Lomo1989, author = {O.~I. Lomovskii and A.~F. Eremin and V.~V. Boldyrev}, title = {Isotope heat effect in reactions with libreration of hydrogen on palladium catalytic particles}, journal = {Russ. Doklady}, note = {Orig. in: Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR Fiz. Khim. 309 (1989) 879, in Russian}, volume = {309}, year = {1989}, pages = {957--959}, keywords = {Discussion, res+}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {12/1989}, annote = {Palladium is a catalyst for the oxidation of formaldehyde by Cu++ in an aqueous solution: 2CH2O + Cu++ --(Pd)-> Cu + H2 + 2HCOO- + 2H2O. A mechanism for this reaction is proposed. The role of the Pd is the transport of electrons from site to site, to facilitate the intermediate reactions. When H2O was replaced by D2O, calorimetry showed some heat effects that are not simply explained by the thermodynamics of the reaction, and may have connection with cold fusion.} } @article{Lomo1990, author = {O.~I. Lomovsky and A.~F. Eremin and V.~V. Boldyrev}, title = {Isotope heat effect in reactions involving hydrogen evolution on palladium catalyst particles}, journal = {Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. Chem. Sci.}, volume = {102}, number = {2}, year = {1990}, pages = {173--176}, keywords = {Discussion, res+}, submitted = {08/1989}, published = {04/1990}, annote = {This is almost word for word the paper by the same authors in Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR Fiz. Khim. 309 (1989) 879, already abstracted (note that I spelled the first author Lomovskii in that abstract, using standard transliteration, as he himself does not here). See the other abstract for details, i.e. Lomo1989} } @article{Long1990, author = {G.~R. Longhurst and T.~J. Dolan and G.~L. Henriksen}, title = {An investigation of energy balances in palladium cathode electrolysis experiments}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {337--343}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, calorimetry, neutrons, gamma, res-}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {Calorimetry similar to that of FPH(89) was used, with several sizes of Pd cathodes in 0.1M to 1.2M "LiOH" in H2O, D2O and mixtures thereof. Cell voltage and temperatures were continuously recorded and calibration heating applied. The difference between heat input and output was a fluctuating $\pm$4.4\%, with no relation to type of water or other conditions. Neutron and gamma emissions were also checked using a BC-501 liquid scintillator; nothing was found. The build-up of tritium in the electrolyte was accounted for by conventional causes (enrichment). So no cold fusion was observed here.} } @article{Lope1992, author = {A. R. {Lopez Garcia} and H. Vucetich and A.~E. Bolzan and A.~J. Arvia}, title = {Gamma-radiation detection limits for electrochemically induced deuterium cold-fusion rates}, journal = {Il Nuovo Cimento A}, volume = {105}, year = {1992}, pages = {987--992}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, gama, res-}, submitted = {12/1991}, published = {07/1992}, annote = {The fact that the 2.45 MeV neutrons expected from d-d fusion are thermalised by water and then yield 2.224 MeV gamma radiation, was made use of here; a single NaI scintillation detector was used here, in conjunction with an electrolysis cell, with LiOH in D2O, at a Pd rod cathode, and rather small currents. These were stepped occasionally from 0.8 mA/cm$^2$ to double or ten times that, in order to provoke fusion. Measured emissions were three orders of magnitude below those of FPH but more in line with those of the Jones team. The FPH results may be due to errors.} } @article{Lore1990, author = {E. Lorenzini and P. Tartarini and M. Trentin}, title = {Cold fusion: status of the research}, journal = {Tec. Ital.}, volume = {55}, number = {1}, year = {1990}, pages = {1--9}, note = {In Italian}, keywords = {Discussion}, annote = {A summary of the current situation (the beginning of 1990, presumably). The major experiments are reported, as well as some of the more prominent conferences. The authors' contribution is to suggest that the Wigner effect could be another cause of sudden energy release (the melt-down): just as in the Windscale nuclear reactor, neutrons caused a gradual build-up of stress in the graphite blocks and subsequent sudden release, the absorbed hydrogen and deuterium in the palladium stresses the metal lattice; this, too, could be relieved abruptly with large energy release and apparent excess heat production or even more violent events. The paper concludes on a skeptical note.} } @article{Loui1990, author = {E. Louis and F. Moscardo and E. San-Fabian and J.~M. Perez-Jorda}, title = {Calculation of hydrogen-hydrogen potential energies and fusion rates in palladium hydride (PdxH2) clusters (x=2,4)}, journal = {Phys. Rev. B}, volume = {42}, year = {1990}, pages = {4996--4999}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, submitted = {03/1990}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {The objectives were to estimate the effect of neighbouring Pd atoms on the H-H potential in realistic lattices and such exotic lattices that might favour cold fusion, as well as to calculate fusion rates for favourable configurations. The Hartree-Fock method was used. Results are that (a) H-H distances in lattices are in all cases much greater than in H2 gas, and (b) even in the most favourable lattices, far from equilibrium, very high vibrational energies are required to approach a fusion rate of $10^{-20}$/s.} } @article{Lowt1991, author = {J.~E. Lowther}, title = {Hot spots in palladium hydride and cold fusion}, journal = {Suid-Afrik. Tydskr. Wetenskap}, volume = {87}, year = {1991}, pages = {17--18}, keywords = { Discussion, suggestion, phase transitions}, published = {01/1991}, annote = {L says that cold fusion has been discredited as a nuclear effect but that the anomalous excess heat is real and significant. In this article, the author reflects on Pd hydride and suggests a possible explanation. This is the segregation of two different phases PdHp and PdHq which form an unstable mixture at their interfaces and thus, perhaps, local hot spots. These may be the origin of the anomalous heat.} } @article{Lu1995, author = {R. Lu}, title = {X-ray emission and cold nuclear fusion in glow discharge process of a kind of gas}, journal = {Trends Nucl. Phys.}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, year = {1995}, pages = {44--46}, keywords = {Theoretical analysis, glow discharge, neutrons, x-ray, gamma, res+}, submitted = {12/1993}, published = {03/1995}, annote = {This looks like a theoretical analysis of earlier results. The charge-dipole model was introduced to solve the Schroedinger equation and this results in the prediction of x-ray emission from such experiments. Cold fusion took place, says the abstract. } } @article{Lu1997a, author = {R. Lu}, title = {The (d,d) fusion in solar flares}, note = {In Chinese, Engl. abstr.}, journal = {J. Qingdao Univ.}, volume = {1997}, number = {6}, year = {1997}, pages = {70--75}, keywords = {Discussion, theory.}, annote = {The author refers to F\&P-89 and this paper is meant to relate to cold fusion; temperatures in solar flares are essentially "cold" compared to those assumed to be required for plasma dd fusion, so if it took place there, fusion would be cold. Lu believes that there is evidence for dd fusion, by (it seems) 3He detected in some flares.} } @article{Lu1997b, author = {R. Lu}, title = {Analysis of x-rays and gamma-ray production mechanism under condition of discharge with D2 gas}, note = {In Chinese, Engl. Abstr.}, journal = {Nucl. Phys. Rev. China}, volume = {14}, year = {1997}, pages = {114--117}, keywords = {Theoretical, discussion, gas discharge, res+, no FPH/Jones refs.}, submitted = {09/1995}, published = {06/1997}, annote = {The abstract says this is an opinion, i.e. that with an electric discharge in D2 gas, x- and gamma-rays are produced, and that the gammas provide evidence of cold fusion. The theory seems to include the capture, by p or d, of an electron, presumably to yield a (virtual?) neutron. The sort of voltage for the discharge is probably 20 kV or so, so this might not really be cold fusion.} } @article{Lu1998, author = {R. Lu}, title = {Electron-ion bound state and it initiating a little nuclear fusion}, journal = {High Power Laser Part. Beams}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, year = {1998}, pages = {315--320}, keywords = {Theory, res0}, submitted = {09/1995}, published = {05/1998}, annote = {The abstract is not clear, but this seems to be a suggestion that in metal- deuterium systems, three-body clumps of deuterons held together by electrons can form, and may aid cold fusion. There is reference to solar flares, giving the same sort of x-rays at 12.5 and 25 keV as might be expected from cold fusion.} } @article{Lyak1993, author = {B.~F. Lyakhov and A.~G. Lipson and D.~M. Sakov and A.~A. Yavich}, title = {Anomalous heat release in the Pd/PdO system electrolytically saturated with hydrogen}, journal = {Russ. J. Phys. Chem.}, note = {Orig. in: Zh. Fiz. Khimii 67 (1993) 545, in Russian}, volume = {67}, year = {1993}, pages = {491--495}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd foil, electrolysis, excess heat, res-}, annote = {If d-d fusion were the cause of the F\&P excess heat, the fusion rate would need to be $10^{-10}$q fusions/s/pair, and this is unlikely. Therefore, another explanation must be sought. This team carried out an experiment to observe heat bursts, and provides a clue as to their non-nuclear origin. A Pd foil, 55 mu thick and of 4.5 cm$^2$ area, was used as cathode, and 1M KOH as electrolyte. The current was controlled at 10 mA/cm$^2$, at a cell voltage of 1.5 - 2 V. Hydrogen loading was determined by post-experiment evacuation and measurement of H2 given off; and on occasion electrochemically, as well as by four-probe Pd resistance measurement. In all cases, H loadings of about 0.72 (read off a Fig.) were obtained. Results, showing some heat bursts, indicated that a surface oxide plays a role, leading to the formation of some metallic hydrogen, which breaks down due to mechanical relaxation, forming dihydrogen as well as water by oxidation, thereby releasing heat. This is sufficient to explain excess heat observations. and a nuclear origin is not required.} } @article{Ma1992, author = {Y. Ma and H. Yang and X. Dai}, title = {A theoretical study of the possibility of cold nuclear fusion in condensed matter}, journal = {Nucl. Fusion Plasma Phys.}, volume = {12}, year = {1992}, pages = {171--177}, note = {In Chinese}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, annote = {(From the English abstract:) A strongly couple cold plasma model of cold fusion. Strong Coulomb screening and micro-heat analysis show that the fusion rate is insensitive to temperature and density of deuterium ions, but sensitive to the screening correction factor of the total deuterium ions. For certain values of this factor, cold fusion may be detectable.} } @article{Ma1993, author = {Y.~L. Ma and H.~X. Yang and X.~X. Dai}, title = {Nuclear-fusion enhancement in condensed matter with impacting and screening}, journal = {Europhys. Lett.}, volume = {24}, year = {1993}, pages = {305--310}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {06/1993}, published = {11/1993}, annote = {Theory, based on the idea that there is accelerated diffusion and channel collimation in materials that absorb hydrogen, such as Pd, Ti or C. Cluster impact fusion is included, even though it is now admitted to be an artifact even by the original workers in CIF. For cold fusion in a metal, the theory predicts observed fusion rates at energies as low as 0.2 eV.} } @article{Maly1993, author = {J.~A. Maly and J. Vavra}, title = {Electron transitions on deep Dirac levels I}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {24}, year = {1993}, pages = {307--318}, keywords = {Theory, deep Dirac levels, res+}, submitted = {10/1992}, published = {11/1993}, annote = {Quantum mechanics was used, early this century, to explain the spectral lines of hydrogen, helium, etc. Other spectral lines that might exist but had not been observed were not considered. This is done here, and it seems that there are solutions to the Schroedinger equation that have thus been overlooked, such as the deep Dirac levels. Some of these are tabulated, and allow an explanation of both F\&P cold fusion, as well as the Mills \& Farrell results, among other phenomena.} } @article{Maly1994, author = {J.~A. Maly and J. Vavra}, title = {Response to 'Comments on 'Electron transitions on deep Dirac levels I'}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26}, year = {1994}, pages = {111--112}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {02/1994}, published = {08/1994}, annote = {Reponse to the polemic of Rice et al, ibid 111, referring to an earlier paper by Maly and Vavra on neglected solutions to wave equations for hydrogen. Contrary to the claim by Rice et al, that the solutions found are nonphysical, Maly and Vavra here conclude that Rice et al are simply wrong and that the deep energy levels indeed can exist.} } @article{Maly1996, author = {J.~A. Maly and J. Vavra}, title = {Reply to 'Letter to the Editor' Fusion Technol. 27, 348 (1995)}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {30}, year = {1996}, pages = {386--387}, keywords = {Polemic, theoretical}, submitted = {08/1994}, published = {12/1996}, annote = {This is a reply to a letter by Rice et al in the title issue of FT. That letter was itself a reply to another by the present authors, who now defend their letter, hoping for a collegial discussion of deep Dirac levels, which Rice et al believe they have disproved. Not so, say Maly \& Vavra. This Letter was inadvertently delayed by the journal.} } @article{Mand1994, author = {C. Manduchi and G. Zannoni and E. Milli and L. Riccardi and G. Mengoli and M. Fabrizio and A. Buffa}, title = {Anomalous effects during the interaction of subatmospheric D2(H2) with Pd from 900C to room temperature}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento A}, volume = {107}, year = {1994}, pages = {171--183}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, gas phase, neutrons, cp's, res0}, submitted = {04/1992}, published = {02/1994}, annote = {The authors have previously reported experiments with beam discharges and electrolysis together, but there were some alternative explanations for the results. Here, the team reports a fairly standard "Italian style" CNF experiment, that is metal (here: Pd) and D2 gas, at a range of temperatures. A tube with some Pd sheets, 6 cm$^2$ and thicknesses from 0.002 to 0.1 cm at its bottom was connected to a vacuum system, and placed into a furnace chamber. The Pd was vacuum treated at 900C and then heated in the presence of 900 mbar of D2 or H2 gas to clean the surface. After removing the gas, 900 mbar of gas was again admitted and the temperature allowed to fall to room temperature, which required about 30 h. The pressure change was used to measure loading, having calibrated in the absence of Pd. Neutrons were monitored using a stilbene detector for the background and a NE123 scintillator for the cell. A plastic track CR-39 detector was used for charged particles (cps) at room temperature at the end of the cycles. An interesting finding was that there was some H2 or D2 absorption to about 0.2 (H/Pd) between 700 and 300 C, then falling to zero at 200-150C, and rising at 80C to room temp to a maximum of 0.89, unexpectedly high. This was reproducible. Absorption at low temperatures, without prior heating, was down at about 0.17. Also, the figure shows a distinct neutron emission at the point where the large loading begins during cooling, as well as during the early, higher temp., phase. This was not seen in the blank controls. Cp's were also found, roughly proportional to Pd film thickness but not correlated with loading level. Runs with H2 achieved loadings of 0.75 and also neutron emissions around the loading point, but no cp's. The neutron results are a puzzle and indicate that either there was an error here or that PdH also emits neutrons.} } @article{Mand1995, author = {C. Manduchi and S. Salviato and C. Ciricillo and E. Milli and G. Zannoni and G. Mengoli and M. Fabrizio}, title = {Electric-field effects on the neutron emission from Pd deuteride samples}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento A}, volume = {108}, year = {1995}, pages = {1187--1205}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, gas phase loading, neutrons, deuteron drift, res+}, submitted = {04/1995}, published = {10/1995}, annote = {The paper starts by noting that if one separates claims of excess heat and those of nuclear emissions into two different causes, conflicts disappear. In the present work, they examine the effect of electric current going through Pd sheets as they are loaded with deuterium from D2 gas, on the neutron emission. Alternatively, kV electrostatic fields were applied around the samples. Pd foils of up to 0.1 mm and various sizes were exposed to various D2 pressures while passing currents in the range 200- 800 mA through them. Loading was monitored by simultaneous measurement of the foil resistances; loadings up to about 0.7 were inferred (results appear somewhat rough, as resistance ratios of 2 were measured, whereas a maximum of 1.8 is known; abstractor's remark). Neutrons were detected using NE213 scintillator, previously described, as well as a time- of-flight one in later runs. Neutron emission rates vs time, for the active runs, were significantly higher, and more irregular, than the low and steady counts of the background. This was both for currents and external fields. The authors remark that loading levels were not important, but deuteron drift was.} } @article{Marc1993, author = {M. Marcus}, title = {Cold fusion research is alive and well - but not in the mass media}, journal = {St. Louis Journalism Rev.}, volume = {22}, year = {1993}, number = {153, Feb.}, pages = {16--18}, keywords = {Sci-soc discussion}, published = {02/1993}, annote = {A sci-soc/phil/journalism paper. Marcus makes a case for a mass effort by the media to declare 'cold fusion' defunct, by stressing the problems, ridicule, and suppression of positive results. Marshal McKluhan [sic] is quoted "What if they are right?", referring to the decreasing group that still believes in CNF. Funding for CNF research is said to have been affected adversely by the negative publicity.} } @article{Mari1989, author = {M. Marinelli and G. Morpurgo and S. Vitale and G.~L. Olcese}, title = {Heat release from deuterated titanium-iron (TiFe) or lanthanum-nickel (LaNi5) on exposure to the air}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A}, volume = {102}, year = {1989}, pages = {959--961}, keywords = {Experimental, alloy, La/Ni, heat, x-rays, res-}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {The title compounds, heavily deuterated and in contact with Pd or Ni, sometimes become red hot on exposure to air. Thus, ignition (i.e. reoxidation of D by recombination with O2) may have caused the heat bursts in PFH's PdD, presumed to have been partially exposed to the air. While they were at it, the authors placed x-ray plates in the containers of the metals and pressurised D2; no x-rays were recorded.} } @article{Marti1991, author = {S.~E. Martin}, title = {Using expert sources in breaking science stories: A comparison of magazine types}, journal = {Journalism Quarterly}, volume = {68}, year = {1991}, pages = {179--187}, keywords = {Sci-soc discussion}, annote = {Martin askes the question whether there is a significant difference between scientific journals and the popular press (in which she includes Scientific American) in the number of experts cited in the material. There is not, for the case of 'cold fusion'. There was more variability in the number of expert sources drawn upon by business journals than in all others.} } @article{Marty1991, author = {M.~I. Martynov and A.~I. Mel'dianov and A.~M. Chepovskii}, title = {Experiments on the detection of nuclear reaction products in deuterated metals}, journal = {Vopr. Atom. Nauki i Tekh., Ser. Termoyader. Sintez}, year = {1991}, number = {2}, pages = {77--81}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, neutrons, gammas, charged particles, electrolysis, ion beam, res+}, submitted = {01/1991}, published = {02/1991}, annote = {This team tried two kinds of experiments: an electrolysis, and an ion beam experiment. For electrolysis, LiOD in D2O was the electrolyte, and a Pd foil of 40 mu thickness and about 1 cm$^2$ area the cathode. One side of the foil was exposed to the electrolyte, the other was isolated from it, and a detector of charged particles (cp's) mounted close to it. At 300 mA/cm$^2$, and over an observation time of 10-20 h, no cp's above background were observed. There were two ion beam runs, using H, D and Xe ions. With a D-beam, run for 200 h at 1-2 keV onto a TiD target at 400 C, the n count went up to about 3 times the background noise, and remained at this level after the beam was switched off. H and Xe beams did not produce n counts above background. The neutron detector was a triple 3He type, with a discriminator. Gamma results are not mentioned.} } @incollection{Marw2008, author = {J. Marwan}, title = {Study of the nanostructured palladium hydride system}, booktitle = {{Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook (Vol. 1)}}, year = {2008}, editor = {J. Marwan}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Washington, USA}, volume = {1}, pages = {353--375}, ISBN = {9780841269668, 0841269661}, annote = {Using surfactants of varying concentrations results in various surface phases such as sparse adsorption, amd micellar and ordered layers, which can guide deposited metal into various nanostructures on the surface. This can then be used in cold fusion electrolysis to find optimal conditions and also to affect hydrogen absorption by the metal.} } @ARTICLE{Marw2009, author = {J. Marwan}, title = {Study of the palladium hydrogen-deuterium system}, journal = {J. Sci. Explor.}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {465--468}, published = {10/2009}, annote = {* JM studies the diffusion of hydrogen and deuterium into Pd by electrolysis on nanostructured hydrided Pd films, freshly deposited onto Au. The structure included cylindrical pores in hexagonal arrays. The author believes that hydrogen enters the Pd without passing through a surface- adsorbed stage. This process is speeded up by inhibition of adsorption by a poison. This work is relevant to cold fusion, which the author believes explains the Fleischmann/Pons results.} } @ARTICLE{Marw2010a, author = {J. Marwan and M. C. H. {McKubre} and F. L. Tanzella and P. L. Hagelstein and M. H. Miles and M. R. Swartz and E. Storms and Y. Iwamura and P. A. Mosier-Boss and L. P. G. Forsley}, title = {A new look at low-energy nuclear reaction (LENR) research: a response to Shanahan}, journal = {J. Environ. Monit.}, volume = {12}, year = {2010}, pages = {1765--1770}, submitted = {06/2010}, published = {09/2010}, keywords = {Polemic}, annote = {"In his criticisms of the review article on LENR by Krivit and Marwan, Shanahan has raised a number of issues in the areas of calorimetry, heat after death, elemental transmutation, energetic particle detection using CR-39, and the temporal correlation between heat and helium-4. These issues are addressed by the researchers who conducted the original work discussed in the Krivit and Marwan (K\&M) review paper". In other words, Shanahan was wrong. The authors accuse Shanhan of invoking \textit{random} shifts in the calorimeter calibration constants, whereas Shanhan in fact mentions \textit{systematic} shifts.} } @article{Mas1990, author = {F. Mas and J.~C. Paniagua and J. Puy and J. Salvador and E. Vilaseca}, title = {Comment on: Deuterium nuclear fusion at room temperature: a pertinent inequality on barrier penetration}, journal = {J. Chem. Phys.}, volume = {93}, year = {1990}, pages = {6118--6119}, keywords = {Comment, polemic}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {10/1990}, annote = {Comment on named paper by G Rosen (1989), who found theoretical grounds for support of cold fusion claims. The authors, like Morgan III (1990), point out the inappropriateness of the straight use of the WKB method; the Langer adaptation should be used, and gives results different by 4 orders of magnitude. Also, the potential energy curve for a pair of deuterons, as used by Rosen, is too rough. Fusion rates from the better approximations are vastly smaller than Rosen's.} } @article{Mass1990, author = {M. Massaron and F. Lamperti}, title = {La fusione fredda (Cold fusion)}, journal = {Tecnol. Chim.}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, year = {1990}, pages = {98--104}, note = {In Italian}, keywords = {Commentary}, annote = {The authors ask themselves whether cnf is just a journalistic construct or a scientific breakthrough, about one year after FPH-89 (the only real cnf reference cited, although Jones et al are mentioned in the text). There is a brief chronology of cnf up to May 1989. The results of Scaramuzzi are mentioned, also the excess heats of FPH-89, the Harwell attempt at replication and conventional fusion. No conclusion is drawn.} } @article{Math1989, author = {C.~K. Mathews and G. Periaswami and K.~C. Srinivas and T. Gnanasekaran and S.~R. Babu and C. Ramesh and B. Thiyagarajan}, title = {On the possibility of nuclear fusion by the electrolysis of heavy water}, journal = {Indian J. Technol.}, volume = {27}, year = {1989}, pages = {229--231}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, Ti, electrolysis, heat, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {05/1989}, annote = {Using D2O, they get twice the excess heat they get with H2O. This excess heat is much more than would seem to correspond to the neutron flux. A bit of a rush job (actually a Rapid Communication) - they do neutron measurements with a Ti cathode, and heat with Pd. They more or less suggest that the reaction is D + D --> (4)He but instead of the usual gamma as the other product they suggest an excited state for the Pd lattice. How long can such excitement last? They promise to look for the He in future work.} } @article{Matsu1989, author = {T. Matsumoto}, title = {'Nattoh' model for cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {532--534}, keywords = {Theory, nattoh, res+}, submitted = {08/1989}, published = {12/1989}, annote = {A hypothetical model, the Nattoh model, is proposed to answer the questions that arise from cold fusion experiments. The model proposes the formation of a small cluster of deuterons and examines the feasibility of many-body fusion reactions. The gamma radiation spectrum, heat production, neutron emission and fusion products are discussed.} } @article{Matsu1990a, author = {O. Matsumoto and K. Kimura and Y. Saito and H. Uyama and T. Yaita}, title = {Detection of neutrons in electrolysis of D2SO4-D2O solution by means of fission track method}, journal = {Denki Kagaku}, volume = {58}, year = {1990}, pages = {147--150}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, particle tracks on film, res+}, submitted = {08/1989}, annote = {Carried out electrolysis in D2SO4 solution instead of the more customary LiOD, because previous studies of hydrogen evolution have been used acid. A Pd plate, a palladized Pd plate or Pt plate were used, in normal electrolysis and glow discharge electrolysis (GDE), 50 mA in both cases (in GDE, one of the two electrodes hangs in the gas above the electrolyte; the gas is kept at a low pressure, here 70 Torr, and large voltages <= 1000 V or so are required). The paper does not make clear whether it is the Pd cathode or the Pt anode that is in the gas phase. The neutron detector, mounted below the cells, was a sandwich of a mica plate plus uranyl salt plate in a polythene bag. Neutrons make tracks in this sandwich and can be counted. In every case (different electrolysis methods, different cathodes), there were clearly more neutrons from D2SO4 in D2O than in dummy cells (by factors of 1.5-3.4) and no such differences between runs in H2SO4 and dummies. However, the fluctuations from one dummy to another were of similar magnitude. The authors conclude that cold fusion takes place, at a rate of about $10^{-24}$ fusions/pair/s, a little lower than the rate observed by Jones et al.} } @article{Matsu1990b, author = {O. Matsumoto and K. Kimura and Y. Saito and H. Uyama and T. Yaita}, title = {Detection of tritium in cathode materials after the electrolysis of D2SO4-D2O solution}, journal = {Denki Kagaku}, volume = {58}, year = {1990}, pages = {471--474}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, tritium, MS, res+, no FPH/Jones refs}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {05/1990}, annote = {The authors have previously reported the emission of neutrons from cold fusion. Tritium, too, is to be expected, and this time they have looked at this. Firstly, they immersed the cathode material, after electrolysis, in the liquid scintillator that measured tritium; then they also placed the cathode in a glass tube attached to a mass spectrometer, and heated the sample to drive out the gases. In the scintillation count, a dummy Pd electrode gave 32.9$\pm$1.6 counts, a cathode from a cold fusion electrolysis gave 40.6$\pm$1.8, and palladised Pt, after electrolysis showed 35.0$\pm$1.6 counts. Mass spectra showed tritium (as well as other masses) in the Pd, but also in the D2 gas given off. The authors conclude that tritium was formed in the Pd by a nuclear reaction.} } @article{Matsu1990c, author = {T. Matsumoto}, title = {Observation of new particles emitted during cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {356--360}, keywords = {Experimental, theoretical, the iton, electrolysis, Pd, film tracks, res+, no FPH/Jones refs}, submitted = {03/1990}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {The author's Nattoh model theory explains the strange branching ratio by the action of the "iton" particle, which carries away about 20 MeV from the fusion reaction d+d-->(4)He + 23.85 MeV. The iton can be observed by using nuclear film, and has perhaps been observed during the electrolysis of light water at Pd. Here, M electrolyses D2O (+3\% NaCl) at Pd. The films showed many cosmic ray tracks, but also some due to iton decay, clearly distinguished from the background. Thus a new particle, the iton, is discovered.} } @article{Matsu1990d, author = {T. Matsumoto}, title = {Prediction of new particle emission on cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {647--651}, keywords = {Comment, suggestion, the nattoh}, submitted = {02/1990}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Having observed the new particle, the iton (p. 356, same volume), M now predicts it theoretically, using the Nattoh model. Cold fusion takes place not via the branches commonly assumed (proton+T, neutron+(3)He) - these are of lesser importance - but mainly by hydrogen-catalysed fusion, in which first a nattoh is formed, then two D's fuse with the help of a third, into the short lived (4)H, which then becomes (4)He, and an iton is emitted. This also explains M's observation of cold fusion in ordinary light water. This paper looks at the theory of this process and concludes that it works. A further paper, suggesting a cold fusion reactor, is on the way.} } @article{Matsu1990e, author = {T. Matsumoto}, title = {Cold fusion observed with ordinary water}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {490--492}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, light water, Pd, gamma, res+}, submitted = {11/1989}, published = {05/1990}, annote = {Based on the Nattoh model of cold fusion, in which deuterons associate into nattohs or clumps, M suggests that protons, too, might do it, producing as a first product (2)He, which then might emit a positron to become a deuteron. An electrolysis experiment with H2O + 3\% NaCl on Pd was run, and a single Ge(Li) detector used to monitor gamma radiation. A background curve is shown and compared with the experimental curve, and M claims that this shows an effect at energies below 130 keV. This humble abstracter cannot see the "extraordinary enhancement of the signals" which M states shows that "a cold fusion reaction really occurred in ordinary water". M concludes with the hope that a cold fusion reactor using seawater is possible.} } @article{Matsu1991a, author = {T. Matsumoto and K. Kurokawa}, title = {Observation of heavy elements produced during explosive cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {323--329}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, MS, transmutation, res+, no FPH/Jones refs}, submitted = {03/1991}, published = {11/1991}, annote = {The authors take it as given that large concentration of hydrogen at Pd grain boundaries will initiate cold fusion. When hydrogen is forced to move in the metal, this will cause such local concentrations and thus bursts of fusion. A Pd rod was charged electrolytically in a 3\% NaCl solution in D2O, and when fully loaded, the top of the rod was exposed to the gas head, thus forcing deuterium to move through the rod. This resulted in a small-scale explosion in one case, due to hydrogen but aided by heat from cold fusion. The gas within the Pd was analysed afterwards by MS and masses of 2, 3, 4, 6, 17, 18, 19 and 20 were found. SEM and EDX showed the presence of ruthenium and indium, as well as a host of other elements, products of the transmutation of Pd, say the authors. Within the grain structure, Si, S and Ca were also seen. So we have explosive cold fusion, and the authors predict its use in car engines, and a future for "industrial alchemy".} } @article{Matsu1991b, author = {T. Matsumoto}, title = {Observation of quad-neutrons and gravity decay during cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {2125--2130}, keywords = {Analysis, film tacks, quad neutrons, res+, no FPH/Jones refs}, submitted = {09/1990}, published = {07/1991}, annote = {M's iton theory of cold fusion might also predict the emission of 4-neutron nuclei, which would escape from the cell, to disintegrate in the emulsion of the detector film. Nuclear emulsions left from the author's previous experiments were carefully reexamined and some ring-shaped tracks found that might be due to these quad neutrons undergoing microexplosions due to gravity, like a neutron star, after being compressed to a single point. Theory says that these quad neutrons have a life time of only $10^{-23}$ s, and thus should not reach the emulsion; their observation, however, means that this theory needs to be modified. Cold fusion, then, because of the extremely high hydrogen pressure, is a small-scale simulation of the processes taking place in a dying star, and we are tapping gravitational energy here.} } @article{Matsu1991c, author = {T. Matsumoto}, title = {Microscopic observations of palladium used for cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {567--575}, keywords = {Analysis, film tracks, res+, no FPH/Jones refs}, submitted = {09/1990}, published = {05/1991}, annote = {The Nattoh model of cold fusion says that cnf takes place as a chain reaction at grain boundaries. One of the candidates would be so energetic as to leave behind marks of damage in the crystal structure of the Pd deuteride, and M looks for evidence in this work, using microscopy. Pd rods, used as cathodes in heavy as well as light water electrolysis, were cut in an axial plane, and first looked at optically, then by SEM. In both H2O and D2O, although the mechanism may be different, cold fusion takes place, and M finds the tell-tale areas of damage.} } @article{Matsu1992a, author = {T. Matsumoto}, title = {Interference phenomena observed during cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {21}, year = {1992}, pages = {179--182}, keywords = {Analysis, film tracks, quad neutrons, res+, no FPH/Jones refs}, submitted = {02/1991}, published = {03/1992}, annote = {Matsumoto has previously observed circular areas of damage on nuclear emulsions held outside a cold fusion electrolysis cell, and attributes them to micro-explosions of quad neutrons produced in palladium deuteride. These quad-neutrons decay within the metal lattice and produce two different kinds of waves: gravitational and antigravitational. M has now done more experiments and sees evidence of both of these. Known radiation such as electromagnetic or sonic, do not behave in this way, so these must be due to entirely new particles; one of them seems to oppose gravity.} } @article{Matsu1992b, author = {T. Matsumoto}, title = {Observation of gravity decays of multiple-neutron nuclei during cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {22}, year = {1992}, pages = {164--171}, keywords = {Analysis, film tracks, nattoh, gravity decay, res+, no FPH/Jones refs}, submitted = {07/1991}, published = {08/1992}, annote = {According to M's nattoh (soya bean) theory of cold fusion involving the new elementary particle, the iton, cold fusion should leave behind di- and quad- neutrons; these, as described earlier by M, should suffer gravity decay, leading to micro-explosions. Nuclear emulsions previously placed in a cold fusion cell space were examined for evidence of such events. Under the microscope, many circles, clearly indicating gravity decay, were seen. The first group of such circles were up to 0.364 mm large; in a second group of smaller circles, these were always smaller than those of the first group, at about 22 mu. A third group had circles of intermediate size. There were other groups. Some of these could be assigned to the decay of di-neutrons, others to higher-n assemblies. Clearly, many-body fusions of hydrogen atoms at grain boundaries are responsible, leading to the production of heavy elements such as Zn, Fe, and even Ru and In. All this might lead to a change in mass, but this has not been observed, which supports transmutation. There are 10 references, all of them to previous work by the author.} } @article{Matsu1992c, author = {T. Matsumoto}, title = {Searching for tiny black holes during cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {22}, year = {1992}, pages = {281--286}, keywords = {Analysis, film tracks, black holes, res+, no FPH/Jones refs}, submitted = {12/1991}, published = {09/1992}, annote = {The author continues in his efforts to support his Nattoh theory of cold fusion, which proposes the formation of neutron clusters which collapse by gravity and then explode. This might also be expected to produce tiny black holes, and a careful search for these is described here. As before, post-experiment microscopic analysis of the Pd surface was carried out. The several figures clearly show black holes, from 10 to 100 mu in diameter, one of them with a tail. The region of space around this tail has asymmetrical curvature. Some others show associated other particles. There are six references, all to prior work by the author.} } @article{Matsu1992d, author = {T. Matsumoto}, title = {Observation of stars produced during cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {22}, year = {1992}, pages = {518--523}, keywords = {Analysis, film tracks, star formation, res+, no FPH/Jones refs}, submitted = {01/1992}, published = {12/1992}, annote = {M has searched for more features on nuclear emulsions held close to a cnf electrolysis at a thin Pd foil. His theory of quad-neutrons predicts various events. Multiple neutrons formed within the PdD matrix are covered with the itonic mesh. This slowly fades, but it might be so sticky that it will allow the multiple neutrons to react with the nuclei of the media, e.g. in the emulsion. One of the expected features is the formation of star-shaped tracks, and they were indeed found. Some of these have long tracks and some have short tracks, and they obviously are the result of cold fusion taking place in the cell.} } @article{Matsu1993a, author = {T. Matsumoto}, title = {Observation of meshlike traces on nuclear emulsions during cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {23}, year = {1993}, pages = {103--113}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd foil, electrolysis, film tracks, res+}, submitted = {11/1991}, published = {01/1993}, annote = {A cold fusion experiment, using as cathode a thin Pd foil at the bottom of a cell, was performed. Below the foil, a stack of 30 nuclear emulsions was mounted and this was examined afterwards by microscope. The foil was then refrigerated to increase the deuterium loading and then taken out. It continued to warm above room temperature for three hours, showing that cold fusion was taking place. This is the process 2d + 2e --> (4)n + i2 + d, the (4)n being a quad neutron (which has been shown to then collapse by gravity and to form black holes) and the i2 is the double iton. In highly compressed deuteride, these itons are in the form of beads with a mesh-like structure, and such meshes have been found on the emulsions.} } @article{Matsu1993b, author = {T. Matsumoto}, title = {Cold fusion experiments with ordinary water and thin nickel foil}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {24}, year = {1993}, pages = {296--306}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Ni, Pd, film tracks, light water, res+}, submitted = {09/1992}, published = {11/1993}, annote = {The Nattoh (soya bean) model encompasses both heavy- and light-water cold fusion. Here, the discoverer of the model performs an experiment on a Ni foil cathode in light water and potassium carbonate. 30 nuclear emulsion plates were placed under the Ni foil and produced a rich harvest of tracks. Another three plates were placed 5m distant from the cell, as references (but not referred to again). Also, the temperature was clearly higher when Ni was used, than when Pt was used as the cathode. Optical examination (50X) of the emulsions revealed circular spots, evidence of "fermented" dineutrons, gravity decays, black and white holes, all as predicted by the theory. Conical shapes, typical of black holes, are also clearly seen, as are stars, white strings and perhaps superstrings. 17 references, 10 of them to Matsumoto.} } @article{Matsu1993c, author = {T. Matsumoto}, title = {Experiments of one-point cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {24}, year = {1993}, pages = {332--339}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Cu, high voltage, gravity decay, res+}, submitted = {10/1992}, published = {11/1993}, annote = {Electrical discharges can be expected to facilitate cold fusion, and pin anodes might be a good way. Here, one-point anodes were tried, and the usual features predicted by the Nattoh model were observed. Copper was used because of its low capacity and permeability for hydrogen, good conductivity and good sensitivity to energy deposit. The first causes a high surface hydrogen concentration, effectively aiding cold fusion. 70-90 V ac voltage was used for the discharge, at 50 Hz, for 5 to 20 min. Afterward, the Cu surface was examined optically (50X). Evidence of gravity decay of dineutrons and single neutrons without the itonic mesh was found, along with itonic hydrogen clusters, tiny black holes, white holes, a whirling trace whose meaning is uncertain and string-like features as evidence of gravity decay. There is a Figure to explain all this. Only 7 self-references out of 13.} } @article{Matsu1993d, author = {T. Matsumoto}, title = {Response to 'Comments on 'Experiments of one-point cold fusion''}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {24}, year = {1993}, pages = {347--348}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {03/1993}, published = {12/1993}, annote = {Matsumoto responds to a Comment by H Fox in the same journal (same page), suggesting that he has inadvertently hit upon huge electron clusters in his experiments. But M refuses to be congratulated by Fox, because he observes something different, i.e the new particles itons, consisting of electrons, positrons and neutrinos and have a mesh structure and cover fusion products such as quad-neutrons. Itons also enclose hydrogen clusters, and it is not possible to decide whether these are the same as the high-charge clusters of Shoulders in his patent. Also, Shoulders believes that the energy is extracted from the vacuum but Matsumoto's Nattoh theory relies on fusion. Zero point energy might be better, and M will search for it in his experiments. If he finds it, he will accept congratulations.} } @article{Matsu1995, author = {T. Matsumoto}, title = {Mechanisms of cold fusion: Comprehensive explanations by the Nattoh model}, journal = {Mem. Fac. Eng. Hokkaido Univ.}, volume = {19}, number = {2}, year = {1995}, pages = {201--224}, keywords = {Theory, review, Nattoh model; res+}, submitted = {08/1995}, annote = {The author here sums up his large body of work on his "Nattoh" (soya bean) model of "cold fusion", which among other things involves the new fundamental particle, the iton, as well as numerous anomalous phenomena such as micro- black holes, white holes, tiny neutron stars, meshes and much more.} } @article{Matsu2001, author = {T. Matsumoto}, title = {Comments on "Evidence of micrometre-sized plasmoid emission during electrolysis cold fusion"}, journal = {Fusion Sci. Technol.}, volume = {40}, year = {2001}, pages = {108--109}, keywords = {Polemic, no FPH/Jones refs.}, submitted = {10/2000}, published = {07/2001}, annote = {Matsumoto remarks on the polemic by Lewis on p. 107, same issue, in which Lewis interprets Matsumoto's results (circles found on film) as evidence for his plasmoid theory. Matsumoto prefers his own theory of itons, the Nattoh (soya bean) model.} } @article{Matsud1990, author = {J.~I. Matsuda and T. Matsumoto and K. Nagao}, title = {An attempt to detect (3)He from the cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Geochem. J.}, volume = {24}, year = {1990}, pages = {379--382}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, electrolysis, helium, res-}, submitted = {09/1990}, annote = {The reactions p-d-->(3)He, d-d-->(3)He+n and d-d-->t+p all eventually lead to (3)He, since t decays to (3)He also. A high sensitivity mass spec can detect down to $3 \times 10^4$ to $3 \times 10^6$ He atoms, say the authors, which is inferior to neutron detection but better than for heat, gamma or tritium. Electrolytes of LiOH (in H2O) and LiOD (D2O) were electrolysed at a 10*15*0.2 mm$^3$ Ti plate, which had been preheated at 800 degC in vacuum for 1 h to reduce its He content. Currents up to 250 mA were applied to the cells, and the cathodes analysed for He after runs of from 2 to 18 h. The VG5400 MS was set at such a sensitivity as to be able to distinguish between (3)He and HD. The samples were heated to 1000 degC for 20 min to drive out the He, which was passed over a Ti-Zr getter to remove impurities, and through charcoal at liquid N2 temperature to remove Ar, Kr and Xe. No significant differences between controls and D2O runs were found, and the results lie close to the detection limits, setting an upper bound to cold fusion of 30/s, much smaller than FPH's 40000/s but larger than Jones+'s. The results show a much higher level of (4)He by a factor of about $3 \times 10^4$ but again, with no difference between controls and D2O runs.} } @article{Matsun1990, author = {N. Matsunami}, title = {Solid state effects on tunnelling probability for d+d nuclear fusion at room temperature}, journal = {Radiat. Effects Def. Solids}, volume = {112}, year = {1990}, pages = {181--188}, keywords = {Theory, screening, res0}, submitted = {05/1989}, annote = {The author tries to see whether screening by lattice electrons might increase the cold fusion rate. This is not found reasonable for d-d fusion, but D-D fusion might be feasible if an energy of as little as 100 eV can be found. The author then (erroneously) invokes the steep potential gradient at the metal/electrolyte interface, apparently as the source of this energy. There is no real conclusion, however.} } @article{Matsuz1994, author = {A. Matsuzaki and T. Nishina and I. Uchida}, title = {In situ low incident angle XRD technique with electrochemical methods. Application to deuterium charging into palladium cathode}, journal = {Hyomen Gijutsu}, volume = {45}, year = {1994}, pages = {106--107}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, res-}, submitted = {06/1994}, annote = {The average d-d separation in PdD is greater than the 0.72 Ang in molecular D2; if 'cold fusion' were real, there would need to be tetrahedral site occupation of deuterium in the Pd lattice, and x-ray diffraction might then reveal this. The authors have developed the technique, low incident angle x-ray diffraction at electrodes, that might do the job, and applied it to this problem. They electrolysed at a Pd cathode in 0.1M LiOD at 30 mA/cm$^2$ for 10 days. They found only some (expected) structural changes in the Pd, but no close approach of deuterons to each other. Thus 'cold fusion' is not supported by this experiment.} } @article{Maye1990, author = {F.~J. Mayer and J.~S. King and J.~R. Reitz}, title = {Nuclear fusion from crack-generated particle acceleration}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {269--272}, keywords = {Theory, fracto, res0}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {A theoretical look at the fractofusion model for "cold" fusion. A crack is modelled as a capacitor shorted at one end, with a high voltage across it - as might be the case at the moment of crack formation. If this field can be maintained long enough for deuterons to accelerate across the crack, we might be in business. Some rough calculations indicate that we might be, indeed, making certain assumptions about crack size and speed of formation. This also suggests the possibility of maximising the effect by inducing cracking deliberately. A first attempt is made to show how one might calculate whether such a process might be energy-profitable.} } @article{Maye1991a, author = {F.~J. Mayer and J.~R. Reitz}, title = {Nuclear energy release in metals}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {552--557}, keywords = {Suggestion, polyneutrons, CIF connection}, submitted = {10/1990}, published = {05/199}, annote = {A new "scenario" is proposed that might explain what is known about cold fusion and can suggest new directions for cnf experiments. The knowns are (all approx.) neutrons: 1000/s; tritium: $10^{11}$/s; little or no (3)He or (4)He; no d-t neutrons or gammas; everything comes in bursts. The lack of energetic secondaries, often cited as THE major problem, is significant. There is some recent speculation about the brief combination of an electron with protons, deuteron or triton, making a virtual mono-, di- or tri-neutron. This might last about 60 microsec, enough time to do stuff. These might incidentally explain the anomalously high diffusion rate of hydrogen (isotopes) in Pd. Virtual trineutrons could react with (106)Pd but there is not enough tritium. Virtual dineutrons cannot do this, but can react with some impurities that are deposited during electrolysis, such as Pt, U. The scenario can be tested by controlling impurity types and levels. It is also consistent with known facts of cnf, as well as with the related field of cluster impact fusion, also anomalous (though now defunct).} } @article{Maye1991b, author = {F.~J. Mayer and J.~R. Reitz}, title = {On very low energy hydrogenic nuclear reactions}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {367--372}, keywords = {Theory, hydron, CIF connection, res+}, submitted = {05/1991}, published = {11/1991}, annote = {The much-discussed hydron theory, which might explain the family of anomalous observations: cold fusion, cluster impact fusion (CIF) and the exploding LiD wires of Lochte-Holtgreven, 1987. A set of calculations is presented for estimating the nuclear reaction rates and characteristics of this new class of hydrogenic objects, and these are tied to data. There is rough agreement with CIF results; the authors have previously also explained excess heat without radiation from CNF by the model. Unfortunately, CIF has been shown to be an artefact.} } @article{Maye1991c, author = {F.~J. Mayer}, title = {Comments on 'Excess heat production by the electrolysis of an aqueous potassium carbonate electrolyte and the implications for cold fusion'}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {511.}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {07/1991}, published = {12/1991}, annote = {FJM comments critically on Mills and Kneizys' paper in ibid 20 (1991) 65. He sets aside the doubtful "theory" (FJM's quote marks) of the authors, but points out an alternative explanation of the excess heat. This is the effect on the electrolyte conductivity of the radioactive decay of (40)K present in all potassium salts. If the conductivity changes, the calorimetry calibration may be wrong. There is no such effect with Na, which accounts for the lack of excess heat with sodium carbonate (M\&K's control), whereas with Rb there is the effect (from the (87)Rb), again consistent with M\&K's paper. Mayer suggests the use of Lu, which also has a radioactive isotope but may not fit with the M\&K theory. Finally, in normal cold fusion calorimetry, the production of tritium may also have this effect on conductivity and should be watched for.} } @article{Maye1992, author = {F.~J. Mayer and J.~R. Reitz}, title = {Response to 'Comments on "Nuclear energy release in metals"'}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {21}, year = {1992}, pages = {95--96}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {08/1991}, published = {01/1992}, annote = {Answer to Bryan and Gibson's polemic (FT 21 (1992) 95) denying the validity of M\&R's claim for nuclear reactions between deuterium and Pd, leading to changes in Pd isotope distribution. M \& R agree that the evidence for such changes is not there, but insist that their hydron theory of cold fusion fits the facts.} } @article{Maye1993, author = {R.~E. Mayer and N.~E. Patino and P.~C. Florido and S.~E. Gomez and J.~R. Granada and V.~H. Gillette}, title = {Neutron detection system for extremely low count rate. Calculation, construction and employment in search for 'cold fusion'}, journal = {Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. A}, volume = {324}, year = {1993}, pages = {501--510}, keywords = {Experimental, design, neutron detector}, submitted = {12/1991}, published = {02/1993}, annote = {A paper written for those who want to measure the extremely low-level neutrons thought to emanate from cold fusion experiments, but who are not specialists in the field of neutron measurement. The aims were high efficiency and reliability, as well as rejection of background noise. Therefore, the (3)He proportional counter was used, which however restricts a detailed energy analysis. Design calculation dictated a ring of 18 detectors, arranged as three clusters of six each. The tubes were kept at 10 atm helium pressure. High voltage leads were covered with paraffin melted onto them to prevent humidity problems. Pulse shape discrimination and an anticoincidence stage helped to guard against background. Measurements with a blank or no cell established a background of about 0.1 counts/s. No new results are reported, but previously reported results are summarised. These indicate a low-level neutron emission from cold fusion electrolyses.} } @article{Mazi1989a, author = {R.~K. Mazitov}, title = {On the detection of cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Koord. Khim.}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, year = {1989}, pages = {1294--1295}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Discussion, radiation detection, polemic}, submitted = {05/1989}, annote = {Writing at about t = 2 months into the cold fusion affair, Mazitov makes three points about radiation detection: 1. If there be fusion, there will be primary emissions (neutrons, gammas, protons and (3,4)He and T nuclei), as well as secondaries (the above plus beta particles) from the interaction of primaries with cell materials, such as the metal hydride itself. He calculates that a neutron peak can reasonably be expected at about the energy Jones+(89) found, although with largish uncertainties. 2. The radiation background level will often be very unstable, thus confounding the measurements at these very low levels, due to radon, which is everywhere. 3. Past experiments, conducted in basements, may have had high radon levels and widely fluctuating background. His prescription is to have exactly the same physical arrangement of the cell during background and cold fusion measurement; to ensure a stable atmosphere around the cell cum detector to ensure constant radon levels; to keep the cell physically constant throughout the experiment (no dropping D2O level etc) to minimise changes in the interactions of primaries with the cell.} } @article{Mazi1989b, author = {R.~K. Mazitov}, title = {Possibility of nuclear transformation in chemical reactions}, journal = {Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR}, volume = {307}, year = {1989}, pages = {1158--1160}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Discussion}, annote = {Discusses conditions under which CNF might take place, such as close approach of two D's, changes in the electronic structure of the D, "heavy" electrons and interactions of the D with the environment. Suggests the use of alloys of rare earth metals and actinides, because heavy fermions would exist in these, and might facilitate cold fusion.} } @article{McAl1992, author = {J.~W. McAllister}, title = {Competition among scientific disciplines in cold nuclear fusion research}, journal = {Science in Context}, volume = {5}, year = {1992}, pages = {17--49}, keywords = {Soc/sci discussion}, annote = {Science sociologist and philosopher McAllister looks at the sociological phenomenon of cold fusion, as rare evidence of competition between different disciplines (here: chemistry vs. physics), rather than the more usual intra- discipline strife. He gathers convincing evidence for such inter-discipline competition; certainly "the chemists" appear at times to have cheered each other, while "the physicists" have damned the phenomenon of cold fusion. He also cites some dissent from chemists. The paper concludes that cold fusion put at stake the corporate interests of parts of the communities of chemists and physicists; that these challenges evoked corporate responses; and that the knowledge claims of the participants are molded in part by their disciplines' roles in the controversy.} } @article{McCe1989, author = {A.~J. McCevoy and C.~T.~D. O'Sullivan}, title = {Cold fusion: what's going on?}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {338}, year = {1989}, pages = {711--712}, keywords = {Discussion, suggestion}, published = {04/1989}, annote = {Point out that muons can increase the fusion rate, and that there may be muons in the cosmic radiation, especially at higher altitudes, e.g. at Salt Lake City. They suggest more experiments on metal hydrides with muons.} } @article{McCr1990a, author = {D.~R. McCracken and J. Paquette and H.~A. Boniface and W.~R.~C. Graham and R.~E. Johnson and N.~A. Briden and W.~G. Cross and A. Arneja and D.~C. Tennant and M.~A. Lone and W.~J.~L. Buyers and K.~W. Chambers and A.~K. McIlwain and E.~M. Attas and R. Dutton}, title = {In search of nuclear fusion in electrolytic cells and in metal/gas systems}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {121--131}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, gas phase, Pd, Ti, neutrons, gammas, tritium, heat, res-}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {Both a Pd/D2O electrolysis and a Ti/D2 gas loading experiment are reported, with neutron, gamma and tritium monitoring, as well as (later) calorimetric measurement. Multiple neutron detectors, of various types, were used. Calorimetry consisted of measuring the temperature at the inlet and outlet of a cooling coil within the cell, with total gas recombination. About 1\% accuracy was achieved. Loading (i.e. x in PdD(x)) was measured by heating a sample of the loaded electrode in a closed system and measuring the pressure increase; a loading of 0.72 (beta phase) was found. The Ti was in the form of sponge, and was temperature cycled in the D2 gas at up to 40 atm. No neutron, gamma, tritium emissions were found in either system, and no heat events.} } @article{McCr1990b, author = {G.~M. McCracken and M. Bailey and S. Croft and D.~J.~S. Findlay and A. Gibson and R.~P. Govier and O.~N. Jarvis and H.~J. Milton and B.~A. Powell and G. Sadler and M.~R. Sene and D.~R. Sweetman and Belle. van P and H.~H.~H. Watson}, title = {Experimental search for 'cold fusion' in the deuterium-titanium system}, journal = {J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.}, volume = {23}, year = {1990}, pages = {469--475}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, gas phase, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {05/1990}, annote = {A very careful attempt to repeat the Frascati experiment of De Ninno et al. D2 absorption in Ti, cooling and heating were performed. Three separate types of neutron counters were used simultaneously. Nothing was found. The authors point out some problems. Although the counters, together, showed no neutron emission, one of them did by itself. So, if only one had been used, spurious neutrons might have been reported. Also, the baking temp. of 475 K said to have been used by the De Ninno team leaves an oxide layer, impervious to D2, so no D2 is absorbed; a higher baking temp. is needed. The authors state that the diffusion coefficient of D in Ti is 0.013 exp(-Q/RT), with Q = 52 kJ/mol; at 300K, this makes $2\times 10^{-11}$ cm$^2$/s. So charging for $10^4$ s and using diffusion theory gives a loaded layer only 9 microns deep, throwing doubt on claims of deep loading.} } @article{McKe1992, author = {J.~S.~C. McKee and G.~R. Smith and J.~J.~G. Durocher and H.~L. Johnston and M.~S. Mathur and J.~K. Mayer and A. Mirzai and Y.~H. Yeo and A. Hempel and H. Hnatiuk and S. King}, title = {The role of fractofusion in the creation of anomalies in neutron production from deuterium-implanted solids}, journal = {Nucl. Instr. Methods Phys. Res. B}, volume = {67}, year = {1992}, pages = {448--451}, keywords = {Discussion, fracto}, annote = {Purely on the basis of d-d separation (389 pm in Pd, 404 pm in PdD, 74 pm in D2 gas), cold fusion is unlikely. Here, the fracto-scenario is examined. Can the material fracture, and might there be metal-dielectric transitions in the deuteride? Cracks are well documented, and in an ionic crystal, the time constant of potential decay of a 1 mu crack is long enough to support the required acceleration. In a metallic conductor, however, the times are much smaller, unless the region around a crack becomes a dielectric, and this is thought to be possible. Fusion from acceleration should be accompanied by the emission of x-rays, and work is in progress.} } @article{McKu1994, author = {M.~C.~H. McKubre and S. Crouch-Baker and R.~C. Rocha-Filho and S.~I. Smedley and F.~L. Tanzella and T.~O. Passell and J. Santucci}, title = {Isothermal flow calorimetric investigations of the D/Pd and H/Pd systems}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {368}, year = {1994}, pages = {55--66}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, calorimetry, res+}, submitted = {02/1993}, published = {04/1994}, annote = {Thought by many to be one of the most thorough studies in this area, and long delayed in publication, this paper at last reports the results. A quality isothermal flow calorimeter was used here, and D/Pd (or H/Pd) loadings were monitored in situ by resistance measurements. The cells were closed, and gases recombined within them, so that recombination was fully accounted for. Excess powers were observed only for D/Pd above 0.9 and reached 28\% input power, but were typically about 5-10\%, with the noise lying at about 1/20 the excess power level. No excess power was observed under other conditions, the output balancing the input within the error.} } @incollection{McKu2008, author = {M. C. H. {McKubre} and F. L. Tanzella and I. Dardik and A. {El Boher} and T. Zilov and E. Greenspan and S. Sibilia and V. Violante}, title = {Replication of condensed matter heat production}, booktitle = {{Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook (Vol. 1)}}, year = {2008}, editor = {J. Marwan}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Washington, USA}, volume = {1}, pages = {219--247}, ISBN = {9780841269668, 0841269661}, annote = {The work of the laboratory Energetics which found excess heat was independently reproduced by the two other labs at SRI and ENEA, using two different types of calorimeter. Critical factors were found to be the micro-structure of the Pd, enabling high loading without damage, and the current function for the loading.} } @ARTICLE{McKu2009, author = {M. {McKubre}}, title = {From cold fusion to condensed matter nuclear science: 20 years of research}, journal = {J. Sci. Explor.}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {445--448}, published = {10/2009}, keywords = {Discussion}, annote = {* Extended abstract, ACS Symp. Utah March 2009. The author, who has himself performed many CNF experiments during this period, surveys the outcome. There are issues for further study, such as the mechanism of the reaction(s) and a viable theory.} } @ARTICLE{McKu2015, author = {M. C. H. McKubre}, title = {{Cold fusion: comments on the state of scientific proof}}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {108}, year = {2015}, pages = {495--498}, published = {02/2015}, annote = {"Early criticisms were made of the scientific claims made by Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons in 1989 on their observation of heat effects in electrochemically driven palladium-deuterium experiments that were consistent with nuclear but not chemical or stored energy sources. These criticisms were premature and adverse. In the light of 25 years further study of the palladium-deuterium system, what is the state of proof of Fleischmann and Pons' claims?"} } @article{Mebr1989, author = {T. Mebrahtu and J.~F. Rodriguez and M.~E. Bothwell and I.~F. Cheng and D.~R. Lawson and J.~R. McBride and C.~R. Martin and M.~P. Soriaga}, title = {Observations on the surface composition of palladium cathodes after D2O electrolysis in LiOD solutions}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {267}, year = {1989}, pages = {351--357}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, Auger electron, surface, res0}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {08/1989}, annote = {Focusses on the irreproducibility of CNF: might this be due to surface states? Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) was used to look at surface elements. Pure Pd itself had, besides Pd, the impurities S, C and O; heat treatment reduced but did not eliminate these, and added Si, presumably out of the metal bulk. After 7 days of electrolysis, AES no longer showed Pd. Impurities have evidently covered it completely. C, Si and O peaks are larger, S has vanished along with the Pd. This is useful information to all who think they purify their Pd by simple heating.} } @article{Mele1999, author = {L. Melendez and E. Chavez and R. Lopez and G.~J. Cruz and M.~G. Olayo}, title = {Titanium deuteration with neutron emission through electrical discharges}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {35}, year = {1999}, pages = {71--77}, keywords = {Experimental, discharge, Ti, neutrons, res0}, submitted = {09/1997}, published = {01/1999}, annote = {Surface-cleaned titanium samples were placed in a stainless steel chamber that was then evacuated, and deuterium let in at 100 Torr. High voltage discharges were then applied, and pressure increases, as well as sample temperature rises, were noted. Three types of neutron detectors were used to search for neutron emissions, but none were found that were not most likely to be artifacts. There were some anomalous peaks, but not unambiguously indicating cold fusion. More work is needed.} } @article{Mell1992, author = {R.~E. Mellican}, title = {From fusion frenzy to fraud: Reflections on science and its cultural norms}, journal = {Bull. Sci. Tech. Soc.}, volume = {12}, year = {1992}, pages = {1--9}, keywords = {sci-soc}, published = {01/1992}, annote = {The philosopher author here associates cold fusion and science fraud in one article. Again, science-by-press conference is mentioned. Merton's conception of modern science is discussed. One of the features of "science" is that of "organised skepticism", or self-doubt, mentioned also by CP Snow. Peer review acts as a social control. Cold fusion researchers have been charged with a lack of this self-doubt, and criticised for their press conferences. However, this is not unusual for exciting new fields; what is more, the critics themselves engaged in the same activity. However, Mellican points out that one feature of the cold fusion affair is that money plays a large role, and that this is an increasingly important aspect of research. The author concludes that society may need to reconsider, in the light of "scientific misconduct and the cold fusion episode", the relationship between science and the public.} } @article{Mend1991, author = {R.~V. Mendes}, title = {Ergodic motion and near collisions in a Coulomb system}, journal = {Mod. Phys. Lett. B}, volume = {5}, year = {1991}, pages = {1179--1190}, keywords = {Theory}, submitted = {05/1991}, annote = {This explores the possibilities of many body processes taking place between charged particles in chaotic motion, as in metal deuterides, to perhaps find factors that might enhance the rate of d-d fusion. Dynamic effects - near collisions of ergodically moving particles - and/or collective effects are the likely suspects. It is found that three-body collisions would dominate, the bodies being two d's and one electron. The mass of the electron does not need to be greater than normal. Rather large rates of instances of close proximity are calculated, and emphasise the fact that the charged particles are not at rest but in energetic motion. A fusion rate is not computed, however. The author makes some suggestions for how fusion might be favoured, based on this. Cluster impact fusion (now defunct) is mentioned in connection with solid state (cold) fusion.} } @article{Meng1991, author = {G. Mengoli and M. Fabrizio and C. Manduchi and G. Zannoni and L. Riccardi and F. Veronesi and A. Buffa}, title = {The observation of tritium in the electrolysis of D2O at palladium sheet electrodes}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {304}, year = {1991}, pages = {279--287}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, surface poisoning, tritium, res+}, submitted = {11/1990}, published = {04/1991}, annote = {Electrolysis at sheets down to 0.1 mm thickness. Loadings of 0.8-0.9 were achieved, measured by reverse electrolysis. Tritium was analysed by means of aliquots taken from the electrolyte. D2O levels were kept up by addition of more D2O; the authors compensate the tritium results for the fact that the D2O added contained much less tritium than that originally in the cell. Many cells show no tritium produced, but some do, at significant levels, above those that can be attributed to electrolytic enrichment. Thiourea and As2O3 were used to poison the Pd surface, to aid deuterium loading.} } @article{Meng1992, author = {G. Mengoli and M. Fabrizio and C. Manduchi and G. Zannoni and L. Riccardi and A. Buffa}, title = {Tritium and neutron emission in D2O electrolysis at Pd and Ti cathodes}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {322}, year = {1992}, pages = {107--117}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, Ti, tritium, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {07/1991}, published = {01/1992}, annote = {Previous work by this team, in which some evidence of tritium was found, indicated that large cathode area would be favourable, as would be some sort of nonequilibrium. Here, this is followed up with larger Ti and Pd plates, rods and tubes, with the geometry providing asymmetric electric fields for nonequilibrium (unequal current densities over the cathode surfaces). The Ti was cleaned prior to use in either boiling 20\% oxalic acid (3 min) or 5\% HF, to remove the blocking oxide layers; Pd was dipped in 5M HCl to remove traces of contaminant metals (Fe, Cr, etc). Tritium was looked for in the electrolyte and evolved gases; tritium in the cathodes was believed to appear in these phases eventually, so was not looked for in the metals. Neutrons were detected by a single scintillation counter, in a constant temperature room, regarded as important; pulse height discrimination was used; overall efficiency was 0.3-0.35\%. No significant neutrons were found, and none correlating with tritium peaks. This is probably due to the high background of above 100 c/s. Tritium enrichment was observed, but could not account for all of the tritium found, even if an infinite separation factor is assumed; no relationship (other than one negative one) between current and tritium produced could be discerned. Some tritium deficit was observed as well and put down to evaporation loss. What tritium excess was found appeared early in the electrolysis at Ti, in conformity with a near-surface effect.} } @article{Meng1993, author = {G. Mengoli and M. Fabrizio and C. Manduchi and G. Zannoni}, title = {Surface and bulk effects in the extraction of hydrogen from highly loaded Pd sheet electrodes}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {350}, year = {1993}, pages = {57--72}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, light water, loading, res0}, submitted = {07/1992}, published = {05/1993}, annote = {The cold fusion affair has sparked interest in the "hydrogen in metals" field. Most previous work has stayed within the low-loading regime, i.e. the alpha phase. Fundamental questions remain: what loadings can be achieved? What is the hydrogen diffusivity at high loading? Can the absorption- desorption processes be controlled? Some electrolysis experiments are done here, sticking to normal water (hydrogen). Pd foils of thickness of 0.02 cm were used, as well as a rotating Pd disk exposed in an insulating Teflon plane. Electrolysis was at controlled potential of -2 to -2.5 V vs. the reference electrode (SCE), for some minutes to three days. Loading was then determined by anodic extraction at around zero V and values of 0.97 or so were achieved. The surprising result was that different extraction currents (at similar loadings) were observed at different LiOH concentrations; the higher the concs, the higher the currents. Also, different rotation rates of the disk gave different extraction currents, indicating a solution-side process. None of this is followed up; instead, some diffusion theory is presented and a large number of diffusion coefficients tabulated.} } @article{Meng1995, author = {G. Mengoli and M. Fabrizio and C. Manduchi and E. Milli and G. Zannoni}, title = {Absorption-desorption of deuterium at Pd95\%-Rh5\% alloy. II: Neutron emission}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {395}, year = {1995}, pages = {249--260}, keywords = {Experimental, alloy, Pd, Rh, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {04/1994}, published = {10/1995}, annote = {Part I of this double paper was a peripheral, not dealing directly with cold fusion. Here, the team reports results of neutron measurements at the title alloy loaded either electrochemically or from D2 gas. Neutrons were detected by a 100 cm$^3$ NE213 scintillation detector, with severe pulse-shape gamma discrimination, resulting in a neutron efficiency of $3.3\times 10^{-3}$. The alloy cathode sheet was inside two anode Pt sheets, ensuring fairly even loading. 0.1M (and in one run. 0.5 M) LiOD was the electrolyte. The alpha/beta phase transition was passed many times, and in many cases, neutrons were observed in excess by 1-2 sigma above the background (sigma being the background fluctuation rms). With the gas phase runs, the most neutrons were observed at loadings below the beta phase. Neutron emissions were also correlated with temperature increase (sample heating). The paper discusses why neutrons were observed reproducibly in this work and not in earlier work.} } @article{Meng1998a, author = {G. Mengoli and M. Bernardini and C. Manducchi and G. Zannoni}, title = {Anomalous heat effects correlated with electrochemical hydriding of nickel}, journal = {Il Nuovo Cimento D}, volume = {20}, year = {1998}, pages = {331--352}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, light water, Ni, excess heat, res+}, submitted = {07/1996}, published = {03/1998}, annote = {This is a confirmation of CNF in the Ni/light water system, but the Mills theory is rejected (a good brief history is provided). The authors note that this system shows better reproducibility than F\&P-type heavy water systems but the Mills' theory is refuted by experiments of Piantelli where no alkali metal ions were involved. They first looked at hydriding of sintered and solid Ni, and found better loading in sintered Ni; this was used thereafter. The electrolyte was potassium carbonate, as well as sodium carbonate (according to Mills, not conducive to CNF; both worked). A single thermometer was used to measure the cell temperature. Evaporated water was refluxed back into the cell and mixing was assured by means of a constant influx of nitrogen bubbles. Both isothermal and non-isothermal calorimetry was used, at three working bath temperatures: 50C, 80C and 99C. Significant (up to 20-30 sigma) excess heat was found, increasing with temperature; but no blank controls were possible. Some (few) runs failed, producing no excess heat; in these, the cathodes were either preoxidised, or organic impurities had been in these cells. Thus, surface treatment is important. There was a marked after-effect, i.e. excess heat after current cut-off.} } @article{Meng1998b, author = {G. Mengoli and M. Bernardini and C. Manduchi and G. Zannoni}, title = {Calorimetry close to the boiling temperature of the D2O/Pd electrolytic system}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {444}, year = {1998}, pages = {155--167}, keywords = {Experimental, excess heat, calorimetry, res+}, submitted = {01/1996}, published = {03/1998}, annote = {This team of electrochemists and physicists decided that a hot near-boiling electrolyte might be the secret of reproducibility for excess heat, and tested the idea. Their cells operated at about 95C and due consideration was given to the heat of evaporation of the water etc. The calorimeter was kept at the operating temperature by additional heating with a heating coil, whose power was adjusted so as to keep the temperature constant. They also - emulating the F\&P "heat after death" report - checked the effect of cutting the current. Constant current was used, and the cathodes were platelets and 4mm rods of Pd. The electrolyte was K2CO3, the reasoning being that alkali would attack the glass; so no Li was present in these experiments. Nor were there any high D/Pd loadings. In most runs, excess heat was found and found to go on after the current was cut. Rods were less effective than plates, due perhaps to their smaller surface/volume ratio.} } @article{Menl1990a, author = {H.~O. Menlove and M.~M. Fowler and E. Garcia and A. Mayer and M.~C. Miller and R.~R. Ryan and S.~E. Jones}, title = {The measurement of neutron emission from Ti plus D2 gas}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {215--216}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, gas phase, temperature cycling, neutrons, res+}, published = {06/1990}, annote = {Various forms of Ti chips and sponge were exposed to D2 under pressure, and neutrons monitored, using high-efficiency (21-34\%) cavity-type detectors containing 6-8 (3)He tubes. Random neutron emissions were observed as well as time-correlated neutron bursts. Temperature cycling, from liquid nitrogen temperature up to room temp., was emplyed, and the neutron bursts were emitted during the warm-up phase; the random emissions persisted for 19 h after warm-up. The cycle could be repeated only a few times, whereupon neutron emissions ceased. The rather low neutron yields at 0.05-0.2 n/s were 10.4 sigma above background. Two electrolytic cells showed similar neutron bursts. The mechanism of neutron production is not clear.} } @article{Menl1990b, author = {H.~O. Menlove and M.~M. Fowler and E. Garcia and M.~C. Miller and M.~A. Paciotti and R.~R. Ryan and S.~E. Jones}, title = {Measurement of neutron emission from Ti and Pd in pressurized D2 gas and D2O electrolysis cells}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {495--506}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, Pd, V, gas phase, neutrons, fracto, res+}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {LANL and Brigham Young get together to measure neutron bursts and randoms from a variety of sample types, such as D2 gas mixed with Pd and Ti chips, sponge, crystals and powder, as well as electrolysis in D2O at cathodes of Ti, Pd and V. Four separate neutron detectors were used, all based on (3)He tubes. These were placed 1-2 m from each other, in an underground, low-background lab. There is a lot of detail on the neutron detection technique, which can exclude common noise sources such as electrical noise, rf interference and cosmic showers, and uses correlation to distinguish between real neutron bursts and artifacts. Also, there was an acoustical detector attached to the sample bottle, to detect cracking of the Ti samples. Control runs had tubes of Ti in air, or cells without electrodes, or cells with H2O instead of D2O. The electrolytes were the Jones+ soup as well as others. Everything is tabulated for the reader. Neutron bursts were detected from Ti in D2, and also from Ti in a 50:50 mix of D2:H2 (to test for p-d fusion). No bursts from dummy controls. Random-neutron counts were also seen from Ti+D2, but not from controls. The electrolysis runs showed some 3-sigma random emissions and one showed bursts, going on for some days. So, out of 42 carefully done experiments, 14 produced significant neutron emissions, mostly in the form of bursts, by up to two orders of magnitude above the background. The bursts are consistent with the fracto-fusion idea, although no bursts correlated with cracking noises. The random emissions cannot be the sum of small bursts, so neutrons are emitted by two separate processes, maybe. The common denominator between them is nonequilibrium. Future work is planned, to characterise the materials used and to improve the detection to the point where energy spectra can be obtained.} } @article{Menl1990c, author = {H.~O. Menlove and M.~C. Miller}, title = {Neutron-burst detectors for cold-fusion experiments}, journal = {Nucl. Instr. Methods Phys. Res. A}, volume = {299}, year = {1990}, pages = {10--16}, keywords = {Design, neutron detector}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {This describes the neutron detector built at LANL, and details some of the design considerations. The job is to cope with the intermittent nature and low intensity of the neutrons, and with short bursts without losing information. The high-efficiency detectors used by Menlove et al are based on (3)He gas tubes in a CH2 moderator. An inner ring of nine (3)He tubes is surrounded by an outer one of 42 tubes. The inner ring is unmoderated and is more sensitive to lower-energy neutrons, while the moderated outer ring responds to higher- energies. Bursts are handled by time-spread them by thermalisation in the CH2 moderator. The detectors have been used in cold fusion experiments (mostly reported elsewhere) in an underground laboratory with low background, and worked well.} } @ARTICLE{Meul2015, author = {A. Meulenberg}, title = {{Extensions to physics: what cold fusion teaches}}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {108}, year = {2015}, pages = {499--506}, published = {02/2015}, annote = {"This article documents some condensed matter nuclear science work where contemporary physics models are re-examined, extended and/or supplemented. Primarily for DD fusion: (1) ability of two low-energy protons or deuterons to penetrate their mutual Coulomb barrier; (2) production of heat far in excess of that possible based on the measured particulate radiation; (3) high levels of 4He measured; (4) enhanced coupling of nuclear energy to local lattice; (5) transmutation, and (6) selective 'scavenging' of radionuclides in the lattice have been explained in terms of several extended physics models. More than sufficient evidence now proves that low energy nuclear reactions occur and lead forward."} } @article{Meye1991, author = {W.~E. Meyerhof}, title = {Statistical analysis of a 'cold fusion' experiment}, journal = {J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., Lett.}, volume = {153}, year = {1991}, pages = {391--398}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {01/1991}, published = {04/1991}, annote = {Meyerhof looks at the results of Yagi et al, which these authors take as evidence for cold fusion neutron emission. If it were, it would have to follow normal neutron emission statistics in the form of Poisson distributions of the number of counts found in a given time interval; certainly the background counts should follow this. Analysis of the results of Yagi et al show that only one set fits this requirement clearly, one is a borderline case and one (the background!) does not fit it at all. All neutron measurement ought to undergo such analysis, says M, to ascertain its trustworthiness. He further points to recent results (Aberdam et al) setting the cold fusion upper limits at a very low $10^{-26}$ fus/s/pair.} } @article{Miao1994a, author = {B. Miao}, title = {Experimental exploration on possible mechanism of D-D cold fusion in titanium lattice}, journal = {Xibei Shifan Daxue Xuebao, Ziran Kexueban}, volume = {30}, year = {1994}, pages = {44--48}, note = {In Chinese}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, excess heat, tritium, neutrons, res+}, annote = {From the English abstract, it appears that this was an attempt at scale-up of an electrolysis at a large Ti rod (in the text I find 86 mm, 120 mm), at current densities 500 mA/cm$^2$. Excess heat was found, but little neutrons or tritium. The results support the theory of Qing-Quan Gou. The abstract also mentions 4He in the keyword list.} } @article{Miao1994b, author = {B. Miao}, title = {Experimental exploration on the possible mechanism of D-D cold fusion in titanium lattice}, journal = {Xibei Shifan Xuebao. Ziran Kexueban}, note = {In Chinese, Engl. abstr.}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, year = {1994}, pages = {39--43}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Ti, calorimetry, res+}, annote = {"The present paper reports in detail the experiments of electrolysing D2O made by the group using Titanium cathode. The primary results of experiments have proved exothermal effect and product 4He of nuclear fusion, the two specific feature predicted by the mechanism of professor Gou Qingquan" (direct quote of the abstr.). Fig. 2 shows an electrolytic cell with a Ti cathode and two thermistors in the cell, one at the Ti, the other away from it. The electrolyte was 0.1M NaOD in D2O. Fig. 5 shows some temperature excursions, one lasting 2753 min.} } @article{Midd1990, author = {R. Middleton and J. Klein and D. Fink}, title = {Tritium measurements with a tandem accelerator}, journal = {Nucl. Instr. Methods Phys. Res. B}, volume = {47}, year = {1990}, pages = {409--414}, keywords = {Experimental, instrumental, MS, tritium}, submitted = {12/1989}, annote = {Spurred by the cold fusion news, this team decided to measure the sensitivity of their accelerator mass spectrometer for tritium analysis. This instrument is not only very sensitive, but also allows discrimination of other species with similar mass, such as HD- ions, or similar magnetic rigidity, such as (6)Li. The team had available deuterated Ti samples 10 and 12 years old; these might, if Jones et al (89) are right, have steadily accumulated T in the interval. The method was to absorb the deuterium gas in Ti powder (if not already there) and release it into the instrument. The sensitivity of the measurement is down to a ratio T:D equal to $10^{-16}$; this is somewhat academic, since it was found that several samples of fresh D2O showed a ratio of $10^{-10}$, an "astonishingly high level". The authors checked, by directly injecting D2 rather than going through their Ti-absorption way, that the T did not come from unintended cold fusion in the Ti. We must accept, then, that heavy water is now "naturally" contaminated with tritium. This rather expensive method, however, is a good way of monitoring T with accuracy. The old TiD samples did not, by the way, show unexpected tritium.} } @article{Mile1990b, author = {M.~H. Miles and K.~H. Park and D.~E. Stilwell}, title = {Electrochemical calorimetric evidence for cold fusion in the palladium-deuterium system}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {296}, year = {1990}, pages = {241--254}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, calorimetry, res+}, submitted = {06/1990}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Measured excess heat during electrolysis at Pd in 0.1 M LiOD; at the same time, radiation levels were (crudely) monitored near the cell (nothing was found). There were control electrolyses with light water cells. The calorimetry consisted of a prior calibration using electrical heating, and thermistors in a water jacket around the cell. Thus, temperature in this jacket could be related to the amount of heat given off inside the cells. Excess heat was calculated by simple subtraction of the thermoneutral potential from the total cell voltage. Averaging over 11-33 days, several cells containing heavy water showed a mean excess heat of 4-17\%, with error limits, in some cases, below these levels. The light water control runs showed no excess heat. As no recombination was used, periodic water additions were required, and contributed to temperature fluctuations. However, some excess heat excursions are clearly uncorrelated with such additions.} } @article{Miles1990a, author = {M.~H. Miles and R.~E. Miles}, title = {Theoretical neutron flux levels, dose rates, and metal foil activation in electrochemical cold fusion experiments}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {295}, year = {1990}, pages = {409--414}, keywords = {Discussion, radiation monitoring}, submitted = {06/1990}, published = {11/1990}, annote = {No experiment is reported here but some calculations are made to help with experiments. First, the authors consider the safety of cold fusion cells: if they emit neutrons, what dosage do the operators receive? Assuming 1E04 n/s, and a certain spectral composition, the dosages at various places in and on a typical FPH-type cell are calculated. Result: the emission level would have to go up to $10^6$ n/s to be a danger. This leads to thoughts of where to place a neutron detector, to get the most out of it, and another method of measuring neutron emission: activation of certain metals. Using, e.g. foils of In, Au or even Cu, wrapped closely around the inner cell, foils of all these metals would be fully activated in a typical 30-hour experiment, given the assumed neutron emission level. This activation can then be detected by the gamma radiation given off by the activated foils.} } @article{Miles1993, author = {M.~H. Miles and R.~A. Hollins and B.~F. Bush and J.~J. Lagowski and R.~E. Miles}, title = {Correlation of excess power and helium production during D2O and H2O electrolysis using palladium cathodes}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {346}, year = {1993}, pages = {99--117}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, calorimetry, helium, res+}, submitted = {03/1992}, published = {03/1993}, annote = {Two standard CNF electrolysis cells, test-tube shaped, were placed in a water cooling bath, which functioned as heat detector. The electrolyte was 18g of 0.2M LiOD or LiOH in heavy or light water, resp. The Pd cathode was a 0.63 cm dia., 1.1 cm long cylinder, surrounded by a Pt/Rh (80:20\%) wire spiral as anode. The heat response time constant was about 30 minutes. Helium was taken from the effluent gases, and great care was taken to avoid contamination. The helium detection limit was estimated at 1-2 ppb, and analysis was done elsewhere, by high-res. MS, able to distinguish (4)He from D2. Indium and gold foils, as well as dental x-ray film, were also mounted around the cells to detect neutrons or (the film) any radiation. Excess power was calculated with subtraction for the electrolysis power consumed, and evolved gas checked with the assumption that no recombination took place. Excess heat was found, at up to 27\% (a peak value), but remaining positive for long periods. Large excess heat values were accompanied by large (4)He peaks, and small excess heat by small (4)He peaks. Thus, excess heat and (4)He detections were correlated, in roughly commensurate quantities. Controls with light water produced neither excess heat nor helium. No (3)He was found in any experiments. Some dental films registered radiation exposure, but the metal foils showed no activation. This sets the neutron emission limit at $< 10^5$ n/s. Tritium assay of the final electrolyte showed some increase but electrolytic enrichment could not be ruled out as its cause. Subsequent experiments with new Pd cathodes failed to reproduce the excess heat and dental film exposures. Errors were carefully examined but considered insufficient to explain the positive results. The experiment is consistent with the (4)He reaction being the major fusion branch.} } @article{Miles1994a, author = {M.~H. Miles and B.~F. Bush and J.~J. Lagowski}, title = {Anomalous effects involving excess power, radiation, and helium production during D2O electrolysis using palladium cathodes}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {25}, year = {1994}, pages = {478--486}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, helium, res+}, submitted = {05/1993}, published = {07/1994}, annote = {The previous paper by these authors, claiming the observation of helium generated in a 'cold fusion' cell, was criticised by many; the authors now agree that error limits had not been sufficiently defined. In more recent experiments, they have now established the detection limits for 4He in their 500 ml Pyrex glass flasks: it is $3\times 10^{13}$ atoms. This gives some credence to their measured rate of production of 4He, $10^{11} \dots 10^{12}$ atoms/s/W(excess power), which is about right for d-d fusion giving 4He (the rare branch, thought by some to dominate in PdD). The authors admit to experimental problems, including excess heat errors a large fraction of the excess heat itself, but the double blind nature of these studies makes them more confident that the new results are trustworthy.} } @article{Miles1994b, author = {M.~H. Miles and B.~F. Bush and D.~E. Stilwell}, title = {Calorimetric principles and problems in measurements of excess power during Pd-D2O electrolysis}, journal = {J. Phys. Chem.}, volume = {98}, year = {1994}, pages = {1948--1952}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, calorimetry, res+}, submitted = {06/1993}, published = {02/1994}, annote = {Calorimetry of electrolysis cells as used in cold fusion will yield false results, if steady state is assumed for such variables as cell temperature, -voltage etc, and this has been done in other's work. The present authors single out such teams as Lewis et al, Williams et al, Albagli et al and Wilson et al; all teams reporting null results. Here, two types of isoperibolic calorimeters were used, one similar to that used by the above teams and also by Fleischmann et al, the other being more sophisticated and similar to that also used by Williams et al. The first type of setup measures the temperature directly within the cell, and this, as the electrolyte changes during electrolysis, produces a changing cell constant; when the temperature is measured outside the cell, this effect goes and better results are obtained. Other details are described. The calorimeter had an overall error of only $\pm$0.020 W with an input power of around 5-10 W (an informed guess). In the light of these insights, old null results are reexamined, and Lewis et al should have reported an excess of 1 W/cm$^3$, in line with Fleischmann et al, and Miles et al. Similar errors may hold for the other prominent null report papers.} } @article{Miles1998a, author = {M.~H. Miles}, title = {Reply to 'Examination of claims of Miles et al. in Pons-Fleischmann-type cold fusion experiments'}, journal = {J. Phys. Chem. B}, volume = {102}, year = {1998}, pages = {3642--3646}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {06/1996}, published = {04/1998}, annote = {Miles at last rebuts the polemic paper by Jones et al, J. Phys. Chem. 99 (1995) 6966; this rebuttal has taken 3 years to come out. It is unusually long for a rebuttal (4.5 pp), and details where Jones et al went wrong, and Miles was right. Miles' excess heat was not erroneous, the calorimetric constant was in fact constant, there was no recombination, there were controls, the helium evidence is good, etc.} } @article{Miles1998b, author = {M.~H. Miles}, title = {Reply to 'An assessment of claims of excess heat in cold fusion calorimetry'}, journal = {J. Phys. Chem. B}, volume = {102}, year = {1998}, pages = {3648.}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {02/1998}, published = {04/1998}, annote = {A rebuttal of Jones et al's rebuttal (p. 3646) of Miles' rebuttal (p. 3642) in this issue of the journal of Jones et al's original polemic in J. Phys. Chem. 99 (1995) 6966. Unusually, Miles' rebuttal was followed, in the same issue, by another one from Jones et al, and here by yet another from Miles. He briefly points out that he normally only presents experimental results, not theories (which others provide), that his calorimetry does not suffer from thermal gradients due to insufficient stirring, that larger current densities were used than those of Jones et al, and that recombination is not an issue.} } @article{Miles2000, author = {M.~H. Miles}, title = {Calorimetric studies of Pd/D2O+LiOD electrolysis cells}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {482}, year = {2000}, pages = {56--65}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, excess heat, Pd, res+}, submitted = {07/1999}, published = {02/2000}, annote = {Miles has previously reported excess heat from his cold fusion cells but recognises that the levels have been such as not to convince all. He has now developed a more sensitive calorimeter in order to improve the measurements Heat transfer is mainly by conduction and temperature is measured in the mantle between the (long tube-) cell and the insulation around it. This mantle is a layer of Al foil packing, which evens out temperatures, so that the probes measure an average. Heavy water was occasionally added, and the total volume of electrolyte in the cell checked to an accuracy of 0.5 ml. The Pd cathode was a rod 1 x 20mm. Two similar cells were made and run, at constant current of some hundreds of mA (changing the level at times). Cell A had a Pd rod that had produced results before, cell B had one that had failed and acted as control. No dramatic effects were observed in either cell but excess was found in cell A, at multiples of the smallest measurable. Some of these events happened while the total cell voltage decreased, so they were not ohmic effects. There was no correlation between excess heat and such factors such as current changes. Recombination was ruled out as an explanation, and the control, which behaved normally, confirmed the effect in cell A.} } @article{Miles2001, author = {M.~H. Miles and M.~A. Imam and M. Fleischmann}, title = {Calorimetric analysis of a heavy water electrolysis experiment using a Pd-B alloy cathode}, journal = {Proc. Electrochem. Soc.}, volume = {2001-23}, year = {2001}, pages = {194--205}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd alloy, heat, res+}, annote = {The hidden agenda in the work of F\&P was to design experiments that would help establish that quantum electrodynamics (QED) is the correct paradigm of Nature. The experiments reported here continue this effort. Hydrogen mobility in Pd requires QED, as does cold fusion. High loading is required, 4He is the main product. In the present experiments, a Pd-boron alloy was electrolysed in 0.1M LiOD, and two probes in the cell monitored temperature against that outside the cell. Excess heat and "heat after death" was observed, thus confirming cold fusion.} } @incollection{Miles2008, author = {M. Miles and M. Fleischmann}, title = {Accuracy of isoperibolic calorimetry used in a cold fusion control experiment}, booktitle = {{Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook (Vol. 1)}}, year = {2008}, editor = {J. Marwan}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Washington, USA}, volume = {1}, pages = {153--171}, ISBN = {9780841269668, 0841269661}, annote = {Excess heat claims have been criticised as due to inaccuracies. The authors here describe a control experiment in which no fusion takes place, and show that an accuracy of 0.1 mW can be achieved, thereby confirming previous observations, in which up to 1W excess was measured. This rests not only on the experiment itself but also on the calculation method.} } @ARTICLE{Miles2009, author = {M. H. Miles and M. Fleischmann}, title = {Twenty-year review of isoperobolic calorimetric measurements of the Fleischmann-Pons effect}, journal = {J. Sci. Explor.}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {469--473}, published = {10/2009}, keywords = {review}, annote = {* Review of the title calorimetry, concluding that highly accurate measurements are now possible. In retrospect, the negative Harwell Caltech and MIT results were flawed, probably by a desire to see negatives. For example, the raw data from the Harwell study showed evidence of excess heat, contrary to that team's conclusion at the time.} } @incollection{Miley1999, author = {G.~H. Miley}, title = {Emerging physics for a breakthrough thin-film electrolytic power unit}, booktitle = {Space Technol. Applic. Int. Forum}, editor = {M. S. El-Genk}, publisher = {American Institute of Physics}, volume = {458}, year = {1999}, pages = {1227--1231}, keywords = {Discussion, res+}, annote = {Miley here summarises results obtained by himself and others from electrolysis of thin Ni films on small inert packed beads in light water and LiSO4. Apart from excess heat, the observations include isotope shifts in the Pd and the production of elements (isotopes) not present initially. Little radiation is emitted. When this phenomenon is developed further, it may provide power sources for space applications, for example a 1kW cell using only 500 cc of active electrode material.} } @article{Miley2000, author = {G.~H. Miley}, title = {Some personal reflections on scientific ethics and the cold fusion 'episode'}, journal = {Accountability Res.}, volume = {8}, year = {2000}, pages = {121--135}, keywords = {Discussion, sci/soc}, annote = {George Miley, editor of the journal Fusion Technology and two others, reflects on some personal issues arising in the wake of CNF. Many were personally affected by the affair, perhaps, as he muses, because of the impact CNF would have if it were real. He then goes on the ethics of publishing CNF papers, for example in his journal. He decided early on to take such papers, but filtered out problem papers by subjecting all to the normal strict review process. This resulted in controversy and GHM added reviewers from the hot fusion community after some time, which resulted in an increased rejection rate but did not stop papers appearing. He then discusses the role of Internet - email and web pages, which had good and bad effects. Thus, Infinite Energy published a paper given by GHM at a meeting, without asking him, a breach with usual practice. Other examples are given, and the author concludes that a course on professional ethics might be appropriate as part of scientists' training.} } @incollection{Miley2008, author = {G. H. Miley and P. J. Shrestha}, title = {Transmutation reactions and associated low-energy nuclear reactions effects in solids}, booktitle = {{Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook (Vol. 1)}}, year = {2008}, editor = {J. Marwan}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Washington, USA}, volume = {1}, pages = {173--218}, ISBN = {9780841269668, 0841269661}, annote = {A review of work done on cold fusion or low-energy transmutation, supporting the idea that H or D can interact with metals to undergo nuclear reactions. 102 references.} } @incollection{Miley2010, author = {G. H. Miley and H. Hora and K. Philberth and A. Lipson and P. J. Shrestha}, title = {Radiochemical comparisons on low energy nuclear reactions and uranium}, booktitle = {{Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook (Vol. 2)}}, year = {2010}, editor = {J. Marwan and S. Krivit}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Washington, USA}, volume = {2}, pages = {235--252}, ISBN = {9780841224544}, annote = {"The discovery of nuclear fission by Otto Hahn and Friedrich Strassmann was based on a very rare microanalytical result that provided the first realization that neutrons could fission uranium. However, this was only the beginning of many discoveries about this complex process. An analogy related to the discovery of low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs) is noted here. It is remarkable that the reaction product distribution measured in LENR experiments using thin-film palladium/nickel electrodes heavily loaded with either hydrogen or deuterium has a strong similarity to the element distribution from uranium fission. Thus, the LENR reaction process is hypothesized to pass through a heavy complex nucleus similar to the fission process in uranium. Further, a detailed structure is observed in the LENR distribution corresponding to the Maruhn-Greiner local maximum of the distribution within the large-scale minimum of the fission product distribution curve. This observation leads to the proposed explanation that the fissioning compound nucleus in the LENR case is element 306X126 with double magic numbers. A major difference, however, is that in uranium fission the compound nucleus arises after single-neutron absorption, whereas in LENR a multi-body process is needed to create the heavy complex nucleus. Indeed, subsequent analysis of the various observations associated with these LENR experiments suggests that the multi-body reaction involved follows from the formation of Bose-Einstein condensed clusters formed in dislocation void regions in the electrode. Consequences and proposed future studies based on this cluster conjecture are discussed." (Abstract reproduced from the book)} } @article{Milj1990, author = {S. Miljanic and N. Jevtic and S. Pesic and M. Ninkovic and D. Nikolic and M. Josipovic and Lj. Petkovska and S. Bacic}, title = {An attempt to replicate cold fusion claims}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {340--346}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, Ti, gas phase, neutrons, tritium, res-}, submitted = {03/1990}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {Attempted to measure neutron emission (and other products) from electrolysis of D2O, ala FPH, and D2 gas-loaded samples (Pd and Ti). Two Bonner spheres with scintillation sensors, a BF3 neutron dosimeter, a high-efficiency NE-213 organic scintillator (gamma discriminating) for neutrons, a NaI(Tl) gamma detector, proton track etch detectors, a tritium beta counter and a mass spectrometer were used. Samples from the D2O from the electrolysis cells were analysed for tritium, and the gas from the gas-load runs by MS. Calorimetry was not done. There was a 2.5 times background neutron flux for a short time but nothing definite. From this, the upper limit for cold fusion was estimated at $< 2.09 \times 10{-22}$ fusion/(d-d)/s. Tritium was not found in significant amounts. There was a large before/after change in the ratio of masses 2 to masses 3 in the D2 gas used in the gas-loading experiments but could be explained by conventional processes. Helium analysis, planned for the future, may throw light on these problems. One electrolytic cell briefly heated up.} } @article{Mill1991, author = {R.~L. Mills and S.~P. Kneizys}, title = {Excess heat production by the electrolysis of an aqueous potassium carbonate electrolyte and the implications for cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {65--81}, keywords = {Theory, experimental, hydrino, light water, Ni, electrolysis, calorimetry, res+}, submitted = {02/1991}, published = {08/1991}, annote = {This paper starts with a long theoretical part, introducing the Mills and Farrel theory (published in a book). It seems that cold fusion shows that, since the Schroedinger equation does not explain it, this equation is not applicable to cold fusion. M\&F's theory, on the other hand, is. It leads to shrunken hydrogen atoms; absorption of energy quanta at 27.21 eV can push electrons down to a lower shell, and these shrunken atoms are then able to approach closer to one another. The theory predicts certain optimal conditions such as the presence of K or Rb ions. This is followed by an experiment with a Ni cathode in a K2CO3 electrolyte in H2O, and rather simple calorimetry. The results are massive excess heats, up to nearly 4000\%, but no excess with a Na2CO3 control. A Rb electrolyte works also. The theory also explains why it works for Pd in D2O, and the skew branching ratio.} } @article{Mill1992, author = {R.~L. Mills}, title = {Reply to 'Comments on "Excess heat production by the electrolysis of an aqueous potassium carbonate electrolyte and the implications for cold fusion"'}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {21}, year = {1992}, pages = {96.}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {09/1991}, published = {01/1992}, annote = {Reponse to a polemic by Mayer (FT 20 (1991) 511), who doubts Mills and Kneizys's report; Mills shows that electrolyte conductivity changes due to natural K isotopes are irrelevant. He concludes that, although quantum mechanics is indeed, as Mayer notes, firmly entrenched, this does leave room for new ideas such as his; experimental results rule.} } @article{Mill1994, author = {R.~L. Mills and W.~R. Good and R.~M. Shaubach}, title = {Dihydrino molecule identification}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {25}, year = {1994}, pages = {103--119}, keywords = {Theory, experimental, electrolysis, hydrinos, res+}, submitted = {06/1993}, published = {01/1994}, annote = {First, there is an outline of the Mills theory. The classical wave equation is solved, not with the usual boundary conditions but with those derived from the Maxwell equations. This novel theory can account for a large number of phenomena, including gravitation, the masses of leptons, the neutron and proton, magnetic moments of nucleons, ultraviolet emission by dark matter, etc. The theory leads also to the postulate of the hydrino, a hydrogen atom with electrons in states below ground. In the second part of the paper, experimental evidence for the hydrino is provided, partly by reinterpretation of old data from other workers (e.g. 4He found by MS was really dideuterinos) and partly by new "thermacore" experiments in calorimetry. Power output/input ratios as high as 20 were found with light water electrolysis at 100\% current efficiency, i.e. no recombination artifacts. Because the dihydrino has a higher ionisation potential than H2, it was possible to distinguish between the two by mass spec (MS) by varying the ionisation voltage. Such an experiment confirmed the presence of dihydrino for the authors.} } @article{Mill1995, author = {R.~L. Mills and W.~R. Good}, title = {Fractional quantum energy levels of hydrogen}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {28}, year = {1995}, pages = {1697--1719}, keywords = {Experiment, theory, hydrinos, x-rays, mass spec, res+}, submitted = {05/1994}, published = {11/1995}, annote = {Mills, the originator of the theory of sub-base electron shells in hydrogen, here again outlines his theory and provides more experimental evidence. Once again, a Ni/light water electrolysis cell is shown to produce excess heat with K2CO3 (17 times the input power) but not with Na2CO3. The large factor rules out recombination (which was in any case checked for) as a cause of excess heat. Critics of the hydrino hypothesis have asked for spectroscopic and other direct evidence, and some is provided here. XPS spectra from Ni cathode surfaces showed some bumps that cannot easily be explained conventionally, and this bump is not seen at Ni mot electrolysed with K2CO3. It is ascribed to hydrinos with the electron at the N=1/2 level. Old astronomical evidence is also brought in, in the form of soft x-rays, some of them matching predictions of sub-basement transition emissions. Lastly, predicted ionisation energies are compared with mass spectra at various energies and these were consistent with the dihydrino molecule, thus providing indirect evidence for its existence for the first time. The authors also reinterpret earlier MS results of others, and find it likely that dideutrino molecules have been observed, unbeknownst to these workers.} } @article{Mill1998, author = {R.~L. Mills}, title = {Comments on 'Interaction of palladium/hydrogen and palladium/deuterium to measure the excess energy per atom for each isotope'}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {33}, year = {1998}, pages = {384--385}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {04/1998}, published = {05/1998}, annote = {Mills here accuses Dufour of using his (Mills') theory of below-ground electron energy levels - the hydrino theory - without attribution to Mills. Dufour, writes Mills, just renamed them to hydrex or deutrex. Mills lists a number of his own publications Dufour could (and should) have cited. See Dufour's response, same issue page 385.} } @article{Mill2000, author = {R. Mills}, title = {Novel hydrogen compounds from a potassium carbonate electrolytic cell}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {37}, year = {2000}, pages = {157--182}, keywords = {Experimental, light water, Ni, electrolysis, res+, no FPH/Jones refs}, submitted = {03/1999}, published = {03/2000}, annote = {Mills believes that hydrino chemistry is a whole new field, and many new compounds can form, once hydrinos have been formed in an electrolytic cell. A large number of physical analytical techniques have been marshalled to detect these new compounds, such as TOF-SIMS, XPS, XRD, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, as well as NMR. Some of these were carried out blindly by other laboratories. Especially alkali metal (hydrino)hydrides were found, thus supporting Mills' theory.} } @article{Mill2001, author = {R.~L. Mills and B. Dhandapani and M. Nansteel and J. He and A. Voigt}, title = {Identification of compounds containing novel hydride ions by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy}, journal = {Int. J. Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {26}, year = {2001}, pages = {}, keywords = {Experimental, hydrinos, NMR shifts, res+, no FPH/Jones refs.}, annote = {Mills proposes the hydrino, a hydrogen atom with electron levels at 1/N, below the hitherto supposed lowest level at 1. In the experiments carried out in his laboratories, a number of novel hydrides have been synthesized and their NMR response is described in this paper. A number of independent labs have done these measurements, on compounds of the types MH*, MH*2 and MH*X, where M is a metal such as alkali or alkaline earth, H* is a hydrino and X is a halide. Their synthesis is described in detail, and the NMR results are presented. They show shifts that are considered to support Mills' hydrino hypothesis. Controls in the form of MH and MX (or mixtures of these) do not. Some of these novel substances may be useful for batteries.} } @article{Mill2002a, author = {R.~L. Mills and P. Ray}, title = {Spectral emission of fractional quantum energy levels of atomic hydrogen from a helium-hydrogen plasma and the implications for dark matter}, journal = {Int. J. Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {27}, year = {2002}, pages = {301--322}, keywords = {Theory, experimental. res+}, published = {04/2002}, annote = {Mills writes "Mills predicts...", in this case atomic hydrogen reacting with other atomic or ionised elements such as He, involving a nonradiative energy transfer. Nevertheless, radiation is detected, in the extreme UV. Astrophysical data is reviewed and such emission lines are found. This may solve the solar neutrino problem (again).} } @article{Mill2002b, author = {R. L. Mills and P. Ray}, title = {Vibrational spectral emission of fractional-principal-quantum-energy-level hydrogen molecular ion}, journal = {Int. J. Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {27}, year = {2002}, pages = {533--564}, published = {05/2002}, keywords = {Theory, experimental. res+}, annote = {Ar too, having an ionisation energy almost equal to that given off when a hydrino is formed (27.6 eV, compared with 27.2, resp.), can catalyse hydrino formation, since something has to be there to receive the energy given off upon the jump down to the below-ground state. Again, extreme UV has been detected and spectral lines in the solar spectrum found, that confirm all this.} } @article{Mill2002c, author = {R.~L. Mills and P. Ray}, title = {The grand unified theory of classical quantum mechanics}, journal = {Int. J. Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {27}, year = {2002}, pages = {565--590}, keywords = {Theory.}, published = {05/2002}, annote = {The Big One. Along the way, the hydrino comes into the picture.} } @article{Mill2002d, author = {R.~L. Mills and P.~C. Ray and B. Dhandapani and R.~M. Mayo and J. He}, title = {Comparison of excessive Balmer alpha line broadening of glow discharge and microwave hydrogen plasmas with certain catalysts}, journal = {J. Appl. Phys.}, volume = {92}, year = {2002}, pages = {7008--7021}, keywords = {Experimental, hydrinos, plasma emissions, res+}, submitted = {09/2002}, published = {12/2002}, annote = {Mixtures of Sr and H2, and of Mg/H2, were subjected to plasma temperatures using either microwaves or glow discharges. The hydrogen Balmer alpha lines were seen to broaden in the former case, but not the latter. Mixtures of hydrogen with He and Ar also showed strong broadening. These results are consistent with Mills' hypothesis of resonant energy transfer.} } @article{Mill2003, author = {R. L. Mills}, title = {No title}, note = {Author's Response to a Letter to the Editor}, journal = {Int. J. Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {28}, year = {2003}, pages = {359--360}, keywords = {Polemic}, annote = {Mills responds here to a Letter on a preceding page (Seifritz W; ibid. p. 357) pointing out an inconsistency in Mills' book. In a large number of points, Seifritz' criticism is refuted. The Big Bang is not real either.} } @article{Mill2007a, author = {R. L. Mills and J. He and Y. Lu and M. Nansteel and Z. Chang and B. Dhandapani}, title = {Comprehensive identification and potential applications of new states of hydrogen}, journal = {Int. J. Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {32}, number = {14}, pages = {2988--3009}, year = {2007}, keywords = {Mills model}, annote = {Helium, argon and potassium are able to catalyse the drop of hydrogen electrons to below-ground levels, and this was confirmed here, in a series of experiments on hydrogen plasma produced by an electron beam, with admixtures of these elements, and calorimetry and NMR for detection. The Mills theory is confirmed.} } @article{Mill2007b, author = {R.~L. Mills and H. Zea and J. He and B. Dhandapani}, title = {Water bath calorimetry on a catalytic reaction of atomic hydrogen}, journal = {Int. J. Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {32}, year = {2007}, pages = {4258--4266}, keywords = {Experimental, subground state electrons, excess heat, res+}, submitted = {06/2006}, published = {12/2007}, annote = {More from the Mills mill. They start by reiterating the theory of electron orbitals below ground level for hydrogen, and then describe experiments in which a hydrogen plama is generated in a tube. This was both observed for H Balmer emissions and, submerged in a thermally insulated water bath, for temperature rise in that bath, after calibration. Strong Balmer emission was seen, and excess heat was found, and these results agreed with Mills' theory.} } @article{Mill2009a, author = {R.L. Mills and K. Akhtar}, title = {Tests of features of field-acceleration models for the extraordinary selective H Balmer [alpha] broadening in certain hydrogen-mixed plasmas}, journal = {Int. J. Hydrogen Energy}, year = {2009}, volume = {34}, number = {15}, pages = {6465--6477}, submitted = {10/2008}, published = {07/2009}, keywords = {DC plasma, He/H2 and Ar/H2 plasmas, Excessive line broadening, Resonant energy transfer mechanism, Field-acceleration mechanism, Mapping, Role of reflector and divertor, Pressure and field dependence}, annote = {** In plasmas obtained by glow, RF or microwave discharges, it is observed that the alpha lines from mixtures of hydrogen and argon are broader than expected. They can be explained by the author's FAM (field-acceleration model), and his RTM (not defined or explained but presumably meaning Resonant Transmission Model), argon playing a special role. Experiments confirm the theory.} } @article{Min1989, author = {D.~P. Min}, title = {Computation of the cold fusion rate}, note = {In Korean, Engl. abstr.}, journal = {Sae Mulli}, volume = {29}, year = {1989}, pages = {233--234}, keywords = {Calculation, theory, res0}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {04/1989}, annote = {Compute the maximum expected fusion rate. It turns out comparable to that of the experimental "conjecture" as long as the deuteron may gain about 100 eV of kinetic energy in the Pd metal.} } @article{Mint1989, author = {J.~W. Mintmire and B.~I. Dunlap and D.~W. Brenner and R.~C. Mowrey and H.~D. Ladouceur and P.~P. Schmidt and C.~T. White and W.~E. O'Grady}, title = {Chemical forces associated with deuterium confinement in palladium}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {138}, year = {1989}, pages = {51--54}, keywords = {Discussion, res-}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {Evidence is that D-D distance in PdD(x) is larger than in D2 gas, repulsion greater than even in solid H at 4K. So: no go! This is one of several papers that try to judge the likelihood of CNF by looking simply at D-D interaction in the PdD(x) lattice, as if the only role of Pd is that of squeezing D's together (which FPH try to suggest with their figure of $10^{26}$ atm chemical potential). Pd evidently does not do this, the 0.3 A required for claimed fusion rates cannot be attained.} } @article{Mish1992, author = {H. Mishima}, title = {Experimental trial for cold fusion using electrolysis technique of heavy water with palladium electrode Part 1}, journal = {Shigen to kankyou, Resources and Environment}, volume = {1}, year = {1992}, pages = {273--281}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, gamma, neutrons, heat, res-}, annote = {"Possibility of the cold fusion by the electrolysis method with deuterized water and palladium and palladium alloy as the cathode has been studied. Gamma ray, neutron, and change in the solution temperature were measured as parameters as evidence for the cold fusion. The present experiments, however, did not indicate clear evidence for the cold fusion, since no significant difference in above parameters was obtained between electrolysis and background." (Direct reproduction of the English abstract).} } @article{Misk1989, author = {G.~M. Miskelly and M.~J. Heben and A. Kumar and R.~M. Penner and M.~J. Sailor and N.~S. Lewis}, title = {Analysis of the published calorimetric evidence for electrochemical fusion of deuterium in palladium}, journal = {Science}, volume = {246}, year = {1989}, pages = {793--796}, keywords = {Analysis, res-}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {Critical analysis of published data and report of their own results. The authors point to some error sources, and conclude that all can be accounted for without invoking CNF.} } @article{Mizu1989, author = {T. Mizuno and T. Akimoto and N. Sato}, title = {Neutron evolution from annealed palladium cathode in LiOD-D2O solution}, journal = {Denki Kagaku}, volume = {57}, year = {1989}, pages = {742--743}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {07/1989}, annote = {Observed a neutron flux peak at about 2.5 MeV, using annealed Pd. The neutron rate converts to about $10^{-23}$ fusions/s. A single NE213 n-detector with rise-time gamma discrimination was used, and lead shielding. There was a definite peak at 2.5 MeV during electrolysis, but not later, when electrolysis was "ceased".} } @article{Mizu1991, author = {T. Mizuno and T. Akimoto and K. Azumi and N. Sato}, title = {Tritium evolution during cathode polarization of palladium electrode in D2O solution}, journal = {Denki Kagaku}, volume = {59}, year = {1991}, pages = {798--799}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, tritium, res+}, submitted = {03/1991}, annote = {Tritium in the electrolyte was measured, before and after electrolysis. There was also a temperature probe at the top of the Pd rod. The cell was sealed and heated to various temperatures. There were some pressure peaks lasting a month or so over the 200 day experiment. The tritium level increased by about 50\% and the authors equate this to a fusion rate of $10^{-23}$ fus/pair/s, roughly in line with Jones+89.} } @article{Mizu1992, author = {T. Mizuno and T. Akimoto and K. Azumi and M. Enyo}, title = {Diffusion rate of deuterium in Pd during cathodic charging}, journal = {Denki Kagaku oyobi Kogyo Butsuri Kagaku}, note = {In Japanese, Engl. abstr.}, volume = {60}, year = {1992}, pages = {405--411}, keywords = {Experimental, fundamental, electrolysis, Pd, loading, diffusion}, submitted = {12/1991}, annote = {A more fundamental paper on the absorption and release rates for deuterium during electrolysis at a Pd cathode in 0.5M LiOD. The Pd rod was degassed in vacuum at 200 degC for about 20 h. This abstractor infers that loading was measured by gas volumetry. At a charging current of 44 mA/cm$^2$, the rod was fully charged to a D/Pd ratio of close to 0.8 in 16 days; discharge (presumably by current reversal) led to a rapid initial decrease of this ratio to about 0.3, followed by a slower decline to zero over a 25-day period. From these experiments, the authors draw the conclusion that there exist phases within the metal with different diffusion coefficients for deuterium, i.e. $10^{-6}$ cm$^2$/s in the alpha and beta phases, and and $10^{-8}$ cm$^2$/s in a new hypothetical gamma phase.} } @article{Mizu1996a, author = {T. Mizuno and T. Akimoto and K. Azumi and M. Kitaichi and K. Kurokawa}, title = {Anomalous heat evolution from a solid-state electrolyte under alternating current in high-temperature D2 gas}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {29}, year = {1996}, pages = {385--389}, keywords = {Experimental, metal oxide, gas phase loading, excess heat, res+}, submitted = {02/1995}, published = {05/1996}, annote = {Instead of the usual Pd or Ti, the proton conductors, pressed tablets of mixed strontium, cerium, yttrium and niobium oxides were loaded with deuterium gas at 400-700C after careful treatment at high temperature and vacuum to drive out initial gases. While charging, alternating voltages of 5-45 V were applied to the oxide plates, at frequencies from 0.0001 to 1 Hz. Some minor differences in curves of system temperature vs input power were observed between runs with H2 and D2, and are taken to be signs of excess heat generated in the deuterium loading runs. There are shown some correlations of excess heat appearance with the the introduction of deuterium and stopping its flow. Only 5\% of samples showed the effect.} } @article{Mizu1996b, author = {T. Mizuno and T. Ohmori and K. Kurokawa and T. Akimoto and M. Kitaichi and K. Inoda and K. Azumi and S. Shimokawa and M. Enyo}, title = {Anomalous isotopic distribution of elements deposited on palladium induced by cathodic electrolysis}, journal = {Denki Kagaku oyubi Kogyo Butsuri Kagaku}, volume = {64}, year = {1996}, pages = {1160--1165}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Experimental, isotope distribution, transmutation, res+, no FPH/Jones refs.}, submitted = {03/1996}, annote = {From the English-language abstract and Figures, one can glean that this was a long-term (one month), high-current-density electrolysis experiment in a heavy water electrolyte (LiOH and Li2CO3), and surface analysis using several methods, before and after electrolysis. The usual forest of peaks is found, as expected from long electrolysis (and previously found by others); the authors checked for isotope ratios, however, and found some that deviated significantly from the normal values and concluded that this shows that some isotopes were produced during electrolysis. They go on to speculate on possible nuclear mechanisms to fit the data.} } @article{Mizu1997, author = {T. Mizuno and K. Inoda and T. Akimoto and K. Azumi and M. Kitaichi and K. Kurokawa and T. Ohmori and M. Enyo}, title = {Anomalous gamma peak evolution from SrCe solid state electrolyte charged in D2 gas}, journal = {Int. J. Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {22}, year = {1997}, pages = {23--25}, keywords = {Experimental, solid state ion conductor, radiation emissions, transmutation, res+, no FPH/Jones refs.}, submitted = {04/1996}, published = {01/1997}, annote = {This team "electrolysed" disks of the high temperature ionic conductor consisting of mixed oxides of Sr, Ce, Y and Nb, sintered into disks at 1300- 1480 C and coated with Pt on both sides for contact. Voltages up to 5-45 V and frequencies of 0.0001-1 Hz were then applied to these disks ("electrolysis") in atmospheres of deuterium or hydrogen, and a gamma detector was used to measure the gamma spectrum emitted. These showed peaks that were not there before electrolysis, and the authors assign them to various isotpes such as 197Pt, 153Sm and 155Sm, thought to have been produced during the experiment. They go on to surmise various nuclear reactions that might lead to these isotopes and speculate that they may be the key to understanding cold fusion.} } @article{Mizu1998, author = {T. Mizuno and T. Akimoto and T. Ohmori and M. Enyo}, title = {Confirmation of the changes of isotopic distribution for the elements on palladium cathode after strong electrolysis in D2O solutions}, journal = {Int. J. Soc. Mat. Eng. Resources}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, year = {1998}, pages = {45--59}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd rods, isotopic changes, res+, no FPH/Jones ref.}, submitted = {10/1997}, annote = {High-purity Pd rods (about 1cm dia., 10 cm long, 33 cm$^2$ area) were electrolysed for 32 days at 0.2 A/cm$^2$ or about 6A total, after initial preelectrolysis at 1A for 7 days to remove solution impurities. After electrolysis the rods were cut into 1 cm lengths and again into half- cylinders, and analysed for elements by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), Auger electron spec (AES), secondary ion mass spec (SIMS) and the electron probe microanalyser (EPMA). As expected, a wide range of elements was found; however, the isotopic distribution of some of them (Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, Xe, Pd and Pt) was drastically different from the natural; these were concentrated at the surface, notably in cracks and holes. There were large amounts of Xe, which does not accumulate in metals and in any case, the Pd was degassed prior to the runs. Thus the authors conclude that a nuclear process took place.} } @article{Mizu2000, author = {T. Mizuno and T. Ohmori and T. Akimoto and A. Takahashi}, title = {Production of heat during plasma electrolysis in liquid}, journal = {Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.}, volume = {39}, year = {2000}, pages = {6055--6061}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, W, calorimetry, high currents, res+}, submitted = {03/2000}, published = {10/2000}, annote = {This is a high-voltage electrolysis setup, using a W (tungsten) cathode (5*10mm foil) and Pt anode in K2CO3 electrolyte. All metals and salt were checked for impurities, and these noted. Currents as high as 6 A/cm$^2$ and cell voltages up to 200V were used. Current decreased at constant voltage as the cells boiled. Excess heat was found, too large to be due to chemical reactions in the cell. The rectangular W foils were partly eroded to a rounded shape.} } @article{Mizu2001, author = {T. Mizuno and T. Akimoto and T. Ohmori and A. Takahashi}, title = {Neutron evolution from a palladium electrode by alternate absorption treatment of deuterium and hydrogen}, journal = {Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.}, volume = {40}, year = {2001}, pages = {L989--L991}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {02/2001}, published = {09/2001}, annote = {The team observe that after long electrolysis, H2O often appears in the cell electrolyte. They also noted that in D2O, excess heat appears after long electrolysis and sometimes when the D2O is replenished. So cold fusion seems to need a trigger. They here used 1mm, 30 mm long Pd wire and 0.2M K2CO3, in a quartz cell. After 3 h electrolysis, the wire was put into an H2O electrolyte and 8A was applied, then reduced to 1A (the cell boiled). Neutrons were detected using 3 3He probes. Out of 10 experiments, 7 of them showed neutrons after transfer into light water, sometimes soon after, and sometimes after some delay. Neutron count rates were as much 2 c/s, with the background at 0.008 $\pm$ 0.003 c/s. The number of neutrons counted was from $10^5$ to $10^6$.} } @incollection{Mizu2008, author = {T. Mizuno}, title = {Transmutation reactions in condensed matter}, booktitle = {{Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook (Vol. 1)}}, year = {2008}, editor = {J. Marwan}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Washington, USA}, volume = {1}, pages = {271--294}, ISBN = {9780841269668, 0841269661}, annote = {Transmutation in cold fusion cells have been observed, producing new elements from hydrogen up to lead.} } @article{Moiz1991, author = {B.~Ya. Moizhes}, title = {Formation of a compact D2 molecule in interstitial sites - a possible explanation for cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett.}, note = {Orig. in: Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 17 (1991) 15}, volume = {17}, year = {1991}, pages = {540--541}, keywords = {Discussion, theory}, submitted = {04/1991}, published = {08/1991}, annote = {Cold fusion has been observed, says Moizhes, and only remains to be explained. One possibility is the statistical close approach of two deuterons due to screening. The question is whether a stable D2 molecule can form in the deuteride crystal, and what the d-d distance in it would be. Electron overlap between the D2 and the Pd centres would compress the molecule to about 0.3 A and the resulting energy makes it feasible that an electrolysis voltage of 10V or so could force two d nuclei into an interstitial site, enabling Jones levels of fusion. More work is needed to confirm this.} } @article{Morg1990a, author = {J. D. {Morgan III}}, title = {Comment on: Deuterium nuclear fusion at room temperature: a pertinent inequality on barrier penetration}, journal = {J. Chem. Phys.}, volume = {93}, year = {1990}, pages = {6115--6617}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {10/1989}, published = {10/1990}, annote = {Comment on named paper by G Rosen (1989), who found theoretical grounds for support of cold fusion claims. Morgan III points out that Rosen makes a crucial error, arising from his qualitative sketch of the potential energy curve for the interaction of two deuterons. Also, the ordinary WKB barrier penetration is not suitable here; its Langer modification should be used, and gives results within 25\% of those from numerical integration of the Schroedinger equation, whereas straight WKB is out by 4 orders of magnitude. Fusion rates such as claimed by FPH or Jones, and apparently supported by Rosen, are extremely unlikely.} } @article{Morg1990b, author = {J. D. {Morgan III} and H.~J. Monkhurst}, title = {Simple model for accurate calculation of Coulomb-barrier penetration factors in molecular fusion rates}, journal = {Phys. Rev A}, volume = {42}, year = {1990}, pages = {5175--5180}, keywords = {Theory, muons, res-}, submitted = {05/1990}, published = {11/1990}, annote = {A simple "back of the envelope" model is developed here for calculating muon catalysed cold fusion rates. Despite its simplicity, the model still gives results within 25\% or so of more sophisticated methods such as full Born-Oppenheimer integration, at the small d-d separations. Based on earlier work by Jackson (1957) and Soviet work (1961), the method works within the adiabatic approximation. Calculated cold fusion rates, uncatalysed by muons, are not encouraging for true believers, coming out at about $3 \times 10^{-56}$ fus/pair/s.} } @article{Mori1994, author = {S. Morioka}, title = {Nuclear fusion triggered by positron annihilation at vacancies in deuterated metals}, journal = {Il Nuovo Cimento A}, volume = {107}, year = {1994}, pages = {2755--2765}, keywords = {Theory, cnf activation by positron annihilation, res+}, submitted = {03/1994}, published = {05/1994}, annote = {The author states that positrons beamed at PdD will be trapped in crystal vacancies, as will deuterons. So, when positrons annihilate with electrons, the approx. 1 MeV energy from this might be given to the deuteron, which would then crash into others, causing fusion. This argument is then backed up by theory, and the result is that the fusion rate is, among other things, limited by the concentration of vacancies and, using reasonable parameters, might be about 4 orders of magnitude above those reported by Jones et al (1989) (now retracted). This is a testable hypothesis. } } @article{Morr1989, author = {D. Morrison}, title = {A view from CERN}, journal = {Physics World}, volume = {2}, year = {1989}, pages = {17.}, keywords = {Discussion, early announcement}, published = {05/1989}, annote = {There were some seminars at CERN in the early days of cold fusion, with Jones and Fleischmann attending. DM reports. Mentions, among other things, that although the d-d distance in a metal lattice is greater than that in D2 gas (0.74 A), it is still possible that during electrochemical charging, they move closer together. He suggests experiments with other metals such as V or Nb.} } @article{Morr1990, author = {D. Morrison}, title = {The rise and decline of cold fusion}, journal = {Physics World}, volume = {3}, year = {1990}, pages = {35--38}, keywords = {Discussion}, annote = {Earlyish summary and premature dismissal of 'cold fusion' by prominent critic DROM. There is a summary of the experimental claims, theories, and an attempt at a simple theoretical dismissal on the basis of d-d distances in PdD. The article also classifies 'cold fusion' as pathological science.} } @article{Morr1991, author = {D.~R.~M. Morrison}, title = {Review of cold fusion}, journal = {Sov. Phys. Usp.}, volume = {34}, year = {1991}, pages = {1055--1060}, keywords = {Review}, submitted = {07/1991}, published = {12/1991}, annote = {DROM reviews cold fusion for this Russian journal. This is taken from an address given by him at a meeting in Honolulu on July 1990. He recites the short history of the field, shows the usual three d-d fusion branches and then a chronology of cold fusion events, up to June 1990. This is followed by a summary of experimental results, reporting steady neutron production, the Frascati-type results, neutron bursts, x-rays, tritium, charged particles and calorimetry. The balance of all this is that nothing can be reproduced, and the evidence is against cold fusion. DROM then states three experiments that should be critical for believers: the Williams et al experiment, the GE report and the Salamon team's monitoring of nuclear products under Pons' experiment. All three were negative and should give pause to a believer. Pathological science is invoked; cold fusion is an error.} } @article{Morr1994, author = {D.~R.~O. Morrison}, title = {Comments on claims of excess enthalpy by Fleischmann and Pons using simple cells made to boil}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {185}, year = {1994}, pages = {498--502}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {06/1993}, published = {02/1994}, annote = {This polemic, communicated by Vigier (an editor of the journal), as was the original paper under discussion (Fleischmann et al, ibid 176 (1993) 118), takes that paper experimental stage for stage and points out its weaknesses. Some of the salient points are that above 60C, the heat transfer calibration is uncertain, that at boiling some electrolyte salt as well as unvapourised liquid must escape the cell and (upon D2O topping up) cell conductivity will decrease; current fluctuations are neglected and so is the Leydenfrost effect; recombination; and the cigarette lighter effect, i.e. rapid recombination of Pd-absorbed deuterium with oxygen.} } @article{Morrey1990, author = {J.~R. Morrey and M.~W. Caffee and I.~V. Farrar H and N.~J. Hoffman and G.~B. Hudson and R.~H. Jones and M.~D. Kurz and J. Lupton and B.~M. Oliver and B.~V. Ruiz and J.~F. Wacker and A. {Van Veen}}, title = {Measurements of helium in electrolyzed palladium}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {659--668}, keywords = {Experimental, helium analysis, res0}, submitted = {07/1990}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Six laboratories spread across the US and as far as The Netherlands took part in a double blind study of sections of palladium rods, some of which had been used as cathodes in cold fusion experiments, and some were controls. One rod was as received from Johnson-Mathey; some were spiked with surface implanted helium by Johnson-Mathey and supplied as such (one) or used in a cold fusion experiment (two); one unspiked rod was used in a cold fusion electrolysis (it was later said to have produced excess heat). These five rods were analysed by the various labs, using their own methods, for helium. One rod dropped out; this was the spiked one, not used in any experiments. Its known helium level (from the spiking) did not agree with the analysis. The other 4 rods made an interesting picture. The He levels in the two remaining spiked rods were about right (both had been used in cold fusion experiments). Of the two unspiked rods, one should have had no He, and between $10^{-11}$ and $10^{-10}$ mol/cm$^3$ were found - this might be considered experimental background, although it was higher than expected. The other, reported to have given out excess heat, had about 10 times this much. That level was not enough, however, to explain the excess heat from the known fusion reaction, by a factor of about 36. All He was found near the surface, and there seemed to be more at the ends of the rods than near the middle, for some reason. No (3)He was found, although some of the labs would have if there had been some. The authors conclude that they cannot be sure that the He found in the unspiked rod came from cold fusion, and suggest further experiments of this sort.} } @article{Mosi1999, author = {P.~A. Mosier-Boss and S. Szpak}, title = {The Pd/(n)H system: transport processes and development of thermal instabilities}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento A}, volume = {112}, year = {1999}, pages = {577--589}, keywords = {Theory, Discussion, analysis}, submitted = {12/1998}, published = {06/1999}, annote = {The Szpak team has published a number of cold fusion papers, usually using their interesting codeposition technique, in which Pd is deposited onto the Pd cathode, along with hydrogen evolution taking place there, thereby providing a fresh Pd surface. They have previously modelled what happens there by means of their multilayer concept; here they analyse thermal events at this interface. Infrared studies of the interface reveal the existence of sporadic, randomly distributed heat events of short duration, often later merging into larger areas. They present some figures of some of these hot spots. They imply high temperature gradients, and indicate that near-surface deuterium activity that is unstable. These regions of activity are the source of excess heat. Among some general conclusions reached are: higher electrolyte temperature favours these events; in the end, these areas overlap; gas evolution, although not the trigger for thermal events, modify the interface structure.} } @article{Mosi2007, author = {P.~A. Mosier-Boss and S. Szpak and F.~E. Gordon and L.~P.~G. Forsley}, title = {Use of CR-39 in Pd/D co-deposition experiments}, journal = {Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys.}, volume = {40}, year = {2007}, pages = {293--303}, keywords = {Experimental, codeposition, electrolysis, cps, res+}, submitted = {06/2007}, published = {12/2007}, annote = {The Szpak/Mosier-Boss group continues to work on their specialty, electrolysis at a Pd electrode which is directly deposited onto another metal like Cu or Al, thus ensuring a fresh Pd surface at all times - a problem with all other cold fusion electrolysis set-ups. They also apply their usual high electric and magnetic field across the cell. Here they put a charged particle detector in the form of CR-39 foil directly near the Pd cathode. After etching, the entry holes and track depth can be used to measure the direction and energy of the incoming particles. The results show good evidence for cp's generated at the Pd film surface, whereas controls do not. Thus, this is evidence of a nuclear reaction taking place.} } @article{Mosi2008a, author = {P.~A. Mosier-Boss and S. Szpak and F.~E. Gordon and L.~P.~G. Forsley}, title = {Reply to comment on 'The use of CR-39 in Pd/D co-deposition experiments': a response to Kowalski}, journal = {Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys.}, volume = {44}, year = {2008}, pages = {291--295}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {09/2008}, published = {12/2008}, annote = {The authors of the paper criticised by Kowalski in the same journal respond. Contrary to Kowalski's claims, the pits observed are indeed consistent with nuclear reactions having caused them. This is supported by control experiments which showed that the pits were not due to stray radioactivity, impingement of bubbles from the electrolysis, from chemical attack or from metal dendrites (from the co-depeosition of Pd) piercing the film.} } @incollection{Mosi2008b, author = {P. A. Mosier-Boss and S. Szpak nd F. E. Gordon and L. P. G. Forsley}, title = {Detection of energetic particles and neutrons emitted during Pd/D co-deposition}, booktitle = {{Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook (Vol. 1)}}, year = {2008}, editor = {J. Marwan}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Washington, USA}, volume = {1}, pages = {311--334}, ISBN = {9780841269668, 0841269661}, annote = {More experiments with CR-39 detection of emitted radiation from a cold fusion electrolysis using their codeposition method. Pits on the CR-39 suggest the emission of neutrons.} } @article{Mosi2009a, author = {P. A. {Mosier-Boss} and S. Szpak and F. E. Gordon and L. P. G. Forsley}, title = {Triple tracks in CR-39 as the result of Pd-D co-deposition: evidence of energetic neutrons}, journal = {Naturwiss.}, volume = {96}, year = {2009}, pages = {135--142}, submitted = {07/2008}, published = {01/2009}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, codeposition, res+}, annote = {This team continues to use their sensible codeposition technique, again using CR-39 film which previously showed tracks indicating nuclear products. Triple track marks have been found and these are here looked at more closely. Triple tracks from a real experiment and those from exposure to a standard neutron source (241Am) are very similar, and indicate emission of >= 9.6 MeV neutrons. It is not clear what is producing them, but this is the first time they have been detected.} } @article{Mosi2009b, author = {A. Mosier-Boss and S. Szpak and F.~E. Gordon and L.~P.~G. Forsley}, title = {Characterization of tracks in CR-39 detectors obtained as a result of Pd/D Co-deposition}, journal = {Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys.}, volume = {46}, year = {2009}, pages = {30901-p1--30901-p12}, keywords = {Experimental, codeposition, CR-39, mylar spacer}, submitted = {01/2009}, published = {06/2009}, annote = {The team was able to roughly measure the energy of particles emitted from a codeposition experiment by inserting a 6 $\mu m$ mylar film between the cathode and the CR39 detector. The tracks recorded pointed to dd fusion and, for the first time, secondary fusion reactions between deuterons and fusion products such as tritons, 3He and alpha particles.} } @ARTICLE{Mosi2009c, author = {P. A. Mosier-Boss and S. Szpak and F. E: Gordon and L. P. G. Forsley}, title = {Characterization of neutrons emitted during Pd/D co-deposition}, journal = {J. Sci. Explor.}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {473--477}, published = {10/2009}, keywords = {Discussion}, annote = {* A look at previous results, considering pits seen in CR-39 film after electrolysis under codeposition of Pd and deuterium. Some triple tracks are seen. Analaysis of these indicates neutrons at energies roughly as expected from d-d and d-t fusion.} } @incollection{Mosi2010a, author = {P. A. Mosier-Boss and F. E. Gordon and L. P. G. Forsley}, title = {Characterization of energetic particles emitted during {Pd/D} co-deposition for use in a radioisotope thermoelectric generator ({RTG})}, booktitle = {{Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook (Vol. 2)}}, year = {2010}, editor = {J. Marwan and S. Krivit}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Washington, USA}, volume = {2}, pages = {119--135}, ISBN = {9780841224544}, annote = {"CR-39 is a solid-state nuclear-track etch detector. Using these detectors in Pd/D co-deposition experiments, researchers have detected energetic particles and neutrons. The source of these particles and neutrons is the cathode. In this communication, spacer experiments and track modeling are done to characterize the energetic particles emitted. The potential use of these energetic particles to power a RTG is discussed." (Abstract reproduced from the book)} } @ARTICLE{Mosi2010b, author = {P. Mosier-Boss and J. Y. Dea and L. P. G. Forsley and M. S. Morey and J. R. Tinsley and J. P. Hurley and F. E. Gordon}, title = {Comparison of Pd/D co-deposition and DT neutron generated triple tracks observed in CR-39 detectors}, journal = {Euro. Phys. J. Appl. Phys.}, volume = {51}, year = {2010}, pages = {20901-p1--20901-p10}, submitted = {02/2010}, published = {08/2010}, annote = {* The team continues with its unique method of simultaneously generating deuterium gas at a Pd cathode and plating Pd on it, which results in an always fresh Pd surface. Here they look at nuclear tracks left on a CR-39 detector during electrolysis and find triple tracks which are most likely to be the result of a fusion reaction inside the Pd lattice.} } @inproceedings{Mosi2011, author = {P. A. Mosier-Boss and L. P. G. Forsley and P. Carbonelle and M. S. Morey and J. R. Tinsley and J. P. Hurley and F. E. Gordon}, title = {Comparison of {SEM} and optical analysis of {DT} neutron tracks in {CR}-39 detectors}, booktitle = {Proc. SPIE 8142, Hard X-Ray, Gamma-Ray, and Neutron Detector Physics XIII,81420K}, year = {2011}, issue = {September}, url = {doi:10.1117/12.896953}, note = {No page numbers}, annote = {"CR-39 detectors were exposed to DT neutrons generated by a Thermo Fisher model A290 neutron generator. Afterwards, the etched tracks were examined both optically and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The purpose of the analysis was to compare the two techniques and to determine whether additional information on track geometry could be obtained by SEM analysis. The use of these techniques to examine triple tracks, diagnostic of ≥9.6 MeV neutrons, observed in CR-39 used in Pd/D co-deposition experiments will also be discussed." (Direct copy of the Abstract)} } @ARTICLE{Mosi2012, author = {P. A. Mosier-Boss and L. P. G. Forsley and P. Carbonelle and M. S. Morey and J. R. Tinsley and J. P. Hurley and F. E. Gordon}, title = {Comparison of {SEM} and optical analyses of {DT} neutron tracks in {CR}-39 detectors}, journal = {Radiat. Meas.}, volume = {47}, year = {2012}, pages = {57--66}, keyword = {CR-39, Neutrons, Microscopy}, submitted = {03/2011}, published = {01/2012}, annote = {"A solid state nuclear track detector, CR-39, was exposed to DT neutrons. After etching, the resultant tracks were analyzed using both an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). In this communication, both methods of analyzing DT neutron tracks are discussed. (Direct copy of the Abstract).} } @ARTICLE{Mosi2015a, author = {P. A. Mosier-Boss and L. P. Forsley and A. S. Roussetski and A. G. Lipson and Tanzella and E. I. Saunin and M. McKubre and B. Earle and D. Zhou}, title = {{Use of CR-39 detectors to determine the branching ratio in Pd/D co-deposition}}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {108}, year = {2015}, pages = {585--588}, published = {02/2015}, annote = {"Columbia Resin-39 (CR-39) detectors used in Pd/D co-deposition experiments were examined using an optical microscope, scanned using an automated scanner, and underwent both sequential etching analysis as well as LET spectrum analysis. These analyses identified and quantified the energetic particles responsible for the tracks observed in the CR-39 detectors and made it possible to estimate the branching ratios of the primary and secondary reactions."} } @ARTICLE{Mosi2015b, author = {P. A. Mosier-Boss and L. P. Forsley and F. E. Gordon and D. Letts and D. Cravens and M. H. Miles and M. Swartz and J. Dash and F. Tanzella and P. Hagelstein and M. McKubre and J. Bao}, title = {{Condensed matter nuclear reaction products observed in Pd/D co-deposition experiments}}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {108}, year = {2015}, pages = {656--659}, published = {02/2015}, annote = {"Pd/D co-deposition has been used by a number of researchers to explore the condensed matter nuclear reactions occurring within the palladium lattice by generating highly loaded layers of lattice over the cathode. Reaction products that have been observed include heat, transmutation, tritium, energetic charged particles and neutrons. The results of these experiments are discussed here."} } @techreport{Mosi2016, author = {P. A. Mosier-Boss and L. P. Forsley and P. J. McDaniel}, title = {{Investigation of nano-nuclear reactions in condensed matter. Final Report}}, institution = {DTRA (Defence Threat Reduction Agency) report}, year = {2016}, annote = {Extensive report of the total experimental work done by this team over the years, including a comprehensive bibliography of their regular publications.} } @article{Muel1989, author = {D. Mueller and L.~R. Grisham}, title = {Nuclear reactions products that would appear if substantial cold fusion occurred}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {379--382}, keywords = {Discussion, res-}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {Lists a large number of possible nuclear reaction that might be occurring in the PdD(x) phase but none agrees with the heat claimed by PFH. Any energy output must be accompanied by nuclear reaction products, of the order of $10^{13}$/s. The elementary property of the alpha-particle at the d+d threshold is that it decays into 3He or T (the old branching ratio question).} } @article{Mugu1990, author = {F.~F. Muguet and M.~P. Bassez-Muguet}, title = {Ab initio computations of one and two hydrogen or deuterium atoms in the palladium tetrahedral site}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {383--389}, keywords = {Theory, calculation, res0}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Another look at the Coulombic repulsion barrier, but here with the assumption, that at high loadings, some tetrahedral sites may be occupied, instead of just the octahedral sites, generally assumed. The authors state that it is now clear that a loading greater than 0.8 is essential for cnf. Here, then, are reported initial calculations on tetrahedral occupancy. The results say that this effect would not increase screening and thus tunnelling anywhere near enough to account for cnf. However, vibrational and other electric-field effects have not been included in the model.} } @article{Mukh1990, author = {R. Mukhopadhyay and B.~A. Dasannacharya and D. Nandan and A.~J. Singh and R.~M. Iyer}, title = {Real time deuterium loading investigation in palladium using neutron diffraction}, journal = {Solid State Commun.}, volume = {75}, year = {1990}, pages = {359--362}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, diffraction, loading, res0}, submitted = {03/1990}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {They had an electrolysis cell (0.2 M LiOD) and the Pd was a cylinder at its bottom; it also stuck out below the bottom, where it was in the path of a neutron beam for diffraction measurements, which were conducted continuously (with a break due to a breakdown, between 5.1 and 10.2 Ah). Current was 100 mA or about 200 mA/cm$^2$. Initially, a clear pattern was seen, with a lattice constant of 3.89 {\AA}ngstroms; this persisted through the low-load alpha phase. After the breakdown, from 10.2 Ah, another pattern was seen, with lc 4.02, corresponding to the beta phase. It was possible to measure the loading by an indirect method; it reached 0.55 and did not exceed this value. Also, the diffusion coefficient of deuterium in the Pd lattice could be estimated, and was about $5 \times 10^{-7}$ cm$^2$/s.} } @article{Mukh1994, author = {D. Mukherjee and A. Wordsworth}, title = {Stress relieving of palladium foils, controls its electro-catalytic properties}, journal = {Tool \& Alloy Steels}, year = {1994}, pages = {323--325}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd foil, open circuit potentials, corrosion rates, pretreatment, res0, no FPH/Jones refs.}, annote = {A pair of corrosion workers try to throw some light on cold fusion, by looking at open circuit potentials of Pd foils in a 3\% NaCl electrolyte, as well as its corrosion rate in conc. nitric acid, as a function of various pretreatments such as "normalising" at 700 C, annealing at 680 C, quenching in water at 30 C and at 19 C. Some of the foils were loaded with hydrogen, using a 5\% HCl solution and a Zn sacrificial anode. The hydrogen was then driven out of the Pd again by heating at 200 C, resting for 5 min and then heating at 400 C. Results show that stress relieving treatment activates the Pd surface, leading to a higher "galvanic current" where the counter electrode was mild steel. More active Pd also corroded faster.} } @article{Murr1990, author = {L.~E. Murr}, title = {Palladium metallurgy and cold fusion: some remarks}, journal = {Scripta Metallurg. Mater.}, volume = {24}, year = {1990}, pages = {783--786}, keywords = {Discussion}, submitted = {02/1990}, annote = {A metallurgist's view of cold fusion; the erratic results obtained by the various cold fusion researchers might be due to different crystal and grain structures of the Pd used. Dislocation density and grain size, for example, might affect cold fusion probabilities. There is a variety of techniques that can and should be used, at each experiment, to characterise the metal microstructure, for example transmission electron microscopy, on which Murr has written a book.} } @article{Myer1990, author = {S.~M. Myers and D.~M. Follstaedt and J.~E. Schirber and P.~M. Richards}, title = {Search for cold fusion at D/Pd > 1 using ion implantation}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {263--268}, keywords = {Experimental, ion implantation, protons, res-}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {It has been stressed that the D/Pd loading should be maximised in order to get cold fusion. So ion implantation is used to do this. Nuclear reaction analysis was used to determine the surface loading, which reached 1.3 $\pm$ 0.2. Charged particles (protons) from a cold fusion reaction were measured upon breaking the implantation beam. No evidence for cold fusion was found on Pd or on Zr.} } @article{Myer1991, author = {S.~M. Myers and P.~M. Richards and D.~M. Follstaedt and J.~E. Schirber}, title = {Superstoichiometry, accelerated diffusion, and nuclear reactions in deuterium-implanted palladium}, journal = {Phys. Rev. B}, volume = {43}, year = {1991}, pages = {9503--9510}, keywords = {Experimental, ion beam, Pd, neutrons, res0}, submitted = {07/1990}, published = {04/1991}, annote = {Samples of Pd foil, both vacuum annealed and untreated, were exposed to a deuterium beam at 10 keV and 41K, and 30 keV and 81K. At temperatures below about 120K, the authors find that Pd can absorb more than unity D/Pd ratio of deuterium. When the beam is turned off, however, the emission of neutrons has the same spectrum as that of the background. Thus, for this fairly short-term experiment, the upper cold fusion limit is about $10^{-21} \dots 10^{-20}$. The paper goes into some interesting detail about deuterium diffusion in Pd and its temperature dependence.} } @article{Naer1990, author = {U. N{\"a}rger and M.~E. Hayden and J.~L. Booth and W.~N. Hardy and L.~A. Whitehead and J.~F. Carolan and D.~A. Balzarini and E.~H. Wishnow and C.~C. Blake}, title = {High precision calorimetric apparatus for studying electrolysis reactions}, journal = {Rev. Sci. Instrum.}, volume = {61}, year = {1990}, pages = {1504--1508}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, calorimetry, res-}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {05/1990}, annote = {This team developed an accurate microcalorimeter (0.3\% in abs. energy balance), along the lines of an older (1947) design. Basically, the closed cell has catalytic recombination of evolved gases, so can be closed, and the heat evolved is measured by heat exchange with a long convoluted tube of fluid going through the cell. In the old, 1947 design, the tube went straight to the source of heat and then outwards; here, it goes inward from the outside. This isolates the cell from environmental (thermal) interferences, although it becomes slightly less accurate. It was able to detect 20 mW of heat. The team then tried it out on a cold fusion experiment, comparing electrolysis at a Pt electrode (0.1 M LiOD in D2O, the standard soup) with ditto at a Pd electrode, previously loaded with deuterium to 0.78 D/Pd (measured by weight). Within the 0.3\% scatter, the two cells gave the same results. If you assume that no cold fusion takes place in/at Pt, then neither does it at Pd.} } @article{Nage1998, author = {D.~J. Nagel}, title = {The status of 'cold fusion'}, journal = {Radiat. Phys. Chem.}, volume = {51}, year = {1998}, pages = {653--668}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {This is review of cnf, reasonably critical but not overly so. It was written about June 1997 and is up to date until then.} } @article{Nage2000, author = {D. J. Nagel}, title = {Fusion physics and philosophy}, journal = {Accountability Res.}, volume = {8}, year = {2000}, pages = {137--155}, keywords = { Sci/soc/phil.}, annote = {Nagel first summarises the rise of cold fusion, and like Goodstein in the same issue of the journal, describes the problems presented by cold fusion claims of d-d fusion. He then goes on to a philosophical discussion of how we know things. There is an appendix on "uncertain sciences", echoing some of the remarks by H.H. Bauer (HYLE J. Phil. Chem. 8(1)(2002) 5) on the term "pseudoscience"), and accountability.} } @ARTICLE{Nage2015a, author = {D. J. Nagel}, title = {{Energy gains from lattice-enabled nuclear reactions}}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {108}, year = {2015}, pages = {641--645}, published = {02/2015}, annote = {"The energy gain of a system is defined as the ratio of its output energy divided by the energy provided to operate the system. Most familiar systems have energy gains less than one due to various inefficiencies. By contrast, lattice-enabled nuclear reactions (LENR) offer high energy gains. Theoretical values in excess of 1000 are possible. Energy gains over 100 have already been reported. But, they have not yet been sustained for commercially significant durations. This article summarizes the current status of LENR energy gains."} } @ARTICLE{Nage2015b, author = {D. J. Nagel}, title = {{Lattice-enabled nuclear reactions in the nickel and hydrogen gas system}}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {108}, year = {2015}, pages = {646--652}, published = {02/2015}, annote = {"Thousands of lattice-enabled nuclear reaction (LENR) experiments involving electrochemical loading of deuterium into palladium have been conducted and reported in hundreds of papers. But, it appears that the first commercial LENR power generators will employ gas loading of hydrogen onto nickel. This article reviews the scientific base for LENR in the gas-loaded Ni-H system, and some of the tests of pre-commercial prototype generators based on this combination."} } @article{Naka1990a, author = {M. Nakazawa and T. Shibata and T. Iguchi and T. Akimoto and N. Niimura and Y. Oyama and O. Aizawa}, title = {Cold fusion and low level neutron measurements}, journal = {Nihon Genshiryoku Gakkaishi}, volume = {32}, year = {1990}, pages = {114--122}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {A review, with 10 refs., of methodology of low level neutron detection for cold nuclear fusion.} } @article{Naka1990b, author = {M. Nakazawa}, title = {Urtra low-level neutron counting}, journal = {Hoshasen}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, year = {1990}, pages = {8--14}, keywords = {Review of neutron detection; no FPH/Jones refs}, annote = {This is a review of methods of ultra low-level neutron measurement, with special reference to neutrons from cold fusion. There is advice on how to reduce spurious counts.} } @article{Naka1994, author = {Y. Nakamitsu and M. Chiba and K. Fukushima and T. Hirose and K. Kubo and M. Fujii and H. Nakahara and T. Seimiya and K. Sueki and M. Katada and N. Baba and S. Kamasaki and S. Ikuta and K. Endo and T. Shirakawa}, title = {Study of cold nuclear fusion with electrolysis at low-temperature range}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento A}, volume = {107}, year = {1994}, pages = {117--128}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Ti, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {06/1993}, published = {01/1994}, annote = {Previous Italian work indicated that low temperatures might be favourable for CNF, so the team performed electrolysis at a range of temperatures -80C to room temp, using deuterated methanol with DCl (2M) instead of heavy water. An added benefit is said to be the higher deuterium loadings at low temperatures. The cell was placed into a neutron detection space, surrounded by 10 3He detectors in paraffin. The 10 detectors were divided into 5 pairs and signals rejected if they did not appear on all 5 pairs within 1 microsec. The cathode material was cold rolled Pd rod (5mm dia, 20 mm long), known to have many defects, as well as some of this stretched to 3 mm dia to produce more defects still, and the same for Ti rods. At current densities 100-250 mA/cm$^2$ and electrolysis times up to 267 h, the average neutron count was within one standard deviation of the background in all cases, and the frequency distribution of the counts was that of the background (Poisson). Initially, there appeared to be some excess neutrons over the background, but these were found to be due to cryostat switching. With these results, it was possible to set an upper limit to fusion of $3.1 \times 10^{-24}$ fus/pair/s, comparable with the results of Jones et al (1989). } } @article{Naka1996, author = {K. Nakamura and T. Kawase and I. Ogura}, title = {Possibility of element transmutation by arcing in water}, journal = {Kinki Daigaku Genshiyoku Kenkyusho Nenpo}, volume = {33}, year = {1996}, pages = {25--31}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, calorimetry, res+}, annote = {The abstract reveals that this was electrolysis in heavy water electrolyte (electrodes or electrolyte not given), with arcing. In the text we find "15V", a largish cell voltage. The head space gas was analysed as a function of arcing time, and the abstract notes that carbon was converted to nitrogen. No visible explanation of where the carbon is from. Excess heat is said to have been found, by 21\% over consumed power.} } @article{Nass1998, author = {V. Nassisi}, title = {Transmutation of elements in saturated palladium hydrides by an XeCl excimer laser}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {33}, year = {1998}, pages = {468--475}, keywords = {Experimental, gas charging, Pd, laser excitation, res+}, submitted = {12/1997}, published = {07/1998}, annote = {The author discards dd fusion as the cold fusion mechanism, and instead looks to higher elements as the origin. He loaded Pd with gaseous D2 at about 2 atm for 30 days and excited the result by shining a XeCl laser on it, again for 30 days, 60 min per day. Controls with H2 and He were tried. Analysis for transmuted elements were by SEM and EPMA, on the Pd wire after the experiment. In some experiments, a thermistor was placed close to the Pd target. The Pd was also checked by optical microscopy. Also, after the runs, the cell was checked for neutrons. Elements found were Al, Au, C, Ca, Fe, Mg, Na, Nd, In, O, S and Si, the number found increasing upon laser application. Less of all this was found for the controls, or if the Pd was loaded for less than the 30 days or not laser excited. The author was also interested in the fact that the chamber window tended to break. The deuterated Pd showed cracks and pits, but the controls did not.} } @article{Nass2000, author = {V. Nassisi and M.~L. Longo}, title = {Experimental results of transmutation of elements observed in etched palladium samples by an excimer laser}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {37}, year = {2000}, pages = {247--252}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, D2, gas phase, transmutation, res+}, submitted = {04/1999}, published = {05/2000}, annote = {The authors looked at Pd exposed to D2 gas. The Pd was cleaned by etching with nitric acid before the runs. It was then degassed in the chamber at 150C and its surface checked with the analytical tool, the excimer laser and a quadrupole gas analyser. Then the Pd was exposed to D2 gas at 2 atm, and again surface analysed by the laser, as well as by energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDAX). Both showed the formation of Zn. No mechanism for its formation is suggested but it is suggested that the laser acted to accelerate whatever reaction that might be.} } @article{Nedo1997, author = {A.~V. Nedospasov and E.~V. Mudetskaya}, title = {Comments on the possible nature of 'cold fusion' phenomena}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {31}, year = {1997}, pages = {121--122}, keywords = {Theory, new fundamental particle, the eleptino}, submitted = {05/1995}, published = {01/1997}, annote = {The authors very briefly explain that they believe that cold fusion may be due to a new fundamental particle which they name the eleptino, hitherto absolutely rejected by science, they write. These particles are contained in the cosmic flux hitting the Earth.} } @article{Nefe1991, author = {V.~I. Nefedov}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion?}, journal = {Vestnik Akad. Nauk SSSR}, year = {1991}, number = {1}, pages = {49--60}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Review, Russian work}, annote = {A review, paying special attention to work in the Soviet Union. Early history is mentioned, e.g. one V.P. Alikin (1970, newspaper reports only), who electrolysed (heavy?) sulphuric acid at Fe, but also used metal hydrides by gas absorption. In 1986, Deryagin had trouble getting their fracto-work published. This has been actively pursued in 1989 (and later). Several Soviet institutions had a go, notably a large effort at Kharkov, with negative results). The author leaves no doubt that he is a skeptic. He writes that Soviet efforts are in harmony with the rest of the world, that is, the results are mostly negative. The work at the Physics-Energy Institute at Obninsk is cited as an example of a responsible approach. These workers appeared to observe high neutron fluxes from several meters, but on investigating found that this was due to electromagnetic interference. Nefedov concludes with some philosophising, making comparisons with parapsychology and some comments on science sociology.} } @article{Nich1996, author = {J.~P. Nicholson}, title = {A search for particle emission from a gas-loaded deuterium-palladium system in the alpha-beta phase}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {30}, year = {1996}, pages = {383--385}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, deuterium gas, neutrons, protons, res0}, submitted = {01/1995}, published = {12/1996}, annote = {Pressurised D2 gas was applied to Pd samples in a chamber containing a proton detector (s/c) and with a neutron detector (a single 3He tube). In most runs, nothing was observed but there were two brief excursions above the background of the proton counter, corresponding to fusion rates of $4 \times 10^{-21}$ fus/dd/s or so, or about Jones et al levels. The authors regard these results as inconclusive.} } @article{Nimt1990, author = {G. Nimtz and P. Marquardt}, title = {A proposal for a lukewarm nuclear fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {518.}, keywords = {Suggestion}, submitted = {06/1990}, published = {11/1990}, annote = {N \& M have, in their previous work, found that small metal particles can have a large dielectric constant, perhaps as high as $10^5$. Such a medium - e.g. a network of Ag - would require only about 5600 K for fusion between deuterons to take place, instead of the usual enormously high temperatures. This suggests some simple and cheap experiments.} } @article{Nish1990, author = {K. Nishizawa}, title = {Radiation Protection Aspects of cold fusion}, journal = {Hoken Butsuri}, volume = {25}, year = {1990}, pages = {288--290}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Suggestion.}, annote = {Tritium and neutrons are discussed.} } @article{Nish1991, author = {K. Nishizawa}, title = {Neutron measurements in cold fusion}, note = {In Japanese, Engl. abstr.}, journal = {Hoshasen}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, year = {1991}, pages = {4--12}, keywords = {Experimental, gas phase, Pd, neutrons, res0}, submitted = {09/1990}, published = {01/1991}, annote = {"This paper describes an experience of neutron monitoring in cold fusion experiments in gas phase. A BF3 neutron dose rate meter was mainly used. The meter in our experiment on D2 gas discharge was free from noise to be counted. A slightly over-discharge of the batteries affects the pulse height of the counter although the rate meter of the counter responds regularly. False pulses were counted in high humidity". (Direct quote from the English abstr.). Fig. 1 shows what look like 5 neutron counters around the cell, and an MCA between the amplifier and the computer. Two Pd rods are used, in a 300 ml glass flask filled with D2 gas, at close to atm. pressure (rubber stoppers are shown). This, together with the referenc to Wada + Nishizawa, looks as if the author might have applied a spark between the two loaded Pd rods. As is seen, the abstract does not say whether neutrons were found but it does say some false readings were obtained.} } @article{Nomu1994, author = {K. Nomura and E. Akiba}, title = {Trial of nuclear fusion}, journal = {Busshitsu Kogaku Gijutsu Kenkyusho Hokoku}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, year = {1994}, pages = {439--450}, keywords = {Experimental. Gas phase, Ti, Pd, alloy LaNi5, Mg2Ni, neutrons, bursts, res-}, annote = {This reports a long term 'cold fusion' trial, lasting 32 months, using gas-phase charging of D2 into the alloy LaNi5, becoming LaNi5D6 in the process. Other alloys, such as Mg2Ni and the metals Ti and Pd were also tried. Neutron emissions were monitored with two counters. There were cases of apparent neutron bursts but not on both counters simultaneously; overall, nothing other than background noise was seen. This implies that, e.g., the neutron bursts observed by the De Ninno team could have been caused by noise events.} } @article{Noni1991a, author = {V.~C. Noninski and C.~I. Noninski}, title = {Determination of the excess energy obtained during the electrolysis of heavy water}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {364--368}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, calorimetry, res+}, submitted = {07/1990}, published = {03/1991}, annote = {Calorimetric experiments, using a bundle of thin Pd wire as cathode, and K2SO4 in D2O as electrolyte. After "lengthy" preelectrolysis, in which the Pd is saturated with deuterium, the cell is moved into the calorimeter. Gases evolve into an airbag, also within the calorimeter. Very short measuring times (electrolyses) of about 3 min, are used. During this time, the cell temperature rose, and the rises were converted to heat produced by precalibration. With or without recombination, most of the 10 runs reported show some excess heat. No controls are reported, but the authors claim that this calorimeter solves a number of problems.} } @article{Noni1991b, author = {V.~C. Noninski and C.~I. Noninski}, title = {Comments on 'measurement and analysis of neutron and gamma-ray emission rates, other fusion products, and power in electrochemical cells having palladium cathodes'}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {579--580}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {11/1990}, published = {05/1991}, annote = {The paper by Albagli et al, F. Fusion Energy 9 (1990) 133, is commented upon here. Albagli et al did an open-cell calorimetry comparison, and the paper shows a drift in cell temperature, and the heat required to keep the cell at the same temperature. They attribute this to loss of solvent. Noninski and Noninski point out that this is not valid and that there in fact was evidence of excess heat in that paper.} } @article{Noni1992, author = {V.~C. Noninski}, title = {Excess heat during the electrolysis of a light water solution of K2CO3 with a nickel cathode}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {21}, year = {1992}, pages = {163--167}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, light water, calorimetry, res+}, submitted = {07/1991}, published = {03/1992}, annote = {The Mills \& Kneizys scenario; Noninski has visited the Franklin and Marshall College where Mills and Farrell work, and carried out a confirmation experiment. He points out in the introduction that Pons, too, initially reported excess heat from H2O solutions. Calorimetry was by means of the difference between two identical Dewar cells, both containing the same solutions and components. One cell had electrolysis plus an inactive heater, the other the reverse. Blank Dewars were also used as checks. Ni foil, 7.5 * 4 * 0.0125 cm$^3$ was used as cathode, and the electrolyte was 0.57 M Na2CO3 and K2CO3. There were significant differences in the behaviour of the solutions, with the K2CO3 electrolyte showing an excess heat at about 60\% over the input power. Noninski cannot see any trivial explanation for this excess; neither can it be due to temperature gradients in the cell, which were checked for by means of multiple thermistors, all showing the same. The extent of recombination of evolved hydrogen with oxygen is not known, although this was assumed zero in the calculation of excess heat. N does not comment further, except to say that a closed cell with a recombiner would add to the complications. As others have done, N ends with a statement that experimental evidence is more important at this stage than theory.} } @article{Noni1993, author = {V.~C. Noninski and C.~I. Noninski}, title = {Notes on two papers claiming no evidence for the existence of excess energy during the electrolysis of 0.1M LiOD/D2O with palladium cathodes}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {23}, year = {1993}, pages = {474--476}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {11/1992}, published = {07/1993}, annote = {This is a polemic on the paper by Lewis et al, Nature 340 (1989) 525, and by Albagli et al, J. Fusion Energy 9 (1990) 133, both of which reported a negative result for a cold fusion calorimetry experiment. In both papers, an isoperibolic calorimeter was used, adjusting the power so as to keep the cell temperature constant, above bath temperature. N\&N point out that in both cases the analysis in effect uses two equations to solve for three unknowns, one of them the excess power; this is then assumed to be zero and reported as such. Therefore, both papers are in error.} } @article{Noni1995a, author = {V.~C. Noninski and J.~L. Ciottone and P.~J. White}, title = {Experiments on a possible gamma-ray emission caused by a chemical process}, journal = {J. Sci. Exploration}, volume = {9}, year = {1995}, pages = {201--206}, keywords = {Experimental, transmutation, gamma, no FPH/Jones refs, res-}, annote = {This team tries to do a serious verification of the transmutation claims of Bockris et al, by monitoring for gamma emissions during the burning of a mixture of KNO3, S, C, SiO2, FeSO4, Hg2Cl2, PbO, Ag and CaO. The Bockris group has been reported by Bishop to have produced gold from this mix. The present team ground up the ash from the burned mixture and placed it under the active window of a Radalert Geiger counter. Later, a NaI(Tl) scintillation device was added. Nontrivial emissions would have been detected, but were not.} } @article{Noni1995b, author = {V.~C. Noninski and J.~L. Ciottone and P.~J. White}, title = {Experiments on claimed beta-particle emission decay}, journal = {J. Sci. Exploration}, volume = {9}, year = {1995}, pages = {317--321}, keywords = {Experimental, transmutation, beta, no FPH/Jones refs, res-}, annote = {Following the first paper of this team in the same journal 9(1995)201, Lin et al published an argument that beta emissions can be measured, decaying after the burn, and this was tried here. A Ludlum 44-1 beta survey detector was used, with NE102 as scintillator. The sample was prepared in the same way as Lin et al, and indeed, a beta signal decreasing with time after the burn was found. However, when the ash was protected from oxidation in air during detection, by placing it in a vacuum, the signal remained steady, so that its previous decrease can be attributed to dilution by oxidation, and no anomaly remains.} } @article{Noni1996, author = {V.~C. Noninski and J.~L. Ciottone and P.~J. White}, title = {Experiments on claimed transmutation of elements caused by a chemical process}, journal = {J. Sci. Expl.}, volume = {10}, year = {1996}, pages = {249--252}, keywords = {Experimental, transmutation, res-}, published = {06/1996}, annote = {This team has recently reported artifacts that mimick beta emission under conditions reported by Bockris et al, who claim chemical transmutation. Here they try again, to wrap up these studies. Various mixtures used by the Bockris team are fused, and neutron activation used to detect the transmutation. No non-trivial effects were observed. } } @article{Noni1997, author = {V.~C. Noninski and J.~L. Ciottone and P.~J. White}, title = {On an experimental curiosity that if undetected may lead to erroneous far-reaching conclusions}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {31}, year = {1997}, pages = {248--250}, keywords = {Discussion, transmutation}, submitted = {02/1996}, published = {03/1997}, annote = {In this Letter to the Editor, the authors point out the origin of an artifact they have observed, and which might mislead others into accepting chemical transmutation. In such an experiment, they observed a 412 keV gamma peak after the "transmutation" burn; this could be thought to be due to newly formed 198Au. They were able to track the peak down to a neutron activation artifact and it was in fact present even in the unburned sample. Transmutation experimenters are encouraged to look out for this artifact and not to assign it to chemical transmutation.} } @article{Norde1989, author = {D.~J.~R. Nordemann}, title = {Cold fusion and geophysics: the current situation}, journal = {Mineracao Metalurgia}, volume = {53}, year = {1989}, pages = {51.}, note = {In Portuguese}, keywords = {Review, suggestion}, annote = {A wrap-up of the cold fusion story at the time of writing, around the middle of 1989, commenting on the FPH paper and that of Cribier+ only. The usual interest and doubt is expressed, as well as an explanation of the suspect fusion reactions. Nordemann goes further, however, and takes up a suggestion of Cribier et al, that the neutrons may arise from collisions between alpha particles and deuterium; the alphas could come from natural heavy isotopes (U, Th, Rn) present in the palladium as impurities. Nordemann looks at Rn, one of whose decay products is (214)Po, which decays to give off an alpha particle with an energy of 7.68 MeV, sufficient to cause the reaction D + (4)He --> H + n + (4)He; i.e. the alpha or (4)He is not itself changed. Nordemann suggests that Pd may accumulate radon gas in sufficient quantity to let this happen. Radon is ubiquitous, being a product of uranium decay, and U is everywhere. The process could explain the erratic results obtained by various researchers, and Nordemann ironically suggests that some workers, who state that heat pretreatment of the palladium is to be avoided, do so in order not to drive out the radon... He concludes, however, with the thought that the subject is still important, and if a fusion reaction is indeed behind the positive results, this could have implications not only for our energy future but also for geophysical phenomena such as vulcanism, seismic activity and continental origin. SE Jones would agree.} } @article{Nordl1989, author = {P. Nordlander and J.~K. N{\o}rskov and F. Besenbacher and S.~M. Myers}, title = {Multiple deuterium occupancy of vacancies in Pd and related metals}, journal = {Phys. Rev. B}, volume = {40}, year = {1989}, pages = {1990--1992}, keywords = {Discussion, theory, res-}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {07/1989}, annote = {If cold fusion happens, then there should appear charged particles and neutrons, and these might cause crystal vacancies in the metal, leading to nucleation of dense D plasmas. The team use their "effective medium" theory to calculate energies of vacancy trapping for various transition metals. In Mo, Cu, Ni and Fe there is strong D-D repulsion, while it is weak in Nb and Pd. D-D spacing in Pd is down to 3.5 au, closer than the 5.2 au of octahedral occupancy - but not enough for cold fusion.} } @article{Noto1993a, author = {R. Notoya}, title = {Cold fusion by electrolysis in a light water-potassium carbonate solution with a nickel electrode}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {24}, year = {1993}, pages = {202--204}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, light water, Ni, calorimetry, res+}, submitted = {09/1992}, published = {09/1993}, annote = {The Mills-Kneizys/Bush scenario, which predicts the formation of calcium. The author used a sintered Ni slab (10*5*1 mm$^3$) and currents from 10 to 550 mA, with cell voltages up to about 5 V. The cell was placed in a calorimeter with calibration heaters, and the temperature measured as a function of input power (corrected for enthalpy of water electrolysis). The electrolysis runs (2 cells) show a straight line relation of temperature against total input power, much steeper that than for electrical heating, implying excess heat linear with input power, up to close to 4 W, greater than recombination heat. An increase in Ca concentration from 21-22 ppm to about 25 ppm resulted from the electrolysis, confirming Bush's theory of fusion of hydrogen with potassium. Further study is required here.} } @article{Noto1993b, author = {R. Notoya}, title = {Current status of cold fusion research}, journal = {Genshiryoku Koyo}, volume = {39}, number = {9}, year = {1993}, pages = {34--36}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {"A review with 8 refs. is presented on the research of hydrogen electrode reaction of cold fusion in light water using K soln. Emphasis is on the discussion of heavy water-Pd and K-light water-Ni systems" (CA).} } @article{Noto1994, author = {R. Notoya and Y. Noya and T. Ohnishi}, title = {Tritium generation and large excess heat evolution by electrolysis in light and heavy water-potassium carbonate solutions with nickel electrodes}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26}, year = {1994}, pages = {179--183}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Ni, light water, tritium, calorimetry, res+}, submitted = {11/1993}, published = {09/1994}, annote = {The authors believe that in a cell of light water, K2CO3 and a Ni cathode, the excess heat observed arises from fusion of protons with alkali metal (K) at the Ni surface. The authors believe tritium is also generated. Some electrolysis runs, with durations from 6 to 26 h, are reported here; heat and tritium were measured, the tritium by taking samples out of the electrolyte after electrolysis. Some of the runs were done in heavy water. A table shows that all runs resulted in excess heat, in one case 169\%. Electrolysis runs resulted in about an order of magnitude more tritium than in control measurements with pure water (light and heavy). Some rough linear relations were shown between tritium generated and excess heat. Less tritium was generated than Ca (from the p+K fusion) and two possible fusion reactions are suggested for tritium formation.} } @article{Noto1996, author = {R. Notoya}, title = {Cold fusion arising from hydrogen evolution reaction on active metals in alkali metallic ions' solutions}, journal = {Env. Res. Forum}, volume = {1-2}, year = {1996}, pages = {127--140}, keywords = {Experimental, res+}, annote = {The author believes that alkali metal ions codeposit with hydrogen to some extent during water reduction at a cathode and play a role in the mechanism of the hydrogen evolution reaction. She believes further that these species, which penetrate the cathode metal to some extent, also play a role in cold fusion, and suggests fusion between protons and these metals (in their intermetallic state in the host metal) at Pd or Ni. She reports here some experiments with a Ni/light water cell. She observed excess heat, tritium, gammas and (by ICP-MS) new species from the above proton capture by alkali metals.} } @article{Numa1997, author = {H. Numata and M. Fukuhara}, title = {Low-temperature elastic anomalies and heat generation of deuterated palladium}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {31}, year = {1997}, pages = {300--309}, keywords = {Experimental, solid state properties, excess heat, res+}, submitted = {04/1995}, published = {05/1997}, annote = {The authors note the poor reproducibility of cold fusion work and the fact that the solid state properties such as elastic parameters have not been measured. They make up for this lack here. They measure Young's shear and bulk moduli, the Lame parameter, the Poisson ratio and Debye temperature over a range of temperatures from 116-190 K, for deuterated Pd. Deuteration was by long-term electrolysis (1 month) and the specimen was then placed in the cryostatic apparatus. Excess heat was measured during cooling of the sample, and about 6W excess was found for the 7mm dia., 9mm long Pd rod. Some elastic anomalies were found. The authors do not state where the excess heat might come from.} } @article{Ogur1990, author = {K. Oguro}, title = {Hydrogen absorbing alloys and low-temperature nuclear fusion}, journal = {Zairyo}, volume = {39}, number = {437}, year = {1990}, pages = {228--229}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {"A review with no references is given on the mechanism of absorption of H by alloys, the roles of the metal surface and bulk metal in H absorption, and Pd as an electrode for cold nuclear fusion".} } @article{Oh1999, author = {H.~K. Oh}, title = {Some observatins on the cavity of creation for cold fusion and the generation of heat}, journal = {J. Mater. Proc. Technol.}, volume = {94}, year = {1999}, pages = {60--65}, keywords = {Theory, res+, no FPH/Jones refs}, submitted = {08/1997}, annote = {Referring to the patented work of Patterson, Oh develops the concept of pi-rays, generated when two electrons with opposing rotation (spin?) meet. These are rotating rays, bent by an attraction gravitational force between plus and minus fields. If a proton and electron with different spins meet, they disappear; gravity is caused by two opposite charges looking at each other. Pi-far-IR rays are found in many experiments, such as the finger's force tester, the Meridian, the Quantum Resonance Spectrometer and the Quantum Fafa. There follows the Schroedinger equation and a lot of diagrams, concluding that agglomerated pi-rays create cold fusion. One reference is to J. Rothwell, an expert in Japanese literature, the other 5 to Oh himself.} } @article{Ohas1989, author = {H. Ohashi and T. Morozumi}, title = {Decoding of thermal data in Fleischmann and Pons paper}, journal = {J. Nucl. Sci. Technol.}, volume = {26}, year = {1989}, pages = {729--732}, keywords = {Analysis, res-}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {07/1989}, annote = {As Kreysa (1989) did, the authors take a close look at FPH's heat analysis and find it wanting - as well as their experiment. The possibilities of recombination, or burning of palladium deuteride all could explain the large excess heats claimed. So recombination should be prevented in future experiments, and there should be some signs of nuclear reactions, to convince the world that a nuclear reaction is taking place. Some of these points appear now to be answered by the FPH-90 paper.} } @article{Ohmo1993, author = {T. Ohmori and M. Enyo}, title = {Excess heat evolution during electrolysis of H2O with nickel, gold, silver, and tin cathodes}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {24}, year = {1993}, pages = {293--295}, keywords = {Experimental, light water, Ni, Au, Ag, Sn, calorimetry, res+}, submitted = {11/1992}, published = {11/1993}, annote = {An attempt to verify the Mills and Kneizys results, i.e. electrolysis in light water and potassium carbonate at a Ni cathode, in which excess heat was claimed found (although surprisingly, others claimed tritium as well). These authors, however, also use the other title metals as cathode. All were in the form of foil strips 2-3 cm by 10-20 cm, and the Pt mesh anode was placed flat on the cell bottom. Various electrolytes were tried such as K2CO3, Na2CO3, Na2SO4 and Li2SO4, all at 0.5 M. A constant current of 1A was run for 20 h each time. Hydrogen gas was used to stir the cell contents, and the temperature monitored by a single thermistor. The temp. was 1.3C higher with Ni and K2SO4 than with Na2SO4, thus supporting Mills \& Kneizys' results. Other electrolytes also gave excess heat (up to almost 1 W with Sn, mechanically abraded) with all metals except Ni. Thus, in addition to the Mills proposal of the fusion of K with protons, there might also be fusion of Na and Li with protons, producing, e.g., Mg and 4He.} } @article{Ohmo1997a, author = {T. Ohmori and M. Enyo and T. Mizuno and Y. Nodasaka and H. Minagawa}, title = {Transmutation in the electrolysis of lightwater - excess energy and iron production in a gold electrode}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {31}, year = {1997}, pages = {210--217}, keywords = {Experimental, transmutation, Au cathodes, light water, Fe production, no FPH/Jones refs, res+}, submitted = {01/1996}, published = {03/1997}, annote = {This team used a gold cathode and light water containing the Mills-recipe potassium salts. The cell and materials were chosen so as to minimise initial Fe contamination. Days-long electrolyses at about 0.1 A/cm$^2$ were run, checking for excess heat. Up to 22\% excess was found. Afterwards, the Au cathodes were examined under AES (Auger emmission), electron probe and SIMS, and some small blips that could be Fe were seen. A number of other elements were also found. The authors however discount contamination as the source of Fe; they checked for this and there was none at the levels found. Also, isotopic ratio arguments indicated transmutation origins. The newly formed isotopes may have been due to either fusion or fission.} } @article{Ohmo1997b, author = {T. Ohmori and T. Mizuno and H. Minagawa and M. Enyo}, title = {Low temperature nuclear transmutation forming iron on/in gold electrode during light water electrolysis}, journal = {J. Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {22}, year = {1997}, pages = {459--463}, keywords = {Experimental, transmutation, Au, light water, res+}, submitted = {06/1996}, annote = {This team used an Au cathode in light water with Na2SO4, K2SO4 and K2CO3 as electrolytes. Electrolysis was applied for 7 days at 1A (electrode area 2.5 and 5 cm$^2$), adding water as required, and then the Au electrode was analysed for its component elements by several techniques such as AES and SIMS. The AES spectra showed mainly Fe as a new product, accumulating with time. The amount produced depended on mechanical pretreatment of the Au (glass scraping etc). Some excess heat was found, in the range 210-715 mW. SIMS analysis showed some anomalies in the isotopic distribution of the Fe, with 57Fe being at 6.6 times the natural value. Accumulation from the solution is ruled out by the authors. Many other elements were found, but their isotopic distributions showed that they were impurities. The authors are not clear about the origin of the Fe, e.g. whether it comes from fusion or fission.} } @article{Ohmo1997c, author = {T. Ohmori and T. Mizuno}, title = {Nuclear transmutation occurring in the electrolysis on several metal electrodes}, journal = {Curr. Topics Electrochem.}, volume = {5}, year = {1997}, pages = {37--70}, keywords = {Review, mainly light water electrolysis, res+}, annote = {The authors review the field of cold fusion, concentrating mainly on work with light water with Au and Pd electrodes. Excess heat was found often, and so were helium 4, tritium and other (heavier) isotopes, both in their own work and others'. Transmutation is the main theme, and some possible transmutation reactions are suggested at the end. 48 references.} } @article{Ohmo1998a, author = {T. Ohmori and T. Mizuno and K. Kurokawa and M. Enyo}, title = {Nuclear transmutation reaction occurring during the light water electrolysis on Pd electrode}, journal = {Int. J. Soc. Mat. Eng. Resources}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, year = {1998}, pages = {35--44}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd foil, H2O, isotopic changes, res+, no FPH/Jones refs}, submitted = {10/1997}, annote = {This paper is very similar to the one in the same journal issue p. 45, except that here, the electrolysis was in light water, and instead of Pd rods, foils were used for the cathode, 5 cm$^2$ in area. The Pd surface was deliberately scratched to cause crystal disorder. Electrolysis was in 100 ml 0.5M Na2SO4, at 1A for 7 days. As in the other paper, various techniques, like AES, EDX, EPMA and SIMS were used to analyse the surface post-electrolysis. As usual, a large number of elements were found at the surface, but the group: K, Fe, Cu, Zn was found to have a significantly different isotopic distribution from the natural. Some nuclear reactions are proposed to account for the changes.} } @article{Ohmo1998b, author = {T. Ohmori and T. Mizuno and Y. Nodasaka and M. Enyo}, title = {Transmutation in a gold-light water electrolysis system}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {33}, year = {1998}, pages = {367--382}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, transmutation, no F\&P/Jones refs, res+}, submitted = {03/1997}, published = {05/1998}, annote = {An electrolysis experiment, in a fused quartz cell, carefully cleaned, is described, using gold foil cathodes of 5 cm$^2$ area, and a Pt mesh as anode. The electrodes were assayed initially for trace element content, to provide a base. The electrolyte was 0.5M K2SO4 or 0.5M K2CO3, using suprapur grade. Constant currents were used, for 7-30 days at 1-3 A. At 1A, excess heat was also checked for, the method not being specified (a single temperature probe seems to be implied by the brief wording). Elemental analysis of some black precipitate and the electrode surfaces and bulk were done by a number of techniques such as Auger electron spec., electron probe microanalysis, SIMS, etc. The SIMS spectrum was dense, with some peaks sticking out for, e.g., Hg, Ni, Pb, Cs, Fe, Kr and others. Isotopic distributions were significantly different from the natural distributions. For example, 200Hg and 202Hg were present at higher levels, especially at some depth in the gold and at higher currents, than expected. The Au cathode also showed some pits, cracks and microcraters seeming to point to temperature events. Some possible transmutation reactions are suggested. Some excess heat, at low currents, was found but at higher currents the relation to current was unclear. The authors attribute this to the extensive transmutation taking place.} } @article{Ohmo1999, author = {T. Ohmori}, title = {Reply to 'Comments on 'Transmutation in a gold-light water electrolysis system''}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {36}, year = {1999}, pages = {243.}, keywords = {Polemic, transmutation}, submitted = {01/1999}, published = {09/1999}, annote = {Ohmori replies to the title polemic by E. Lewis on the previous page of the same journal issue, where Lewis explained Ohmori et al's observation of craters formed on a gold cathode electrolysed in light water, in the light of his postulated 'plasmoids'. Ohmori downplays the craters and points out that the appearance of new isotopes is strong evidence of a nuclear reaction having taken place. Also, the craters found by others (cited by Lewis) are quite different from the Ohmori team's. He leaves open the question of the validity of Lewis's 'plasmoids'.} } @article{Ohmo2000a, author = {T. Ohmori}, title = {Reply to Comments on 'Transmutation in a gold-light water electrolysis system'}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {38}, year = {2000}, pages = {274--275}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {12/1999}, published = {09/2000}, annote = {The author rebuts remarks made by Lewis (not cited! This would be Lewis, ibid 36 (1999) 242 and/or Lewis, ibid 37 (2000) 266). The electrode surface features previously observed by Ohmori et al are not, as Lewis wrote, caused by plasmoids, and have nothing to do with features found by Matsumoto, but are caused by transmutation.} } @article{Ohmo2000b, author = {T. Ohmori}, title = {Recent development in solid state nuclear transmutation occurring by the electrolysis}, journal = {Curr. Topics Electrochem.}, volume = {7}, year = {2000}, pages = {101--118}, keywords = {Review or progress report, transmutation, res+, no FPH/Jones refs.}, annote = {Ohmori describes once again his plasma electrolysis, in which large currents or voltages are applied, so that there is a plasma film generated at the electrodes. There are colour pictures of the resulting light emission at a tungsten cathode under these conditions. Both excess heat and a number of de novo elements (isotopes) are produced. The transmutation reactions lead to surface features such as craters and lines.} } @article{Ohmo2003, author = {T. Ohmori and H. Yamada and S. Narita and T. Mizuno and Y. Aoki}, title = {Enrichment of 41K isotope in potassium formed on and in a rhenium electrode during plasma electrolysis in K2CO3/H2O and K2CO3/D2O solutions}, journal = {J. Appl. Electrochem.}, volume = {33}, year = {2003}, pages = {643--646}, keywords = {Transmutation, Re, plasma electrolysis, res+}, submitted = {06/2002}, published = {07/2003}, annote = {Plasma electrolysis is electrolysis at very high current density, here 4A/cm$^2$, where a glowing plasma layer is formed between the electrode and the electrolyte. A rhenium cathode was used here, in the title electrolyte. The plasma mostly glowed with a bluish violet colour, with intermittent bursts of reddish violet. After electrolysis, surface layer analysis using Auger electron spectroscopy and time of flight mass spectroscopy showed that in both light and heavy water electrolytes, there was an overabundance of 41K in the surface layers of the cathode, around 21-36\%, compared to the natural isotope level of 7\%. The method was checked by measuring on electrodes before electrolysis. The expected 7\% was found here. No error bars are provided.} } @article{Ohms1989, author = {D. Ohms and D. Rahner and K. Wiesener}, title = {Kernfusion in einer Elektrolysezelle? (Nuclear fusion in an electrolysis cell?)}, journal = {Mitteilungsblatt - Chem. Ges. DDR}, volume = {36}, year = {1989}, pages = {151--153}, note = {In German}, keywords = {Review, experimental, electrolysis, Pd, calorimetry, neutrons, res0}, annote = {Review with 6 references. The early work of Paneth \& Peters is mentioned. They then examine critically the calorimetry of F\&P, naming local pH changes, evaporation, gas evolution and heats of loading into the Pd, as error sources, as well as recombination. The D{\"o}bereiner cigarette lighter gets a mention. The authors also did their own experiment, an electrolysis both with heavy and light water, measuring the heat balance and neutrons. No excess heat was found, nor neutrons above the noise level, setting the upper limit of the fusion rate about 4 orders of magnitude below that claimed by F\&P.} } @article{Ohta1989, author = {T. Ohta}, title = {Is cold fusion possible? A proposal of the concept of "surfusion"}, journal = {Hyomen Kagaku}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, year = {1989}, pages = {896--900}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Review}, submitted = {08/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {A review with 6 references, mentioning the history (so far), neutrons, fusion in the lattice, explaining fractofusion and "surfusion", considered to be the result of the deformed potential field at the electrode/electrolyte interface. Finally, a "triode" for surfusion is proposed.} } @article{Oka1989a, author = {Y. Oka and S. Koshizuka and S. Kondo}, title = {Electrochemically induced deuterium-tritium fusion power reactor - preliminary design of a reactor system.}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {260--262}, keywords = {Design, instrumental}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {Conceptual design, using a double-tube cell to maximise electrode area.} } @article{Oka1989b, author = {Y. Oka and S. Koshizuka and S. Kondo}, title = {D2O-fueled fusion power reactor using electrochemically induced deuterium-deuterium D-Dn, D-Dp and deuterium-tritium reactions - preliminary design of a reactor system}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {263--267}, keywords = {Design, CNF reactor}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {A 1000 MW reactor design is presented.} } @article{Okab1993, author = {S. Okabe}, title = {Some new scientific fields related to exoelectron emission and fracto-emission}, journal = {Poverkhnost. Fis. Khim. Mech.}, year = {1993}, number = {7}, pages = {34--42}, keywords = {Discussion, fracto}, submitted = {06/1992}, annote = {The author is concerned with the field of exoelectron emission (EEE) and deplores the lack of interest in it among scientists. In this paper, he surveys the field and how EEE impinges on, among other areas, cold fusion, through fracto-emission. This started with Klyuev et al in 1986, and there has been some confirmation since then, by others.} } @article{Olay1998, author = {M.~G. Olayo and G.~J. Cruz and L. Balderas and L. Melendez and A. Chavez and R. Valencia and E. Chavez and A. Flores and R. Lopez}, title = {Absorption of deuterium in titanium plates induced by electric discharges}, journal = {Int. J. Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {23}, year = {1998}, pages = {885--890}, keywords = {Experimental, gas phase, Ti, discharge, res+}, annote = {The team deuterium-loaded a Ti plate in a chamber, having first heated it to drive out initial gases. Deuterium absorption was followed by monitoring the pressure in the (sealed) chamber. After absorption, an ac voltage up to 5000V was applied between the Ti plate and the chamber, and the loading, as well as neutron emission, were checked, the latter by some Cr39 probes around the cell; as well as three temperature probes at the plate. It was found that the high voltage discharge led to further loading (all expressed in g D2, not as a D/Ti ratio) and some heating. Some slight neutron emission was found, and thought by the authors to be of anomalous origin.} } @article{Olem1990, author = {A.~I. Olemskoj and E.~A. Toropov}, title = {On the fluctuation theory of cold fusion}, journal = {Ukr. Fiz. Zh.}, volume = {35}, year = {1990}, pages = {1619--1622}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Theory, res+ number = {11},}, submitted = {04/1990}, published = {11/1990}, annote = {The authors use the work of Anderson (Phys. Rev. 109 (1958) 1492) to work out a model of cold fusion, and the conditions under which it might work. The idea is that although mean states do not allow fusion in metal deuteride, their fluctuations might, with the right parameters; large values of deuteron delocalisation and scattering and small storage parameter are favourable, helped by the fluctuations and external noise.} } @article{Olof1991, author = {G. Olofsson and I. Wads{\"o} and L. Eberson}, title = {Design and testing of a calorimeter for measurements on electrochemical reactions with gas evolution}, journal = {J. Chem. Thermodyn.}, volume = {23}, year = {1991}, pages = {95--104}, keywords = {Design, instrumental, calorimetry}, submitted = {09/1990}, published = {01/1991}, annote = {Cold fusion calorimetry places great demands on the experimenter, because of the high currents and gas evolution, over long periods. Many calorimeter designs allow substantial rise in cell temperature, which itself introduces problems. Here, the authors present a better design, using thermopile heat conduction to carry heat out of the cell. Accuracy was 0.2\%. In this kind of setup, the calibration constant is not a function of the heat capacity of the cell, unlike with other calorimeters. During electrolysis, even at the highest applied powers (up to 1W), cell temperature was not raised by more than 0.5K. The results show no excess heat for any cell, within the experimental limits.} } @article{Ono1991, author = {H. Ono and S. Takahashi and H. Morisaki and K. Yazawa}, title = {Absorption and desorption of hydrogen and deuterium into palladium}, journal = {Denki Tsushin Daigaku Kiyo}, volume = {4}, year = {1991}, pages = {235--242}, note = {In Japanese, Engl. abstr.}, keywords = {Experimental, SEM, electrolysis, Pd, neutrons, res-}, published = {12/1991}, annote = {SEM was used to look at the surface morphology of Pd upon electrolysis in 0.1M LiOH and LiOD in normal and heavy water, resp. In LiOD, crater-like features appear on the Pd, but not in LiOH, after thousands of electrolysis hours. A neutron detector was placed into a Wada-Nishizawa-type glass bulb containing Pd and pressurised D2 gas, with an electric discharge passed between the Pd rods. No neutrons were observed above background.} } @article{Oria1990, author = {R.~A. Oriani and J.~C. Nelson and S.~K. Lee and J.~H. Broadhurst}, title = {Calorimetric measurements of excess power output during the cathodic charging of deuterium into palladium}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {652--658}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, calorimetry, res0}, submitted = {05/1990}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {A calorimeter using the Seebeck effect is used. The cylindrical electrode space is entirely surrounded by a thermopile array, thus capturing all the heat given off; temperature gradients do not matter. Calibration with electrical heating shows an accuracy of 0.3\%. Runs with water establish precise agreement between expected and measured heat, and absence of significant recombination effects. Runs with heavy water then show no anomalous heat outputs over 31 hours. A larger cell was then built, with lower electrolytic resistance, to allow larger current densities. Also, palladium was a part of the anode, so as to dissolve Pd and redeposit it onto the cathode, in order to encourage crack formation there. Now some apparent excess heat was measured. Recalibration with H2O confirmed this. Another anomaly observed was that, upon reduction of the input power there was a rise in the calorimeter signal, and excess heat. There was also a slight waviness in the calorimeter signal with heavy water but not with light water, indicating the possibility of periodic or sporadic heat bursts. Chemical explanations for the excess heats appear not to be sufficient, nor are mechanical energy storage models. Some attempt to monitor neutron flux, and to assay for tritium afterwards; neither was found. The excess heat observed remains unexplained.} } @article{Oria1996, author = {R.~A. Oriani}, title = {An investigation of anomalous thermal power generation from a proton-conducting oxide}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {30}, year = {1996}, pages = {281--287}, keywords = {Experimental, calorimetry, high temperature, excess heat, res+}, submitted = {04/1996}, published = {11/1996}, annote = {This is a high-temperature (ca. 400C) calorimetry experiment, using a solid state electrolyte, perovskite Sr Ce0.9 Y0.08 Nb0.02 O2.97, an ion conductor, supplied by Mizuno. A Seebeck-effect calorimeter of refined design was used for accuracy. The solid electrolyte was simply heated at a known power, and deuterium or helium (as a control) allowed into the chamber, monitoring the heat given off. There appears to be clear evidence of up to 4-sigma excess power (relative to noise) with deuterium, but never with helium. Small dc power currents were applied to the electrolyte disks, but the results show no clear effect correlating with this. The success rate was low, and so were the excess powers. More work is needed, concludes the author.} } @article{Oria1998, author = {R.~A. Oriani}, title = {Anomalous heavy atomic masses produced by electrolysis}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {34}, year = {1998}, pages = {76--80}, keywords = {Experimental, polyneutrons, res0}, submitted = {12/1997}, published = {08/1998}, annote = {Oriani here tests Fisher's theory of polyneutrons as the source of CNF. he reasons that if this is correct, then heavy carbon and nitrogen generated might be detectable by chemical means. He therefore took some cathodes used for cold fusion electrolysis, some of them having shown excess heat, and heated them in an oxygen atmosphere. The elements should diffuse to the surface and oxidise, and the oxides can then be detected by high-resoslution MS. Some masses were found only from the previously deuterated Pd, and not in the blanks. These are in the range 222-351, and the range 231-240 could be heavy CO2, although this is not proved. Oriani considers the evidence as support for Fisher's theory and urges more work on this.} } @article{Oria2002, author = {R.~A. Oriani and J.~C. Fisher}, title = {Generation of nuclear tracks during electrolysis}, journal = {Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.}, volume = {41}, year = {2002}, pages = {6180--6183}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, charged particles, res+}, submitted = {04/2002}, published = {10/2002}, annote = {The authors placed some cp detectors, in the form of CR-39 chips to be etched after exposure, directly under the Pd cathode undergoing electrolysis in Li2SO4 in D2O electrolyte. The Pd was a 25X25 mm foil. Results showed that a significant number of cp's were emitted by the cathode, but not commensurate with heat observations in other experiments. No strong conclusions were drawn here.} } @article{Ota1993, author = {K. Ota and H. Yoshitake and N. Kamiya}, title = {Present status of cold fusion}, journal = {Hyomen Kagaku}, volume = {14}, number = {9}, year = {1993}, pages = {570--573}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Review}, submitted = {08/1993}, published = {09/1993}, annote = {A review with 9 refs. The references are up to 1993, including the F\&P paper in Phys. Lett. A and the Nagoya conference procs, Frontiers of Cold Fusion.} } @article{Ota1997, author = {K. Ota and T. Kobayashi}, title = {Cold fusion and calorimetry}, journal = {Netsu Sokutei}, volume = {24}, number = {3}, year = {1997}, pages = {138--145}, note = {In Japanese, Engl. abstr.}, keywords = {Review}, submitted = {02/1997}, annote = {This is a smallish review or roundup of CNF, with 17 references, concentrating on calorimetry. One notes the usual equations of the three branches of dd fusion, energy discussion (chemical vs. nuclear), there is a Figure of a Fleischmannian heat burst, several kinds of cells (open and closed), some discussion of loading levels vs excess heat (going steeply upwards around 0.9) and a few alternative orthodox explanations, tabled in English.} } @article{Ota1998, author = {K. Ota and T. Kobayashi and N. Motohira and N. Kamiya}, title = {Effect of boron for the heat production during the heavy water electrolysis using palladium cathode}, journal = {Int. J. Soc. Mat. Eng. Resources}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, year = {1998}, pages = {26--34}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, calorimetry, res+}, published = {09/1997}, annote = {This team chose a flow calorimeter for accuracy, and tried to see the effect of boron in the Pd cathodes. Boron is present as an impurity, and was measured here to be present at levels from 127 to 1000 ppm. Only small excess heats were found, uncorrelated with boron content.} } @article{Oyam1990a, author = {N. Oyama and T. Ohsaka and O. Hatozaki and Y. Kurasawa and N. Yamamoto and S. Kasahara and N. Ohta and Y. Imai and Y. Oyama and T. Nakamura and T. Shibata and M. Imamura and Y. Uwamino and S. Shibata}, title = {Electrochemical calorimetry of D2O electrolysis using a palladium cathode - an undivided, open cell system}, journal = {Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan}, volume = {63}, year = {1990}, pages = {2659--2664}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, calorimetry, res+}, submitted = {04/1990}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {Palladium rods of 2mm and 6mm dia. were first heated in air at 1540 degC for 1 h, quenched in D2O, and then heated in vacuum at 600 degC for 6 h and cooled in a D2 gas atmosphere. The paper does not make clear whether the same treatment, but using H2O and H2 gas, was used for the controls. The rods were then used in electrolysis of H2O and D2O containing 0.1 M LiOH or LiOD. Current densities were 60-300 mA/cm$^2$. Two temperature probes were placed in the undivided cells and the evolved gases' volume measured to monitor electrolysis efficiency, from which the degree of recombination could be estimated. Even for fully immersed cathodes, there was around 2-5\% recombination, presumably from gases present in the electrolyte. Cell temperature changes were measured by means of a thermistor, and calibration by electric heating. A loading of about 0.65 was achieved. The figures show excess heat, corrected for water electrolysis. For heavy water, there is great scatter and it appears that the points average out to about zero, as they also do for light water, where there is less scatter. The authors, however, list the high points of excess heat in their Table, going up to "42\% excess heat". One of the interesting effects is the difference between the two temp. probes, showing clearly that there are large temp. gradients in the cells. The authors do not conclude that they have evidence for cold fusion, pointing to the need for measurements of correlated independent parameters.} } @article{Oyam1990b, author = {N. Oyama and N. Yamamoto and O. Hatozaki and T. Ohsaka}, title = {Probing absorption of deuterium into palladium cathodes during D2O electrolysis with an in situ electrochemical microbalance technique}, journal = {Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Part 2}, volume = {29}, year = {1990}, pages = {L818--L821}, keywords = {Experimental, fundamental, loading, structure}, submitted = {03/1990}, published = {05/1990}, annote = {The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), is used here to weigh absorbed hydrogen isotopes in Pd, sputtered as a film (45-1000 nm) on top of a film of Cr (2 nm) and Au (300 nm) on the quartz plate. Cyclic voltammetry - i.e. cycling the applied potential forward and backward - is used, monitoring both current and QCM frequency changes, df. On Au, df (due to H-deposition) goes back to zero on the reverse scan, while on Pd, it does not, in the few minutes the scan took, indicating absorption of H into the Pd interior. A constant-current run with both normal and deuterated electrolytes showed double the df for D as for H, since D is double the weight of H. This shows these isotopes are absorbed into Pd. From df, the team calculate a loading D/Pd of about 0.58; this is less than the total current comes to, indicating some loss as, e.g., D2 bubbles. X-ray diffraction confirmed the presence of some beta-phase Pd deuteride. The results differ from those of Cheek and O'Grady, who found that df was twice that expected from the Sauerbrey equation, probably due to mechanical changes in the film due to D-loading. They used coulometry to measure the loading, and got quite reasonable numbers, implying no loss. Oyama et al promise more work on the kinetics of absorption of H into and its diffusion in Pd, and some calorimetry.} } @article{Oyam1990c, author = {Y. Oyama}, title = {Very low level flux neutron measurement with an NE213 liquid scintillator}, journal = {Hoshasen}, volume = {16}, year = {1990}, pages = {15--21}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Design, instrumental, neutron detection}, annote = {Tech. details of an NE213 liq. scintillation detector system is described from the viewpoint of very low-level flux n measurements such a cold fusion expt. Characteristics of the NE213 detector system are investigated for the background pulse shape discrimination, stability and shielding. The detection limit of the present system is 0.1 n/s/source due to the detector efficiency and background. This limit will be extended to 0.001-0.01 n/s/source by using coincidence and anticoincidence detectors. A multichannel scaling technique is also applied to perform a chi-square test in comparison with Poisson distribution. A series of expts. are arranged with chi-square values to see reproducibility of n detection. (Quoted from CA 115:17192 (1991))} } @article{Oyam1991, author = {N. Oyama and O. Hatozaki}, title = {Present and future of cold fusion - nuclear fusion induced by electrochemical reaction}, journal = {Oyo Butsuri}, volume = {60}, year = {1991}, pages = {220--226}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Critical review}, published = {01/1991}, annote = {Seems to be a review-type discussion of the CNF field, naming a few problems and describing the experimental variants.} } @article{Pack1989, author = {N.~J.~C. Packham and K.~L. Wolf and J.~C. Wass and R.~C. Kainthla and J.~O.~M. Bockris}, title = {Production of tritium from D2O electrolysis at a palladium cathode}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {270}, year = {1989}, pages = {451--458}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, tritium, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {08/1989}, published = {10/1989}, annote = {State that emission of nuclear particles would be better evidence of cold fusion that heat. They find tritium but no neutrons.} } @article{Pala1990, author = {A. Palamalai and A. G. Rafi Ahmed and M. Sampath and A. Chinnusamy and G.~N. Prasad and K. S. Krishna Rao and O.~M. Sreedharan and V.~R. Raman and G.~R. Balasubramanian}, title = {Preliminary experimental studies on electrochemically induced fusion of deuterium}, journal = {Trans. SAEST}, volume = {25}, year = {1990}, pages = {73--80}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, Ti, gammas, tritium,, res+}, annote = {Electrolysis of D2O at Pd. Gamma emission from thermalised neutrons was detected by an NaI detector, shielded from cosmic rays by Pb shielding. Aliquots of the electrolyte were extracted for tritium assays. In another experiment, a Ti cuboid is used as cathode. Thermal effects were measured by comparing a "live" cell with a dummy containing H2O. Some sporadic gamma events were observed from both Pd and Ti electrodes. The authors also analyse FPH's results and conclude that a small area/volume ratio is favourable for fusion, as this relatively inhibits escape of deuterium from the Pd, thus giving it more time to fuse.} } @article{Pali1991, author = {E. Palibroda and P. Gl{\"u}ck}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion in thin foils of palladium}, journal = {J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett.}, volume = {154}, year = {1991}, pages = {153--161}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd foil, poisoning, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {03/1991}, annote = {A 20 mu-thin foil of Pd was electrolytically charged with deuterium from an electrolyte 0.1M LiOD in D2O, and then poisoned with thiourea. Neutrons were measured with a (ZnS(Ag)?) detector not sensitive to gamma rays, another one being placed at 1.5 m for background monitoring. Counts were integrated over 10 min intervals. The cell was double-walled and inside a thermostat, with a recombination catalyst feeding the evolved gases back into the cell. There were 7 periods of neutron emissions, lasting from 3.2 to 12.7 hours each, with a neutron intensity from 1.8 to 140 (mean) times the background, or up to 300 times maximum. These emissions convert to fusion rates up to $10^{-18}$ /s/pair. The background was fairly constant throughout at about $112 \pm 12$ counts during inactive periods, and raised slightly to $216 \pm 46$ during active periods. No temperature data is reported, and no controls. The team will now attempt to make the experiment reproducible; they speculate that the poisoning did the trick.} } @article{Pall1990, author = {V. Palleschi and M.~A. Harith and G. Salvetti and D.~P. Singh and M. Vaselli}, title = {A plasma model of the process of cold nuclear fusion in metals}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {148}, year = {1990}, pages = {345--350}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {08/1989}, published = {08/1990}, annote = {The authors aim to present a model of the interionic interactions and electron screening in metals that, without introducing the unrealistic concept of effective mass or charge, may account for observed cold fusion rates. The high density of H in Pd gives rise to a dense one-component plasma. Results show that efficient screening of the d potential obtains in metals at low temperatures and d-d short range correlation lead to enhanced cold fusion rates.} } @article{Pane1926a, author = {F. Paneth and K. Peters}, title = {On the transmutation of hydrogen into helium}, journal = {Ber.}, volume = {59}, year = {1926}, pages = {2039--2048}, note = {In German}, keywords = {Historical}, annote = {Starts by mentioning even earlier attempts at this by Strutt and JJ Thomsen, who tried to bombard hydrogen by high-energy radiation. PP used palladium and hydrogen, under mild conditions. They mention that the form of palladium is important (they tried Pd black, sponge, etc.) and that the metal sometimes becomes inactive and refuses to take up H. Having invented a highly sensitive He detector, and being aware of the possibility of contamination by external sources, they went to great pains to exclude these. They nevertheless find He in Pd-H mixtures, and even a correlation between the amount of He and the length of time of reaction. They rather carefully conclude that, since all sources of error appear to have been eliminated, transmutation has taken place. This was submitted in August 1926 - to at least two journals, in fact; the article in Die Naturwissenschaften at about the same time contains, as far as I know, the same stuff.} } @article{Pane1926b, author = {F. Paneth and K. Peters}, title = {On the transmutation of hydrogen to helium}, journal = {Naturwiss.}, volume = {14}, year = {1926}, pages = {956--962}, note = {In German}, keywords = {Historical}, annote = {This is a copy/reprinting of the authors' paper in Ber. 59 (1926) 2039. Lest it be thought that this is an example of multiplying publications, the authors explain in 1927 that the journal asked for permission to print the paper. It contains exactly the same material as the original.} } @article{Pane1927a, author = {F. Paneth and K. Peters and P. G{\"u}nther}, title = {On the transmutation of hydrogen into helium}, journal = {Ber.}, volume = {60}, year = {1927}, pages = {808--809}, note = {In German}, keywords = {Historical}, annote = {Submitted February 1927 or about six months after the earlier paper, this retracts the earlier claim. In a fussy and unembarrassed manner, they report that they have now found a hitherto unsuspected source of helium contamination. Apparently, heated glass allowed He to pass through it, especially in the presence of H. This new error source is now sufficient to account for all the He found in the experiments, within the error limits of He detection. Therefore, it is not justified to assume transmutation.} } @article{Pane1927b, author = {F. Paneth}, title = {The transmutation of hydrogen into helium}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {119}, year = {1927}, pages = {706--707}, keywords = {Historical}, annote = {Paneth retracts, in much the same wording as the other paper in Ber. 60 (1927) 808, his and Peters' claims to have produced helium by the fusion of hydrogen in palladium. Although they had done control experiments without hydrogen, they had not been aware that hydrogen itself renders both glass and asbestos more permeable to helium, so the control was not a control. This still left them with some unaccounted positive results but in view of this major error source, they retract their fusion claim.} } @article{Pane1927c, author = {F. Paneth}, title = {Recent experiments on the transmutation of hydrogen into helium}, journal = {Naturwiss.}, volume = {15}, year = {1927}, pages = {379.}, keywords = {Historical}, annote = {The author explains that, since there was a reprinting of their 1926 paper on the subject in this journal, it is reasonable to also publish the retraction in the same journal, as well as in the other (Ber. 60 (1927) 808). The paper, then, is the same as the original - also, for the same reason, published in Nature by Paneth (1927).} } @article{Pari1990, author = {T.~A. Parish and R.~T. Perry and W.~B. Wilson}, title = {Neutron sources and spectra from cold fusion}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {479--481}, keywords = {Theory, calculation}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {The feasible, known fusion reactions would produce neutrons, which would be thermalised and produce secondaries. This paper sets out to calculate expected spectra of these emissions; experimentalists will thus know what to look for, i.e. as shown in the four Figs in this paper.} } @article{Park1989, author = {Y.~W. Park and C.~O. Yoon and M.~Y. Yoon and J.~C. Kim}, title = {The observation of 2.2 MeV gamma-rays in an electrochemical cell}, journal = {Sae Mulli}, volume = {29}, year = {1989}, pages = {231--232}, note = {In Korean}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, Ti, neutrons, gammas, res0}, annote = {Repeated the CNF experiment, electrolysing at Pd (30 x 30 x 1 mm plate) and Ti (8mm long 4mm rod), measuring neutrons and a gamma spectrum. 11 neutrons were counted in 2 hours, and the gamma spectrum had a peak at 2.2 MeV, just like PFH-89. More work is needed to show that these results come from a fusion reaction.} } @article{Park1993, author = {A.~E. Park}, title = {Some thoughts on a simple mechanism for the 2H + 2H --> 4He cold fusion reaction}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {24}, year = {1993}, pages = {319--323}, keywords = {Discussion, suggestion}, submitted = {11/1992}, published = {11/1993}, annote = {Six references are cited as evidence for 4He production correlated with excess heat; thus, the reaction d + d --> 4He must be the one. The author calls it the compressed-rotational-shielded (CRS) cold fusion reaction. It has not been proven not to take place in the cold fusion environment. At one stage of this reaction, two d nuclei are brought close together by momentum, compression and internal ground-state rotations in the presence of an excess of electrons at the Pd surface; e.g. in the presence of a magnetic field. An alternative stage might be the attraction of the two neutrons to each other. The second stage is then the formation of the excited 4He. Other mechanisms are possible. The essence of this seems to be the formation of pn-np pairs by Coulomb repulsion and compression. In the final stage, the excited 4He comes to rest, releasing its energy to photons. Some suggestions are made for experimentally enhancing this mechanism. } } @article{Parm1989, author = {R.~H. Parmenter and W. E. {Lamb Jr}}, title = {Cold fusion in metals}, journal = {Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA}, volume = {86}, year = {1989}, pages = {8614--8616}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {The jellium model of a metal containing deuterons is considered, including the Pd example. The Thomas-Fermi method, and the WBK (Wentzel-Brillouin- -Kramers) approximation lead to a fusion rate first of $10^{-33}$/s; then, after a few arguments about conduction electrons and the double-positive charge of a deuteron pair, to $10^{-30}$/s, in agreement with Kondo, who also used the jellium model. This is still 6-7 orders of magnitude lower than reported by Jones+ but closer than the D2 rate of $10^{-100}$ or so. There is some discussion of the possible reasons for the disagreement with the result of Legget and Baym ($10^{-47}$/s), involving the approximations used.} } @article{Parm1990a, author = {R.~H. Parmenter and W. E. {Lamb Jr}}, title = {More cold fusion in metals: corrected calculations and other considerations}, journal = {Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.}, volume = {87}, year = {1990}, pages = {3177--3179}, keywords = {Theory, calculation, res+}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {04/1990}, annote = {A reexamination of their previous calculations of possible fusion rates in PdD(x), which lead to a value of $10^{-30}$. Now, it seems that about $10^{-18}$ is possible, larger than the rates inferred by Jones+ (who have similar results with palladium electrodes). The application of the model to titanium is not as easy, due to uncertainties in values of, e.g., specific heat and elastic constants of the deuteride, so no reliable numbers can be calculated.} } @article{Parm1990b, author = {R.~H. Parmenter and W. E. {Lamb Jr}}, title = {Cold fusion in palladium: a more realistic calculation}, journal = {Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA}, volume = {87}, year = {1990}, pages = {8652--8654}, keywords = {Theory, calculation, res-}, submitted = {07/1990}, published = {11/1990}, annote = {Following these authors' previous two papers (1989, 1990), this paper recalculates expected fusion rates, now employing the modified, rather than the straight, Thomas-Fermi-Mott equation. The modification lies in the model for the conduction electrons, and their assumed effective mass. The resulting fusion rate, around $10^{-23}$ fusions/s/d-d pair, is more in line with those reported by Jones et al (1989), and some orders of magnitude larger than those previously calculated. The new numbers suggest that the Jones et al results can be explained by conventional physics, as used here. } } @article{Parmi1989, author = {F. Parmigiani and P.~G. Sona}, title = {Theoretical considerations on the cold nuclear fusion in condensed matter}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. D}, volume = {11}, year = {1989}, pages = {913--919}, keywords = {Discussion}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {If $x > 1$ in PdD(x), pseudomesic D-molecule groups might form, giving rise to heavy electrons (up to 20 times normal) and enhanced fusion is then possible. The authors admit that this is not highly likely.} } @article{Pase1990, author = {I. Paseka and J. Vondrak}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Chem. Listy}, volume = {84}, year = {1990}, pages = {897--908}, note = {In Czech, Engl. abstract}, keywords = {Discussion}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {(English abstract:) "The subject of this article is the development of the knowledge concerning cold nuclear fusion. Both the original communications and the experiments on the checking of the phenomenon are presented. Further, the main properties of the metal-hydrogen systems are summarized with respect to the assumed influence of the nuclear reaction of deuterons, and some features of this nuclear reaction are described. The causes of errors leading to incorrect determination of thermal effects and nuclear particles are discussed. Fusion processes with an observable thermal effect are not probable, but it cannot be excluded, either experimentally or theoretically, that fusion processes take place at very low speeds, below $10^{-21}$ to $10^{-28}$ fusions per second per one deuteron pair." Written in June, 1989, the paper draws attention to most of the major commentaries to that date, goes through most of the important aspects of the Pd/D system, electrolysis, muon catalysis, Oppenheimer-Phillips theory, some thermodynamics, nuclear chemistry, and the possible traps for the unwary cold fusion researcher.} } @article{Paul1989, author = {L. Pauling}, title = {Explanations of cold fusion}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {339}, year = {1989}, pages = {105.}, keywords = {Discussion, suggestion}, published = {05/1989}, annote = {Based on his own work going right back to 1938, Pauling suggests that higher deuteride, probably PdD2, is formed due to electrolysis pressure of D, and that this decomposes during the later stages of electrolysis, giving off heat - and possibly causing the melt-down FPH reported. He also suggests that PdD2 is more stable than PdH2, and PdT3 even more so.} } @article{Perf1989, author = {P. Perfetti and F. Cilloco and R. Felici and M. Capozi and A. Ippoliti}, title = {Neutron emission under particular nonequilibrium conditions from palladium and titanium electrolytically charged with deuterium}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. D}, volume = {11}, year = {1989}, pages = {921--926}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, Ti, neutrons, res+}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {Report neutron emission. Used electrolysis. Speculate that it might be nonequilibrium conditions that induce fusion, perhaps the transition from the alpha- to the beta phase of PdD. To test this, they warmed up the D-charged Pd wire by passing 10A through it for 1 min. It warmed up to somewhere around 100 degC. Every time, neutrons were observed with a time delay of about 2 min. The same happened with Ti wire.} } @article{Pero1989, author = {P. Peroni}, title = {Cold fusion: what's going on?}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {338}, year = {1989}, pages = {711.}, keywords = {Polemic}, published = {04/1989}, annote = {One of several Letters commenting on the then fresh cold fusion news. Peroni states that, according to Oppenheimer \& Phillips (1935), low-energy dd fusion might not lead to the expected neutrons, since these may be captured, so only protons would be emitted. Thus, the low neutron flux observed is consistent with expectations. Note that the Letter is signed "Peroni Paolo", but I am informed that this is the formal Italian way of presenting a name, second name first.} } @article{Pete1989, author = {P. Petelenz}, title = {Hypothetical D-D bound states in solid palladium}, journal = {Acta Phys. Polon. A}, volume = {75}, year = {1989}, pages = {929--933}, keywords = {Theory. res0}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {In theory, CNF might go if only D-D pairs are held close enough for long enough. But analysis shows they are even further apart than in D2 gas. But P. speculates that double-positive Schottky vacancies exist in the Pd crystal lattice, attracting deuterons, so that possibly two of them can move in together and be close enough for CNF. Maybe.} } @article{Petr1989, author = {C. Petrillo and F. Sacchetti}, title = {A possible mechanism for bulk cold fusion in transition metal hydrides}, journal = {Europhys. Lett.}, volume = {10}, year = {1989}, pages = {15--18}, keywords = {Discussion, suggestion}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {Fusion rates can be enhanced by extra energy coming from the alpha-beta transition observed in such other hydrides as those of Nb and Ta.} } @article{Petr1989a, author = {R.~D. Petrasso and X. Chen and K.~W. Wenzel and R.~R. Parker and C.~K. Li and C. Fiore}, title = {Problems with the gamma-ray spectrum in the Fleischmann et al experiments}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {339}, year = {1989}, pages = {183--185}, keywords = {Polemic}, published = {05/1989}, annote = {The authors were about the first to point out that that famous spectrum was unlikely. FPH show a peak at 2.22 MeV and attribute it to the fusion reaction n + d --> d + gamma. Petrasso+ here point out that it not only has the wrong shape (it should be wider) but lacks the proximity of the Compton effect, which should be distorting the peak.} } @article{Petr1989b, author = {R.~D. Petrasso and X. Chen and K.~W. Wenzel and R.~R. Parker and C.~K. Li and C. Fiore}, title = {Measurement of gamma-ray from cold fusion}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {339}, year = {1989}, pages = {667--669}, keywords = {Polemic}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {Answer to FPH's answer to Petrasso+'s polemic in Nature 339 (1989) 183. They correctly point out that FPH originally did attribute their (incorrect) 2.22 MeV peak to the nuclear reaction.} } @article{Petr1991, author = {O.~A. Petrii and G.~A. Tsirlina and E.~F. Simonov and V.~A. Safonov and E.~V. Lapshina}, title = {Attempts to detect electrochemical cold nuclear fusion by determining the excess tritium}, journal = {Sov. Electrochem.}, volume = {27}, year = {1991}, pages = {1240--1248}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, tritium, res-}, submitted = {04/1991}, published = {11/1991}, annote = {Of the various signatures of fusion, tritium is not the most sensitive (lower limit = $10^{-17}$ - $10^{-19}$ fusion rate) but was chosen here nevertheless because it is urgent to detect it reliably. Careful attention was paid to controls, material purity. Pd alloys with different mechanical properties were used, to allow for fractofusion effects, and some trace metals were added in order to raise the overpotential at a given current density. Tritium was looked for in both the electrolyte and the evolved gas. No significant amounts were found in any experiments, beyond normal enrichment effects. The lower limit of the fusion rate is thus found to be $10^{-18}$. Future work, to detect protons from the same reaction, is planned, and should yield four orders of magnitude better sensitivity.} } @article{Phil2004, author = {J. Phillips and R. L. Mills and X. Chen}, title = {Water bath calorimetric study of excess heat generation in ``resonant transfer'' plasmas}, journal = {Journal of Applied Physics}, year = {2004}, volume = {96}, number = {6}, pages = {3095--3102}, submitted = {11/2002}, published = {09/2004}, keywords = {plasma heating; plasma density; plasma production; plasma chemistry; calorimetry, res+}, annote = {This time the Mills team led various gases, some of which contained hydrogen and some (controls) did not, into a microwave heated chamber and heated them. The heat went into a surrounding water bath. The gases containing hydrogen emitted up to 50\% more heat then the controls, corresponding to reactions up to 150 eV per hydrogen atom, confirming the Mills fractional ground state model. This requires a catalyst, some species present that can absorb the energy given off by hydrogen as it drops into a below-ground state, but the paper does not mention what was used.} } @article{Phil2007, author = {J. Phillips and C.-K. Chen and K. Akhtar and B. Dhandapani and R. Mills}, title = {Evidence of catalytic production of hot hydrogen in RF generated hydrogen/argon plasmas}, journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {32}, number = {14}, pages = {3010--3025}, year = {2007}, submitted = {11/2006}, published = {04/2007}, keywords = {Mills, Balmer series, line broadening, RF plasma, argon, hydrogen, GEC cell}, annote = {There is almost universal agreement, except among the Mills team, that the Balmer line broadening observed in RF heated hydrogen plasma is due to a field acceleration mechanism. Line broadening indicates high-energy hydrogen atoms, and Mills et al feel that this model cannot account for so much ebergy, but that their model involving sub-ground electron levels can explain it. In this paper, the team performed such an experiment, with hydrogen admixed with argon heated up by an RF discharge. The resulting line broadening due to Doppler shifts agrees with previous findings. The field acceleration models is found not to be valid, but the results can be explained by Mills' CQM model, which predicts the high energy atoms observed.} } @article{Phil2008a, author = {J. Phillips and C.-K. Chen and R. L. Mills}, title = {Evidence of energetic reactions between hydrogen and oxygen species in RF generated H2O plasmas}, journal = {Int. J. Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {33}, number = {10}, pages = {2419--2432}, year = {2008}, submitted = {12/2007}, published = {04/2008}, keywords = {Mills, Plasma, RF, Balmer series, line broadening, Water}, annote = {More evidence for the Mills CQM model from RF heated hydrogen plasma. See Phil2007 for more detail.} } @article{Phil2008b, author = {J. Phillips and C.-K. Chen}, title = {Evidence of catalytic production of hot atomic hydrogen in RF generated hydrogen/helium plasmas}, journal = {Int. J. Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {33}, number = {23}, pages = {7185--7196}, year = {2008}, submitted = {07/2008}, published = {11/2008}, keywords = {Mills, RF plasma, hydrogen, helium, Balmer line broadening, Classical Quantum Mechanics}, annote = {More evidence for the Mills CQM model from RF heated hydrogen plasma. See Phil2007 for more detail.} } @article{Pica1989, author = {L.~E. Picasso}, title = {Fusione: Fredda o calda? (Fusion; cold or hot?)}, journal = {Accaio Inoss.}, volume = {56}, number = {2}, year = {1989}, pages = {5}, note = {In Italian}, keywords = {Discussion, no refs.}, annote = {Early short review in "Stainless Steel" journal. Conventional fusion is discussed, then muon fusion, and cold. After a brief period, with some dozens of apparent verifications around the world, we are now (probably middle 1989) in a period of doubt and reassessment.} } @article{Pinc1992, author = {T.~J. Pinch}, title = {Opening black boxes: Science, technology and society}, journal = {Social Studies of Science}, volume = {22}, year = {1992}, pages = {487--510}, keywords = {Soc/sci}, annote = {This was given as a talk at a conference and later published here. It is a sci-soc/phil paper, discussing 'the role of errors and mistakes' in 'cold fusion', among other subjects. Pinch points out that different standards are applied by critics of 'cold fusion' to its advocates and its critics. Authors Close and Broad are singled out as examples.} } @article{Pokr1990, author = {V.~V. Pokropivnii and V.~V. Ogorodnikov}, title = {The bineutron model of cold nuclear fusion in metals}, journal = {Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett.}, note = {Orig. in: Pis'ma Zh. Teor. Fiz. 16(21) (1990) 31 (in Russian)}, volume = {16}, number = {111}, year = {1990}, pages = {819--821}, keywords = {Theory, bineutrons}, submitted = {08/1990}, published = {11/1990}, annote = {Supported by earlier Soviet theoretical work, the authors propose the hypothetical formation of quasistable bineutrons; these are put into the context of the nucleonic (neutron, deuteron and biproton) isotope family. If bineutrons have sufficient life times, they might undergo the fusion reactions d+2n-->t+n or d+2n->(4)He+e. The bineutrons can be formed by electron capture by protons, and the chemistry of the environment enters here: high electron pressure and density are favourable. Some thermodynamical calculations indicate that Pd and Nb are particularly good metals in whose deuterides this might happen. Highly energetic electrons might derive from the fracto-effect (electrons accelerated across cracks) or from the high voltage fields at cathode surfaces. The hypothesis suggests test experiments as, e.g. varying the accelerating voltages in some manner, or admixture of different neutron-rich impurities to optimise the process.} } @article{Pokr1993, author = {V.~V. Pokropivnyi}, title = {Bineutron theory of cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Dokl. Akad. Nauk. Ukr.}, number = {4}, year = {1993}, pages = {86--92}, keywords = {Theory, bineutrons}, submitted = {10/1992}, note = {In Russian, Engl. abstr.}, annote = {In a previous paper, the author has suggested, simultaneously with Timashev, that the formation of dineutrons might be the cold fusion mechanism. In this paper, he elaborates on this idea. The abstract says (with some paraphrasing): "Possibilities are considered for stabilisation of the dineutron pair in the deuteron-containing crystals, in particular beta-decay without recoil. Also, the temperature criterion T < Tc are proposed to explain neutron 'flashes'". The author calculates the lifetime of 2n as $2.4 \times 10^{-12}$ s at 3K. More work is needed, and there are many possibilities for reactions other than just 2n-d fusion, e.g. reactions of 2n with the Pd itself.} } @article{Pons1990, author = {S. Pons and M. Fleischmann}, title = {Calorimetric measurements of the palladium/deuterium system: fact and fiction}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {669--679}, keywords = {Polemic, discussion}, submitted = {03/1990}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {A defense of their paper FPH-89, in the form of more details. Some of this overlaps with their second paper, FPALH-90. The points made here include (1) a low-cost calorimeter is required for experiments which must be run for an average of 3 months; (2) recombination of D2 with O2 gas did not occur, as these gases were never in contact with the Pd electrode; (3) appreciable stray currents did not flow since $>99$\% Faradaic efficiency was measured; (4) the cell acts as an extremely well-stirred system in the thermal sense; (5) there were in fact blank experiments reported in FPH-89 (they cite the Pd plate at low current and state that the best blank is a deuterated Pd electrode with no excess heat), and here they report many more blanks; (6) that, apart from long term, steady state excess heats, there were much larger bursts, with factors up to 40 relative to the input heat; and that (7) the integrated long-term heat shows an excess far greater than can be explained by any conceivable chemical process.} } @article{Pons1992, author = {S. Pons and M. Fleischmann}, title = {Concerning the detection of neutron and gamma-rays from cells containing palladium cathodes polarized in heavy water}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento A}, volume = {105}, year = {1992}, pages = {763--772}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, gammas, neutrons, helium, res+}, submitted = {04/1991}, published = {06/1992}, annote = {P\&F have apparently now improved their expertise in radiation measurement, and here admit that their first attempt was insufficient. They now report the use of an efficient Ge detector for gamma rays, placed in a lab together with three electrolysis cell baths, each containing 4-6 cells, with various sized Pd cathodes, various current densities, plus a Pt cathode control. The Ge detector presumably would pick up radiation from any of these cells. This was left to itself for up to 205 days, while some of the cells gave off excess heat. The integrated gamma spectrum has some sharp peaks at 2224 keV, and some other features convince P\&F that this indeed comes from thermalisation of neutrons given off d-d by cold fusion, that branch that also produces (3)He. There is some polemic about the Salamon measurements.} } @article{Pons1996, author = {S. Pons and M. Fleischmann}, title = {Etalonnage du systeme Pd-D2O: effets de protocole et feed-back positif. (Calibration of the Pd-D2O system: protocol and positive feed-back effects)}, journal = {J. Chim. Phys.}, volume = {93}, year = {1996}, pages = {711--730}, note = {In French, Eng. abstr.}, keywords = {Theory, discussion, loading enthalpy, res+}, annote = {P\&F point first to the standing problem of observed excess heat and the lack of commensurate nuclear products expected for a fusion reaction. They discuss their own previous results, in the light of a theory of positive feedback. This arises from the reaction enthalpy for the formation of the various deuterides PdD(x), as a function of x. The authors believe that it crosses zero at x = 0.85 or so and the addition of more D is endothermic. So if $x>0.85$ and a calibration heating pulse causes some outgassing, this is magnified by positive feedback; but as x goes below 0.85, it is quenched. The authors have observed the oscillations expected from this. The authors' previous results, including the boiling cell, are discussed. See Sakamoto et al (1996) for confirmation of the enthalpy function.} } @article{Pori1989, author = {N. Porile}, title = {Cold fusion as the subject of a final exam in honors general chemistry}, journal = {J. Chem. Educ.}, volume = {66}, year = {1989}, pages = {932--933}, keywords = {Discussion, exam question}, annote = {Told to prepare for electrochemistry, crystal structure and nuclear chemistry, students at Purdue University were given an exam with cold nuclear fusion as the topic, then just become public. The questions were a thorough going-over of the subject; in fact, many researchers might benefit by asking themselves just these questions.} } @article{Port1990, author = {J.~D. Porter and A.~A. Shihab-Eldin and H. Bossy and F.~J. Echegaray and J.~M. Nitschke and S.~G. Prussin and J.~O. Rasmussen and M.~A. Stoyer}, title = {Limits on electromagnetic and particle emission from palladium-D2O electrolytic cells}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {319--327}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, neutrons, cps, ems, res-}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {First, an FPH(89)-type cell, using a Pd wire, was used, and neutrons monitored by means of the 2.224 MeV gamma peak expected from neutron thermalisation. Open-circuit electrode potential measurements were attempted as a measure of D/Pd loading but abandoned as useless. Electrochemical titration (i.e. reoxidation of all D and current integration) yielded a lower limit of 0.62. This cell produced no emissions above background, setting the upper limit at $2 \times 10^{-22}$ fus/pair/s. Another, twin, cell was then built, with D2O in the one and H2O in the other. "Single blind" mode was used, in which the experimenters did not know which cell was which. The two cells were alternately placed into the detector space for 24 hours. Gamma, x-ray, neutron detectors were placed, as well as one for high-energy charged particles. Also, a thin-foil cell was placed over an SSB charged particle detector. No emissions indicating cold fusion were detected. Current cycling was tried in order to perhaps stimulate stress cracking and fractofusion, again with no results. The thin-foil cell showed no charged particle emissions. The need for the twin cells was emphasised by considerable background variations. As well, there were a few large neutron bursts, readily associated with known noise sources.} } @article{Powe1990, author = {G.~L. Powell and I.~V. Bullock JS and R.~L. Hallman and P.~J. Horton and D.~P. Hutchinson}, title = {The preparation of palladium for cold fusion experiments}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {355--357}, keywords = {Experimental, fundamental, loading}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {Clearly, Pd cathode preparation is a critical issue in cold fusion. This paper examines the options. One can distinguish between electrodes that have been mechanically worked (by forging, extrusion, swaging and rolling or surface treatments such as turning, drilling and tapping) and those that have not. These latter might be chill-block cast, dud melted directionally solidified, zone refined boule grown or treated by the Czochralski method. Some of these produce single crystals or oriented grains, some with shrink voids. Voids may be important. The paper reports an experiment with Pd melted from foil in an ultravacuum furnace at 1600 degC and rapidly solidified to produce voids which have nice clean surfaces and might sustain high deuterium pressures. Two of the rods were annealed at 900 degC for 4 h to remove residual work. They were charged with D2 gas, while measuring the pressure (changes), which allowed a pressure-loading curve to be measured. It showed a final D/Pd loading of 0.63 at about 2 atm at 50 degC. Future work is plannned, such as inclusion of Li or LiD.} } @article{Pozw1997, author = {A.~E. Pozwolski}, title = {Comments on composite electrolytes and cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {31}, year = {1997}, pages = {120--121}, keywords = {Polemic, high voltage discharge}, submitted = {06/1996}, published = {01/1997}, annote = {The author comments on the theory of Hora et al, and recommends the use of a composite mixture of Pd powder, sand, D2O, NaOD and pyrogallol (to absorb oxygen and reduce explosion hazard thereby). The sand isolates the Pd grains from each other and high voltage discharge would then be much more efficient in promoting fusion on the large Pd surface exposed to the discharge through the electrolyte.} } @article{Prat1992, author = {P. Prati and G. Ricco and M. Taiuti and C. Boragno and R. Eggenhoffner and U. Valbusa}, title = {Search for neutron emission from titanium-deuterium systems}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento A}, volume = {105}, year = {1992}, pages = {293--299}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, gas phase, neutrons, detector design, res-}, submitted = {10/1991}, published = {02/1992}, annote = {This team designed a new type of multiparameter, high-efficiency neutron detector, recognising that this is required for cold fusion experiments. The aim was to verify the results of Scaramuzzi et al, for high D loadings in Ti. Three coaxial scintillator shells were used, 20 cm long and about 5 cm thick. The inner shell was filled with NE213 liquid and the two outer ones are plastic NE102A. Cd sheets between the shells capture neutrons thermalised within the detector. An anticoincidence cosmic ray detector was placed over the setup and the whole surrounded by a paraffin (20 cm) and Cu (2 cm) and Pb (10 cm) wall. A 30 cm$^3$ sample could be placed in the centre of all this. A pulse shape discriminator separated gamma events from neutrons. Detection efficiency at 2.45 MeV was calibrated at 12.5\%. Ti shavings were exposed to D2 gas under pressure; when the Ti was not heated in vacuum, no D2 was absorbed and the neutron count was the same as the background; the same was obtained with Ti powder. When the powder was heated in vacuum at 560 C for about 7 h, and then exposed to 16 atm of D2 gas, it did absorb it and the temp. went up to 600 C; still no neutrons were detected. This loaded Ti was then subjected to several thermal cycles between liquid N2 and room temperature, and at no time was there any neutron emission above background. The authors conclude that the Scaramuzzi-type experiment is not suitable, because no D2 is absorbed.} } @article{Prel1989, author = {M.~A. Prelas}, title = {Advanced energy conversion methods for cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {240--242}, keywords = {Discussion, use of cold fusion}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {Discusses several possibilities for how to produce energy from cold fusion, if this proves a real phenomenon. The basis of these speculations is that cold fusion might give off charged particles which can be made to produce photons. The article develops various themes for how to use these in practice, including the production of chemicals by irradiation.} } @article{Prel1990, author = {M. Prelas and F. Boody and W. Gallaher and E. Leal-Quiros and D. Mencin and S. Taylor}, title = {Cold fusion experiments using Maxwellian plasmas and sub-atmospheric deuterium gas}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {309--313}, keywords = {Experimental, plasma, Pd, gammas, neutrons, res+}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {Here is a team with experience with plasma fusion. They use a heated plasma of deuterium aimed at a Pd target to load D into the Pd, at the typically low plasma pressures, and measure gamma and neutron fluxes. Data is taken with software and "manually ... in bound notebooks". Some neutron and gamma emissions were detected above background, and were shown not to be due to heating of the Pd sample, since simple heating produced no such effects. The results are sufficiently interesting to warrant further research using, e.g., better neutron detectors and searching for tritium as well.} } @article{Prem1989, author = {F. Premuda}, title = {Cold fusion: what's going on?}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {338}, year = {1989}, pages = {712.}, keywords = {Discussion, suggestion}, published = {04/1989}, annote = {Suggests a way to explain the paradox of so much heat and so little radiation as observed by FPH. He hypothesises that there are regions in the Pd where the density of deuterons is high, allowing fusion. The particles produced there will not escape the high-density regions, having a very small mean free path within these regions. So you get a lot of heat but little particle radiation.} } @article{Prem1998, author = {F. Premuda}, title = {Coulomb barrier total screening by Bose-Einstein-condensed deuterium in palladium blisters and reaction chains in high-density hysteresis}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {33}, year = {1998}, pages = {350--366}, keywords = {Theory, screening, Bose-Einstein condensate, res+}, submitted = {07/1993}, published = {05/1998}, annote = {Premuda here considers electron screening in the solid state plasma, thus accounting for fusion reactions. He invokes Bose-Einstein condensates of deuterium, exploring the model extensively, and ends with a list of problems that still need solving.} } @article{Prep1991a, author = {G. Preparata}, title = {Some theories of 'cold' nuclear fusion: a review}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {82--92}, keywords = {Review}, submitted = {01/1991}, published = {08/1991}, annote = {The experimental reports are classified into the F-P, BYU, TAMU, BNL and CHY (Caltech-Harwell-Yale) lines and are briefly described. The positive results throw up the two problems of the Coulomb barrier and the fact that the PdDx lattice seems to behave differently from vacuum. The main theories that attempt to get around these problems are outlined. In summary, P concludes that experimental failure may have to do with failure to reach a loading of 1+. Fractofusion is not mentioned.} } @article{Prep1991b, author = {G. Preparata}, title = {A new look at solid-state fractures, particle emission and 'cold' nuclear fusion}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A}, volume = {104}, year = {1991}, pages = {1259--1263}, keywords = {Theory, discussion, fracto}, submitted = {11/1990}, published = {08/1991}, annote = {Preparata goes back to 1953 to find evidence of fractoemission of electrons and electromagnetics; he presents his theory of superradiant motions of solid plasmas. The components of a solid plasma lose their identity and behave in a collective manner. The oscillations are reflected at the boundaries but there exists a field beyond these boundaries, fast decaying with distance. Within the small cracks, however, there will be "evanescent waves" due to this effect, which can impart considerable energy to particles there. Thus fractoemission is explained, and cold fusion is seen to be a likely fracto effect as well.} } @article{Prep1996, author = {G. Preparata and M. Scorletti and M. Verpelli}, title = {Isoperibolic calorimetry on modified Fleischmann-Pons cells}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {411}, year = {1996}, pages = {9--18}, keywords = {Experimental, excess heat calorimetry, electrolysis, res+}, submitted = {09/1995}, published = {08/1996}, annote = {This is an attempt to verify the excess heat claims of FPH-89, but with some improvements in the cell arrangement. Nevertheless, the original open cell design is used here and in fact the authors state that excess heat can indeed be measured accurately in such a cell. They like the recent concept of "positive feedback" of Fleischmann's, which can "obscure or even wipe out" the effect. Heat transfer rate constants that change with time must also be allowed for, and are. There is a lengthy analysis of the way to calculate excess heat, similar to (and as complex as) that in Fleischmann et al 1990 and finally, some results the authors believe show excess heat in some runs, up to about 25 W (not clear how much the input power is). The authors can achieve this despite the fact that they have temperature gradients in the cell, and only three thermistors, strategically distributed in the cell. No excess heat was observed when there should be none (e.g. Pt cathode).} } @article{Pric1989, author = {P.~B. Price and S.~W. Barwick and W.~T. Williams and J.~D. Porter}, title = {Search for energetic-charged-particle emission from deuterated Ti and Pd foils}, journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, volume = {63}, year = {1989}, pages = {1926--1929}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, Ti, gas phase, cps, res-}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {10/1989}, annote = {Pd and Ti foils of 0.23 mm thickness were cleaned in aqua regia and exposed to D2 at 1 bar, 550 degC for 3 hours. This should be enough, given the diffusion coefficients of D in the metals, to load them fully. Careful monitoring of particle emissions showed nothing.} } @article{Pric1990, author = {P.~B. Price}, title = {Search for high-energy ions from fracture of LiD crystals}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {343}, year = {1990}, pages = {542--542}, keywords = {Experimental, fracto-, res-}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {02/1990}, annote = {At last an attempt to verify the several Soviet claims of emission of high-energy particles from fractured deuterides. Price cleaved a large LiD crystal 100 times, and measures no neutrons. This casts some doubt on the Soviet fracto-something results.} } @article{Pric1993, author = {P.~B. Price}, title = {Advances in solid state nuclear track detectors}, journal = {Nucl. Tracks Radiat. Meas.}, volume = {22}, number = {1-4}, year = {1993}, pages = {9--21}, keywords = {Detector design, cps, res-}, annote = {Price writes a general paper on nuclear detectors, with a small section on their application to cold fusion, which, he writes, is now (1993) a dead issue. He reports again on his lab's own attempts to detect charged particles (cps) which were not rewarded, yielding about 1/200 the flux claimed by FPH and Jones. Fractofusion is also mentioned and likewise rejected (Price had previously tried it).} } @article{Pyun1994, author = {S. Pyun and C. Lim and K.~B. Kim}, title = {An investigation of the electrochemical kinetics of deuterium insertion into a Pd membrane electrode in 0.1M LiOD solution by the a.c. impedance technique}, journal = {J. Alloys Comp.}, volume = {203}, year = {1994}, pages = {149--156}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, fundamental}, annote = {A double cell was used, divided by a thin Pd foil. Thus, deuterium inserted by electrolysis on one side of the foil could be detected on the other side. When steady state was reached, impedance measurements were carried out on the electrolysis side using a correlator. Results show that a mechanism involving absorption of adsorbed deuterium, produced from reduction, is consistent with the measurements; some rate constants are given, as well as the diffusion coefficient of deuterium in PdDx, as $(5.10 \pm 1.04) \times 10^{-7}$ cm$^2$/s, somewhat higher than that of hydrogen.} } @article{Qin1991, author = {G. Qin and Q. Peng and J. Fu and L. Zhang and B. Zhang}, title = {Evolution of hydrogen (deuterium) in palladium-hydrogen (deuterium) system and the distribution of hydrogen near the surface}, note = {In Chinese, Engl. abstr.}, journal = {Wuli Xuebao}, volume = {40}, number = {6}, year = {1991}, pages = {943--948}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, x-ray diffraction, loading}, submitted = {07/1990}, published = {06/1991}, annote = {"Hydrogen and deuterium were introduced into palladium cathode in an electrolysis process for 150 h with light and heavy water as electrolyte, resp. The palladium cathode used had quenched or annealed after a thermal treatment at 950 degC. The variation of diffraction pattern and lattice const. of beta phase of palladium-hydrogen system in air with time were measured by x-ray diffraction method. The distribution of hydrogen in the surface layer of palladium-hydrogen system was measured by the nuclear reaction $^1$1H($^{19}$F,$\alpha,\gamma$)$^{16}$O. Comparing a quenched palladium cathode with annealed palladium cathode, it is shown that the former has higher initial concn. of hydrogen and faster evolution velocity than the latter after electrolysis. The concn. of hydrogen reaches max. at the surface of palladium hydrogen system and its min. at a depth of several hundreds angstroms from the surface". (Direct quote from the English abstract). Further information from the paper itself: NaOH and NaOD were used as electrolytes as well as LiOH (LiOD) and currents of 60 mA/cm$^2$ and 300-400 mA/cm$^2$.} } @article{Qiu1991, author = {W. Qiu and Q. Dong and F. Gan}, title = {Positron lifetime studies on systems of palladium filled galvanostatically with hydrogen or deuterium}, journal = {Nucl. Sci. Techniques}, volume = {2}, number = {3}, year = {1991}, pages = {157--163}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, positron anihilation, fracto-, res-}, submitted = {01/1991}, published = {08/1991}, annote = {There are two types of theories to explain cold fusion. One of them does so by invoking high d-d pressures (piezofusion) in the Pd lattice, the other by electric fields in cracks (micro-hot fusion). In either case, positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) can throw light on the theory, by defects in the crystal structure. So PAS should be useful. Sheets of 2 mm thick Pd were cleaned and annealed (550 degC, 8 h) and electrolysed in H2O and D2O resp. at about 200 mA/cm$^2$ for 5 h, thereby galvanostatically compressing d or p into the metal. After a 2-week period of stabilation, the samples were analysed by the PAS spectrometer, with $10^6$ counts for each spectrum. Differences in the positron annihilation between before- and after electrolysis point to lattice expansion upon hydriding/deuteriding (decreased electron density). Also, no cracks seemed to be be formed during loading, although large pressures must be generated during the expansion. H and D have very similar properties but "most people pay more attention to deuterium as precious fusionable material, but elbow hydrogen out..", even though it would be the cleanest energy source if we could get it to fuse.} } @article{Qiu1992, author = {W.~C. Qiu and Q.~H. Dong and F.~X. Gan and S.~J. Wang}, title = {PAS studies on the new topic: Cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Mat. Sci. Forum}, volume = {105-110}, year = {1992}, pages = {1961--1964}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, positron anihilation, fracto-, res-}, annote = {The behaviour of H and D in palladium hydride might be analogous to positrons in electric flows, so positron annihilation spectroscopy might be a useful tool. By this method, as well as by the electrochemical hydrogen permeation (EHP) method, the behaviour of H and D in Pd were compared. The Pd plates (15*15*2 mm$^3$) were annealed at 550 C for 8 h, and electrolysis carried out in 0.5 M LiOH/D for 5 h at 800 mA. An Ortec lifetime spectrometer with a fast-fast coincidence system and BaF2 detectors was used, with a (22)Na source, for 1E06 counts. Results are that H and D behave in nearly the same way; both change one of the PAS parameters (tau1) but this can be attributed to volume changes and not to crack formation, since the value recovered after final annealing. No cold fusion effects were observed.} } @article{Quic1991, author = {J.~E. Quick and T.~K. Hinkley and G.~M. Reimer and C.~E. Hedge}, title = {Tritium concentrations in the active Pu'u O'o crater, Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: implications for cold fusion in the Earth's interior}, journal = {Phys. Earth Planet. Interior}, volume = {69}, year = {1991}, pages = {132--137}, keywords = {Experimental, tritium in volcanoes, res-}, submitted = {01/1991}, published = {11/1991}, annote = {Cold fusion might be an important planetary heating mechanism, if it takes place. (3)He and T out of volcanoes might be indicators of such fusion, with T being the more definite. To avoid contamination by man-made sources (bomb test fallout etc), the study focussed on the Pu'u O'o crater, where there is large release of magmatic water. Comparisons with rainwater and similar controls reveal no extra tritium emissions from the volcano, in fact, in-crater levels were lower than those for rain.} } @article{Quic1993, author = {T.~I. Quickenden and T.~A. Green}, title = {A calorimetric study of the electrolysis of D2O and H2O at palladium cathodes}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {344}, year = {1993}, pages = {167--185}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, calorimetry, res-}, submitted = {04/1992}, published = {01/1993}, annote = {A very thorough calorimetric study, with 5 series of 4 experiments each, always comparing heavy and light water electrolysis in the same bath and, as far as possible, the same conditions. Variously (un)treated Pd rods and wires were used, in 0.1 M LiOH(D) and in one case 0.25 M Li2SO4. Gases produced were vented, so the cells were of the "open" type. Calorimetry was by means of a cooling coil, measuring the difference between inlet and outlet temperature. This kept cell temperature down and provided a very accurate calibration of cell power, independent of electrolyte volume. Charging was carried out prior to calorimetry, at low current to avoid fracturing of the palladium. Experiments were continued over a period of up to 6 weeks, and careful error analysis showed an error level in of 1.5\% cell power. Results were within this limit at all times, so no excess (or deficit) heat was observed.} } @article{Rabi1989, author = {M. Rabinowitz}, title = {A theoretical framework for cold fusion mechanisms}, journal = {EPRI J.}, note = {Reprinted in IEEE Power Eng. Rev., (Nov-89) 8--10}, number = {Jul/Aug}, year = {1989}, pages = {42--44}, keywords = {Discussion}, published = {07/1989}, annote = {The four essential ingredients for sustained controlled nuclear fusion are tunnelling probability, collision frequency, fusion probability and sustaining the reaction. These factors are examined. Tunnelling can be enhanced in a metal deuteride matrix; collision frequencies can be higher by many orders of magnitude in such a lattice, than outside it, due to decreased degrees of freedom (particles confined to two dimensions, or even one). R does some calculations and concludes that cold fusion rates such as reported are within the realms of theory.} } @article{Rabi1990a, author = {M. Rabinowitz and D.~H. Worledge}, title = {An analysis of cold and lukewarm fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {344--349}, keywords = {Discussion}, submitted = {10/1989}, published = {03/1990}, annote = {FPH- or Jones+-type cold fusion is having a hard time becoming accepted; the single publication on cluster-impact ("lukewarm") fusion of Beuhler et al has not raised any obvious objections, although the two phenomena have much in common: surprisingly high fusion rates, given the applied energies. The Beuhler et al neutron emissions are about 25 orders of magnitude larger than expected from theory. The authors attempt to find factors that could enhance the fusion rates for both lukewarm and cold fusion. For the former, compression and electron screening can account for 10 orders of magnitude; for the latter, a change in effective mass of deuterons in the palladium lattice can account for FPH-level rates. Further, no great temperature effect is expected for cold fusion.} } @article{Rabi1990b, author = {M. Rabinowitz}, title = {High temperature superconductivity and cold fusion}, journal = {Mod. Phys. Lett. B}, volume = {4}, year = {1990}, pages = {233--247}, keywords = {Discussion, HTSC connection}, submitted = {12/1989}, annote = {There are parallels between high-temp superconductivity and cold fusion. In the former, charge carrier effective mass and, in the latter, the d effective mass, (may) play a role. A new theory including the effects of proximity, electron shielding and decreased effective mass of the fusing nuclei can account for the cold fusion results. There is a relation between the recent cluster impact fusion experiments and cold fusion.} } @article{Rafe1990, author = {J. Rafelski and M. Sawicki and M. Gajda and D. Harley}, title = {How cold fusion can be catalyzed}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {136--141}, keywords = {Discussion, X-particle}, submitted = {02/1990}, published = {08/1990}, annote = {Even before the cold fusion affair, there was speculation about catalysis of fusion by some unknown particle, leading to observed anomalous levels of (3)He in metals. Cosmic muons have been suggested as the cause of cnf, but this has been disproved theoretically and by experiment. They (and quarks, another suggestion) would be captured before doing their stuff. However, if there were a hitherto unknown ultra-heavy negatively charged particle, X-, left over from the universe's origins, these might do the job. This is not altogether pulled out of the air; there is a body of prior speculation by physicists on such particles. Some calculations show that this is feasible, and would explain a few features of cold fusion, such as its sporadicity. Some proposals are made for the search for these particles.} } @article{Rafe1991, author = {H.~E. Rafelski and D. Harley and G.~R. Shin and J. Rafelski}, title = {Cold fusion: muon-catalyzed fusion}, journal = {J. Phys. B}, volume = {24}, year = {1991}, pages = {1469--1516}, keywords = {Review, muon-catalysed fusion}, annote = {This is a longish and up-to-date review of muon-catalysed fusion. It does, however, briefly mention Jones+(89)-type cold fusion, and presents very clearly some of the theoretical approaches to its explanation. The authors, like others before them, come up with an effective electron mass of about five times normal, as a requirement, if this is invoked as explanation. Worth reading, if not new.} } @article{Ragh1989, author = {M. Ragheb and G.~H. Miley}, title = {On the possibility of deuteron disintegration in electrochemically compressed deuterium ion (D+) in a palladium cathode}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {243--247}, keywords = {Theory, OP}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {Invoke the Oppenheimer-Phillips theory of 1935 to explain that deuterium compression in Pd can lead to cold fusion, or what they call deuteron disintegration, in collision with another deuteron, palladium, lithium or other nuclei. They say that the process is characterised by the deuteron's disintegration and may even be called fission rather than fusion. Such a process would explain the production of tritium and no helium, of PFH, i.e the anomalous branching ratio. Other nuclei than deuterons might be doing a similar thing, like (9)Be.} } @article{Ragh1990, author = {M. Ragheb and G.~H. Miley}, title = {Deuteron disintegration in condensed media}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {429--435}, keywords = {Theory, neutron cleavage}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Another novel theory. The authors point out that the deuteron is one of the few nuclei in which the proton and neutron are loosely bound, with a largish mean distance between them. When a deuteron approaches another nucleus X, the proton turns away from X (polarisation), and the deuteron might cleave, the neutron entering X (with the proton still outside the Coulomb barrier) and the proton flying off. If X is another deuteron, this makes a triton. X might also be a Pd isotope, making another one plus a proton. This would explain the strange branching ratios found for cold fusion, which then in fact is better classified as a fission reaction (fission of the original deuteron), or a neutron capture reaction. The corrected gamma spectrum of FPH (Petrasso+,89) even shows some evidence of the reaction with Pd. Other possible reactions of this type might be with (3)He (--> (4)He + p) and with (9)Be (--> 2(4)He + t). In all cases, the products are not those expected from conventional d-d fusion. The theory is experimentally testable.} } @article{Raja1989, author = {S.~R. Rajagopalan}, title = {Cold fusion produces more tritium than neutrons}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {58}, year = {1989}, pages = {1059--1062}, keywords = {Discussion}, published = {10/1989}, annote = {Comments on the BARC cold fusion measurements of Iyengar and others. In many of these, neutrons were found, up to about $10^6$/s, coming in bursts. Tritium was also carefully monitored, taking account of enrichment effects. Tritium was observed beyond these effects, at much higher levels than the neutron flux. This seems to support the assumption of an aneutronic process taking place. BARC experiments with Ti also showed neutrons and tritium, which was found to be localised in hot spots in the Ti. Rajagopalan suggests that the FPH results can be explained without invoking an unknown nuclear reaction. He claims that "it is now known" that in metal lattices, the branching ratio for dd fusion favours tritium production by a factor of $10^8$ over that for neutrons. So $10^4$ neutrons should be accompanied by $10^{12}$ tritium atoms. Calculation of the heat expected from FPH's electrodes then gets within about 50\% of FPH's results, not bad when taking into account gas emission and fusion rate fluctuations. Thus the reaction giving (4)He need not be invoked. Rajagopalan states that papers should provide more details of electrode size and conditions, and tritium as well as He analysis is essential. R concludes with a rudimentary theory of what is happening, being either crack formation and fractofusion, or the transmutation of the metal (Pd or Ti) by neutrons (see Jackson, Nature 339 (1989) 345).} } @article{Rajan1991, author = {K.~G. Rajan and U.~K. Mudali and R.~K. Dayal and P. Rodriguez}, title = {Electromigration approach to verify cold fusion effects}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {100--104}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Ti, nonequilibrium, neutrons, x-rays, res-}, submitted = {12/1990}, published = {08/1991}, annote = {It is well known that the application of an electric field to a metal bar produces a large concentration gradient of interstitial ions along the length of the bar. This can be exploited in cold fusion electrolysis, by applying an electric field along the length of the Ti rod during the electrolysis. This will then produce a strong nonequilibrium deuterium concentration in the rod. This was tested by an experiment. A 500 mV static field produces a ratio of [d)(one end)/[d](other end) of $10^{10}$, which is large and might enhance fusion. A well shielded NE-213 neutron detector was used, along with superheated drop drop neutron detectors placed around the cell. Post-mortem tritium assays were carried out, and the Ti rods placed close to medical x-ray films overnight. No significant neutrons or tritium were measured. The films did, however, show some faint fogging, not shown by unused Ti controls. The question is whether this can be something picked up from the D2O. It is also concluded that the nuclear reactions taking place are aneutronic.} } @article{Ramb1992, author = {M. Rambaut}, title = {Double screened Coulomb barrier accounts for neutrons productions in cluster and other fusion experiments}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {164}, year = {1992}, pages = {155--163}, keywords = {Theory, screening, CIF connection, res+}, submitted = {09/1991}, published = {04/1992}, annote = {A dense medium like Pd deuteride can be considered as a non-ideal plasma. Assuming full ionisation, electron mobility and a Poisson ion spatial distribution, the rate of d-d fusion is enhanced by both collisions between d-d pairs and electron screening, and this might explain both cold fusion and cluster impact fusion (the latter is now disproved, however.} } @article{Rand1989, author = {J. {Rand McNally Jr.}}, title = {On the possibility of a nuclear mass-energy resonance in deuterium + deuterium reactions at low energy}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {237--239}, keywords = {Discussion, theory, res+}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {Previously published work by the same author, 1985, is invoked to possibly explain cold fusion; i.e. mass-energy resonance.} } @article{Rang1989, author = {S.~K. Rangarajan}, title = {Electrochemically induced cold fusion? A commentary}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {58}, year = {1989}, pages = {598--599}, keywords = {Discussion}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {One of the foremost electrochemists names some problems that require settling: 1. the mechanism of H+/D+ reduction at the electrode; does this perhaps change with current density, is there perhaps trace metal codeposition, different at different cd's, with possible effects on absorption of H/D? 2. The design of the experiments, e.g. should current or potential be controlled? This relates to the dimensionality effects suspected by some (but debunked by Williams et al) and the role of lattice defects and grain boundaries. 3. The part played by the Pd lattice itself. E.g. the possibility of locally high effective electronic density and the cross-section for radiation (possibly) generated. R. suggests that the "cold rush" - even if it turns out hopeless - will be remembered for the hope it engendered while it lasted.} } @article{Rant1990, author = {J. Rant and R. Ili{\'c} and J. Skvar{\v{c}} and T. {\v{S}}utej and M. Budnar and U. Miklav{\v{z}}i{\'c}}, title = {Methods for in-situ detection of cold fusion in condensed matter}, journal = {Kerntechnik}, volume = {55}, year = {1990}, pages = {165--167}, keywords = {Suggestion, neutron detector design}, submitted = {02/1990}, published = {06/1990}, annote = {Most previous detectors used to detect possible emissions (neutrons, protons, x-rays, gamma rays) from cold fusion, used active devices such as (3)He or BF3 counters, recoil proton spectrometers, scintillators and solid state Ge and Si detectors. These authors suggest the use of passive activation threshold detectors and solid state nuclear track detectors (SSNTDs) as well as bubble damage detectors (BDDs) and thermoluminescence detectors (TLDs). The term "in-situ" means that these passive devices, being small and without electric connections, can be placed right next to or even into cavities inside the electrode from which there might be emissions. Different sorts of these can be stacked, the outside ones then shielding the inside ones from certain kinds of radiation, e.g. protons, so that only gammas arrive there. BDDs can be tailored to neutrons above a given energy, and are very sensitive. All these types have low backgrounds. The authors have submitted experimental cold fusion results to two journals.} } @article{Rao1996, author = {K.~R. Rao and S.~L. Chaplot}, title = {Computer experiments concerning palladium-deuterium and titanium-deuterium lattices - implications to phenomenon of low-energy nuclear reaction}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {30}, year = {1996}, pages = {355--362}, keywords = {Theory, computation, lattice fluctuations, res0}, submitted = {07/1994}, published = {12/1996}, annote = {The authors look at the possibility of short lived large energy fluctuations within the metal deuteride lattice, using a computer model. They find an energy distribution tail out to about 0.2 eV and, depending on the effective charge of deuterons, the rate of fusion varies over a wide range. The authors believe that energies up to 2 eV might happen and might result in about 1 fusion event per day in a 1 cm$^3$ PdD(0.67) sample. } } @article{Ratk1989, author = {S.~K. Ratkje and B. Hafskjold}, title = {Local heat effects by electrolysis of heavy water}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {273}, year = {1989}, pages = {269--273}, keywords = {Analysis, excess heat}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {An analysis in principle of heat effects, separately for the two electrodes. Involved thermodynamics of the partial reactions, the electro- chemical Peltier effect, as well as Joule heating were considered. The conclusion is that there should be cooling at both electrodes and that no conclusions about the bulk nature of any phenomenon can be drawn from point heat measurements in the cell. This analysis does not take into account the fact that in FPH's cell, there was undoubtedly partial recombination of the electrochemically generated deuterium and oxygen and the probably bursty nature of such a reaction in the cell.} } @article{Ray1992, author = {M.~K.~S. Ray and R.~D. Saini and D. Das and G. Chattopadhyay and R. Parthasarathy and S.~P. Garg and R. Venkataramani and B.~K. Sen and T.~S. Iyengar and K.~K. Kutty and D.~N. Wagh and H.~N. Bajpai and C.~S.~P. Iyer}, title = {The Fleischmann-Pons phenomenon - a different perspective}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {22}, year = {1992}, pages = {395--399}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, multiparameter, oxygen, res+}, submitted = {10/1991}, published = {11/1992}, annote = {Lacking precise definitions of the conditions favourable for cold fusion, this team tried a wide variety of physical, chemical and electromagnetic perturbations of a cold fusion experiment in an attempt to elicit the effect. A divided cell was chosen, which separates the evolved gases from the start. The porous alumina membrane also acted as a thermal separator, increasing the sensitivity of thermal transient measurement. Ti and Pd cathodes of various shapes, size and metallurgical charactersistics were used, in various concentraions of LiOH, LiOD, NaOH and NaOD, over electrolysis periods going up to 300 h. The Pd electrodes were degassed at 800 C in vacuum. Loadings exceeding 0.8 in Pd were repeatedly achieved, but none of the perturbations resulted in any tritium, neutron or temperature rise effects in any runs, and no explosions took place; other attempts at perturbing the cell failed equally (cooling with ice water, ultrasonics, cooling to liquid nitrogen temperature). It is concluded that dividing the cell removes the effect. Three isolated incidents, where oxygen was allowed to enter the cell, led to both tritium and excess heat production; conventional (chemical) explanations having to do with oxygen etc, were not sufficient to explain this. Thus it appears that oxygen plays a role in cold fusion.} } @article{Rede1990, author = {L. Redey and K.~M. Myles and D. Dees and M. Krumpelt and D.~R. Vissers}, title = {Calorimetric measurements on electrochemical cells with Pd-D cathodes}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {249--256}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, calorimetry, res-}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {First, an attempt was made to directly compare a cell with H2O + LiOH with another containing D2O + LiOD. The idea was to detect, under identical electrolysis conditions, large temperature differences perhaps due to cold fusion. It proved impossible to ensure identical conditions; e.g., for the same current, different cell voltages (and thus input powers) were observed. A constant-heat-loss calorimeter was then tried, sufficiently sensitive to measure excess heat from cold fusion; accuracy was about 0.4\%. The 19 g Pd rods were degassed either below 100 degC or at high temperatures in vacuum, heat treated in air at 650 degC for an hour and finally for 18 hours in vacuum at 600 degC. The electrolyte was saturated LiOD, to lower its resistance compared with the usual 0.1M solution. Six extended experiments, totalling 1500 h were run, the longest being 460 h and 700 Ah. During the runs, the Pd was weighed, its potential measured with current both on and off, and the amount of heavy water measured that was needed to maintain constant level. At the end, an H/D ratio of 0.02 was found, presumably due to some exchange with air, but no significant increase of tritium was found in the electrolyte. The Pd was outgassed, and the gas was found to have an H/D ratio of 0.06. The D/Pd loading was close to 0.8, and there was degassing upon switching the current off. There is some discussion about these, and recombination (which was not important). No excess heat was found.} } @article{Rees1991, author = {L.~B. Rees}, title = {What do we know? What do we think?}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {10}, year = {1991}, pages = {111--116}, keywords = {Panel Discussion}, published = {03/1991}, annote = {The author took part in a panel discussion on cold fusion, later published in this journal. Rees describes muon catalysed fusion, which preceded the later "cold fusion" by some years. Jones' team then tried loading metals such as Ti, Ni and Pd with deuterium to see whether anything interesting might happen without muons. As is known, they considered that they observed very low but significant levels of neutron emissions. The team speculates what might be causing these, and such ideas as piezofusion, or fractofusion, were suggested. Rees concludes that Fleischmann and Pons simply did not observe fusion, because of the lack of fusion products. The pdf file contains other contributions.} } @article{Rehm1990, author = {K.~E. Rehm and W. Kutschera and G.~J. Perlow}, title = {Search for protons from the 2H(d,p)3H reaction in an electrolytic cell with palladium-platinum electrodes}, journal = {Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys.}, volume = {41}, year = {1990}, pages = {45--49}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, protons, res-}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {01/1990}, annote = {One of the two branches of the d+d fusion reaction releases protons and these are more easily detectable than neutrons, with a much lower background. The cathode was a 30.5 mg/cm$^2$ Pd foil, and separated the gas in the proportional counter from the electrolyte, 0.1 LiOD in D2O. Protons were counted at a detection efficiency of 28\%. Current density was <650 mA/cm$^2$. Several runs were performed, the longest going for 10+ days. No difference was noted between cells that were on or off. An upper limit for p production gave a maximum fusion rate of $4\times 10^{-23}$ D(d,p)T fusions per s, which is the Jones+ level, making it unlikely that FPH's claimed excess heat is of nuclear origin.} } @article{Reif1994, author = {O. Reifenschweiler}, title = {Reduced radioactivity of tritium in small titanium particles}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {184}, year = {1994}, pages = {149--153}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, tritium, res-}, submitted = {11/1993}, published = {01/1994}, annote = {Reports results obtained as long ago as 1958 but not fully reported, while working with Ti soot with absorbed tritium. In one experiment, with T/Ti loading at 0.0035, the sample was slowly heated in a closed space and the radioactivity measured by the x-radiation. Any tritium released was pumped out continuously. A separate experiment established the temperature (about 350C) at which the tritium begins to be released from the Ti; the radioactivity is seen to decrease clearly at 115C, at first rapidly, then more slowly, finally to increase again at 275C, going through a maximum slightly higher than the starting value at 360C (R calls it "the initial value"), and then dropping rapidly to zero as expected. Two other runs showed similar behaviour; however, one run with a loading 10 times these and a faster temperature rise did not show the effect. An explanation in terms of tritium movement within the counting space is not likely. In an attempt to find an explanation, beta-electron emission was measured as a function of the T/Ti loading x, and found to be not linear with x. There is an activity minimum, about the same as the one found in the first experiment, at an intermediate x of $3\times 10^{-4}$. The same minimum was found separately, measuring x-rays instead of beta electrons. The author proposes the formation of nuclear pairs by the absorbed tritons, and a smaller decay of these pairs than for isolated tritons. This might have a bearing on the behaviour of deuterium in metals as well. The author plans to publish more on this subject.} } @article{Reif1996, author = {O. Reifenschweiler}, title = {Some experiments on the decrease of tritium radioactivity}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {30}, year = {1996}, pages = {261--272}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, tritium, radioemission, res+}, submitted = {04/1996}, published = {11/1996}, annote = {Reifenschweiler here reports in great detail what appears to be his work of many years ago, only published recently in a short note, now fully. A large glass bulb is vacuum coated with Ti on its inside surface, tritium allowed in to form the tritide, and the gas pumped out. A temperature program is applied, and the radiation from the tritide layer goes down markedly, before tritium has escaped from the layer (checked by monitoring pressure changes). The author connects these puzzling findings with cold fusion but cannot explain them.} } @article{Reif1997, author = {O.~J.~A. Reifenschweiler}, title = {About the possibility of decreased radioactivity of heavy nuclei}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {31}, year = {1997}, pages = {291--299}, keywords = {Polemic, (old) experimental, res+}, submitted = {09/1995}, published = {05/1997}, annote = {Building on from the author's previous report of very old work, in which he observed the disappearance of tritium, he now searches for an explanation, as well as for the more recent reports by others of similar observations with heavier elements. He proposes experiments that might throw light on the phenomenon.} } @article{Rice1990a, author = {R.~A. Rice and G.~S. Chulik and Y.~E. Kim and J.~H. Yoon}, title = {The role of velocity distribution in cold deuterium-deuterium fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {147--150}, keywords = {Discussion, dendrites}, submitted = {02/1990}, published = {08/1990}, annote = {Some calculations on the dendrite theory of cold fusion. The dendrites or whiskers will often penetrate D2 bubbles formed at the metal surface, and the high voltage field will accelerate some D+ particles. The authors examine, on the basis of two models of velocity distribution, what fusion rates can be expected from this. Although these come to much higher rates than for "conventional" cold fusion, they are still not quite high enough to explain recent claims, but fall into line if electrolysis voltages of 30-40 V were used (which is not the case).} } @article{Rice1990b, author = {P. Rice-Evans and H. Evans}, title = {Search for neutrons from cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Eur. J. Phys.}, volume = {11}, year = {1990}, pages = {251--252}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {10/1989}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {Scintillation neutron counters have poor gamma resolution, high-resolution intrinsic Ge detectors are better, and are used here. Palladium foil (2*1*0.025 cm$^3$) in LiNO3/D2O, 10 days electrolysis at 0.1A, followed by 56h while measuring neutrons, with 0.05A flowing. The neutrons from the reaction d+d--> (3)He + n(2.45 MeV) are expected to thermalise in the water bath to 2.224 MeV gammas; these were looked for. The results show a peak at 2.204 MeV, due to (214)Bi in the building walls, but nothing at all at 2.224 MeV. So, these precision measurements say "no" to cold fusion.} } @article{Rice1994, author = {R.~A. Rice and Y.~E. Kim}, title = {Comments on 'Electron transitions on deep Dirac levels I'}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {26}, year = {1994}, pages = {110--111}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {09/1993}, published = {08/1994}, annote = {Polemic on the named paper by Maly and Vavra, which claimed some neglected solutions to Schroedinger's and Dirac's equation for hydrogen and gave support to the Mills theory. Rice et al state here that these solutions are not physical and that therefore these deep energy levels cannot exist.} } @article{Rich1989, author = {P.~M. Richards}, title = {Molecular-dynamics investigation of deuteron separation in PdD1.1}, journal = {Phys. Rev. B}, volume = {40}, year = {1989}, pages = {7966--7968}, keywords = {Theory, loading, res-}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {10/1989}, annote = {How close can two D+'s get? Although electrolysis or D2 gas under pressure won't get us higher than PdD, ion implantation can go to PdD1.2. A loading of 1.1 was assumed in a MD simulation and nothing closer than 0.8 {\AA}ngstroms was found - not good enough, no CNF.} } @article{Riek1991, author = {A. Rieker and B. Speiser and K.~M. Mangold and M. Hanack}, title = {Potential error sources in combined electrochemistry/neutron detection experiments}, journal = {Z. Naturforsch. B}, volume = {46}, year = {1991}, pages = {1125--1125}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, neutrons, error sources, res-}, submitted = {01/1991}, published = {08/1991}, annote = {A long electrolysis of a 0.1M LiOD solution in D2O was run, with a Pd rod as cathode, Pt as anode, the two electrodes in separate arms of a U-shaped cell, so that the gases are led off separately. Two separate scintillation neutron counters are used, and pulse-shape analysis used to distinguish between neutrons and gammas. The cell was periodically inserted into the detector space for 1000 s, and taken out for 1000 s. Total electrolysis time: 75 h. There was a 2\% neutron level fluctuation, and it appeared that, when the cell was "in", neutrons were up by, on average, by 2.7\%. However, at the same time, gammas were down. This was attributed to an effect on the photomultiplier amplification, changing the discrimination, and this was confirmed by trying the alternation with a heated resistor instead of the cell. The authors point out that exterior effects of magnetic and electrostatic fields on photomultiplier tubes are well known. Another effect they observed is that the total cell voltage rose with cell temperature, and this could be controlled by sparging the anode compartment with N2. They write that the FPH paper did not account for this effect. Thus, they have discovered two artifacts that might fake cold fusion results.} } @article{Rile1992, author = {A.~M. Riley and J.~D. Seader and D.~W. Pershing}, title = {An in-situ volumetric method for dynamically measuring the absorption of deuterium in palladium during electrolysis}, journal = {J. Electrochem. Soc.}, volume = {139}, year = {1992}, pages = {1342--1347}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, loading, diffusion, res0}, submitted = {03/1991}, published = {05/1992}, annote = {This team refined the method used by Divisek et al, i.e. they measured the deuterium loading in real time by the deuterium volume lost. The paper thoroughly reviews a large number of other methods for loading monitoring. A thermostated cold fusion electrolysis cell is attached to a pair of gas burettes (not thermostatted but room temperature was controlled to some extent). Pressure in the sealed cell was kept at 1 atm by adjusting the burette levels. The cell was initially cleared of air by evacuating and refilling with deuterium, repeating once. A catalytic recombiner in the cell removed all the oxygen and a stoichiometric amount of deuterium with it, which registered in the gas burette as a loss. Electrolytes were 0.1 M LiOD as well as an acid solution made by acidifying that solution to a pH of 1.7 by addition of D2SO4. Control experiments were carried out, and gave small signals, setting the measurement error. Results showed loadings generally of 0.75-0.8. At current density above about 30-60 mA/cm$^2$, loading rate was constant, being controlled by the diffusion within the Pd; at lower current densities, loading is slowed down. From these results, the diffusion coefficient of deuterium in the deuteride could be determined, and was $1.7\times 10^{-11}$m$^2$/s, in good agreement with the literature (Lewis, $1.6\times 10^{-11}$). In a few experiments, loading levels of about unity were achieved; it was not possible to identify the factors leading to this. The conclusion is that gas volumetry is a good method of monitoring the loading within about 5\% accuracy and is useful for closed-system calorimetry.} } @article{Ritl1990, author = {K.~A. Ritley and P.~M. Dull and M.~H. Weber and M. Carroll and J.~J. Hurst and K.~G. Lynn}, title = {The behavior of electrochemical cell resistance: a possible application to cold fusion experiments}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {699--703}, keywords = {Suggestion, discussion}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {Some experiments show that the overall "cell resistance", i.e. that calculated from cell voltage and current in an electrochemical cold fusion cell, changes with temperature and current. The authors suggest that therefore, one must monitor both voltage and current in order to correctly account for joule heating of the cell. If there are temperature excursions in such a cell, these could, for example, come from a voltage or current fluctuation. There may also be changes in electrolyte concentration with time, and these must be accounted for.} } @article{Ritl1991, author = {K.~A. Ritley and K.~G. Lynn and P. Dull and M.~H. Weber and M. Carroll and J.~J. Hurst}, title = {A search for tritium production in electrolytically deuterided palladium}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {192--195}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, He, tritium, res-}, submitted = {05/1990}, published = {01/1991}, annote = {Ten Pd cathodes were used in the electrolysis of both heavy and light water containing 0.1M LiOD or LiOH, over an extended period. Some cells were closed (with recombination) and some were open to a greater or lesser degree. The metal, from Johnson \& Mathey, was found to contain an initial impurity of (4)He, to the extent of He/Pd of $3\times 10^{-10}$. The cathodes were predeuterided in D2 gas before electrolysis. Aliquots were taken out for tritium analysis. Some erratic tritium levels could be put down to counting errors, and the only cells showing a tritium increase were the more or less open cells. This is due only to selective escape of gases, as an experiment with a completely open cell confirmed.} } @article{Ritt1990, author = {E.~S. Rittner and A. {Meulenberg Jr}}, title = {A chemical interpretation of heat generated in 'cold fusion'}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {377--381}, keywords = {Discussion, suggestion}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {A non-(hitherto unknown nuclear) explanation is attempted for the FPH disparity between the heat and neutron flux. D2-O2 recombination can easily account for the excess heat claimed by FPH; D-D recombination (by decomposition of the PdDx, releasing the D, as suggested by Pauling), can explain the melt-down and explosion of the large cathode of FPH. No nuclear reactions need be invoked.} } @article{Robe1990, author = {D.~A. Roberts and F.~D. Becchetti and E. Ben-Jacob and P. Garik and J. Musser and B. Orr and G. Tarle and A. Tomasch and J.~S. Holder and D. Redina and B. Heuser and G. Wicker}, title = {Energy and flux limits of cold fusion neutrons using a deuterated liquid scintillator}, journal = {Phys. Rev. C}, volume = {42}, year = {1990}, pages = {R1809--R1813}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {11/1990}, annote = {The team used two deuterated liquid scintillator neutron detectors NE230; these provide good neutron/gamma discrimination, state the authors. One was placed inside a glass tube, surrounded by the Pd cathode in an electrolytic cell containing 0.1 M LiOD. Clean spectra could only be obtained on weekends or evenings, due to interference, and pulse shape discrimination (PSD) eliminated remaining spurious events; PSD was found to be essential. Neutron flux limits were 1000 n/s/g Pd or $< 7\times 10^{-24}$ fusions/s/d-d pair, averaged over 200 hours. Conclusion: a tentative "no" to cold fusion.} } @article{Robe1992, author = {D.~A. Roberts and F.~D. Becchetti and K. Ashktorab and D. Stewart and J. Jaenecke and H.~R. Gustafson and M.~J. Dueweke}, title = {Deuterated liquid scintillator (NE230) as a fast neutron detector for cold fusion and other research}, journal = {IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.}, volume = {39}, number = {4}, year = {1992}, pages = {532--535}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, neutrons, res-}, annote = {NE230 scintillator detectors with deuterium can provide neutron spectra without time of flight, unlike the type NE213. The authors report the use of these. They are small and and have good collection efficiency and n-gamma discrimination. One of these was used around a cold fusion electrolysis cell, with a Pd wire and a 13 g Pd casting. An upper limit for the fusion rate of $< 7\times 10^{-24}$ fusions/s/dd-pair was measured. In another experiment, Ti sponge was charged from the gas phase at liquid nitrogen temperature, and here the upper fusion limit was $< 3\times 10^{-24}$ fusions/s/d-d-pair. No comment is made.} } @ARTICLE{Robe2009, author = {N. Robertson and H. Saito and J. Yurkovic and S. Zakskorn}, title = {Field assisted electroplating}, journal = {J. Sci. Explor.}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {452--455}, published = {10/2009}, keywords = {Experimental, d-t fusion, res+}, annote = {* Extended abstract, ACS Symp. Utah March 2009. Experiments at UCSD in field assisted electroplating were given to chemical engineering students, involving Cu plating in the presence and absence of a magnetic field. As well, Pd was deposited on a silver cathode in D2O, monitoring with CR-39. Resulting pits differed in the two cases for both Cu and Pd. The Pd runs resulted in triple pits or tracks, as also observed by the SPAWAR group. They could be the result of three overlapping pits or of three three particles of similar mass and energy emitted by some reaction; the latter is favoured by the appearance of the triple pits. The D2O contained some tritum, and the results can be due to dt fusion.} } @article{Rock1990, author = {P.~A. Rock and W.~H. Fink and D.~A. McQuarrie and D.~H. Volman and Y.~F. Hung}, title = {Energy balance in the electrolysis of water with a palladium cathode}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {293}, year = {1990}, pages = {261--267}, keywords = {Analysis, calorimetry, loading}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {10/1990}, annote = {This paper starts with a thorough review of the various phases of palladium deuteride, giving valuable references. It seems that D-loadings (x in PdDx) of up to 0.9 are known. However, it is only below 0.7 that the reaction leading to the deuteride is exothermic; above 0.7, it may well be endothermic and therefore, the decomposition from high loadings may be exothermic. The authors analyse the energy balance of electrolysis, and then suggest factors that could lead to an overestimate of "excess heat" and, as well, offer a possible scenario for the violent melt-down/explosion reported by FPH. The factors are (1) deuteride formation during electrolysis; (2) recombination of evolved gases; (3) change of electrochemical thermodynamical parameters at the higher cell temperatures; (4) Li deposition, especially at high current densities; (5) decomposition of high-loaded deuteride at high temperature, leading to a runaway effect. The last factor is able to account for the melt-down and/or an explosion, and gives an explanation of why it happened only with the most "chunky" electrode. The authors also note that at 110 degC, the beta phase of the deuteride abruptly reverts to the alpha phase, releasing a lot of deuterium and heat (cf Arata 1990, the "on-off" effect). They suggest that, in view of their analysis, any meaningful calorimetry on this system must time integrate all inputs and outputs.} } @article{Roes1989, author = {O.~E. R{\"o}ssler and J. Becker and M. Hoffmann and W. Nadler}, title = {Fermi gas like hypothesis for Fleischmann-Pons experiments.}, journal = {Z. Naturforsch. A}, volume = {44}, year = {1989}, pages = {329}, keywords = {Theory, suggestion}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {04/1989}, annote = {Pauli repulsion, which is stronger than Coulomb repulsion, is absent in a gas of bosons. Coulomb repulsion is absent in a gas of fermions whose two Fermi seas are at a low relative temperature. To explain Fleischmann-Pons (1989) cold fusion, it would suffice to assume that the deuterium nuclei dissolved in the palladium crystal, which are spin-1 bosons, nevertheless show an absence of Coulomb repulsion the Fermi (1957) way. This can be achieved by postulating that the bosons are delocalised in the Bloch fashion (1985), and that at the same time the properties of a cold Fermi gas apply to the constituent fermions (the protons and neutrons) that make up these composite bosons. A testable implication is submitted: by applying a strong magnetic field in conjunction with an RF source (NMR technique), it would be possible to align the spins of the bosons. Hereby these composite bosons will become 'doubly polarised' (1988) since both subspins are equal. This would suddenly introduce Pauli repulsion amongst all the constituent subparticles, the protons and neutrons. The cold fusion should therefore come to a virtual stop immediately.} } @article{Roge1989a, author = {V.~C. Rogers and G.~M. Sandquist}, title = {Isotopic hydrogen fusion in metals}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {254--259}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, neutrons, res0}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {Did an electrolysis experiment, found neutrons at 2.45 MeV, but this cannot account for heat found by others. Discuss branching ratios and the possibility of unknown chemical or nuclear reactions.} } @article{Roge1989b, author = {V.~C. Rogers and G.~M. Sandquist and K.~K. Nielson}, title = {Deuterium concentration and cold fusion rate distributions in palladium}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {523--525}, keywords = {Discussion, suggestions}, submitted = {08/1989}, published = {12/1989}, annote = {Addresses several interesting problems, such as the conditions under which cold fusion might happen; how we might get T/He branching ratio other than 1 (the T might react with deuterons and thus never appear); other possible nuclear reactions; possible chemical reactions to explain the effects (they conclude there aren't any); and suggest that the palladium should be cast and not mechanically worked in order to prevent grain defects, to which deuterons might migrate and become D2.} } @article{Roge1990, author = {V.~C. Rogers and G.~M. Sandquist}, title = {Cold fusion reaction products and their measurement}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {483--485}, keywords = {Comment, neutrons, gammas}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {General remarks about the difficulties and some of the pitfalls of low-level emission measurement. With gammas, electrical equipment tends to adsorb some Rn decay products. There is a Figure showing a measurement near such equipment, with another measurement away from the equipment, subtracted. This shows a "gamma" peak at 2.2 MeV. The same happens with neutron detectors. So this type of detection is suspect. Tritium, too, has its pitfalls, since there will be some in the D2O initially.} } @article{Roli1990, author = {D.~R. Rolison and P.~P. Trzaskoma}, title = {Morphological differences between hydrogen-loaded and deuterium-loaded palladium as observed by scanning electron microscopy}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {287}, year = {1990}, pages = {375--383}, keywords = {Experimental, postmortem, res0}, submitted = {05/1990}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {Palladium foils (0.127 mm) were carefully etched and rinsed, using ultrasonics, and their crystal surfaces SEM'ed under various conditions of electrolysis, in light and heavy water containing LiSO4 and modest current densities of 10-130 mA/cm$^2$. With both types of water, electrolysis changes the post-etch rough crystalline surfaces to more homogeneous surfaces of greater surface area; but the structures were different for light and heavy water. Lattice expansion upon deuteriding is greater than that upon hydriding, explaining this effect. As well, upon current switch-off, R\&T observed bursts of outgassing, presumably due to decomposition of hydride/deuteride; this was greater for D than for H. R\&T suggest that the use of single crystal Pd to obtain the "Fleischmann-Pons effect" would be unproductive.} } @article{Roli1991, author = {D.~R. Rolison and W.~E. O'Grady}, title = {Observation of elemental anomalies at the surface of palladium after electrochemical loading of deuterium or hydrogen}, journal = {Anal. Chem.}, volume = {63}, year = {1991}, pages = {1697--1702}, keywords = {Experimental, transmutation, res0}, submitted = {11/1990}, published = {09/1991}, annote = {The main result of this paper is the detection of significant traces of the elements Rh and Ag at the surface of Pd after electrolysis. An electrolyte containing Li2SO4, which etches the cell's glass less than the basic LiOD, was used, and XPS surface analysis. Both Rh and Ag did indeed accumulate at the surface, to several at\%. If a nuclear reaction takes place in the Pd, the interaction of resulting energetic particles with Pd might produce such elements. However, this happened for both heavy and normal water and R\&O'G conclude that Rh and Ag were initially present in the Pd at much lower levels, and migrated to the surface during electrolysis. They were able to exclude electrolytic deposition from the electrolyte.} } @article{Romo1991, author = {V.~A. Romodanov and V.~I. Savin and M.~V. Shakhurin and V.~T. Chernyavskii and A.~E. Pustovit}, title = {Nuclear fusion in the solid state}, journal = {Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys.}, note = {Orig. in: Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 61 (1991) 122--125}, volume = {36}, number = {5}, year = {1991}, pages = {572--574}, keywords = {Experimental, glow discharge, res+}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {05/1991}, annote = {Gaseous deuterium was put into a glow discharge chamber with various metals, such as Pd, Ti, Zr, etc. Voltages of 100-1000V were applied, while the gas pressure was at 500-15000 Pa. Neutrons were detected, and tritium was enriched by about an order of magnitude.} } @article{Rosa1991, author = {J.~M. Rosamilia and J.~A. Abys and B. Miller}, title = {Electrochemical hydrogen insertion into palladium and palladium-nickel thin films}, journal = {Electrochim. Acta}, volume = {36}, year = {1991}, pages = {1203--1208}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, Pd-Ni alloys, films, loading, res0}, submitted = {06/1990}, published = {05/1991}, annote = {Cold fusion has raised a number of fundamental questions about electrode potentials, limiting compositions, hydrogen mobility, outgassing etc. This paper addresses some of these, experimentally, using films of palladium deposited on Pt, and Pd-Ni alloys. Thin films have the advantage of being saturated by the hydrogen (isotope) in a short time (about 10 s). The ring-disk electrode was used, where the ring can "catch" hydrogen generated by oxidation at the disk, upon reoxidation to estimate the extent of hydriding, and also for the outgassing resulting from switching the charging current off, as has been observed. These measurements at the ring showed that the D/Pd loading was about 0.81, independent of the film thickness; the time scale for the unloading (reoxidation), however, was much larger than the diffusional time scale. Experiments with charging current interruption showed the expected detection transient at the ring; integration and the decay time indicate that the error made by the normal procedure of taking out the cathode and weighing it, is no more than about 6\% in the D/Pd figure, if one is reasonably speedy. Addition of nickel to the film drastically reduce the D/Pd loading; other codeposits can be expected to do the same.} } @article{Rose1989, author = {G. Rosen}, title = {Deuterium nuclear fusion at room temperature: a pertinent inequality on barrier penetration}, journal = {J. Chem. Phys.}, volume = {91}, year = {1989}, pages = {4415--4416}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {10/1989}, annote = {Theoretical work: the WKB barrier penetration formula is used to see whether fusion might be enhanced by the D2 (or D2+) being caged in holes in a metallic lattice. Due to an increase in the associated potential energy up to 10eV for linear molecular vibrations in the lattice - as opposed to vacuum - fusion rates up to $10^{-20}$/pair/s or so, are allowed, says Rosen.} } @article{Rose1990, author = {G. Rosen}, title = {Groundstate thermalization of hydrogen isotopes in certain metals: enhancement of p+d and d+d nuclear fusion rates by Bethe-Bloch polarization}, journal = {Hadronic J.}, volume = {13}, year = {1990}, pages = {255--261}, keywords = {Theory}, submitted = {02/1990}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {Rosen first calculates the rms displacement of a proton in an octahedral site of PdH as 0.25 A; then he calculates it again from the ground state thermalization formula and gets 0.2 A, in good agreement with the first. Then invoking Bethe-Bloch polarisation for such a proton and for a deuteron, Rosen is able to calculate fusion rates greatly enhanced beyond those from Coulomb barrier arguments: up to $10^{-20}$ fus/pair/s. Rosen comments that difficulties in achieving this experimentally may have to do with inconstancy of ground state thermalization in porous metals with a high concentration of motile protons and deuterons.} } @article{Ross1989, author = {K. Ross and S. Bennington}, title = {Solid state fusion (?)}, journal = {Physics World}, volume = {2}, year = {1989}, pages = {15--16}, keywords = {Discussion}, published = {05/1989}, annote = {General, good description of the hot reports on cnf, and discussion of the problems these raise.} } @article{Rote1991, author = {D. Rotegard}, title = {Fusion, cold fusion, and space policy}, journal = {Space Power}, volume = {10}, year = {1991}, pages = {205--215}, keywords = {Sci-soc/phil discussion}, annote = {A science-philosophical work by a space economist. Rotegard believes that hot fusion advocates are suppressing cold fusion, and is critical of USA policy with respect to the financing of hot fusion. He suggests that more support should be given to both cold fusion (to avoid a Japanese lead), and asteroid mining.} } @article{Roth1990, author = {J. Roth and R. Behrisch and W. M{\"o}ller and W. Ottenberger}, title = {Fusion reactions during low energy deuterium implantation into titanium}, journal = {Nucl. Fusion}, volume = {30}, year = {1990}, pages = {441.}, keywords = {Experimental, ion beam, Ti, protons, res0}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {03/1990}, annote = {The authors state that it is essential to have a high metal loading with deuterium, like 2 D per metal atom. To get this, they say, we need deuterium ion implantation. The beam, however, leads to "self targeting", a process known for over 30 years, where the beam hits previously deposited deuterons (the references are given). This is not cold fusion. So the question is: do we detect fusion when the beam is off? The team used a 0.3-6 keV beam, shot at Ti foil, and measured protons coming out at the rear of the foil. During the beam, the proton flux agreed with earlier work, obeying the Gamov cross section relation and diffusion behaviour observed 30 years ago. The background, before the beam, was 2 emitted protons in $2.4\times 10^5$ s; and after bombardment, 1 proton in $0.54\times 10^{5}$ s. From this, the background, they arrive at an upper fusion rate limit of $10^{-23}$/pair/s, "in reasonable agreement" with the results of Jones+.} } @article{Rous1992, author = {D.~L. Rousseau}, title = {Case studies in pathological science}, journal = {Amer. Scientist}, volume = {80}, number = {Jan-Feb}, year = {1992}, pages = {54--63}, keywords = {Discussion}, annote = {Polywater, cold fusion and Benveniste's homeopathic paper in Nature are used here as examples of PS. The author was himself involved in the first of these three, and its debunking; he found the impurities that caused the "anomalous" behaviour of water, i.e. traces of sweat. DLR believes that cold fusion, like the other two cases, is one of self delusion. There is a good Johnny Hart cartoon.} } @article{Rout1991a, author = {R.~K. Rout and A. Shyam and M. Srinivasan and A. Bansal}, title = {Copious low energy emissions from palladium loaded with hydrogen or deuterium}, journal = {Indian J. Technol.}, volume = {29}, year = {1991}, pages = {571--578}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, gas phase, spark discharge, loading, cps, autoradiography, x-ray, res0}, submitted = {10/1991}, published = {12/1991}, annote = {Most samples, disks of 2mm thickness and 16 mm diameter, were loaded with hydrogen or deuterium in a plasma focus (PF) chamber, by evacuating and filling with the gas to a few mbars and discharging, repeating this 15-30 times for each loading. Some Pd needles were also 'loaded' using the spark discharge method of Wada \& Nishizawa, with 10kV and the gas at 600 mbar. As well, some Pd foils and hundreds of Pd chips were loaded by evacuating at 600C and cooling in the respective gas at 1 atm, without any discharge. D/Pd or H/Pd loadings varied from 0.1-0.6, measured by gas pressure drop. The samples were then placed close to x-ray sensitive film; all of them fogged it. Fogging by chemical reaction with H2 or D2 was ruled out by control experiments. Also, dosimeters were applied to the samples, and 7 times the background measured typically. X-ray emissions were measured using NaI and SiLi detectors; no x-rays were detected. Heavy charged particles were searched for using surface barrier detectors, but only rarely observed. In addition, some Pd was electrolytically loaded and autoradiographed, but no fogging was observed. Some samples were loaded in the PF with 4He, and autoradiographed; no fogging was seen, showing that the effect is specific for H2 and D2. Other metals, such as Zr, Hf and Ni-Ti superconductors were tried, but none of them showed any effects. The effects are 100\% reproducible, even at low loading, and likely to be due to electron emission from the samples, possibly due to cold nuclear fusion.} } @article{Rout1991b, author = {R.~K. Rout and M. Srinivasan and A. Shyam and V. Chitra}, title = {Detection of high tritium activity on the central titanium electrode of a plasma focus device}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {391--394}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, plasma beam, tritium, res+}, submitted = {09/1990}, published = {03/1991}, annote = {This team loaded a Ti cylinder in a vaccum chamber with deuterium from a plasma beam. They then measured the near-surface tritium content of the rod, and find more tritium there than can be accounted for, they say, by the fusion reaction due to the plasma, or by impurities in the D2 gas used. Therefore, they say, it was produced by a cold fusion process.} } @article{Rout1993, author = {R.~K. Rout and A. Shyam and M. Srinivasan and M.~S. Krishnan}, title = {Update on observation of low-energy emissions from deuterated and hydrated palladium}, journal = {Indian J. Technol.}, volume = {31}, year = {1993}, pages = {551--554}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, gas phase, x-ray autoradiography, cps, res0}, submitted = {08/1992}, published = {08/1993}, annote = {In a previous paper (1991) the authors reported emissions, most likely of electrons, in the range of tens to hundreds of eV from hydrated or deuterated Pd-Ag alloys. Here, new results are reported. Gas loading was used, at 1 bar, after vacuum treatment at 600C for 2 h. In this new study, pure Pd samples, 18 mm by 2 mm, were used, 10 freshly loaded, and 6 reloaded. Except where fusion products were looked for, only H2 was used, to avoid interference from such fusion emissions. Emissions were measured by autoradiography of sensitive film, typically kept 0.2 mm from the samples for 96 h. No fogging was seen for samples of PdHx held in vacuum, and an average fogging density of 0.08 for samples kept in air (as controls). Similarly, no or little fogging was seen for samples in nitrogen, helium or argon, while pure oxygen seemed to help a little. In other measurements, charged particles (cp's) were detected with a CR-39 detector close up, and in two out of 7 samples of deuterated Pd, above-background cp's were seen, but not with hydrated Pd or pure Pd. The authors conclude that oxygen might be involved in assisting the phenomenon, and that perhaps fractures are the cause of the emissions; but nothing is clear.} } @article{Rout1996, author = {R.~K. Rout and A. Shyam and M. Srinivasan and A.~B. Garg and V.~K. Shrikhande}, title = {Reproducible, anomalous emissions from palladium deuteride/hydride}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {30}, year = {1996}, pages = {273--280}, submitted = {06/1996}, published = {11/1996}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, autoradiography, res+}, annote = {The authors did a large number of electrolyses at a Pd cathode (as well as some other metals) in normal and heavy water electrolyte (not specified), and after electrolysis placed the electrodes close to radiographic film. Between the film and the electrode, various substances and effects were applied. There was fogging of the film after electrolysis in both heavy and light water, mostly with Pd but much less with Ni and Ti, not at all with Zr, Hf, Cu and Fe. Various experiments with blocking the radiation indicated that neither electromagnetic radiation, neutrons, cp's, nor temperature, voltage or pressure artifacts were responsible for the effects, claimed to be reproducible. Thus, a mysterious new form of radiation has been found.} } @article{Ruga1991, author = {S.~L. Rugari and R.~H. France and B.~J. Lund and S.~D. Smolen and Z. Zhao and M. Gai and K.~G. Lynn}, title = {Upper limits on emission of neutrons from Ti in pressurized D2 gas cells: A test of evidence for 'cold fusion'}, journal = {Phys. Rev. C}, volume = {43}, year = {1991}, pages = {1298--1313}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti-Pd alloy, gas phase, neutrons, res-}, annote = {This Yale/Brookhaven joint paper presents the results of a "dry cell" experiment, i.e. metal (Ti-Pd alloy) chips are deuterated from the gas phase. The team observes that in most such experiments, rather a short time is spent under those conditions thought to provoke cold fusion; i.e. during the warming up phase, after cooling the deuteride down to liquid nitrogen temperature. Here, this phase was prolonged, so as to maximise the chances of observing cold fusion. A very sensitive, low background neutron detector was used, consisting of 12 NE213 liquid scintillators operable in single mode (28\% efficiency, moderate background of 100 c/h) or coincidence mode (2\%, 2 c/h). There is a detailed description of the neutron detection procedure, background discrimination etc. No neutrons were detected in any runs. Thus the upper limit on cold fusion was much lower than that claimed by Menlove et al. No numbers are given, but from the background of 2 c/h at 2\% efficiency and about 40 g Ti, I calculate $10^{-25}$ fus/pair/s. There is some additional comment about Ti's ability to absorb deuterium. Surface oxides prevent this, and are difficult to remove. Treatments such as used by Menlove et al allowed a loading of 0.013 only. Ti-Pd alloy chips did absorb D2. Also, Briand et al (to be published) report that the Jones+(89) setup would merely deposit metals on the Ti, and no deuterium would be absorbed. Erratum: Rugari SL, France RH, Lund BJ, Smolen SD, Zhao Z, Gai M, Lynn KG; Phys. Rev. C 43 (1991) 2899. "Erratum: Upper limits on emission of neutrons from Ti in pressurized D2 gas cells: A test of evidence for 'cold fusion'". Equation 6 in the named paper , ibid 43 (1991) 1298, was incorrect and is corrected here.} } @article{Ruso1989, author = {V.~D. Rusov and T.~N. Zelentsova and M.~Yu. Semenov and I.~V. Radin and Yu.~F. Babikova}, title = {Fast neutron recording by dielectric track detectors in a palladium-deuterated -tritiated water system in an electrolytic cell}, journal = {Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz.}, volume = {15}, number = {19}, year = {1989}, pages = {9--13}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, alloy, electrolysis, neutrons, res0}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {10/1989}, annote = {Used a 50:50 mix of D2O and T2O, a "corrugated" alloy (Pd 72, Ag 25, Au 3) electrode, 10 mA/cm$^2$ and "200 V" cell voltage (no electrolyte!). A polymer track detector (CR-39) ($1-5\times 10^{-4}$ track/n sensitivity) was used to detect the integrated neutron flux from possible cold fusion of light nuclei. Some rare high-energy ($>10$ MeV) neutrons ($8\pm 4$/s) were found.} } @article{Russ1990, author = {J. L. {Russell Jr}}, title = {Plausibility argument for a suggested mechanism for cold fusion}, journal = {Ann. Nucl. Energy}, volume = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {545--548}, keywords = {Theory, discussion}, submitted = {04/1990}, published = {10/1990}, annote = {While others (e.g. Schwinger) can explain why cold fusion researchers find heat but no neutrons or tritium, Russell Jr here explains why they find tritium but no heat or neutrons or gamma emission. He invokes virtual dineutrons: a deuteron sits in its place in the palladium lattice, with a proton hovering nearby. The deuteron briefly captures an electron, becoming a neutral dineutron, the proton speeds towards the hole thus created, fuses with the dineutron to become a triton, and the excess energy is carried off by a neutrino, which nobody sees. Some rough calculations make this plausible; e.g. the expected lifetime of such a dineutron is long enough for the proton to get there, etc. The reaction is called dep and is similar to the pep reaction running in the Sun. Other possible reactions of this sort are considered, but dep is the most likely one.} } @article{Russ1991a, author = {J. L. {Russell Jr}}, title = {Virtual electron capture in deuterium}, journal = {Ann. Nucl. Energy}, volume = {18}, year = {1991}, pages = {75--79}, keywords = {Theory, discussion}, submitted = {08/1990}, annote = {Russell has previously suggested that cold fusion could be due to dineutron formation in deuterons, by electron capture by the nucleus. In this paper, he has a more detailed look at the scenario, which can explain how the Coulomb barrier is overcome (it isn't there), why tritium is produced (is it?) and the excess heat. A neutrino is released upon dineutron formation, and the dineutron, during its short life (aye, there's the rub) might capture a nearby nucleus. Can this work? Weak interaction theory, the Schroedinger equation and a cloudy crystal ball show that the dineutron formation rate and lifetime are well within the range required for cold fusion. Remarkably, this range is narrow; if the lifetime were one order of magnitude smaller, no cold fusion would be observed; if it was one order of magnitude larger, it would would have been seen long ago.} } @article{Russ1991b, author = {J. L. {Russell Jr}}, title = {Proposed heat producing nuclear reaction for cold fusion}, journal = {Ann. Nucl. Energy}, volume = {18}, year = {1991}, pages = {305--308}, keywords = {Theory, discussion}, submitted = {10/1990}, annote = {Russell has a theory to explain the anomaly of excess heat without energetic emissions. None of the standard nuclear reactions fill the bill; there is a good discussion of what one would get from charged particles at given energies (gamma, x-rays, etc), none of which is observed. Russell's model of a small dineutron/dineutrino population, which possibly allows d-d fusion to (4)He with transfer of the excess energy to the lattice as heat. This implies amounts of He commensurate with that heat, but Russell muses that helium might be "swept" from the Pd somehow. The model does not lead to any useful suggestions for experiment except perhaps to look for energetic sonic emissions, one per fusion.} } @article{Russ1993, author = {J. L. {Russell Jr}}, title = {On the nature of the cold fusion process}, journal = {Ann. Nucl. Energy}, volume = {20}, year = {1993}, pages = {227--228}, keywords = {Discussion}, submitted = {09/1992}, annote = {Based on reports by Chambers et al at the BYU conference in 1990, of 5.1 MeV tritons produced at Ti irradiated with a deuteron beam at 300-1000 eV, Russell proposes that the only possible reaction to explain this is that of a virtual dineutron (deuteron captures an electron) with two other deuterons. This is expected to be a rare event, accounting for the low yield. It cannot however be the source of excess heat, and cannot be the only one producing tritium in cold fusion experiments. Logically, a more probable reaction is that of a virtual dineutron with a single deuteron; it may be this one that produces the heat, but somehow without energetic nuclear particles.} } @article{Russ2008, author = {L. J. {Russell Jr}}, title = {Low energy nuclear reaction polyplasmon postulate}, journal = {Annals Nucl. Energy}, volume = {35}, year = {2008}, pages = {2059--2072}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {08/2007}, published = {08/2008}, annote = {An explanation is proposed for the nuclear reaction taking place during electrolysis at Pd in heavy water. This is, that protons or deuterons in the metal lattice temporarily absorb their associated electron and enter a neutron-like state; at the same time, a neutrino is emitted. For this to happen, however, an energy of at least 783 keV is required. Russell calculates, using realistic experimental parameters, that such energies can arise from polyplasmons arising in the metal crystal grains, making the mechanism feasible. The short-lived neutron-like particle is called a dion when it comes from a proton, and a dineutron when coming from a deuteron. These particles can then capture other nearby ions, producing more energy, so that a chain reaction can take place. The theory explains a number of otherwise mysterious phenomena observed in cold fusion experiments.} } @article{Ruzi1989, author = {D.~N. Ruzic and K. Schatz and P.~L. Nguyen}, title = {A novel apparatus to investigate the possibility of plasma-assisted cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {251--253}, keywords = {Discussion, suggestion}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {Suggest an alternative to electrochemistry for producing CNF, by using a plasma discharge in a D2 gas and a Pd cathode. No results as yet.} } @article{Sada1997, author = {H. Sada}, title = {Theory of nuclear reactions in solids}, journal = {Fusion Technology}, volume = {32}, year = {1997}, pages = {107--125}, keywords = {Theory, Bloch, res+}, submitted = {10/1994}, published = {08/1997}, annote = {Sada, of the Mitsubishi company, develops his theory of cold fusion, using the Bloch theorem and field operator formalism (the abstract says). Then, using Fermi's Golden Rule, Sada calculates reaction rates. He finds that calculated ratios of triton to 4He production are consistent with published observations, and has an explanation for the lack of nuclear byproducts. From the random distribution of the number of "primitive cells" in a Pd lattice, S explains the irreproducibility of observations. In summary, CNF is a clean energy source; the author has solved a number of problems, but there remain some, such as the production of tritium without excess heat.} } @article{Sahn1990, author = {V.~C. Sahni}, title = {Comment on 'Cold fusion in condensed matter: is a theoretical description in terms of usual solid state physics possible?'}, journal = {Mod. Phys. Lett. B}, volume = {4}, year = {1990}, pages = {497--498}, keywords = {Comment}, submitted = {01/1990}, annote = {Comment on the paper of Schommers and Politis (1989) in which they suggest that Pd ions play a part in bringing deuterons together. Sahni points out that there is an error in SP's paper and that there will be repulsion, rather than attraction, between deuterons, and further that at small distances, dielectric effects cease to operate. Sahni leaves open the question of the existence of other solid state effects to make cold fusion possible.} } @article{Sait1990, author = {N. Saito and K. Sakuta and S. Sawata and M. Tanimoto and N. Takata}, title = {Search for cold-fusion neutrons from palladium breathing deuterons}, note = {In Japanese, Eng. abstr.}, journal = {Denshi Gijutsu Sogo Kenkyusho Iho}, volume = {54}, number = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {986--1004}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, gas phase, electrolysis, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {07/1990}, annote = {This team did both electrolysis at Pd in LiOD, and Italian style gas loading and temperature cycling. For neutrons, a combination of a BF3 and a 3He counter was used. Electrolysis was done in charging and discharging cycles. No neutrons were found, beyond a few above the statistical noise.} } @article{Sait1991, author = {N. Saito and K. Sakuta and S. Sawata and M. Tanimoto and N. Takata}, title = {Measurement of neutrons from cold fusion}, note = {In Japanese, Engl. abstr.}, journal = {Hoshasen}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, year = {1991}, pages = {31--36}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, gas phase, electrolysis, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {09/1990}, published = {01/1991}, annote = {"Some comments on neutron measurement technique in cold fusion experiment are given. In order to detect the neutrons emitted as a result of the cold fusion reaction, BF3- and (3)He-detectors were used and careful analysis of output pulses was carried out to distinguish neutron signals from noise. Also, great efforts were made to shield the detectors from background neutrons and noise. No convincing evidence for occurrence of cold fusion was observed in various froms [sic] of palladium metal loaded with deuterium". (Direct quote from the abstr.). Fig. 1 shows a Cd foil shield around the cell, which seems to have just one detector (the He type in the Fig.). The rest is in Japanese, inscrutable to this bibliographer.} } @article{Saka1996, author = {Y. Sakamoto and M. Imoto and K. Takai and T. Yanaru and K. Ohshima}, title = {Calorimetric enthalpies for palladium-hydrogen (deuterium) systems at H(D) contents up to about [H]([D])/[Pd] = 0.86}, journal = {J. Phys.: Condens. Mater.}, volume = {8}, year = {1996}, pages = {3229--3244}, keywords = {Experimental, loading enthalpy, excess heat, res-}, submitted = {10/1995}, published = {04/1996}, annote = {One key argument about "cold fusion" centres about the enthalpy of formation of the variously loaded deuterides of Pd, PdD(x), with varying x. The literature is scanty on this, mostly providing just the figure, about -17 kJ per mole D at x = 0.72 or so. There has been speculation that deuteration is endothermic above some x (see Pons \& Fleischmann, 1996 citing earlier work by Wipf). The present team performed very thorough calorimetric measurements of these enthalpies for gas-phase loading under pressure (both H and D) up to 0.85 and a range of temperatures. They find that the -17 kJ figure holds for x $<$ 0.6, then there is a peak of about -24 kJ at x = 0.64, followed by a roughly linear move towards zero, crossing zero at about x = 0.85. In other words, above 0.85 it requires energy to put more deuterium into Pd. The plots behave properly according to van't Hoff even at 0.85, so there was no evidence of any excess heat.} } @article{Sala1990, author = {M.~H. Salamon and M.~E. Wrenn and H.~E. Bergeson and K.~C. Crawford and W.~H. Delaney and C.~L. Henderson and Y.~Q. Li and J.~A. Rusho and G.~M. Sandquist and S.~M. Seltzer}, title = {Limits on the emission of neutrons, gamma-rays, electrons and protons from Pons/Fleischmann electrolytic cells}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {344}, year = {1990}, pages = {401--405}, keywords = {Experimental, neutrons, gammas, res-}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {03/1990}, annote = {(What about Hawkins?) This team was invited by Pons into his laboratory and set up to measure the title particles under/around Pons' cells over a period of 67 hours. They list a number of possible fusion reactions which would produce one or more of these types of radiation, including the secondary fusion of fusion-generated tritium with deuterium, and internal conversion of two deuteriums to (4)He plus an occasional electron, as suggested by the two innocent chemists Walling and Simons. All measurements were done with great care and the measured radiation levels translated into expected excess heat in watts. As has been widely publicised even before publication of this paper, the team found next to nothing - the highest heat output (as a maximum value) was around a milliwatt, most measurements gave much less still. As has also been widely discussed, there was a two-hour power failure and a longer period during which the team's monitors were not working, and Pons apparently states that something was happening just within this period. This is answered by the authors, however: had there been any significant radiation during this time, it would have left measureable traces in the form of (24)Na in their gamma detector; no (24)Na was observed, so no neutrons were given off at any time. Unfortunately, believers will say that the authors have assumed known nuclear reactions, still leaving the possibility of that elusive hitherto unknown one.} } @article{Sams1996, author = {N.~V. Samsonenko and D.~V. Tahti and F. Ndahayo}, title = {On the Barut-Vigier model of the hydrogen atom}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {220}, year = {1996}, pages = {297--301}, keywords = {Theory, tight Bohr orbit model, res+}, submitted = {05/1996}, published = {09/1996}, annote = {This is a follow-up of work by Barut \& Vigier, who proposed non-Bohr lower level electron orbits for hydrogen, similar to the Mills theory. This is developed here; the Pauli equation is solved with the Hamiltonian, and the Schroedinger equation as well, using the Barut-Vigier potential. Along with the usual Coulomb states, a tight state at about 40 keV was found. The work will be continued.} } @article{Sams1997, author = {N.~V. Samsonenko and D.~V. Tahti and F. Ndahayo}, title = {Reply to the comment on 'On the Barut-Vigier model of the hydrogen atom' by Samsonenko et al.}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {229}, year = {1997}, pages = {133--134}, keywords = {Polemic, no FPH/Jones ref}, submitted = {11/1996}, published = {05/1997}, annote = {Reply to the polemic by Drazic and Maric in the same issue, who modified the Barut-Vigier model previously presented by the present authors, in which they arrived at the figure 128 keV for the ground state of the hydrogen atom; Drazic and Maric believe this should be 13.6 eV only. Samsonenko et al here state that this is an error, a wrong use of the radial wave function which cannot be normalised. In fact, they do (and did) not claim 128 keV, but get about 40 keV by numerical methods and stand by this figure.} } @article{Sanc1989, author = {C. Sanchez and J. Sevilla and B. Escarpizo and F.~J. Fernandez and J. Canizares}, title = {Nuclear products detection during electrolysis of heavy water with titanium and platinum electrodes}, journal = {Solid State Commun.}, volume = {71}, year = {1989}, pages = {1039--143}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, Pd, electrolysis, neutrons, gammas, tritium, res+}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {12/1989}, annote = {Detected gamma radiation, neutrons, as well as tritium, consistent with a d+d nuclear fusion reaction. The paper is particularly interesting in that it correlates a gamma burst with a subsequent rise in the tritium level, and provides a control in the form of a cell not evincing gamma (or neutron) bursts; such a cell kept a constant tritium level. This seems to rule out electrolytic tritium enrichment as a "source" of T. Further, the authors are aware of the slow diffusion of T out of the Ti and this is consistent with the slow build-up of T in the electrolyte during some hours after the gamma burst.} } @article{Sand1990, author = {G.~M. Sandquist and V.~C. Rogers}, title = {Enhancement of cold fusion reaction rates}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {351--354}, keywords = {Comments, suggestions}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {This paper considers some enhancement possibilities, given the assumption that cold fusion takes place inside the metal lattice, where the deuterons are highly compressed and contained for long times, with apparent reduction of quantum mechanical barrier width. Pd pretreatment such as repeated degassing in vacuum might be essential, and zone refining might help, as might surface etching with aqua regia to remove metallic impurities. Applying high pressure to the electrolyte is suggested. For the temperature, a trade-off between stability of the hydride, and faster diffusion, should be made. Try using pulsed current. The electrolyte should be pure, the authors believe that poisoning goes against deuterium uptake (as opposed to most other workers). Bruenner [sic] -Nernst theory is invoked with respect to mass transport of the deuterium specie [sic] near the electrode. There is a list of methods for monitoring the D/Pd loading, and a list of how to measure tritium, neutrons, protons, gamma rays, the two He isotopes as well as activation products.} } @article{Sank1996, author = {T.~K. Sankaranarayanan and M. Srinivasan and M.~B. Bajpai and D.~S. Gupta}, title = {Investigation of low-level tritium generation in Ni-H2O electrolytic cells}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {30}, year = {1996}, pages = {349--354}, keywords = {Experimental, Ni cathode, light water, tritium, res+}, submitted = {06/1994}, published = {12/1996}, annote = {This team has previously reported the generation of tritium from Ni/light water electrolyses (Mills scenario), and here adds to the evidence. They find that in some cells the tritium data oscillates in a sawtooth fashion over a month or more (but at all times, at positive levels). More recent experiments reproduce this effect. They are strongly tempted to suggest a tritium cleansing mechanism operating.} } @article{Sann1991, author = {V.~I. Sannikov and V.~G. Gorodetskii and E.~M. Sulimov and B.~G. Polosukhin and V.~Ya. Kudyakov}, title = {Emission of neutrons and gamma-quanta from a titanium electrode polarised by a current in the gas phase over LiD}, journal = {Rasplavy}, year = {1991}, number = {4}, pages = {86--89}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, gas phase, discharge, neutrons, gammas, res+}, submitted = {01/1991}, annote = {Ti metal, D2 gas, solid LiD and electric discharges have all been used in one way or the other in cold fusion experiments; why not combine them all in one? A Ti rod is the cathode in low-pressure D2 gas, the anode being a steel cup, with a LiD crystal lying in its bottom. The system is held at various temperatures, and various D2 pressure regimes applied to charge the Ti with the gas. High voltages are then applied between the electrodes, to cause discharges, and neutrons and gammas monitored. Beautiful violet hues were seen during the discharges, especially if small amounts of oxygen were present in the cell. The emission of gammas was dependent both on temperature and voltage but it was not possible to separate the effects. Both gamma and neutron emissions were close to the background noise but nevertheless the authors believe that more neutrons were emitted in the temperature regions (270-380 degC and 530-620 degC) of TiD phase transitions. There were some small differences in the neutron count distributions between the absence and presence of the LiD. No explanations or mechanisms can be suggested; the cold d-d fusion reactions suggested by FPH and Jones+ cannot be the answer. Future studies must decide which of the low-mass species Li, Be, B and alpha particles, may be involved.} } @article{Sant1989a, author = {K.~S.~V. Santhanam and J. Ragarajan and O.~N. Braganza and S.~K. Haram and N.~M. Limaye and K.~C. Mandal}, title = {Electrochemically initiated cold fusion of deuterium}, journal = {Indian J. Technol.}, volume = {27}, year = {1989}, pages = {175--177}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, Pd, electrolysis, excess heat, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {04/1989}, annote = {Electrolysed a solution of NaCl in D2O at Ti and Pd electrodes and find excess heat; the input power happens to account for Joule heating of the cell, so that the cold fusion reaction alone powers the electrolysis, which therefore is free. All this was measured using a thermistor at the cathode and a few assumptions about heat capacities, heat conduction and cooling losses. A BF3 counter in front of the electrode showed a 48\% increase over the background in one experiment, 8\% in another, while a liquid scintillation counter showed an 18\% higher than background for neutrons and gammas together. The authors admit that more careful emission measurements are needed but concur with FPH that a non-emitting nuclear reaction is occurring in their cells.} } @article{Sant1989b, author = {K.~S.~V. Santhanam and J. Rangarajan and K.~C. Mandal and S.~K. Haram}, title = {Excess enthalpy during electrolysis of D2O}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {58}, year = {1989}, pages = {1139--1141}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, electrolysis, excess heat, res+}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {10/1989}, annote = {These authors did some electrolysis experiments with a Ti electrode in an open cell in a dewar flask, and measured the temperature. Preliminary cyclic voltammetry showed that there are differences between the characteristics for heavy and light water; there was no desorption peak in the case of D2O. From calibrations, the temperature changes in the cell attributable to the various partial processes (heat of electrolysis, adsorption of D2, recombination of D2 with O2) were calculated. These calculations cannot explain the heat effects observed.} } @article{Sapo1995, author = {L.~G. Sapogin and I.~V. Kulikov}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion in the unitary quantum theory}, journal = {Chinese J. Nucl. Phys.}, volume = {17}, year = {1995}, pages = {360--370}, keywords = {Theoretical, QM, res+}, submitted = {03/1995}, published = {04/1995}, annote = {The authors claim that their new theory, called unitary quantum theory or UQT, explains cold fusion, as the orthodox quantum theory cannot, because UQT includes the phase of the wave function, not just the energy. Apart from cold fusion, UQT can also account for other effects. "If a wave packet arrives at a potential barrier in a phase when its amplitude is small enough, it crosses the barrier easily". So this theory allows for cold fusion.} } @article{Sapo1997, author = {L.~G. Sapogin}, title = {Energy generation processes and cold nuclear fusion in terms of Schroedinger equation}, journal = {Chin. J. Nucl. Phys.}, volume = {19}, number = {2}, year = {1997}, pages = {115--120}, keywords = {Theory, res+, no FPH/Jones refs.}, submitted = {05/1996}, annote = {This continues the author's previous theoretical work on the subject (there are 14 references, all of them to his own work). The formalism of the Schroedinger equation can, he writes, account for cold fusion and excess heat. He calls his theory the unitary quantum theory (UQT). After supporting CNF, he goes on to explain nuclear events in biological (enzyme) reactions, which others have swept under the carpet; and mentions the Griggs/Potapov, CETI and other devices.} } @ARTICLE{Sarg2013, author = {S. Sarg-Sargoytchev}, title = {{Physics of cold fusion with the BSM–SG atomic models}}, journal = {The General Science Journal}, year = {2013}, pages = {1--23}, url = {http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays/View/5281}, keyword = {cold fusion, LENR, Coulomb barrier, atomic nuclear structures, alpha decay}, annote = {"ABSTRACT OF THE ESSAY: Advances in the field of cold fusion (LENR), in which the energy release cannot be explained by a chemical process, need a deeper understanding of the nuclear reactions and, more particularly, the possibility for overcoming the Coulomb barrier. The treatise "Basic Structures of Matter - Supergravitation Unified Theory", permits an explanation from a new point of view by using the derived three-dimensional structures of the atomic nuclei. The recently published monograph "Structural Physics of Nuclear fusion with the BSM-SG atomic models" provides a new approach in theoretical understanding of the physical process and the possibility for modification of the Coulomb barrier. The monograph offers: (1) A method for analysis of the LENR experiments using the BSM-SG atomic models, (2) A selection of isotopes suitable for a more efficient energy yield with a minimum of radioactive products (3) practical considerations for selection of the technical method and the reaction environment."} } @ARTICLE{Sarg2014, author = {S. Sarg-Sargoytchev}, title = {{Nickel-hydrogen cold fusion by intermediate Rydberg state of hydrogen: selection of the isotopes for energy optimization and radioactive waste minimization}}, journal = {The General Science Journal}, year = {2014}, pages = {1--16}, keyword = {{cold fusion, LENR, Coulomb barrier, nuclear energy, radiooactive waste}}, url = {http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays/View/5281}, annote = {"Abstract: The main objection against cold fusion is based on the theoretical understanding that the Coulomb barrier of the very small nucleus is extremely strong. The size of the atomic nucleus is determined by scattering experiments in which a metal target is usually struck by alpha particles. These experiments yield only energy and angular resolution and their interpretation rely on the assumption that the atomic nuclei and all elementary particles are spherical. A non-spherical nucleus made of thinner non-spherical particles like a torus or a twisted or folded torus will provide similar data for a limited range of the particle energy. At the time of Rutherford, alpha particles with energy from 4 to 8 MeV were used. Modern scattering experiments with energy above 25 MeV show a sharp deviation from the Rutherford theory. They also show a wavelike shape of the scattering cross section as a function of scattering angle. A new interpretation of the scattering experiments leads to the idea that the Coulomb field near the nucleus has a manifold shape with a much larger overall size and therefore is not so strong. The BSM-SG models of atomic nuclei are in excellent agreement with this conclusion. Applying the approach described in the monograph Structural Physics of Nuclear Fusion with BSM-SG atomic models, the highly exothermal process between nickel and hydrogen is analyzed."} } @article{Sasa1990, author = {A. Sasaki}, title = {An approach to cold fusion}, journal = {Kenkyu Kiyo - Miyagi Kogyo Koto Senmom Gakko}, volume = {26}, year = {1990}, pages = {47--50}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Remark, experiment design, plasma beam}, annote = {"Room temp. nuclear fusion was examd. using a different method from S.E. Jones et al (1989) assuming that their theory is correct, and a plan for the expts. is described. A low temp. plasma (low pressure and e- temp. ca. 1 eV used for processing) and high temp. d beam will be used but the target at which reaction will take place is at room temp. The equipment to be used is compared [sic] of a Ti wire, a Ti film target in a vacuum chamber, an extra electrode, and a plasma ion source. The plasma is formed by the discharge of ECR (heating). In the region of plasma formation, an electrode is set up to produce the d beam. In the 1st stage of the expt., <= 1 keV energy and ca. 10 mA electricity will be used. By adjusting the beam energy (accelerating voltage), the dependence of nuclear fusion reaction (if it occurs) on energy can be measured."} } @article{Sast1989, author = {K.~S.~R. Sastry}, title = {Fusion reaction}, journal = {Science}, volume = {244}, year = {1989}, pages = {904.}, keywords = {Comment}, annote = {A technical comment on energies in (3)He and deuterium, in response to an article of Pool in Science (see Section 3).} } @article{Sato1991, author = {T. Sato and M. Okamoto and P. Kim and Y. Fujii and O. Aizawa}, title = {Detection of neutrons in electrolysis of heavy water}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {357--363}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {07/1990}, published = {03/1991}, annote = {A divided electrolysis cell, with a Pd plate cathode and 1M LiOD electrolyte was used. Neutron detection was by means of 9 (3)He counters, grouped into three channels, with pulse height discrimination. Shielding all around, by polyethylene blocks, cadmium plates and boric acid. Neutron count efficiency was calibrated to be 7\%. The background was carefully recorded and showed some bursts due to a nuclear reactor nearby. Three electrolyses were run; two of them evinced large neutron counts at about 5 h, the third at 20 h. These bursts were 2-3 times the background bursts. There will be further measurements using a large NE-213 scintillator, allowing energy assignment, to be reported later.} } @article{Savi1990, author = {R.~F. Savinell and Jr. Burney and . HS}, title = {Report of the electrolytic industries for the year 1989}, journal = {J. Electrochem. Soc.}, volume = {137}, year = {1990}, pages = {485C--503C}, keywords = {Commentary}, published = {10/1990}, annote = {The authors report on the electrochemical industry in general, and devote part of one page to cold fusion, in a neutral tone, mainly reporting FPH-89 and Jones+ results, and some of the ensuing controversy. They go along with the claim that it was mainly physicists who were initially skeptical. They also make the point that although FPH were criticised for their press conference, they might have been criticised even more, had they allowed the news to wind its way out of the normal publication channels. 414 references but none to cnf papers in scientific journals.} } @article{Savv1996a, author = {I.~B. Savvatimova and A.~B. Karabut}, title = {Nuclear reaction products detected at the cathode after a glow discharge in deuterium}, journal = {Poverkhnost'}, year = {1996}, number = {1}, pages = {63--75}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, glow discharge, Pd, fusion-fission, isotope distribution, res+, no FPH/Jones refs.}, submitted = {06/1995}, annote = {A Pd cathode was subjected to a glow discharge at 10-40 mA/cm$^2$ and 100-500 V in an atmosphere of hydrogen, deuterium and a mixture of both, and the surface analysed before and after by SIMS, surface MS and microprobe x-ray analysis. After discharge in deuterium, and to a lesser extent in the mixture, 109Ag and 107Ag were found, greatly in excess of that found when hydrogen alone was used. Other elements apparently generated in deuterium included Br, Rb, Nb, Sr, Y, As and Cd. Also, the ratio of 109Ag to 107Ag changed during the experiment in deuterium. The authors propose "fusion-fission" reactions of Pd with 1, 2 or 3 deuterons, producing a wide spectrum of elements from the fission of the result of fusion.} } @article{Savv1996b, author = {I.~B. Savvatimova and A.~B. Karabut}, title = {Radioactivity of palladium cathodes after irradiation in a glow discharge}, journal = {Poverkhnost'}, year = {1996}, number = {1}, pages = {76--81}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, Nb, As, Ti, glow discharge, autoradiography, res+, FPH/Jones refs.}, annote = {Foils of Pd, Nb, As and Ti and other metals were subjected to a glow discharge (10-50 mA/cm$^2$, 100-500V) in hydrogen, deuterium or a mixture of the two, and afterwards the radioactivty of the foils was measured as a function of time. When using deuterium, there was radioactivity, decaying with a half life of 13.8 h, which the authors comclude to be consistent with the decay of 109Pd, formed by fusion. The level was 5-10 times that of the background.} } @article{Scar1993, author = {F. Scaramuzzi}, title = {La fusione fredda quattro anni dopo (Cold fusion four years later)}, journal = {Chim. Ind. (Milano)}, volume = {75}, number = {5}, year = {1993}, pages = {425--426}, note = {In Italian}, keywords = {Commentary}, annote = {Scaramuzzi, who is one of the Italian contributors to the experimental work in the field, here provides a roundup of the field after four years. There was initial wide skepticism, but after four years of research, the cnf research community has obtained some results, despite being dogged by lack of reproducibility, and more work is needed. No references.} } @article{Scar2000, author = {F. Scaramuzzi}, title = {Ten years of cold fusion: an eye-witness account}, journal = {Accountability Res.}, volume = {8}, year = {2000}, pages = {77--92}, keywords = {Sci/soc/phil.}, annote = {This is a a personal history of the author's involvement in cold fusion research, and gives some insight into the development of "Italian-style" cold fusion, using titanium loaded from the gas phase and temperature cycling. He also addresses the lack of reproducibility and the anomalous features of cold fusion results. He deplores the still holding division between cold fusion researchers and mainstream scientists but points out that progress is being made; also, that mistakes have been made on both sides.} } @article{Schi1989, author = {J.~E. Schirber and M.~A. Butler and D.~S. Ginley and R.~I. Ewing}, title = {Search for cold fusion in high-pressure deuterium-loaded titanium and palladium metal and deuteride}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {397--400}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, Pd, gas phase, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {Various Ti and Pd samples were put under high-pressure (>=2.4 kbar) D2 and temperature cycling. Underground high-sensitivity (9.2\%) neutron monitoring (background: 10 counts/h) showed nothing in excess of background.} } @article{Schi1990, author = {K.~D. Schilling and P. Gippner and W. Seidel and F. Stary and D. Wohlfarth}, title = {Search for charged-particle emission from deuterated palladium foils}, journal = {Z. Phys. A: At. Nucl.}, volume = {336}, year = {1990}, pages = {1--4}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, cps, res-}, submitted = {11/1989}, published = {05/1990}, annote = {Emphasise - as others have done - that protons would indicate a nuclear reaction; are detected at close to 100\% efficiency; and have a much lower background than neutrons. So protons it is. The usual thin Pd foil is used, with a p-detector close to it. A loading of x = 0.4 (PdD(x)) is reached, not sure whether any beta phase formed. No protons were detected above the background; the cold fusion upper limit becomes about $10^{-24}$/s/pair.} } @article{Schn1989, author = {J.~H. Schneider}, title = {How a rectangular potential in Schroedinger's equation could explain some experimental results on cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {377--378}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {Theoretical calculations of the transmission coefficient for barrier penetration in d-d fusion, appear to show that it's possible.} } @article{Scho1989, author = {W. Schommers and C. Politis}, title = {Cold fusion in condensed matter: is a theoretical description in terms of usual solid state physics possible?}, journal = {Mod. Phys. Lett. B}, volume = {3}, year = {1989}, pages = {597--604}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {05/1989}, annote = {Estimated interaction potentials of two deuterium atoms can explain cold fusion results, on the basis of the physics of liquids. The model used is that of a Pd-D alloy of charged particles in a uniform background of negative charge, and pseudopotential theory leads to the possibility of cold fusion. It can also explain, by conventional means, the discrepancy between excess heat and the missing neutrons, because each fusion delivers, as well as the energy of fusion, a large amount of kinetic energy.} } @article{Schr1989, author = {G. Schrieder and H. Wipf and A. Richter}, title = {Search for cold nuclear fusion in palladium-deuterium}, journal = {Z. Phys. B: Condens. Matter}, volume = {76}, year = {1989}, pages = {141--142}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, cps, res-}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {08/1989}, annote = {Equal probabilities for the two fusion reactions: d+d-->t+p, d+d->(3)He+n are assumed. Therefore, protons should be detected. The authors used electrolysis as did FPH, using Pd foil, and very sensitive proton detection. Mylar foil stopped other particles. The sensitivity was 5 times greater than needed to detect the neutron flux level (as protons) claimed by FPH. Nothing was found.} } @article{Schu1989a, author = {J.~W. Schultze and U. K{\"o}nig and A. Hochfeld and C. {Van Calker} and W. Kies}, title = {Electrochemically induced nuclear fusion in a solid?}, journal = {Nachr. Chem., Tech. Lab.}, volume = {37}, year = {1989}, pages = {707--719}, note = {In German}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {The original article which - slightly expanded and translated into English - was later published in Electrochim. Acta, Schu1989b.} } @article{Schu1989b, author = {J.~W. Schultze and U. K{\"o}nig and A. Hochfeld and C. {Van Calker} and W. Kies}, title = {Prospects and problems of electrochemically induced cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Electrochim. Acta}, volume = {34}, year = {1989}, pages = {1289--1313}, keywords = {Review}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {Translated (and expanded) from the earlier German article. This is an excellent review of just about all aspects of CNF, as well as a good source of further references (the Paneth reference /3/ is incorrect, the Vol. no. of Naturwiss. should be 14, not 43). The authors remain carefully neutral.} } @article{Schu2002, author = {U. Schulte}, title = {Die 'Kalte Kernfusion' - ein wissenschaftlicher Artifakt}, journal = {Deutsche Apotheker Zeitung}, volume = {142}, number = {14}, year = {2002}, pages = {77--79}, note = {In German}, keywords = {Discussion}, published = {04/2002}, annote = {The author reviews cold fusion, beginning with a section titled "pathological science". This is the tone of the review. Paneth \& Peters and Tandberg are mentioned. Cold fusion would require four miracles. Some hardy workers persist in working on cnf and receive funding, publishing in obscure journals. All this work belongs on the dung heap. The recent sonofusion claims by Taleyarkhan et al are in the same category, as it is unlikely that temperatures sufficiently high for fusion can be achieved inside the cavitating bubbles (although the author begins by stating that no one knows what temperatures can be achieved). Taleyarkhan et al are not daunted by the examples of F\&P, and show either strong courage or fanaticism.} } @article{Schw1990a, author = {J. Schwinger}, title = {Nuclear energy in an atomic lattice. 1}, journal = {Z. Phys. D: At., Mol. Clusters}, volume = {15}, year = {1990}, pages = {221--225}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {11/1989}, published = {03/1990}, annote = {A notable physicist has a go at a theory of CNF. Starting from scratch and invoking virtual phonons, Schwinger finds that lattice coupling can diminish the Coulomb barrier in a way that strongly favours fusion of protons with deuterons (p+d), rather than (d+d); the reaction is p+d -> (3)He plus heat. A new twist, which could go towards explaining the absence of emitted radiation in the presence of heat. (3)He is a stable isotope and (see Abell et al) would not escape from the Pd. The theory is quite testable - look for (3)He in the metal, not the evolved gas; there ought to be lots of it.} } @article{Schw1990b, author = {J. Schwinger}, title = {Cold fusion: a hypothesis}, journal = {Z. Naturforsch. A}, volume = {45}, year = {1990}, pages = {756.}, keywords = {Comment, suggestion}, submitted = {10/1989}, published = {05/1990}, annote = {Just a suggestion, without any supporting theory (which is presented by the author in his paper in Z. Phys. D: At., Mol. Clusters 15 (1990) 221), that the nuclear reaction giving rise to the observed effects is not a d-d, but a p-d one. This has the consequence that "controls" with light water may not be true controls and also cause cold fusion due to traces of deuterium; and implies some test experiments.} } @article{Schw1991a, author = {J. Schwinger}, title = {Nuclear energy in an atomic lattice}, journal = {Prog. Theor. Phys.}, volume = {85}, year = {1991}, pages = {711--712}, keywords = {Comment}, submitted = {01/1991}, published = {04/1991}, annote = {A brief note of criticism of simple physics theories to dismiss cold fusion. The simple models sometimes used may be missing something. JS here looks at causality. Taking as an example the d-p fusion reaction (which he has suggested as the more likely culprit), this has a stable bound state: (3)He. There may, thus, be a resonance between p-d and (3)He, rather than the causal sequence d+p --> He. JS concludes that research evidence is required, not simple theory.} } @inproceedings{Schw1991b, author = {J. Schwinger}, title = {Cold fusion: Does it have a future?}, booktitle = {Springer Procs. in Physics (Evolutionary Trends in the Physical Sciences)}, editor = {M. Suzuki and R. Kubo}, volume = {57}, year = {1991}, pages = {171--175}, publisher = {Springer Verlag}, address = {Heidelberg}, keywords = {Comment, review}, annote = {This is the publication of an address given by Nobelist Schwinger, in Japan. Cold fusion, says S, could have significant implications for mankind, especially for the Japanese. S mentions the prehistory of cold fusion, i.e. the work of Paneth et al during the Showa era (1926). We then move forward to P\&F in 1989. Schwinger makes the point that neither intermittency of the emissions (heat, neutrons etc) nor the irreproducibility of the results prove that there is no effect. Nor is it fair to level the charge that the effect is not theoretically understood; other phenomena (such as high temperature superconductivity) have this problem. Cold fusion is not the same as hot fusion, and cannot be measured by that yard stick; metal lattice effects make this a quite different phenomenon. At high loading, for example, there may appear d-d separations much smaller than those known for normal loadings, and lattice fluctuations might also help. S suggests that lower temperature might enhance the process, by providing a better environment for such close approaches. Schwinger concludes that pressure of scientific conformity precludes a future for cold fusion in Europe and the USA, but in Japan, there is some hope.} } @article{Scot1990a, author = {C.~D. Scott and J.~E. Mrochek and T.~C. Scott and G.~E. Michaels and E. Newman and M. Petek}, title = {Measurement of excess heat and apparent coincident increases in the neutron and gamma-ray count rates during the electrolysis of heavy water}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {103--114}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, excess heat, neutrons, gammas, res+}, submitted = {03/1990}, published = {08/1990}, annote = {Excess power, at a level of 5-10\%, was found for periods of many hours. In one case, neutron excursions above background was correlated with excess heat. The team used a cooling jacket calorimeter, with and without recombination of D2 and O2. A single NE-213 neutron detector, with gamma-ray correction, was used and had a background corresponding to a fusion rate of $3 \times 10^{-24}$ fusions/s/pair. Gamma emission was also detected, by a NaI device, at somewhat lower sensitivity. Tritium analysis was performed on aliquots taken from the electrolyte at intervals. Cell temperatures were usually around 28-38 degC, with some controlled excursions to higher and lower temperatures imposed. In the closed (recombining) system, the calorimetry calculation is simple: applied power versus measured power from the cooling flow. Both the open and closed systems showed bursts of heat excess at 5-10\%, well outside the claimed experimental error, with the open cell being more consistent. Changes in the current density did not affect the excess heat (this implies that the deuterium loading did not change markedly with current). In the closed cell run, there were small but significant emissions of neutrons and gammas, the latter at unexpected energies, indicating a possible neutron-proton interaction. Tritium production could not be shown. The authors conclude that they have consistent excess heat, out of proportion with neutron and gamma which were small but definite. Low cell temperatures, meaning higher deuterium loadings, are favourable.} } @article{Scot1990b, author = {C.~E. Scott and E. Greenbaum and G.~E. Michaels and J.~E. Mrochek and E. Newman and M. Petek and T.~C. Scott}, title = {Preliminary investigation of possible low-temperature fusion}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {115--119}, keywords = {Experimental, neutrons, gammas, res-}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {A calorimetry cum neutron detection experiment. The cell was cooled by a constant flow water jacket, whose temperature was monitored at inlet and outlet. A single NE-213 scintillation counter was used for the neutrons, with gamma discrimination. A 2-foot thick concrete surround shielded (?) the cell. There was also a separate NaI gamma detector to also detect neutrons indirectly. Results show a single neutron event at 3.5 standard deviations above background, and no sustained excess heat, although there were some short excess heat events. This preliminary experiment does not confirm cold fusion.} } @article{Seel1990, author = {D. Seeliger}, title = {Physical problems of the investigations into nuclear fusion in condensed media}, journal = {Isotopenpraxis}, volume = {26}, year = {1990}, pages = {384--395}, note = {In German}, keywords = {Comment}, submitted = {02/1990}, annote = {A commentary on cold fusion as of Dec-89. The experimental evidence is reported. Drawing on prior work by Jarmie, S then makes some rough calculations of low energy fusion, and concludes that the branching ratios may well differ from the high-energy cases, thus perhaps enhancing weak branches like the (4)He one. A host of other fusion reactions is considered, including a number involving Li. There is a summary of some theories, including the more speculative ones like Hagelstein's and Walling \& Simons'. The fractofusion work in the USSR is mentioned and considered plausible. 114 refs.} } @article{Seel1991a, author = {D. Seeliger and A. Meister}, title = {A simple plasma model for the description of d-d fusion in condensed matter}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {2114--2118}, keywords = {Comment, loading}, submitted = {08/1990}, published = {07/1991}, annote = {The authors first consider previous attempts to account for enhanced fusion rates in PdDx, such as the expected rate in D2 gas, electron screening, ion screening and fluctuation tunnelling. They then develop a new model, which takes the transport itself of d-d pairs through the lattice to be important. This implies that it is during charging that fusion is enhanced. At a time corresponding to about one charging time constant, the fusion rate goes through a broad maximum and declines towards zero at full loading. This is in fairly good accord with the authors' own experiments (see also Bittner et al, ibid p.2119) and those of others. The model is only a start but does not invoke unknown nuclear processes.} @article{Seel1989, author = {D. Seeliger and K. Wiesener and A. Meister and H. Marten and D. Ohms and D. Rahner and R. Schwierz and P. W{\"u}stner}, title = {Search for DD-fusion neutrons during heavy water electrolysis}, journal = {Electrochim. Acta}, volume = {34}, year = {1989}, pages = {991--993}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis Pd, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {07/1989}, annote = {Used a largish Pd plate, which deformed, while giving off a statistically significant 0.1 n/s, but no heat. A light-water control did not emit statistically significant counts of neutrons.} } @article{Seel1991b, author = {D. Seeliger}, title = {Theoretical limits of nuclear fusion in condensed matter}, journal = {Acta Phys. Hung.}, volume = {69}, year = {1991}, pages = {257--267}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {08/1990}, annote = {The two dd reactions, and the dp and dt reactions, are considered, with the main emphasis on the dd --> (3)He + n one. Solid state screening effects are considered, and it gives enhancements over the D2 gas rate of $10^{-63}$/s by 10-15 - maybe even 20 - orders of magnitude. Dynamical effects and fluctuations give another 6-8 orders of magnitude, and there is a chance of further gain by temperature and density fluctuations. The bottom line is that rates of $10^{-46} \dots 10^{-29}$ fusions per dd pair per s are not impossible.} } @article{Segr1990, author = {S.~E. Segre and S. Atzeni and S. Briguglio and F. Romanelli}, title = {A mechanism for neutron emission from deuterium trapped in metals}, journal = {Europhys. Lett.}, volume = {11}, year = {1990}, pages = {201--206}, keywords = {Theory, fractofusion}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {02/1990}, annote = {This is one of the first papers (I know of) that attempts more than an arm-wave at a theory of what has been called fracto-fusion. It is theorised that small temperature changes in a MD(x) lattice (M being a given metal) will move the system away from equilibrium. For metals such as Cu, temperature decreases will do this, while for transition metals (Pd, Ti etc), temperature increases will. Then, D2 gas will tend to form, expanding into bubbles to cause voids and cracks and potential fields etc - the familiar fracto-picture. The paper lists a number of necessary conditions for fracto-fusion, which ought to help experimenters looking for it. The tentative conclusion is that it is possible.} } @article{Seif1991, author = {W. Seifritz}, title = {No end to cold fusion (Kalte Fusion und kein Ende)}, journal = {GIT Fachz. Lab.}, volume = {35}, year = {1991}, pages = {114--118}, note = {In German}, keywords = {Comments, theory}, published = {02/1991}, annote = {Prof. Seifritz, who has earlier weighed in with a theory he himself here describes as improbable, lists some of the attempts at explaining cold fusion, and comments on them. The greatest attention is given to Bockris's dendrite "theory" and his theory that cnf is fusion of spin-polarised nuclei, explaining the anomalous branching ratio. Neither theory is watertight. All explanations fall down on the experimental evidence in some way. S has the impression that all try to explain some specific effect - i.e. every theory, a different effect. The bottom line that we do not know whether cnf is real or not.} } @article{Seif2003, author = {W. Seifritz}, title = {(Letter to the Editor)}, journal = {Int. J. Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {28}, year = {2003}, pages = {357}, keywords = {Polemic}, annote = {Seifritz comments on the book by R. Mills. He points out an inconsistency between eq. (165) in Chap. 28 and eq. (168). Also, the Big Bang is not included in Mills' model.} } @article{Seit1989, author = {R. Seitz}, title = {Fusion in from the cold?}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {339}, year = {1989}, pages = {185}, published = {05/1989}, keywords = {Comment, suggestion}, annote = {Suggests that under electrolysis conditions, where a current is flowing, there may be high-x PdD(x) patches in the Pd, which are not normally seen, because they are unstable. Seitz says that at high x, the distinction between these deuterides and metallic D may be small. Then suggests that lumps of deuterons, capturing delocalised electrons to become deuterium molecules, could release 1MJ/mol of heat, possibly explaining FPH's melt-down. Also, Li may lower the melting point of Pd. So the heat comes from plain old chemistry, not fusion. Also quotes the 1986 Klyuev paper} } @article{Sevi1991, author = {J. Sevilla and F. Fernandez and B. Escarpizo and C. Sanchez}, title = {Some characteristics of titanium and palladium samples used in cold fusion experiments}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {188--191}, keywords = {Comment}, submitted = {02/1990}, published = {01/1991}, annote = {Looking at the state of the cathode after a cold fusion experiment might be fruitful. The authors have used a variety of techniques to do this, including differential scanning calorimetry and SEM. It appears that electrolysis at Ti does not enable deuterium to reach more than slight depths, and the overall loading D/Ti was found to be 0.02, while higher-temperature gas charging reached a value of 2. DSC confirmed this. Nevertheless, cold fusion was equally successful in either case, implying that it is a surface effect. SEM showed that gas loading caused little surface change, while electrolysis caused surface cracking and polishing by bubbles, as well round craters; these were larger for those samples where cold fusion had been observed.} } @article{Shah1992, author = {M. Shaheen and M. Ragheb}, title = {Anomalous deuteron to hydrogen ratio in naturally occurring fission reactions and the possibility of deuteron disintegration}, journal = {J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.}, volume = {158}, year = {1992}, pages = {323--342}, keywords = {Comment}, submitted = {06/1991}, annote = {This paper chiefly addresses the Oklo phenomenon, i.e., anomalous (235)U/(238)U ratios in geological samples from that region in Gabon, Africa, and an anomalous D/H ratio. A theory is deuteron disintegration, followed by reaction with metal nuclei, is described and quantified.It can explain the anomalies. The authors then go on to speculate that a similar disintegration might be at the base of cnf in metals, and suggest that isotopic changes be searched for.} } @article{Shan1989, author = {G. Shani and C. Cohen and A. Grayevsky and A. Brokman}, title = {Evidence for a background neutron enhanced fusion in deuterium absorbed palladium}, journal = {Solid State Commun.}, volume = {72}, year = {1989}, pages = {53--57}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, gas phase, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {08/1989}, published = {10/1989}, annote = {This shows that neutrons will enhance natural fusion rates. Thus, a 2.5 MeV neutron peak is emitted from a Pd-D system in a high-background lab but not in a "clean" one. Compressed D2 gas shows the same effect. Pd was charged with D from the gas phase at 3 kg/cm$^2$. Within 2 hours, the pressure had dropped, indicating absorption to PdD0.6. This was then sealed into a stainless tube under the same pressure of D2 and placed near a counter. Under high-level neutron background (0.05 count/s/cm$^2$) a 2.5 MeV peak is seen (difference between the sample and pure Pd), but at low levels (0.0002 counts/s/cm$^2$), nothing.} } @article{Shan1995, author = {E.~S. Shanley}, title = {The simplest explanation...}, journal = {Chem. Health Saf.}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, year = {1995}, pages = {4}, keywords = {Polemic, SRI explosion}, annote = {Shanley criticises one of the conclusions reached by the forensic team led by P. Grant (see Grant et al, several papers), i.e. that traces of oil on the cold fusion cell walls trigered the explosion in the SRI lab in Jan. 1992, where one person was killed and another injured. Shanley comments that chemicals need to mix before they react and that the oil traces could not have reached the Pd catalyst in the head space. He suggests that a balance of the resulting gases after the explosion should have revealed the participation of such oil, by some remaining unused deuterium. Finally, he remarks that the simplest explanation is that the catalayst did not function, leading to a build-up of oxygen and deuterium, and that a hot spot on the catalyst then set off the explosion. See the response by Grant, same journal.} } @article{Shan2002, author = {K. Shanahan}, title = {A systematic error in mass flow calorimetry demonstrated}, journal = {Thermochim. Acta}, volume = {387}, year = {2002}, pages = {95--100}, keywords = {Polemic, res-}, submitted = {10/2001}, published = {05/2002}, annote = {Shanahan here argues that the published results of Storms (and others using similar data treatment) are flawed. The flaw resides in applying the global statistically determined calorimetry parameters to specific runs, rather than locally measured parameters for each run. When Shanahan applies the latter to some data made available by Storms, the purported excess heat claimed by Storms becomes more like noise hovering around the zero line.} } @article{Shan2005, author = {K. Shanahan}, title = {Comments on 'Thermal behavior of polarized Pd/D electrodes prepared by co-deposition'}, journal = {Thermochim. Acta}, volume = {428}, year = {2005}, pages = {207--212}, keywords = {Polemic, theory, calorimetry, res-}, submitted = {09/2004}, published = {04/2005}, annote = {Shanahan argues for recombination under the electrolyte surface, which is a simpler explanation of apparent excess heat than nuclear fusion. This, together with the same author's previous theory of calorimetry calibration shifts, puts the nuclear origin of excess heat in doubt.} } @article{Shan2006, author = {K.~L. Shanahan}, title = {Reply to 'Comments on papers by K. Shanahan that propose to explain anomalous heat generated by cold fusion'}, journal = {Thermochim. Acta}, volume = {441}, year = {2006}, pages = {210--214.}, keywords = {Polemic, calorimetry, res0}, submitted = {11/2005}, published = {02/2006}, annote = {Shanahan replies to a polemic by Storms (2006, same issue, p. 207) against an earlier paper by Shanahan in the same journal (428 (2005) 207). Shanahan's arguments rest mainly on unaccounted calibration shifts due to shifting heat souurces, and unaccounted recombination due to the transport of deuterium and oxygen bubbles to the electrodes, both catalysts for such recombination, as well as, possibly, metal deposited on the glass walls of the cell. Storms points out that this is unimportant at the higher currents employed, and that the location of a heat source within a cell does not affect calorimetry in most systems used. Shanahan rejects these arguments. He considers chemical, not electrochemical, recombination, and points out that there is evidence for this in Storms' cold fusion data. Shanahan proposes a chemical origin for what he calls the "Fleischmann-Pons-Hawkins effect".} } @ARTICLE{Shan2010, author = {K. L. Shanahan}, title = {Comments on "A new look at low-energy nuclear reaction research"}, journal = {J. Environ. Monit.}, volume = {12}, year = {2010}, pages = {1756--1764}, submitted = {01/2010}, published = {09/2010}, keywords = {Polemic}, annote = {"Cold fusion researchers have accumulated a large body of anomalous results over the last 20 years that they claim proves a new, mysterious nuclear reaction is active in systems they study. Krivit and Marwan (J. Environ. Monit., 2009, 11, 1731) give a brief and wholly positive view of this body of research. Unfortunately, cold fusion researchers routinely ignore conventional explanations of their observations, and claim much greater than the real accuracy and precision for their techniques. This paper attempts to equally briefly address those aspects of the field with the intent of providing a balanced view of the field, and to establish some criteria for subsequent publications in this arena."} } @article{Shap1989, author = {V.~L. Shapovalov}, title = {Test for additional heat evolution in electrolysis of heavy water with palladium cathode}, journal = {JETP}, volume = {50}, year = {1989}, pages = {117--119}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, excess heat, res-}, published = {08/1989}, annote = {Closed-system calorimetry, using both heavy and light water, with LiOD/LiOH. 7 cells with D2O, 10 with H2O were run. Results are rather close, with an "sd of 0.2\%" (presumably in temperature). After allowing for differences in heat capacities between heavy and light water, temperature increases match within experimental error; i.e. no excess heat found.} } @article{Shaw1989, author = {G.~L. Shaw and M. Shin and R.~W. Bland and L. Fonda and H.~S. Matis and H.~G. Pugh and R. Slansky}, title = {Scenario for cold fusion by free quark catalysis}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. A}, volume = {102}, year = {1989}, pages = {1441--1447}, keywords = {Theory, anti-diquarks}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {Small numbers of free stable Q anti-diquarks with electric charge -4/3 and mass of a few GeV and short-range repulsion with hadrons catalyze d fusion much more effectively than muons. These Q might be left over from the Big Bang. About 100 would be required in a FPH-type cell, to explain FPH's heat claims. The reaction channel 4He + Q dominates. Bursts of neutrons are predicted with a 3-body energy spectrum instead of peaking at 2.45 MeV. Independently of these findings, Q-catalysis is attractive in that it could provide large power production, if this kind of matter can be found and accumulated (aye, there's the rub).} } @article{Shel1997, author = {D.~S. Shelton and L.~D. Hansen and J.~M. Thorne and S.~E. Jones}, title = {An assessment of claims of 'excess heat' in 'cold fusion' calorimetry}, journal = {Thermochim. Acta}, volume = {297}, year = {1997}, pages = {7--15}, keywords = {Polemic and experimental, excess heat, res-}, submitted = {01/1997}, annote = {The Jones and coworkers team takes a close look at how cnf calorimetry has been done. They point out several weaknesses in prior designs, and design a calorimeter of their own. Theory is outlined. It turns out that stability and repeatability of a given design are no guarantee of good performance. Every calorimeter should be checked using a chemical reaction of known enthalpy, yet this has not been done previously. Simple calibration using electrical heating is not sufficient. Inadequate mixing might occur and thus temperature gradients in the commonly used cells, making any results quite unreliable. Another defect has been unstable heat paths. The authors suggest that purported excess heat would not be observed if calorimeter design were improved along the lines described in the paper.} } @article{Shen1991, author = {G. Shen and S. Li and W. Jing and Q. Sui and Z. Li and Z. Yang}, title = {The efficiency calculation of a low background neutron detection system}, journal = {Yuanzineng Kexue Jishu (Atomic Energy Science and Technology)}, volume = {25}, year = {1991}, pages = {93--96}, note = {In Chinese, Engl. abstr.}, keywords = {Suggestion}, published = {11/1991}, annote = {"The results of efficiencies calculated by Monte Carlo methods are reported for a low background neutron detection system to be used for cold fusion study" (Direct quote of the English abstract). An ST-451 type detector seems to be used; there is mention of a mixture of 73.3\% SiO2, 7.5\% Al2O3, 13.0\% (6)LiO and 5.9\% Ce2O2, and there are tables of calculated efficiencies and space distributions of efficiencies at several (MeV) energies, such as 3.5, 2.45 (!), 1.75 and 1.00 MeV.} } @article{Shib1992, author = {T. Shibata and M. Imamura and S. Shibata and Y. Uwamino and T. Ohkubo and S. Satoh and K. Yamakoshi and N. Oyama and T. Ohsaka and N. Yamamoto and O. Hatozaki and N. Niimura}, title = {A low background neutron measuring system and its application to the detection of neutrons produced by the D2O electrolysis}, journal = {Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A}, volume = {316}, year = {1992}, pages = {337--342}, keywords = {Experimental, neutron detector design, res-}, submitted = {08/1991}, annote = {For cold fusion experiments as well as others, it is important to be able to measure low-level neutron emission and distinguish it from the background, largely due to cosmic rays and natural radioactivity. A suitable system was developed and tested in an underground lab, on a cold fusion electrolysis. The choice was two spherical (3)He detectors at 10 atm pressure, 5 cm diameter and buried in polyethylene moderator, with another (background) detector in another part of the moderator block. The block was shielded by paraffin blocks containing boric acid. Counts and discriminator counts were stored on a floppy disk. The lab's temperature was kept constant at about 23 C, humidity at 65\%. An air flow prevented radon accumulation. The detector's efficiency was 4\% or so, and the background was 1/20 that at sea level, depending on the material placed into the cell (i.e. its atomic mass). For pure Cu, it was about $0.3 \times 10^{-4}$ n/s/mol. A number of Pd cathodes were tried for D2O electrolysis, and the measured neutron emission did not deviate, either in intensity or in count frequency distribution, from the background. There was also analysis of the electrolyte for tritium before and after, with none found.} } @article{Shib1993, author = {T. Shibata}, title = {Critical points for the evaluation of measured results on cold fusion}, journal = {Oyo Buturi}, volume = {62}, number = {7}, year = {1993}, pages = {715--716}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Comment}, submitted = {03/1993}, published = {07/1993}, annote = {All in Japanese, this one-page paper baffles this abstracter. There is mention of 3He, 4He, gammas and x-rays, presumably in a discussion about what ought to be given off by cold fusion. No references.} } @article{Shih1989, author = {A.~A. Shihab-Eldin and J.~O. Rasmussen and M. Justice and M.~A. Stoyer}, title = { Cold fusion: effects of possible narrow nuclear resonance}, journal = {Mod. Phys. Lett. B}, volume = {3}, year = {1989}, pages = {965--969}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {08/1989}, annote = {Looks at the possibility of the effect of an as yet unknown narrow resonance of (4)He on d-d fusion. Theory does not exclude the possibility, and does not exclude a skewed branching ratio for the usual two reactions assumed, either. The resonance with (4)He would release electrons, which would end up as heat and not much else. Some of this theory is supported by known astrophysics.} } @article{Shim1989, author = {I. Shimamura}, title = {Intramolecular nuclear fusion in hydrogen-isotope molecules}, journal = {Prog. Theor. Phys.}, volume = {82}, year = {1989}, pages = {304--314}, keywords = {Theory}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {08/1989}, annote = {Theoretical. Starts by referring to muon catalysed fusion, then poses the question of what fusion rates for neutral molecules HH, DD, HD etc might be, as well as the charged ions HH+, DD+, HD+ etc, if their internuclear distance were reduced somehow by an enhanced effective electron mass m(eff) in a crystal lattice, without assuming how this enhancement might take place. The Born-Oppenheimer approximation is used, but the calculations are done with high accuracy, compared with the usual treatments. For the above-named species, calculated fusion rates for m(eff)=1 come out different by 6-15 orders of magnitude (OOM) from previously published values. The charged ions all have fusion rates smaller that the neutrals, by about 13 orders of magnitude. In order to reach the Jones+ fusion rate of $10^{-23}$/s, an m(eff) of 5.6 is needed for DD+, but HD+ would give a higher rate by about 1 OOM. Shimamura concludes that although the mechanism of cold fusion is not known at present, his calcu- lations suggest looking for gamma emission from p+d fusion.} } @article{Shio1999, author = {Y. Shioe and N.~N. Mondal and M. Chiba and T. Hirose and M. Fujii and H. Nakahara and K. Sueki and T. Shirakawa and M. Utsumi}, title = {Measurement of neutron production rate regarding the quantity of LiNbO3 in the fracturing process under D2 atmosphere}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento A}, volume = {112}, year = {1999}, pages = {1059--1066}, keywords = {Experimental, fractofusion, gas phase, no FPH/Jones refs, res+}, submitted = {11/1998}, published = {10/1999}, annote = {This is a confirmation attempt of the Russian fractofusion scenario, but here using the piezoelectric (single) crystal LiNbO3, ball milling it under D2 gas. Prior to milling, the substance was annealed for 30 h at 1200C in normal air. Neutrons were detected using 16 3He proportional counters spread around the sample. In three runs with a different number (1, 2 and 3) of cells contained in the mill, the run with 2 cells gave an excess of neutrons over the background by 1.9 sigma, the other two much less. The authors conclude that neutrons were observed, and moreover, that their flux is proportional to the amount of substance milled, from a 3-point plot that might also fit a constant.} } @article{Shir1991, author = {O. Shirai and S. Kihara and Y. Sohrin and M. Matsui}, title = {Some experimental results relating to cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Bull. Inst. Chem. Res., Kyoto Univ.}, volume = {69}, year = {1991}, pages = {550--559}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, excess heat, gammas, res+}, submitted = {11/1991}, annote = {Newly devised conditions for provoking cold fusion in an electrolysis at Pd in D2O containing 0.1M DCl and 0.01M PdCl2, are described here. A chunky Pd cylinder was used, and besides the electrolytic current (constant 0.5 A), a larger electric current (5A) was passed through the cathode, and called the "indifferent current". A thermometer measured the cell temp. near the Pd, and a gamma probe (GM counter, model TGS-113, Aloka) mounted just outside the cell. There were also some studies of the electrochemistry of D2O reduction at this cathode and of D2 permeation in another cell. More than 50 runs showed that the indifferent current was able to start excess heat events, and sometimes gamma events above the background and persisting for 1-2 min. One gamma event followed the addition of light water to the cell; thus, the fusion might be that of d + p, giving 3He. Therefore, the use of an indifferent current, as well as the use of PdCl2 (leading to Pd deposition) are recommended.} } @article{Shir1993, author = {T. Shirakawa and M. Chiba and M. Fujii and K. Sueki and S. Miyamoto and Y. Nakamitu and H. Toriumi and T. Uehara and H. Miura and T. Watanabe and K. Fukushima and T. Hirose and T. Seimiya and H. Nakahara}, title = {A neutron emission from lithium niobate fracture}, journal = {Chem. Lett.}, year = {1993}, pages = {897--900}, keywords = {Experimental, fracto, Nb, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {02/1993}, published = {05/1993}, annote = {When an ionic crystal is crushed, fracture separates charges on the new surfaces, leading to high fields, which may accelerate deuterons if present. Here, rather than wait for cracking, the team crushed single crystals of lithium niobate in a vibromill in the presence of D2 gas, and monitored the neutrons emitted with a ring of 10 3He proportional counters, a paraffin block thermalising the neutrons; efficiency 2.6\%. This was carried out at an underground, low cosmic background location (100 m water depth equivalent, 7.6 neutrons/h during 132 h). Crushing was maintained for 1 h at a time. 12 such runs were summed, and the neutron spectrum in excess over the background is shown. It is close to zero in the region of channels >1600, but in clear excess (34.8 neutrons) in the region below this. The Fig. states that channel 1400 lies at 760 keV thermalised neutrons. There was no observable effect of D2 pressure (1.1 to 101 kPa), nor of the addition of LiD. No excess neutrons were found when Ti or Pd metal was crushed under D2O, to emulate the Russian work (Klyuev et al), which is thus not confirmed.} } @article{Shke1995, author = {Z. Shkedi and R.~C. McDonald and J.~J. Breen and S.~J. Maguire and J. Veranth}, title = {Calorimetry, excess heat, and Faraday efficiency in Ni-H2O electrolytic cells}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {28}, year = {1995}, pages = {1720--1731}, keywords = {Experimental, Ni, light water, recombination, res-}, submitted = {05/1994}, published = {11/1995}, annote = {This team challenges claims of excess heat from Ni cathodes in light water containing K2CO3. They argue that a small degree in current efficiency, i.e. some recombination of evolved hydrogen and oxygen, can fully account for some of these claims. This is demonstrateed with a very careful experiment in which recombination is measured. Integrated power errors of < 0.03\% were achieved, and ca. 20-25\% apparent excess heat could be accounted for by about 20\% recombination or 80\% current efficiency, which was in fact measured independently. The authors suggest that Faradaic efficiency should always be checked when doing CNF calorimetry.} } @ARTICLE{Shke1996, author = {Z. Shkedi}, title = {Response to "Comments on 'calorimetry, excess heat, and Faraday efficiency in Ni-H2O electrolytic cells'"}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {30}, year = {1996}, pages = {133}, submitted = {01/1996}, published = {09/1996}, annote = {Argues against the comment by Good (Good1996), stating that that author's critical points do not apply.} } @article{Shma1995, author = {{Yu}. F. Shmal'ko and M. V. Lototsky and {Ye}. V. Klochko and V. V. Solovey}, title = {The formation of excited H species using metal hydrides}, journal = {J. Alloys Compds}, volume = {231}, year = {1995}, pages = {856--859}, keywords = {Theory, metal hydrides, res0, no FPH/Jones refs.}, annote = {This is a short description of and evidence for the formation of energetic ionised and monatomic species of hydrogen as it is released from a metal. Within the metal it can freely exchange between positive, neutral and even negatively charged hydrogen, but is released with energies up to about 20 eV. There is a short discussion of the relevance of this to "cold fusion"; if this is real, then other hydrogen-absorbing metals should be looked at. The authors do not mention that their work also implies that sorption/desorption conditions should also be favourable to "cold fusion".} } @article{Shoh1990, author = {N. Shohoji}, title = {Unique features of hydrogen in palladium metal lattice: hints for discussing the possible occurrence of cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {J. Mater. Sci. Lett.}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {231--232}, keywords = {Comment}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {02/1990}, annote = {Entirely speculative. S seems not to know about Jones+ Ti work, nor of the Italian work with gas phase charging with D2. S tries to find some characteristics of palladium that make it special, in order to suggest other metals that might be even better. He finds (i) hysteresis behaviour in the p(H2) vs x in PdD(x) and (ii) the fact that the metal and its hydride have the same crystal structure, claiming that fcc is a requirement (Ti does not have this structure). All this leads S to suggest Ni, Ce (which forms a trihydride) and Ac as candidates for a closer look.} } @article{Shun1991, author = {W. Shunjin}, title = {Effect of Coulomb screening on deuterium-deuterium fusion cross section}, journal = {Gaoneng Wuli Yu Hewuli}, volume = {15}, number = {8}, year = {1991}, pages = {761--764}, note = {In Chinese}, keywords = {Theory}, submitted = {10/1990}, published = {08/1991}, annote = {"The popular Gamow formula for the deuterium-deuterium fusion cross-section is generalized to take into account the Coulomb screening effect. The generalized formula has been used to discuss the fusion process occurring in the metal medium" (English abstract). Using the WKB approximation and Gamow approach, some mathematical expressions for fusion rates are derived, but no conclusions about cold fusion reached.} } @article{Shya1998, author = {A. Shyam and T.~C. Kaushik}, title = {Absence of neutron emission during interaction of deuterium with metal at low energies}, journal = {Pramana}, volume = {50}, year = {1998}, pages = {75--83}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, NaOD \& LiOD, res-}, submitted = {06/1997}, published = {01/1998}, annote = {The authors conducted a thorough experiment to detect neutrons around a Pd electrolysis in heavy water and NaOD and LiOD, with two rings of neutron detectors around the cell (BF3 tubes, grouped into 3 groups). Several sets of experiments at currents of 2000A/m$^2$ (200 mA/cm$^2$) were run, and no neutrons exceeding the background were found, steady or in bursts.} } @article{Shya2000, author = {A. Shyam}, title = {Strange behavior of tritiated natural water}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {37}, year = {2000}, pages = {264}, keywords = {Comment, tritium elimination, res0}, submitted = {05/1999}, published = {05/2000}, annote = {Shyam has previously observed strange effects with tritium and adds new evidence here in a one-page brief Letter. This is a number of samples, not subjected to electrolysis, containing some tritium, that were sent for tritium analysis at some time, and again 6 months later. Some gained tritium, some lost it. Therefore, the electrolysis experiments previously reported should be viewed with caution.} } @article{Silv1990, author = {I.~F. Silvera and E. Moshary}, title = {Deuterated palladium at temperatures from 4.3 to 400K and pressures to 105 kbar: search for cold fusion}, journal = {Phys. Rev. B}, volume = {42}, year = {1990}, pages = {9143--9146}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, gas phase, diamond anvil, res-}, submitted = {02/1990}, published = {11/1990}, annote = {The authors used their diamond anvil to achieve these pressures. Detectors for neutrons, gamma radiation and heat were mounted around the press. From the volume compression, a loading of up to 1.34 was inferred. Several days at the various temperatures and pressures evinced no evidence for cold fusion.} } @article{Silv1993, author = {D.~S. Silver and J. Dash and P.~S. Keefe}, title = {Surface topography of a palladium cathode after electrolysis in heavy water}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {24}, year = {1993}, pages = {423--430}, keywords = {Experimental, post mortem, surface, neutrons, gammas, tritium, res-}, submitted = {03/1992}, published = {12/1993}, annote = {It has been suggested that the cold fusion reaction might be d + p, not d + d; here, large amounts of hydrogen have been generated alongside deuterium to test this. Scanning electron, scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopy (SEM, STM, AFM resp.) were used for a post mortem look at the Pd surface. Various features such as pits and craters were found, and suggest violent events, energetically beyond chemistry. In experiments with heavy water, higher temperatures were reproducibly reached than in light water. Attempts to detect fusion products (tritium, neutrons, gammas) were not successful. However, some heavy elements accumulated locally; this has been reported elsewhere.} } @article{Sima1990, author = {E. Simanek}, title = {Quantum tunnelling through a fluctuating barrier. Enhancement of cold-fusion rate}, journal = {Physica A (Amsterdam)}, volume = {164}, year = {1990}, pages = {147--168}, keywords = {Theory}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {03/1990}, annote = {The Feynman functional integral formulation of quantum mechanics is used to derive tunnelling rate enhancement of cold fusion in a Pd lattice. Strong temperature dependence of this enhancement is found. Enhancement is positive above Tc, the temp corresponding to "the energy spacing of the bath oscillator". Additionally, due to the covalent Pd-D bonding, Pd lattice oscillations induced by thermal phonons will assist in the tunnelling. No real numbers are given.} } @article{Sinh1989, author = {B. Sinha and Y.~P. Viyogi and S. Chattopadhyaya and M.~R.~D. Mazumdar and G.~S.~N. Murthy and G. Muthukrishnan and T. Bandyopadhyaya and M.~D. Trivedi and D. Ghosh and D.~K. Srivastava and P. Sen}, title = {Observations of neutron bursts in electrolysis of heavy water}, journal = {Indian J. Technol.}, volume = {27}, year = {1989}, pages = {275--277}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, Pd, electrolysis, excess heat, neutrons, gammas, res-}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {Observed 4 aperiodic 5-minute bursts of neutrons at Ti and Pd during electrolysis of D2O containing NaCl. A single neutron counter was used and the cells shielded with Pb bricks to minimise background. No gamma emission was detected and no excess heat.} } @ARTICLE{Sinh2015, author = {K. P. Sinha}, title = {{Model of low energy nuclear reactions in a solid matrix with defects}}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {108}, year = {2015}, pages = {516--518}, published = {02/2015}, annote = {"This theoretical development consists of several aspects of low energy nuclear reactions, involving both established effects (such as the interaction of hydrogen, or deuterium, with defects in a lattice, e.g. palladium) and proposed solid-state effects. A known effect is the lattice concentration of electrons into local charge pairs, turning Coulomb barriers into attractive configurations. In one configuration, the proposed effect is linear defects that, when filled with hydrogen atoms, form internal lattices with no fixed lattice constant. The resulting multi-atom, linear, hydrogen molecule has a unique property shown quantum mechanically to allow di-atomic approach to within fusion dimensions."} } @article{Siod1989, author = {R.~E. Sioda}, title = {Heat effects during room-temperature electrolysis of deuterium oxide}, journal = {Bull. Electrochem.}, volume = {5}, year = {1989}, pages = {902--904}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, excess heat, res0}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {12/1989}, annote = {This is simple open-cell calorimetry of a cell in which heavy water is electrolysed at platinum electrodes. Resistor heating is used to measure Newton's cooling rate parameter, which remains constant; nevertheless, under electrolysis some heat, corresponding to about 8\% power, is unaccounted for, possibly due to gas evolution or electrochemical side reactions.} } @article{Siod1992, author = {R.~E. Sioda and T.~Z. Fahidy}, title = {A simplified approach to the thermal behaviour of electrolytic Dewar cell calorimeters}, journal = {J. Appl. Electrochem.}, volume = {22}, year = {1992}, pages = {347--350}, keywords = {Comment, suggestion, calorimetry}, submitted = {05/1991}, published = {04/1992}, annote = {Calorimetry is central to much of cold fusion research, and has' been dogged by problems. In this paper, the authors describe a simplified thermal analysis in terms of a single nonlinear thermal balance for the prediction of temperature time variations in such cells. The overall heat loss coefficient can be estimated accurately. The model can be reduced to a simple one, or made more complex. In the simplest case, constant input power is assumed, as well as constant radiative emissivity and emission area for both source and sink. The heat balance differential equation can then be solved, and numbers are tabulated as examples. Varying input power is also allowed. Results show that heat loss can be estimated experimentally and this may help decide whether excess heat is produced.} } @article{Siod1994, author = {R. Sioda}, title = {Cavity ion metal (hohlraum) limited-radiation effect and law}, journal = {Curr. Topics Electrochem.}, volume = {3}, year = {1994}, pages = {349--355}, keywords = {Theoretical, res+}, annote = {The author presents his theory of "hot spot plasma", to explain the cold fusion results of Fleischmann et al (1989) and Jones (1989) and others. He proposes the existence of small cavities with the metal, "hot spots", where high temperatures obtain. He addresses mainly the problem of how quickly these hot spots would cool, in order to know whether they might facilitate fusion. So he considers heat transport. The conclusion is that some fusion might happen.} } @article{Slan1989, author = {Z. Slanina}, title = {Towards molecular-thermodynamic aspects of postulated Pd/D low-temperature nuclear fusion: a useful example of a failure of the conventional translation partition function}, journal = {Thermochim. Acta}, volume = {156}, year = {1989}, pages = {285--290}, keywords = {Theory}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {12/1989}, annote = {A study of the partition function of translation in a cubical box of very small dimensions. As the box is assumed smaller and smaller, there appear deviations from the conventional macroscopic partition function. This was applied to H isotopes in cubic cells of Pd, and the kinetic energy of such particles is enhanced. This higher kinetic energy should be considered in theoretical work on cold fusion.} } @article{Smil1996, author = {A.~V. Smilga and V.~P. Smilga}, title = {A small physical effect}, journal = {Ross. Khim. Zh.}, volume = {40}, number = {3}, year = {1996}, pages = {122--126}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Theoretical, polemic, res0}, annote = {This pair of theoretical physicists give some thought to cold fusion. They first go through the reasons why cold fusion might not be possible, e.g. the fact that 1-5 eV (obtainable from electrolysis) is not enough to penetrate the Coulomb barrier to dd fusion (with the proviso of tunneling); they reiterate some CNF history, neutron measurements, Frascati and the Russian fracto-scenario. In the final summing up, they find that there is an optimistic and a pessimistic attitude, both reasonable to some extent. They leave it up to the reader to decide.} } @article{Sobk1990, author = {J. Sobkowski}, title = {Cold fusion - facts and opinions}, journal = {Wiad. Chem.}, volume = {44}, year = {1990}, pages = {587--602}, note = {In Polish}, keywords = {Review}, submitted = {02/1990}, annote = {The author was apparently asked by the journal editor to write this review, shortly after a cold fusion conference in Poland in May 1989. This review was submitted in February 1990, and is a summary of the field, without much in the way of contribution by the author himself. The problems raised by cnf are described, such as the branching ratio, and some of the motivation background is mentioned (the alleged anomalous (3)He/(4)He ratio in the atmosphere, in some metals etc). Some of the possible ways to detect cold fusion are named such as neutron and gamma detection. There is a detailed description of the Jones+ and FPH work, and the critical papers of Keddam, Horanyi, Kreysa and others. Supporting work is also included, such as works suggesting the (4)He branch, and the quiet dissipation as heat of the 24 MeV released from that branch. The author concludes that cold fusion will continue to live for some time, but that practical applications are unlikely.} } @article{Sobo1990, author = {L.~G. Sobotka and P. Winter}, title = {Fracture without fusion}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {343}, year = {1990}, pages = {601.}, keywords = {Experimental, fractofusion, res-}, published = {02/1990}, annote = {The authors note that there appears to be a lot of evidence for fracture-induced fusion, and have a shot at it themselves, by shooting steel pellets (0.131 g mass, going at 168 m/s) at heavy ice. After 75 shots they average less than one neutron per shot, 1/10 the level measured by the Soviet team (Deryagin et al). They note that this experiment was a good reproduction of the Soviet work, and conclude that there is no compelling evidence for fractofusion.} } @article{Sohl1990, author = {K. Sohlberg and K. Szalewicz}, title = {Fusion rates for deuterium in titanium clusters}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {144}, year = {1990}, pages = {365--370}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, submitted = {08/1989}, published = {03/1990}, annote = {Calculations for hydrogen atoms placed in small Ti clusters, using the ab initio Hartree-Fock self-consistent field method. The possibility is explored that there might be a stable H atom configuration in a Ti lattice with d-d distance smaller than that in D2 gas. Results show that the H atoms are reasonably mobile in the Ti lattice. There are no stable close d-d states. The closest configuration - occupation of adjacent tetrahedral sites - gives a d-d distance > than that in D2 gas. Fusion rates of $10^{-84}$/s result.} } @article{Soif1990, author = {V.~N. Soifer and V.~A. Goryachev and A.~N. Salyuk and F. Sergeev}, title = {Neutron yield in heavy-water electrolysis}, journal = {Sov. Phys. Dokl.}, volume = {35}, number = {6}, year = {1990}, pages = {546--548}, note = {Orig. in: Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR 312 (1990) 860--863, in Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, TiV alloy, Pd, Pt, electrolysis, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {06/1990}, annote = {In the absence of information about cold fusion experiments, this team from Vladivostok designed their own, using NaOH dissolved in heavy water. They are experienced in (heavy) water analysis for isotope content, and they note at the start, that heavy water contains about 5 to 6 orders of magnitude more tritium than normal water and therefore also an elevated content of (3)He, from tritium decay. The neutron detector was a 4 litre proportional methane counter, allowing anticoincidence discrimination of cosmic influx. For the cathode, they tried Ti, stainless steel, Ti/V alloy, Pt and Pd, as plates and wires, under a variety of current densities. No neutrons were measured.} } @article{Son2005, author = {S. Son and N.~J. Fisch}, title = {Pycnonuclear reaction and possible chain reactions in an ultra-dense DT plasma}, journal = {Physics Lett. A}, volume = {337}, year = {2005}, pages = {397--407}, keywords = {Theory, pycnonuclear fusion, res+}, submitted = {11/2004}, published = {04/2005}, annote = {The authors develop theory and calculate the possible fusion rates under very high pressure, of deuterium and tritium at temperatures close to absolute zero. Th result is that such fusion reactions might take place, as well as possible chain fission-like reactions. This is certainly "cold" fusion.} } @article{Sona1990a, author = {P.~G. Sona and M. Ferrari}, title = {The possible negative influence of dissolved O2 in cold nuclear fusion experiments}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {678--679}, keywords = {Comment, suggestion}, submitted = {05/1990}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {As Appleby has stated elsewhere, it is possible that a layer containing Li needs to be deposited, in order for deuterium to get into the Pd, instead of forming D2 gas and bubbling off (this is in fact a fast reaction) - i.e. the Li-containing layer is a poison for bubble formation. If the layer has holes, it works less well. The layer, being a compound of Pd, Li and D, would clearly be sensitive to oxygen, which would dissolve it as LiOD, leaving Pd. So it is a good idea to prevent access of oxygen to the Pd cathode (O2 is generated at the anode). This can be done by, among other things, putting a porous membrane between the cathode and anode (standard electrochemical practice in fact), or using a hydrogen anode, i.e. one where hydrogen (or deuterium) gas is oxidised to water. Sona \& Ferrari also speed up the layer's formation by increasing the LiOD concentration from the usual 0.1M to 2.4M.} } @article{Sona1990b, author = {P.~G. Sona and F. Parmigiani and F. Barberis and A. Battaglia and R. Berti and G. Buzzanca and A. Capelli and D. Capra and M. Ferrari}, title = {Preliminary tests on tritium and neutrons in cold nuclear fusion within palladium cathodes}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {713--717}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, tritium, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {Did 12 experiments with electrolytic D-loading of Pd, and two of them showed positive results: one cell produced tritium without neutrons, the other neutrons without tritium, both at significant levels. The conditions that seem to be necessary are solution preelectrolysis, long wait at zero current prior to electrolysis, and care in avoiding CO2 contamination.} } @article{Song1997, author = {X. Song and J. Liu}, title = {Cold fusion and its lessons}, journal = {Juaxue Tongbao}, year = {1997}, number = {1}, pages = {54--58}, note = {In Chinese}, keywords = {Analysis}, submitted = {05/1995}, published = {01/1997}, annote = {Chem. Abstr. 126:255991 (1997) has a short abstract and I quote: "A review with 6 refs is given on the definition of cold fusion, hypothesis proposed by C. Walling and J. Simon for explaining the exptl. results of Fleischmann and Pons and rough expts., and enlightenment of cold fusion". One sees the three normal dd fusion reactions tabled with their relative rates, Walling and Simons referred to and then Langmuir's paper on self-deception. Bruce Lewenstein is cited, as are Paneth \& Peters (1926), Tandberg (1930's). The first reference in the list is to Huizenga's book, so one assumes that the authors are skeptical of the reality of cold fusion. } } @article{Sout1990, author = {J.~R. Southon and J.~W. Stark and J.~S. Vogel and J.~C. Waddington}, title = {Upper limit for neutron emission from cold deuteron-triton fusion}, journal = {Phys. Rev. C: Nucl. Phys.}, volume = {41}, year = {1990}, pages = {R1899--R1900}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, electrolysis, tritium loading, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {10/1989}, published = {05/1990}, annote = {Although theory seems to favour dd over dt fusion, theory is out by 30 orders of magnitude compared to experimental claims, so this, too, may be wrong. A Ti cathode was preloaded to a t/Ti ratio of about 0.5 using T2 gas. This tritide was quite stable; no leakage was detected from it. This was then used as the cathode in a solution of 0.1 M lithium carbonate in D2O, adjusted with HNO3 to pH 2.5. A NE213 scintillation neutron detector, coupled to an RCA 8850 photomultiplier, was used to detect neutrons, in such a way as to exclude neutrons from dd fusion. Detector efficiency was about 1.3\%. No difference between background and running cells was found, setting an upper limits for dt fusion at $10^{-23}$/s/pair. So either there is no such thing as cold fusion, or the wrong conditions were used.} } @article{Soyf1992, author = {V.~N. Soyfer and V.~A. Goryachev and A.~N. Salyuk and A.~F. Sergeyev}, title = {Neutron emission during heavy water electrolysis}, journal = {Appl. Radiat. Isot.}, volume = {43}, year = {1992}, pages = {1041--1044}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, Pd, TiV alloy, electrolysis, discharge, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {09/1989}, annote = {Electrolysis in heavy water and NaOH at Ti (and other) cathodes and Ni anodes at a range of current densities from 0.05 to 300 A/cm$^2$ was carried out, motivated by press reports of the FPH work. Neutrons were detected using a proportional methane counter, with cosmic background rejection by an anticoincidence chamber. This had a neutron efficiency of about 7\%. Ti plates, a stainless steel wire, a Ti-V alloy and Pt and V wires were tried as cathodes. Spark discharges were also tried. No neutrons even 16 orders of magnitude lower than the rates required by the excess heats reported by FPH were seen in any of these runs. This seems to be the same paper as that of Soifer et al.} } @article{Spei1989, author = {B. Speiser and A. Rieker}, title = {Energy from electrochemically induced nuclear fusion?}, journal = {Nachr. Chem. Tech. Lab.}, volume = {37}, year = {1989}, pages = {616--618}, note = {In German}, keywords = {Comment}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {An early discussion of cold fusion, from a pair of electrochemists. FPH's calorimetry results are put under the microscope and found wanting; the errors in the excess heat measurements are much larger than desirable - although this is not the same as the calorimetry errors (my comment). There is some discussion of the $10^{27}$ atm figure in FPH, and somewhat simplified arguments reject this, as well. The paper has some good references to the "Paneth and Peters" affair of 1926/7.} } @article{Spin1990, author = {B.~I. Spinrad}, title = {On cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {343.}, keywords = {Comment}, submitted = {10/1989}, published = {03/1990}, annote = {A conjecture: since palladium hydride is still a conductor, a high electron density inside it can be achieved by "pushing" electrons into it. This may be what is happening in the FPH experiments. The electrons might then enhance fusion rates by shielding deuterons from each other. This suggests the experiment of charging palladium with deuterium and then putting it into contact with a charged plate - standing well back.} } @article{Srin1991, author = {M. Srinivasan}, title = {Nuclear fusion in an atomic lattice: An update on the international status of cold fusion research}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {60}, year = {1991}, pages = {417--439}, keywords = {Review}, published = {04/1991}, annote = {A review of cold fusion concentrating on conferences to a large extent. It is written by a well informed researcher but clearly from a positive viewpoint, and this shows in the importance given to marginal results in some places. An unusual claim is that cold fusion has already exceeded the power density yield of conventional nuclear fission reactors, i.e. in terms of W/cm$^3$ fuel. There is an outline of the "puzzles of cold fusion" and the author believes that the phenomenon is due to "many different nuclear reactions induced by deuterons". There are 174 references, most of them to actual papers.} } @ARTICLE{Srin2009a, author = {M. Srinivasan}, title = {Observation of high multiplicity neutron emission events from deuterated Pd and Ti samples at {BARC}: a review}, journal = {J. Sci. Explor.}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {477--482}, published = {10/2009}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {* A review of work done during the last two decades, indicating that there is unmistabable evidence of low energy nuclear reactions taking place in these materials. Also, neutrons appear in bursts, which might throw light on the mechanism of the reaction.} } @ARTICLE{Srin2009b, author = {M. Srinivasan}, title = {Observation of neutrons and tritium in a wide variety of lenr configuration: {BARC} results revisited}, journal = {J. Sci. Explor.}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {483--491}, published = {10/2009}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {* Review of work done at BARC in the last two decades on low energy nuclear reactions, focussing on neutron and tritium production from various experimental conditions. Many positive results have been obtained. Neutron emission does not require highly loaded metals, as sometimes assumed, aand tritium is seen at localised hot spots at Ti but not at Pd, where it perhaps diffuses away.} } @incollection{Srin2010, author = {M. Srinivasan}, title = {Wide-ranging studies on the emission of neutrons and tritium by {LENR} configurations: an historical review of the early {BARC} results}, booktitle = {{Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook (Vol. 2)}}, year = {2010}, editor = {J. Marwan and S. Krivit}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Washington, USA}, volume = {2}, pages = {35--57}, ISBN = {9780841224544}, annote = {"On receipt of news of the Fleischmann-Pons announcement in March 1989, scientists loaded samples of Pd and Ti metal with deuterium using both electrolytic methods and gas/plasma-based absorption techniques. Twelve research groups and 50 scientists were involved in this massive effort. Clear evidence was accumulated for the generation of neutrons and tritium. Not only was the rate of neutron emission measured, but also, in some cases, a sophisticated analysis of the stastistical characteristics of neutron emission was carried out. The most important findings were: (a) Tritium production is much more probable than neutrons, with the neutron to tritium yield ratio being ~ 10-7; (b) A fraction of the neutrons released is in the form of bursts of tens to hundreds of simultaneously emitted neutrons; and (c) The nuclear reactions responsible for the production of these seem to be occurring in highly localized hot spots in the host metal. These results strongly suggest the possible occurrence of some type of micro-nuclear explosions in selected lattice sites." (Abstract reproduced from the book)} } @ARTICLE{Srin2015a, author = {M. Srinivasan and A. Meulenberg - Guest Editors}, title = {{Preface - Low energy nuclear reactions }}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {108}, year = {2015}, pages = {491--494}, published = {02/2015}, annote = {(No abstract)} } @ARTICLE{Srin2015b, author = {M. Srinivasan}, title = {{Observation of neutrons and tritium in the early BARC cold fusion experiments}}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {108}, year = {2015}, pages = {619--623}, published = {02/2015}, annote = {"Soon after the Fleischmann-Pons announcement of 1989, a number of groups at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai independently set up experiments to confirm if nuclear products such as neutrons and tritium are generated when samples of Pd and Ti metal are loaded with deuterium, using both electrolytic as well as gas/plasma-based loading techniques. Twelve independent research groups involving about 50 scientists were engaged in this massive effort during 1989-95, before institutional support for research on this topic was withdrawn, emulating global trends. This article briefly summarizes the results obtained during those early BARC studies."} } @ARTICLE{Srin2015c, author = {M. Srinivasan}, title = {Introduction to isotopic shifts and transmutations observed in LENR experiments{}}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {108}, year = {2015}, pages = {624--627}, published = {02/2015}, annote = {"This article presents a brief introduction to the topic of transmutation reactions which occur in a variety of LENR configurations wherein the 'host metal' nuclei (Pd, Ni, Ti, etc.) interact with the loaded deuterium or hydrogen nuclei, resulting in the formation of new stable elements or isotopes not present in the system prior to the experimental run."} } @incollection{Sriv2010, author = {Y. N. Srivastava and A. Widom and L. Larsen}, title = {A primer for electro-weak induced low energy nuclear reactions}, booktitle = {{Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook (Vol. 2)}}, year = {2010}, editor = {J. Marwan and S. Krivit}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Washington, USA}, volume = {2}, pages = {253--270}, ISBN = {9780841224544}, annote = {"In a series of papers, cited in the main body of the paper below, detailed calculations have been presented which show that electromagnetic and weak interactions can induce low energy nuclear reactions to occur with observable rates for a variety of processes. A common element in all these applications is that the electromagnetic energy stored in many relatively slow-moving electrons can, under appropriate circumstances, be collectively transferred into fewer, much faster electrons with energies sufficient for the latter to combine with protons (or deuterons, if present) to produce neutrons through weak interactions. The produced neutrons can then initiate low energy nuclear reactions through further nuclear transmutations. The aim of this paper is to extend and enlarge on various examples analyzed previously, present simplified order-of-magnitude estimates for each and illuminate a common unifying theme among them." (Abstract reproduced from the book)} } @article{Stac1989, author = {W.~M. {Stacey Jr}}, title = {Reactor prospects of muon-catalyzed fusion of deuterium and tritium concentrated in transition metals}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {268--278}, keywords = {Comment, suggestion}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {Conjectures that muons are responsible for CNF, and goes from there, suggesting a muon-catalyzed reactor, the muons coming from an accelerator (cosmic muons are not enough).} } @article{Stei1990, author = {C. Steinert}, title = {Laser-induced 'semicold' fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {206--208}, keywords = {Comment, suggestion}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {01/1990}, annote = {Suggests the combination of palladium deuteride and laser-induced fusion; i.e. shoot a high-power laser at PdD(x) and stand back. Some possible configurations are suggested.} } @article{Stel1995, author = {B. Stella and F. Celani and M. Corradi and F. Ferrarotto and N. Iucci and V. Milone and A. Spallone and G. Villoresi}, title = {A high efficiency, low background neutron and gamma detector for cold fusion experiments}, journal = {Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A}, year = {1995}, volume = {355}, pages = {609--617}, keywords = {Experimental, neutron detector design, res0}, submitted = {12/1993}, published = {02/1995}, annote = {Description of the design of a high-efficiency neutron detector, "FERMI". It is built up on 7 BF3 plus 2 3He detectors, and a complex system of electronic logic around them. Efficiency is between 40 and 80\% in the range 0.1 - 20 MeV, and when tested in the Gran Sasso tunnel, 1200 m underground, the background was measured at 0.09 c/s. Gamma rays are also detected, by a large single NaI crystal. Neutron multiple events ("bursts") can be handled.} } @article{Stil1990, author = {D.~E. Stilwell and K.~H. Park and M.~H. Miles}, title = {Electrochemical calorimetric studies on the electrolysis of water and heavy water (D2O)}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {333--336}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, excess heat, res-}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {This paper reports excess heat, which was correlated in another paper with He. Two kinds of calorimetric cells were used. In one (type A), the temperature was measured directly inside the cell; in the other (type B), the cell heated up a bath surrounding it, and the temp. was measured there. Both were without recombination, which was in fact minimised. For the excess heat calculation, the power going into water electrolysis (current * thermoneutral potential) was subtracted. The cells were operated at 13-37 degC above room temp. For type A cells, both light and heavy water appeared to give about 7\% excess heat, so something was wrong here. Type B cells showed no excess heat. The conclusion is that these experiments do not support cold fusion, and that calorimetry with type A cells is not easy. Note that in a (presumably) later paper, the same authors find excess heat, using shorter, thicker, cathodes than here (Miles et al, J. Electroanal. Chem. 296 (1990) 241) and still later, they report helium and radiation (J. Electroanal. Chem. 304 (1991) 271).} } @article{Stop1991, author = {G. Stoppini}, title = {Coulomb screening in superconducting PdH}, journal = {Il Nuovo Cimento D}, volume = {13}, year = {1991}, pages = {1181--1188}, keywords = {Theory, superconductivity}, submitted = {01/1991}, published = {09/1991}, annote = {Although this paper alludes to d-d fusion in the metal hydride lattice, it confines itself to the temperature range, i.e. T <= 11K, where PdH is superconducting. Electron screening might be supplied by the electron pairs that give rise to the superconductivity phenomenon, and this might enhance d-d fusion at these temperatures.} } @article{Stop1998, author = {G. Stoppini}, title = {Nuclear processes in hydrogen-loaded metals}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {34}, year = {1998}, pages = {81--85}, keywords = {Theory, neutron clustering, Ni \& light water, res0; no FPH/Jones refs.}, submitted = {12/1997}, published = {08/1998}, annote = {The author considers the results of Miley et al, who propose Ni-Ni fusion. Instead, he proposes neutron clusters and inelastic nuclear reactions. As well, at high hydrogen loading, H might be involved, and electron capture. The author suggests, as a result of his thoughts, looking for neutrinos, using metals different from Ni, searching for low-energy protons and neutrons and to try different temperatures (using H2 gas).} } @article{Stor1990, author = {E. Storms and C. Talcott}, title = {Electrolytic tritium production}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {680--695}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, tritium, res+}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {53 electrolytic cells were run, electrolysing heavy water containing LiOD, at Pd electrodes; the electrolyte was sampled at intervals for tritium for each cell. Some of the cells appeared to produce tritium up to about twice that originally present, while others did not. Reverse electrolysis (Pd as anode) after charging revealed no extra tritium, so none was produced within the Pd. Surface pretreatment of the Pd electrodes with paraffin vapour and H2S, followed by cathodic cleaning, appeared to improve the results, assumed to be a poisoning effect aiding deuteration of Pd in competition with gas formation.} } @article{Stor1991a, author = {E. Storms and C. Talcott-Storms}, title = {The effect of hydriding on the physical structure of palladium and on the release of contained tritium}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {246--257}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrpolysis, tritium, res+}, submitted = {12/1990}, published = {09/1991}, annote = {To have convincing tritium results, one must be careful to eliminate the possibility of contamination, which might come from outside the cell or from the Pd itself. The authors here examine the latter possibility by looking at the behaviour of tritium, as well as protium present in Pd, from charging in D2O deliberately contaminated with T2O and H2O. The hydrogen isotopes were in each case driven out by anodic discharge. There is an interesting figure showing mole fraction D/H in the Pd against the same fraction in the electrolyte. H is favoured. Many experiments are reported. An 11\% expanded sample showed pits but no cracks. Deuterium is taken up preferentially over tritium and tritium discharge is a first-order process. The study supports the view that tritium that appears mainly in the gas after many days of electrolysis cannot have come from prior contamination of the metal. In the authors' own work, however, the tritium appears in the electrolyte, rather than in the gas. This reviewer is not clear about what the conclusions of the paper are, beyond rejecting contamination charges.} } @article{Stor1991b, author = {E. Storms}, title = {Review of experimental observations about the cold fusion effect}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {433--477}, keywords = {Review}, submitted = {05/1991}, published = {12/1991}, annote = {A review of the experimental evidence for cold fusion as of July 1991. Storms believes that careful work has shown evidence for heat, tritium, neutron and helium production. The author has himself read all the papers (he does not refer to others) and gives a competent and detailed account, complete with tables and figures. Fractofusion is included. The key ideas in favour of cold fusion are outlined, such as dendrites (suggesting large voltages but naming only gradients), or the use of the Nernst equation for an overpotential (suggesting immense pressures). The paper concludes that the evidence is overwhelmingly for cold fusion. Of the 359 references, about 200 are real experimental papers.} } @article{Stor1993, author = {E. Storms}, title = {Measurements of excess heat from a Pons-Fleischmann-type electrolytic cell using palladium sheet}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {23}, year = {1993}, pages = {230--245}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, excess heat, res+}, submitted = {07/1992}, published = {03/1993}, annote = {An isoperibolic calorimeter was constructed and here used with a Pd cathode in the form of a sheet about 0.5 mm thick and about 6 cm$^2$ area (similar to that used by Takahashi). The calorimeter was of the closed kind, using a recombination catalyst, and with a cooling coil, the measurement being the temperatures at inlet and outlet. A Pt mesh placed around the cathode served as anode. The electrolyte was 0.3M LiOD in heavy water. There were extra thermocouples at two levels within the cell itself, as a check against gradients in temperature; calibrations proved these not to be significant. Also, an additional Pt plate, similar to the Pd cathode, was used as a control, and cell power showed about 3\% scatter or 1 W at 35 W input. At this input, excess heat was not claimed unless exceeding the 1W level. The sealed cell allowed, initially, the measurement of deuterium loading by D2 pressure; this became inaccurate later due to some artifact. A loading of about 0.82 was achieved. One cathode showed slight excess heat at 0-2 W, then went up to a maximum of 7.5 W (20\%) when the catalyst was renewed; this only at the highest current, 2.5 A. The other cathode never showed excess heat. The excess heat was judged to be coming from the Pd plate.} } @article{Stor1994, author = {E. Storms}, title = {Warming up to cold fusion}, journal = {Techology Review}, number = {May/June}, year = {1994}, pages = {20--29}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {As the author writes, 5 years have passed and he writes a sort of summing-up of 'cold fusion', without any references. He covers the field well and discusses existing theories, not uncritically.} } @article{Stor1995, author = {E. Storms}, title = {Cold fusion, a challenge to modern science}, journal = {J. Sci. Exploration}, volume = {9}, year = {1995}, pages = {585--594}, keywords = {Discussion, summing up CNF results.}, annote = {This "Guest column" paper is a sort of short review, from the point of view of an enthusiast of cold fusion. Storms himself has produced several kinds of results that might be thought to verify the phenomenon. In a slightly philosophic vein, he here sums up the successes in the field, and argues away any counterarguments.} } @article{Stor1996a, author = {E. Storms}, title = {Review of the 'cold fusion' effect}, journal = {J. Sci. Expl.}, volume = {10}, year = {1996}, pages = {185--241}, keywords = {Review, +}, published = {06/1996}, annote = {A large review of the entire cold fusion field, with many references. The author concludes that there is ample proof of a new phenomenon.} } @article{Stor1996b, author = {E. Storms}, title = {How to produce the Pons-Fleischmann effect}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {29}, year = {1996}, pages = {261--268}, keywords = {Discussion.}, submitted = {08/1994}, published = {03/1996}, annote = {Storms claims that conditions for cold fusion to occur are now so well known that skeptics can, if they wish, reproduce the effect for themselves, although he goes on to say that they are difficult to achieve. He terms these conditions SCM, for special condition of matter and sees an analogy with superconductivity, also a special state. He believes that a variety of nuclear reactions occur, chemically assisted. He lists some requirements: a D/Pd loading of at least 0.84-0.9, minimum loading rate (current density) at about 0.4 A/cm$^2$, certain additives such as Al or a surfactant such as thiourea, certain characteristics of the Pd electrode used, a minimum of crack formation, nonequilbrium conditions, etc. He ends with a definite recipe for success.} } @article{Stor2006, author = {E. Storms}, title = {Comments on papers by K. Shanahan that propose to explain anomalous heat generated by cold fusion}, journal = {Thermochim. Acta}, volume = {441}, year = {2006}, pages = {207--209.}, keywords = {Polemic, calorimetry, res+}, submitted = {07/2005}, published = {02/2006}, annote = {Storms refutes Shanahan's arguments in an earlier paper in the same journal (428 (2005) 207). Shanahan's arguments rest mainly on unaccounted calibration shifts due to shifting heat sources, and unaccounted recombination due to the transport of deuterium and oxygen bubbles to the electrodes, both catalysts for such recombination. Storms points out that this is unimportant at the higher currents employed, and that the location of the heat source within a cell does not affect calorimetry in most systems used.} } @incollection{Stor2008, author = {E. Storms}, title = {How to explain cold fusion?}, booktitle = {{Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook (Vol. 1)}}, year = {2008}, editor = {J. Marwan}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Washington, USA}, volume = {1}, pages = {85--98}, ISBN = {9780841269668, 0841269661}, annote = {Theory. There have been many attempts at theories to explain cold fusion, many of them inadequate. The author evaluates some of them here and makes suggestions.} } @article {Stor2010, author = {E. Storms}, title = {Status of cold fusion (2010)}, journal = {Naturwiss.}, volume = {97}, issue = {10}, year = {2010}, pages = {861-881}, submitted = {06/2010}, published = {10/2010}, keywords = {Review, about 160 refs.}, annote = {Review. Storms admits that there is controversy, even within the field, and presents here "a fraction of what appears to be sufficiently well supported to encourage further investigation". He then states at the outset that cold fusion generates mainly helium, so that neutrons, tritium etc play a minor role. The review than goes on to describe key work in the field, such as that of Arata and Zhang and McKubre et al, among others. Transmutation is mentioned, as are theories, none of which is as yet satisfactory.} } @ARTICLE{Stor2013, author = {E. Storms}, title = {{Efforts to explain low-energy nuclear reactions}}, journal = {Naturwiss.}, volume = {100}, year = {2013}, pages = {1103}, submitted = {08/2013}, published = {10/2013}, annote = {Comment on the comment by Krivit in the same issue.} } @ARTICLE{Stor2015a, author = {E. Storms}, title = {{How the explanation of LENR can be made consistent with observed behaviour and natural laws}}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {108}, year = {2015}, pages = {531--534}, published = {02/2015}, annote = {"The phenomenon called 'cold fusion' or low energy nuclear reaction has been a challenge to accept and explain. The problem is compounded because an effective explanation must be consistent with observed behaviour and natural laws. Hundreds of explanations have been published, but none was able to meet this expectation. Consequently, acceptance of the phenomenon by conventional science and application of the energy have been handicapped. The present article summarizes an effort to reduce this problem by identifying a few critical requirements and proposing a mechanism that is consistent with these requirements. This model can also predict many behaviours of importance to science and commercial applications."} } @ARTICLE{Stor2015b, author = {E. Storms}, title = {{Introduction to the main experimental findings of the LENR field}}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {108}, year = {2015}, pages = {535--539}, published = {02/2015}, annote = {"Twenty-five years ago in March 1989, Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons announced their success in ini- tiating fusion between deuterons in palladium used as the cathode in an electrolytic cell. Since then, a battle has waged between skeptics who reject the claim and people who observe behaviour that is consistent with the claim. This article briefly summarizes the major experimental observations. A companion article in this special section provides insight into how the observations might be explained."} } @article{Stre1999, author = {C. Stremmenos}, title = {Fusione fredda. Un dibattito che prosegue (Cold fusion. A debate that continues)}, journal = {Chim. Ind.}, volume = {81}, year = {1999}, pages = {361--363}, note = {In Italian}, keywords = {Polemic.}, published = {04/1999}, annote = {In a piece in the same journal in 1998, Garlaschelli named Stremmenos, who here takes the opportunity to defend his involvement with cold fusion. He mentions a few successes in the field and remarks that he will continue to do research on CNF.} } @incollection{Stri2010, author = {R. S. Stringham}, title = {Sonofusion, deuterons to helium experiments}, booktitle = {{Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook (Vol. 2)}}, year = {2010}, editor = {J. Marwan and S. Krivit}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Washington, USA}, volume = {2}, pages = {159--173}, ISBN = {9780841224544}, annote = {"Experimentally, heat and 4He are generally the byproducts of sonofusion. Sonofusion uses the leverage of argon-saturated cavitation-induced D2O bubbles and their collapse to transient high-energy density jets to implant deuteron clusters into a target lattice matrix. The coherent electromagnetic environment within these transient clusters produces deuteron fusion events. Mass spectra and calorimetric measurements of the fusion products are described. What has been increasingly evident in sonofusion is the parallel that exists between sonofusion and high-density experiments of inertial confined fusion (1), Bose-Einstein condensates, astrophysical phenomena, and muon fusion. All of these help to explain our ecological fusion results." (Abstract reproduced from the book)} } @article{Stro1993, author = {A. Stroka and B. Baranowski and S.~M. Filipek}, title = {Search for 3He and 4He in Pd-D2 system long term cumulation experiment in high pressure}, journal = {Pol. J. Chem.}, volume = {67}, year = {1993}, pages = {353--354}, keywords = {Experimental, He, MS, res-}, submitted = {10/1992}, annote = {The He results of the study reported in another paper from this lab (Baranowski et al, J. Less-Common Metals 158 (1990) 347). In an enclosed cnf experiment, it should be easy to detect He, e.g. by mass spectrometry (MS), if any is formed, as it should be. A 1.1*5.63 cm$^2$ Pd cylinder (67 g) was kept for more than 2 years at a D2 pressure of not less than 6 kbar, 298 K. This gives a D/Pd loading of no less than 0.9. This Pd sample is larger than the critical size described by FPA-89, who reported "IGNITION". A quadrupole MS was used, capable of detecting $10^{-10}$ mol He. No He was found above this detection limit. This sets an upper limit of $10^6$ fusions/s, which lies between claimed emission measurements of 1/s and the much larger (and lethal) emissions corresponding to excess heat claims. Another negative.} } @article{Stuk1993, author = {P.~A. Stukan and Yu.~M. Rumyantsev and A.~V. Shishkov}, title = {Generation of hard radiation and accumulation of tritium during electrolysis of heavy water}, journal = {High Energy Chem.}, volume = {27}, year = {1993}, pages = {461--465}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, tritium, radiation, heat, res+}, annote = {In 1990, this team began the experiment described here. They electrolysed a 2\% solution of Li2CO3 in heavy water at cathodes of Pd and Ti, both 4 mm dia. rods and measured hard radiation given off over time, using a beta-type scintillator and photomultipliers. The cell current was 1A/cm$^2$. This showed a radiation sequence with time, roughly 10-20 times in counts/s of the sequence before the current was turned on. A control run with light water shows only the background itself. By using a paraffin shield and noting the effect, they were able to state that the radiation consisted largely of neutrons, and estimated the flux to be about $2\times 10^3$ n/s. They also measured tritium accumulation in the cell, by removing aliquots repeatedly and, after an initial quiescent period, there was a steady, roughly linear rise in the amount of tritium produced vs time, somewhat greater for the Pd cathode than for the Ti one. With the current off, or current on with light water, much smaller amounts of tritium were seen; in the case of light water, the team suspects tritium coming out of the Pd from previous heavy water runs. The tritium production on Pd in heavy water translates into about $2\times 10^8$ t/s, 5 orders of magnitude larger than the neutron flux. They note the discrepancy but do not attempt an explanation. No unexpected heating of the cell was observed.} } @article{Stuk1996, author = {R.~A. Stukan and Yu.~M. Rumyantsev}, title = {Effect of tritium on the generation of hard radiation in the electrolysis of D2O with a palladium cathode (T-D cold fusion reactions)}, journal = {High Energy Chem.}, volume = {30}, year = {1996}, pages = {343--346}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, heavy water, pretritiation, radiation, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {12/1994}, annote = {This team continues earlier work on Pd electrolysis in heavy and light water from the gas phase. Hard radiation was monitored at 1-min intervals. The radiation from electrolysis in D2O with prior T-loading was significantly higher (about 8-10 times) than for electrolysis with light water, or without prior tritiation. A control, using light water and prior tritiation, was not carried out.} } @article{Suga1996, author = {V.~I. Sugakov}, title = {Conditions for inducing, dynamics and manifestation of atom acceleration in nonequilibrium crystals}, note = {In Ukrainian, Engl. abstr.}, journal = {Ukr. Fiz. Zh.}, volume = {41}, year = {1996}, pages = {834--839}, keywords = {Theory, crystal defects, energy focussing, solitons, res+}, submitted = {11/1995}, published = {09/1996}, annote = {As some other Russian/Ukrainians like Zelentsov have done, S considers that crystal rearrangements due to defects and stresses can lead to acceleration of lattice particles, perhaps sufficient for anomalous effects. S considers the possibility of potential energy well pairs in close proximity and with the help of some maths comes to the conclusion that such strange phenomena as mechano-luminescence in metals, accustoluminescence in semiconductors and dielectrics, and cold fusion (the fracto-kind) are possible.} } @article{Sull1994, author = {D.~L. Sullivan}, title = {Exclusionary epideictic: NOVA's narrative excommunication of Fleischmann and Pons}, journal = {Sci., Technol. \& Human Values}, volume = {19}, year = {1994}, pages = {283--306}, keywords = {Sci-soc/phil}, published = {07/1994}, annote = {Sci-soc/phil paper by an English lit specialist. Analysis of the video tape of the NOVA TV program "Confusion in a Jar", shown on 30 April 1991 by Public Broadcasting. The author makes a case for this show's being an epideictic rhetoric, defined as an effort publically to lay blame on someone and (here) in effect to excommunicate them (F\&P) from the ranks of serious scientists. This can also be categorised as a narrative, and strong parallels are drawn between F\&P and the Jesus Christ story. The difference is that in the latter case, there was a final vindication after excommunication, not the case (yet) with F\&P.} } @article{Sun1989, author = {Z. Sun and D. Tomanek}, title = {Cold fusion: how close can deuterium atoms come inside palladium?}, journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, volume = {63}, year = {1989}, pages = {59--61}, keywords = {Comment}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {07/1989}, annote = {Even at high D loadings, D's are further apart than as D2 gas. Thus, fusion is improbable.} } @article{Sun1992, author = {D.~L. Sun and Y.~Q. Lei and Y.~L. Chen and J. Wu and Q.~D. Wang and X.~N. Lu}, title = {A study of existing forms of deuterium in palladium by positron lifetime spectroscopy}, journal = {Chinese Sci. Bull.}, volume = {37}, year = {1992}, pages = {1073--1075}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, positrons, res-}, submitted = {12/1990}, published = {07/1992}, annote = {It is of value to know what form deuterium takes in palladium deuteride. Positron lifetime spectroscopy can produce some information. The authors did such an experiment, and conclude that (1) electrochemical loading of Pd with deuterium causes increases in the density of dislocations and vacancies, and (2) that part of the deuterium exists in the Pd lattice as D+ ions and that this prevents nuclear fusion by simple electron screening.} } @article{Sun1993, author = {D.~L. Sun and Y.~Q. Lei and J. Wu and Q.~D. Wang and R. Wang}, title = {An explanation for the abnormal temperature rise of palladium cathode during electrochemical deuterium charging}, journal = {Science in China A}, volume = {36}, year = {1993}, pages = {1501--1508}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, excess heat, res0}, submitted = {12/1992}, published = {12/1993}, annote = {This team performed 7 long-term 'cold fusion' electrolyses, searching for excess heat. Three types of Pd cathodes rods, 6 mm diameter and 33.5 mm length, were used: as-cast, annealed and deformed. Current densities varied from 54 to 540 mA/cm$^2$, and electrolysis times were up to 300 h. The cell was of the open type and the calorimeter was of the cooling coil type. Measurement accuracy was 1.5-5\%, and all but one experiment resulted in excess heat within this band. In that one experiment (as-cast, 518 mA/cm$^2$), there was a single temperature excursion at about 130 h lasting about 30 h, giving a 28\% excess heat or a total of 112 kJ/cm$^3$ of Pd. The authors possible chemical origins of this heat but dismiss them. D-d fusion, too, is not believed to be possible by the team. There remains the release of stress in microcracks, proposed here.} } @article{Sun1999, author = {Y. Sun and {Q-D.} Yang and {Q-F.} Zhang}, title = {Application of real time surveillance technique to precision calorimetry system}, journal = {Sichuan Lianhe Daxue Xuebao, Gongcheng Kexueban (J. Sichuan Union Univ., Eng. Sci. Ed.)}, note = {In Chinese, Engl. abstr.}, volume = {3}, number = {6}, year = {1999}, pages = {119--122}, keywords = {Comment, suggestion, calorimetry}, submitted = {09/1998}, published = {11/1999}, annote = {The abstract says that this is a critique of the F\&P calorimeter, and a suggestion for a better one. A PC real time system has been developed, which enables the detection of cold fusion onset and simltaneous recording of excess heat.} } @article{Sun2003, author = {Y. Sun and Q.~F. Zhang and Q.~Q. Gou}, title = {The crystal change and 'excess heat' produced by long time electrolysis of heavy water with titanium cathode}, journal = {Chin. J. At. Mol. Phys.}, volume = {20}, year = {2003}, pages = {69--74}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Ti, calorimetry, res+}, submitted = {05/2002}, published = {01/2003}, annote = {Their earlier experiment was repeated here, at longer times. Excess heat increased with time, appearing only after 10 days. It was also obtained by a "boiling dry" experiment. Excess energy was about 3.6 times that input, coming out as 122 W/cm$^3$. Post mortem crystallography showed that the metal's crystal structure had changed from its original hexagonal to the new cubic structure of TiD2.} } @article{Sund1989, author = {B.~U.~R. Sundqvist and P. H{\aa}kansson and A. Hedin and R.~V. Bucur and B. Johansson and R. W{\"a}ppling}, title = {On the observation of charged particles in cold fusion}, journal = {Phys. Scr.}, volume = {40}, year = {1989}, pages = {303--306}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, cps, res-}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {With the aim of confirming or rejecting CNF claims, the authors tried to detect charged particles, which should be emitted. Pd foil was electrolytically charged with D, up to the expected 0.7 per Pd, and a charged particle detector placed close to the electrode. This would also pick up alpha particles from the reaction d + (6)Li --> 2 (4)He + energy. The background level was 1/10 that of the Jones+ experiments; there were no deviations from this level.} } @article{Swar1992, author = {M.~R. Swartz}, title = {Quasi-one-dimensional model of electrochemical loading of isotopic fuel into a metal}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {22}, year = {1992}, pages = {296--300}, keywords = {Theory}, submitted = {01/1992}, published = {09/1992}, annote = {A cold fusion electrolysis cell, with a Pt anode, a Pd cathode and intervening electrolyte, is modelled as a 1-D system for the transport of deuterium ions. The flux of deuterons in the direction of the model is derived, using 18 equations in all. The implications for cold fusion are that loading and D2 formation are mutually antagonistic, and the crystal structure of the Pd is important (defects, dislocations, zeolite-like diffusion of deuterons in the lattice), as well as its overall shape and small surface features such as spikes.} } @article{Swar1997a, author = {M.~R. Swartz}, title = {Consistency of the biphasic nature of excess enthalpy in solid-state anomalous phenomena with the quasi-one-dimensional model of isotope loading into a material}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {31}, year = {1997}, pages = {63--74}, keywords = {Experimental, Ni cathode, light water, excess heat, res+}, submitted = {06/1995}, published = {01/1997}, annote = {The author has previously outlined his one-dimensional model for loading of hydrogen into a metal. He has performed a series of measurements of the heat balance in an electrolysis cell using a Ni spiral cathode in light water solutions. A Peltier heat calorimeter measured the heat balance. A power gain of up to 1.44 was found for the Ni spiral, none for Fe or Al cathodes. Some false positives were found and eliminated, and recombination was also eliminated as the source of the excess heat. The power gain was a function of input power, showing a notch or plateau, and this may account for some negative results of others.} } @article{Swar1997b, author = {M.~R. Swartz}, title = {Phusons in nuclear reactions in solids}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {31}, year = {1997}, pages = {228--236}, keywords = {Theory}, submitted = {08/1996}, published = {03/1997}, annote = {The author tries to explain the anomalous branching ratio (deviating from the 50:50 ratio of conventional fusion) seen in CNF, by means of phusons, i.e. the stereoconstellation of the fully loaded metal acting in a cooperative fashion. A simultaneous Bose-Einstein cooperative reaction of a phuson - a cluster of phonons - occurs with de-excitation of the excited 4He produced by the reaction. The effect is brought into line with the Moessbauer effect, and special relativity is invoked.} } @article{Swar1997c, author = {M. Swartz}, title = {Codeposition of palladium and deuterium}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {32}, year = {1997}, pages = {126--130}, keywords = {Theory, loading ratio, mass transport, res+}, submitted = {03/1995}, published = {08/1997}, annote = {The author here extends his quasi-one-dimensional (Q1D) model of the loading of palladium with deuterium. Both diffusion and migration are considered for the case of codeposition of deuterium and Pd itself, present in solution as the salt (as done by Szpak et al). This has the advantage of creating a continually renewed Pd surface. Some impressive equations are given, spanning two columns, and the bottom line is that large loadings can be achieved quickly if redistribution of the deuterium into the metal interior is slow.} } @ARTICLE{Swar2009a, author = {M. R. Swartz}, title = {Survey of the observed excess energy and emissions in lattice assisted nuclear fusion}, journal = {J. Sci. Explor.}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {419--436}, published = {10/2009}, keywords = {review, 75 refs.}, annote = {* LANR, as the author prefers this phenomenon to be called, is surveyed here. Two decades of research have confirmed excess heat and other nuclear phenomena, writes Swartz and lists the requirements for success. LANR could be an important revolutionary technology, he concludes. } } @ARTICLE{Swar2009b, author = {M. Swartz}, title = {Excess heat and electrical characteristics of type "{B}" anode-plate high-impedance phusor {LANR} devices}, journal = {J. Sci. Explor.}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {491--495}, published = {10/2009}, keywords = {res+}, annote = {* Report of results with Type B Pd/D2O/Pt Phusor\textsuperscript{\textregistered} type LANR device (term is not explained), measuring the resistance of the deuterated Pd using the 4-point technique, as well as near-IR, calorimetric and heat flow measurements. Excess heat was observed, greater than can be accounted for by chemical explanations. Electrodynamic effects and hifg loading may be instrumental in aiding the reaction. } @ARTICLE{Swar2015, author = {M. R. Swartz and G. M. Verner and J. W. Tolleson and P. L. Hagelstein}, title = {{Dry, preloaded NANOR{\textregistered}-type CF/LANR components}}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {108}, year = {2015}, pages = {595--600}, published = {02/2015}, annote = {"Dry, preloaded NANOR{\textregistered}-type technology makes LANR reactions more accessible. These self-contained, two-terminal nanocomposite $\mathrm{ZrO_2}$-PdNiD CF/LANR components have at their core $\mathrm{ZrO_2}$-PdD nanostructured material. The excess energy gain compared to driving input energy is up to 20 times the input; characterized by reasonable reproducibility and controllability. The CF/LANR/CF activation is separated from its loading. Although small in size, the LANR excess power density is more than 19,500 W/kg of nanostructured material, with zero carbon footprint."} } @article{Swit1991, author = {A.~C. Switendick}, title = {Electronic structure and stability of palladium hydrogen (deuterium) systems, PdH(D)n, $1 \le n \le 3$}, journal = {J. Less-Common Met.}, volume = {172-174}, year = {1991}, pages = {1363--1370}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, published = {09/1991}, annote = {Self-consistent augmented plane-wave total energy calculations were performed as a function of the cubic lattice constant within the local density approximation using Hedin-Lundquist exchange, on the mono-, di- and trihydrides of Pd (and deuterides), correcting an earlier erroneous paper. The results are compared with cold fusion inspired theoretical work of Sun+Tomanek, Wang et al and others. The monohydride is the only stable species, and p-p or d-d distances greatly exceed that in the corresponding gas, i.e. 0.74 A. There is a large energy barrier against close approaches.} } @article{Szal1989, author = {K. Szalewicz and J.~D. Morgan III and H.~J. Monkhurst}, title = {Fusion rates for hydrogen isotopic molecules of relevance for 'cold fusion'}, journal = {Phys. Rev. A: Gen. Phys.}, volume = {40}, year = {1989}, pages = {2824--2827}, keywords = {Theory}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {A theoretical study of room temperature fusion, asking the questions\\ 1. how close must deuterons get for the claimed fusion rates to occur?\\ 2. under such conditions, what would be the rates of other possible reactions?\ 3. how do the fusion rates depend on vibrational excitation?\\ The reactions considered are:\\ 1. d + d --> (3)He (0.82 MeV) + n (2.45 MeV)\\ 2. d + d --> t (1.01 MeV) + p (3.02 MeV)\\ 3. p + d --> (3)He (5 keV) + gamma (5.4 MeV)\\ 4. d + d --> (4)He (76 keV) + gamma (23.8 MeV)\\ 5. d + t --> (4)He (3.5 MeV) + n (14.1 MeV)\\ of which (1) and (2) are those that have been assumed by most workers. Accurate calculations are performed within the adiabatic approximation, of fusion rates for various vibrational states of the D2, HD, HT and DT molecules. It is known that the natural fusion rate of D2 ($10^{-64}$/s) is enhanced by a 75 orders of magnitude, if the electrons around the nuclei are replaced by muons, with 207 times the mass of electrons. So the study seeks to find the required mass of a hypothetical particle of charge -1, which - when replacing the normal electrons - would enhance fusion by the required factor to explain the claimed rates of $10^{-19}$/s/pair (FPH) or the more modest $10^{-23}$/s/pair (Jones+). The model appears to work, reproducing known fusion rates reasonably well, and showing that an electron mass m of about 5 is sufficient to enhance fusion rates to FPH levels. They then use another model to calculate the dependence of fusion rates on the vibrational excitation level of a fusing pair, and again, this can enhance these rates, especially in cooperation with larger electronic masses. The significance of vibrationally excited states is that FPH and Jones claim that an essential feature of cold fusion is that the system is in a nonequilibrium state. The paper then goes on to look at the possibility that the p+d reaction (3) could explain FPH's excess heat results, which are out by a 7-10 orders of magnitude compared to the neutron level expected from reactions (1) and (2) usually assumed. However, the theoretical rates of reaction (3) is only comparable to these two, and the relative rate would depend on a high concentration of protons in the palladium; this is unlikely, since D2O is used - even though some enrichment might take place on H- and D-absorption during charging. So the calculation is still short of a heat explanation by some 6 orders of magnitude, even if all gamma radiation were converted to heat. The results however suggest an experiment using 50:50 D2O:H2O (I take it they mean 50:50 p:d in the palladium after charging), and looking for the 5.4 MeV gamma radiation.\\ Lastly, the authors examine the possibility of some crystal parameters providing the energy for a fusion reaction, in a manner similar to the Moessbauer effect: for several technical reasons, such an effect is not likely to do the job. The conclusion is that theory points only to rather unlikely conditions for a plausible cold fusion reaction.} } @article{Szef1992, author = {Z. Szeflinski and M. Kozlowski and S. Osuch and P. Sawicki and G. Szeflinska and Z. Wilhelmi and K.~B. Starowieyski and M. Tkacz}, title = {Upper limit of neutron emission from the chemical reaction of LiD with heavy water}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {168}, year = {1992}, pages = {83--86}, keywords = {Experimental, chemical, LiD, heavy water, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {06/1992}, published = {08/1992}, annote = {Claims (Arzhannikov et al 1991) that chemical reactions, too, can cause cold fusion, inspired this work, in which neutrons were measured next to a test tube of heavy water, to which crystals of LiD were gradually added. Five liquid scintillation neutron detectors were used to exclude noise events, with additional shape discrimination. The upper limit for neutron emission was measured to be $1.2 \times 10^{-26}$ n/d-atom/s, one order of magnitude lower than the previous workers (Arzhannikov et al). No bunched emissions were seen either. The authors conclude that no fusion was seen.} } @article{Szpa1991a, author = {S. Szpak and P.~A. Mosier-Boss and J.~J. Smith}, title = {On the behavior of Pd deposited in the presence of evolving deuterium}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {302}, year = {1991}, pages = {255--260}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, codeposition, excess heat, res+}, submitted = {11/1990}, published = {03/1991}, annote = {This preliminary publication (a fuller account is promised) describes a new experimental twist in the area. Palladium and deuterium are deposited together by electrolysis from a solution containing both the usual 0.1M LiOD and 0.05M PdCl2. This creates a growing layer of PdDx, continually freshly laid down and possessing the attribute of nonequilibrium, considered by many to be the magic ingredient of cold fusion. The authors also claim that this method eliminates the need for a uniform current distribution and long charging times. A copper foil is used as the cathode initially, being progressively coated by the PdDx, and a thermocouple mounted behind it (on the dry side) (T1), as well as in the electrolyte (T2). A photographic film was mounted up close to the cathode and, in one cell, a metal grid was placed between the cathode and this film. During electrolysis, T1 > T2 by 2-4 degC, which cannot be explained by electrical resistance of a deuterium gas film on the growing surface, say the authors. Also, when the current is switched off, there is a sudden temperature rise in T1, not explained. One might suspect a chemical decomposition of the PdDx. The authors crudely calculate an excess heat of 10-40\% from the T1-T2 differences. Experiments with light water showed no such differences; T1 and T2 were about the same, and there was no temperature jump upon current switch-off. Tritium levels went up by a factor of 10 in the electrolyte but not in the light water controls. The film showed fogging, and clear shadowing by the metal grid, suggesting soft x-ray emission; again, this was not observed with the controls.} } @article{Szpa1991b, author = {S. Szpak and C.~J. Gabriel and J.~J. Smith and R.~J. Nowak}, title = {Electrochemical charging of Pd rods}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {309}, year = {1991}, pages = {273--292}, keywords = {Theory, loading kinetics}, submitted = {10/1990}, published = {07/1991}, annote = {It is of interest to cold fusion experimenters using electrolysis, how long it takes to charge a Pd rod and what the electrode potential is as function of current density and time. This paper goes into excruciating detail on all processes taking place, complete with a set of rate constants, all unknown. The model is then solved numerically, putting in some sets of values. There are no firm conclusions but the paper gives valuable detail of the many reactions contributing to deuterium charging of Pd.} } @article{Szpa1992, author = {S. Szpak and P.~A. Mosier-Boss and S.~R. Scharber}, title = {Charging of the Pd/(n)H system: role of the interphase}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {337}, year = {1992}, pages = {147--163}, keywords = {Experimental, basic study, loading}, submitted = {11/1991}, published = {10/1992}, annote = {The success of electrochemical compression of a hydrogen isotope into Pd - and of obtaining the Fleischmann-Pons effect - depends on what happens at the interface between the Pd surface and the electrolyte. Most of what is known refers to hydrogen, and cannot simply be transferred to deuterium, hence this study. Slow scan cyclic voltammetry was employed. Examined were: the time behaviour of voltammograms, effect of scan rate, the difference between light and heavy water, pH effects, weakly adsorbable ions (Cl-, OH-), and surface active species such as CN-. The team concludes that the interphase is an active participant in the bulk charging process.} } @article{Szpa1994, author = {S. Szpak and P.~A. Mosier-Boss and R.~D. Boss}, title = {Comments on the analysis of tritium content in electrochemical cells}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {373}, year = {1994}, pages = {1--9}, keywords = {Comment}, submitted = {07/1993}, published = {08/1994}, annote = {Most workers looking for tritium in their cold fusion cells take aliquots out of the electrolyte and analyse these. It is important to know how the tritium, if any, is distributed in the cell; i.e. between the gas phase, electrolyte and electrode bulk. This paper takes a theoretical look at this problem, as well as at the data acquisition procedure. It concludes that isotope separation can be determined from analysis of the gas and liquid phases; analysis error can be minimised by increasing counting time in the liquid scintillation method; care must be taken with open cells.} } @article{Szpa1996a, author = {S. Szpak and P.~A. Mosier-Boss and J.~J. Smith}, title = {On the behavior of the cathodically polarized Pd/D system: Search for emanating radiation}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {210}, year = {1996}, pages = {382--390}, keywords = {Experimental, x-rays, Pd, heavy water, res+}, submitted = {11/1994}, published = {01/1996}, annote = {If CNF is a nuclear process, the energetic products should give rise to x-ray emissions. Three types of electrolysis cells were set up, using Pd foil or codeposited Pd and deuterium from heavy water and LiOD, while monitoring for x-rays, both soft and wide spectrum up to 300 keV. Careful extended background measuremments were made to rule out contamination, and 5 cm Pb shielding reduced the background by a factor of 20. Some anomalous x-ray peaks at around 11 and 20 keV were found, consistent with some ideas of a CNF mechanism. Also, overall emissions correlated with addition of, e.g., thiourea, known to enhance deuterium ingress into Pd, as well as berrylium, and increases in current density. There were also correlations between gamma and x-ray emissions.} } @article{Szpa1996b, author = {S. Szpak and P.~A. Mosier-Boss}, title = {On the behavior of the cathodically polarized Pd/D system: a response to Vigier's comments}, journal = {Phys. Lett A}, volume = {221}, year = {1996}, pages = {141--143}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {05/1996}, published = {09/1996}, annote = {A response to Vigier's polemic in the same issue, p. 138, in which Vigier comments on previous work by Szpak et al and his own, as well as others. S \& M here add a few more experimental effects that are consistent with the "tight" Bohr orbit theory. } } @article{Szpa1998a, author = {S. Szpak and P.~A. Mosier-Boss and R.~D. Boss and J.~J. Smith}, title = {On the behavior of the Pd/D system: Evidence for tritium production}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {33}, year = {1998}, pages = {38--51}, keywords = {Experimental, tritium, Pd, electrolysis, res+}, submitted = {11/1996}, published = {01/1998}, annote = {Another report from this team on tritium. They used heavy water with very low tritium levels, and a Pd film deposited onto an Ag film deposited onto a Cu base, all by electrolysis. Smooth and rough films were made. Constant current charging was used, and tritium assayed both in the electrolyte and head space gas. Tritium was detected in bursts, presumed to be generated at or near the Pd/electrolyte interface. When Al3+ ions were added to the electrolyte, some bulk tritium was found in the Pd, presumed forced into the metal from the interface. What tritium was found, would not have been found in a closed cell, the authors conclude.} } @article{Szpa1998b, author = {S. Szpak and P.~A. Mosier-Boss}, title = {On the release of n/1H from cathodically polarized palladium electrodes}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {34}, year = {1998}, pages = {273--278}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {01/1998}, published = {11/1998}, annote = {These researchers attempt a rationale for tritium production during heavy water electrolysis in D2O. The paper is based on earlier observations that tritium, generated within the Pd, seems to get out in two ways - one leading to enrichment in the gas phase only, the other in both the gas and the electrolyte; and the process was retarded by deposition of Al3+ ions, and there were some X-rays emitted. The model's main feature is that the reaction takes place close to the metal surface. The model deals only with tritium transport, the nuclear reaction producing it being assumed. Conclusions are that high D/Pd loading is needed, as well as gradients (present at the interface) and bubble formation playing a part in the process.} } @article{Szpa1999, author = {S. Szpak and P.~A. Mosier-Boss and M. Miles}, title = {Calorimetry of the Pd+D codeposition}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {36}, year = {1999}, pages = {234--241}, keywords = {Discussion, electrolysys, Pd, calorimetry, res+}, submitted = {11/1998}, published = {09/1999}, annote = {The Szpak team introduced the (good) idea of depositing Pd while electrolysing at Pd, thereby making sure of fresh and clean Pd during the whole electrolysis. Here, they theorise about previous experimental results. The equations pertaining to calorimetry are gone through, open cell systems discussed, and calorimetry design, and hot spots. The paper concludes that excess heat can now be achieved reproducibly, and that the phenomenon is a near-surface one.} } @article{Szpa2001, author = {S. Szpak and P.~A. Mosier and S.~R. Chubb}, title = {Cold fusion}, journal = {C \& EN}, volume = {24}, number = {December}, year = {2001}, pages = {5}, keywords = {Polemic}, annote = {The authors comment on the Fleischmann \& Pons findings, and that in the years since, much evidence has been gathered, so that today (2001) there is little doubt that the phenomenon is real, and cannot be regarded as pathological science. Nevertheless, the subject is not covered in mainstream journals, claim the authors, due perhaps to experiments not being performed any longer. This situation will not change until editorial policies change.} } @article{Szpa2004, author = {S. Szpak and P.~A. Mosier-Boss and M.~H. Miles and M. Fleischmann}, title = {Thermal behavior of polarized Pd/D electrodes prepared by co-deposition}, journal = {Thermochim. Acta}, volume = {410}, year = {2004}, pages = {101--107}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, excess heat, Pd, res+}, submitted = {12/2002}, published = {02/2004}, annote = {Several groups got together and reenacted the Szpak group's codeposition technique, looking for excess heat. Excess heat was found, during and after electrolysis. It was higher with the codeposition method used, than it is with conventional Pd wire electrodes. Heat after death was observed.} } @article{Szpa2005a, author = {S. Szpak and P.~A. {Mosier Boss} and C. Young and F.~E. Gordon}, title = {Evidence of nuclear reactions in the Pd lattice}, journal = {Naturwiss.}, volume = {92}, year = {2005}, pages = {394--397}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, transmutation, high voltage, res+}, submitted = {09/2004}, published = {10/2005}, annote = {This is electrolysis, as usual for this group with a small amount of palladium salt in the electrolyte, providing a continuously fresh deposit of Pd on the electrode (initially gold foil). Here, two Cu plates were placed on both sides and outside the cell, and a large voltage applied between these, 6000V, up to 48 hours. EDX analysis of the electrode showed interesting globular structures. The external electric field, applied after electrolysis, causes molten-like features, which probably are of nuclear origin. New elements are found, among them Al, Ca, Mg, Si and more, which could have arisen from transmutation or contamination. The latter is less likely because of the purity of the electrolyte. More work is needed, however. The paper provides some interesting old classics of the nuclear literature in the reference section such as Oliphant et al (1934), Dee (1935).} } @article{Szpa2005b, author = {S. Szpak and P.~A. Mosier-Boss and C. Young and F.~E. Gordon}, title = {The effect of an external electric field on surface morphology of co-deposited Pd/D films}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {580}, year = {2005}, pages = {284--290}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, codeposition, res0}, submitted = {06/2004}, published = {05/2005}, annote = {The Szpak team continues its work with codeposition of Pd and D on another metal substrate, in this case Au foil. It is gradually covered with deuterated Pd. At the same time, an electrostatic field of 2500-3000 V is applied externally across the electrolysis cell. The application of the field causes substantial changes in the morphology of the deposit, and the authors are unable to explain the results in terms of energy requirements and shapes seen in the deposit. "Cold fusion" is not mentioned at all, but there are two references to papers on the subject, justifying classifying this as a cold fusion paper.} } @article{Szpa2007, author = {S. Szpak and P.~A. Mosier-Boss and F.~E. Gordon}, title = {Further evidence of nuclear reactions in the {Pd/D} lattice: emission of charged particles}, journal = {Naturwiss.}, volume = {94}, year = {2007}, pages = {511--514}, keywords = {Experimental, codeposition, electric and magnetic fields, cps, res+}, submitted = {09/2005}, published = {05/2007}, annote = {The team from the Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center continues with the work, in which Pd is codeposited with deuterium onto some metal, and here an external high electric or magnetic field is applied as well. A CR-39 film was used to detect charged particles emitted from the Nickel mesh cathode and they were indeed found, the pictures showing the shadow thrown by a mesh detail. These particles must be from a nuclear process, claim the authors.} } @article{Tabe1990a, author = {E. Tabet and A. Tenenbaum}, title = {A dynamical model for cold fusion in deuterated palladium}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {143--146}, keywords = {Theory, loading}, submitted = {02/1990}, published = {08/1990}, annote = {A thermodynamic instability can, under favourable circumstances, trigger a coherent and concentric collapse in the metal and thus enable fusion. Some preliminary calculations lead to reasonable figures. This could also explain the experimental difficulties with repeatability, because the model predicts a strong dependence on loading.} } @article{Tabe1990b, author = {E. Tabet and A. Tenenbaum}, title = {Nuclear reactions from lattice collapse in a cold fusion model}, journal = {Physics Lett. A}, volume = {144}, year = {1990}, pages = {301--305}, keywords = {Theory, phase change}, submitted = {10/1989}, published = {03/1990}, annote = {Another phase-change explanation of cold fusion, here on a micro scale. Under nonequilibrium conditions, the random movement of deuterons in Pd- or Ti-deuteride might lead to d-deficient micro-volumes, which may collapse, due to the dependence of the molar volume of PdD(x) on x. This sudden collapse causes energy transfer from the collapsing metal atoms to deuterons and in some small fraction of cases, this may drive them together with enough force for fusion. Estimated fusion rates are within a ballpark of claimed rates.} } @article{Tach1991, author = {E. Tachikawa}, title = {Outline of room temperature nuclear fusion}, journal = {Genshiryoku Kogyo}, volume = {37}, number = {4}, year = {1991}, pages = {11--20}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {"A review with no refs. is given on nuclear fusion energy, room temp. nuclear fusion, and the trend of the research on room temp. nuclear fusion". (Quoted from CA 115:58483 1991).} } @article{Taji1990, author = {T. Tajima and H. Iyetomi and S. Ichimaru}, title = {Influence of attractive interaction between deuterons in Pd on nuclear fusion}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {437--440}, keywords = {Theory, screening, res+}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Another paper calculating the rate of (possibly enhanced) d-d fusion in a PdD lattice. The authors here invoke the 10 d-shell electrons of Pd, a dielectric constant and effective electron mass. They find that screening does enhance the fusion rate significantly by as many as 40 orders of magnitude, and the preferred rate, based on some knowldge of parameters, is consistent with experimental findings (Jones+). But the d's have to be on the hop (itinerant) and this explains why the reaction stops when the current is off. The p-d fusion rate is comparable to d-d, d-t is not much faster, while d-(3)He is negligible.} } @article{Taka1991, author = {R. Takagi and H. Numata and I. Ohno and K. Kawamura and S. Haruyama}, title = {Neutron emission during a long-term electrolysis of heavy water}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {2135--2139}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, elecytrolysis, excess heat, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {12/1990}, published = {07/1991}, annote = {A chunky (121.3 g, 21.1 mm dia., 32.4 mm long) Pd electrode was vacuum annealed and then used as cathode in 0.1M LiOD, and subjected to a variety of current densities from 0.05-102.4 mA/cm$^2$, over a long period, after gas-charging in D2 at 1.2 atm. A single NE-213 detector measured neutron emissions, and two thermocouples, one within the cathode bulk and one in the electrolyte, the temperature. A Luggin capillary allowed measurement of cathode potential plus iR drop. There were no neutron background measurements, but the authors take this to be equal to the lowest emissions. There were some neutron emissions higher than others, including some spike-like excursions, and the authors take this to be support for cold fusion. They also noted some cathode potential swings and these tell them that cold fusion might be a surface effect.} } @incollection{Taka2008, author = {A. Takahashi and N. Yabuuchi}, title = {Study on {4D/tetrahedral} symmetrical condensate condensation motion by non-linear {L}angevin equation}, booktitle = {{Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook (Vol. 1)}}, year = {2008}, editor = {J. Marwan}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Washington, USA}, volume = {1}, pages = {57--83}, ISBN = {9780841269668, 0841269661}, annote = {Theory, proposing that cold fusion is not the fusion of two deuterons but of four, producing two 4He nuclei. The four deuterons are positioned at the vertrices of a tetrahedron, and interact with four electrons, also so positioned. This is backed up by a lot calculations. } } @incollection{Taka2010, author = {A. Takahashi}, title = {The basics of deuteron-cluster dynamics as shown by a {L}angevin equation}, booktitle = {{Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook (Vol. 2)}}, year = {2010}, editor = {J. Marwan and S. Krivit}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Washington, USA}, volume = {2}, pages = {193--217}, ISBN = {9780841224544}, annote = {"Pertaining to quantum mechanics, the basics of a new approach using the stochastic differential equation (the Langevin equation) are written for quantifying the dynamic motion of known molecules as D2+, D2 and D3+ as well as the D-atom state. The role of Platonic symmetry in these known molecules is discussed for deducing a simple one-dimensional (Rdd dependent; here Rdd is the distance between the nearest d-d pair) Langevin equation and using quantum-mechanical ensemble averaging to obtain an equation for expectation value. The methodology is applied for more complicated D-clusters such as 4D/TSC and 6D/OSC, which would keep Platonic symmetry by introducing the force fluctuation deviating from ideal Platonic symmetry. Time-dependent TSC and OSC trapping potentials, which take balance to get back to Platonic symmetry from the distorted states, were defined and used for a numerical solution of the Langevin equation." (Abstract reproduced from the book)} } @ARTICLE{Taka2013, author = {A. Takahashi}, title = {{Physics of cold fusion by TSC theory}}, journal = {J. Phys. Sci. Appl.}, volume = {3}, year = {2013}, pages = {191--198}, keyword = {{Cold fusion, condensed matter, TSC theory, D(H)-cluster, 4D fusion, 4H WS fusion.}}, submitted = {03/2013}, published = {03/2013}, annote = {"Abstract: This paper reviews the author's recent works on the basic physics of cold fusion by the TSC (tetrahedral symmetric condensate) theory. Models of TSC formation conditions in condensed matter are first proposed. Secondly formulas for cold fusion rates per D(H)-cluster are explained with typical quantitative results. The 4D/TSC fusion and the 4H/TSC WS fusion are underlying mechanisms, respectively for the D (deuterium)-system and the H (protium)-system."} } @ARTICLE{Taka2015, author = {A. Takahashi}, title = {{Development status of condensed cluster fusion theory}}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {108}, year = {2015}, pages = {514--515}, published = {02/2015}, annote = {"The condensed cluster fusion theory has been developed since 1989, under the view that dynamic ordering processes of confined transient clusters of D(H)-particles in catalytic surface sites, vacancies and global mesoscopic potential well of metal nanoparticles may induce simultaneous multi-body fusion reactions. One thorough answer is obtained for the condensation motion of clusters under platonic symmetry like 4D(H)/ TSC, 6D(H)/RDC and 8D(H)/RDC and their fusion reaction rates. Theoretical analysis for initial dynamic clustering process on/in catalytic sites is still speculative and under searching a technique to combine the electron density functional method and the QM Langevin method."} } @article{Takah1989a, author = {A. Takahashi}, title = {Opening possibility of deuteron-catalyzed cascade fusion channel in PdD under D2O electrolysis}, journal = {J. Nucl. Sci. Technol.}, volume = {26}, year = {1989}, pages = {558--560}, keywords = {Suggestion}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {05/1989}, annote = {Suggests that under the conditions of cold fusion in PdD, the predominant reactions would be d+d-->(4)He* and (4)He*+d-->(6)Li*-->(4)He+d+23.8MeV. This cascade would explain the FPH results, giving fusion rates of up to $10^{-13}$ f/s per D atom.} } @article{Takah1989b, author = {Y. Takahashi}, title = {Present status and future problems of cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Kagaku Kogaku}, volume = {53}, year = {1989}, pages = {608--609}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Discussion}, annote = {Chem. Abstr. 111:122093 (1989) says "Discussion with 3 references".} } @article{Takah1989c, author = {Y. Takahashi}, title = {Room temperature nuclear fusion}, journal = {Gendai Kagaku}, volume = {223}, year = {1989}, pages = {48--54}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {Review, with no references of the FPH, Jones+ and Menlove experiments, as well as the non-electrochemical Italian work.} } @article{Takah1990a, author = {A. Takahashi and T. Takeuchi and T. Iida and M. Watanabe}, title = {Emission of 2.45 MeV and higher energy neutrons from D2O-Pd cell under biased-pulse electrolysis}, journal = {J. Nucl. Sci. Technol.}, volume = {27}, year = {1990}, pages = {663--666}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, neutrons, tritium, res+}, submitted = {05/1990}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {The authors update an earlier report, submitted to Fusion Technol., of positive cold fusion results; here, they obtained neutron emissions at 2.45 MeV and at higher energies 3-7 MeV, from biased-pulse electrolysis of 0.2-0.4 M LiOD in D2O, with a Pd cathode. Biased-pulse means alternating higher with lower current densities, e.g. 0.8A with 0.5A at about 2 cm$^2$, each level for a couple of minutes or so. Light irradiation simultaneous with either the high- or the low-level currents was also tried. Water temperature was measured with a thermocouple, neutrons by a cross-checking system of a (3)He with a NE213 detector, and tritium in aliquots taken from the electrolyte (to be reported later). The emissions at higher energies cannot be explained by hitherto known fusion reactions.} } @article{Takah1990b, author = {H. Takahashi}, title = {Dynamical screening of potential by mobile deuteron and fusion rate of accelerated deuteron in PdDx}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {441--445}, keywords = {Theory, screening, res+}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Like the Tajima et al work, this paper stresses that deuterons under motion are better than stationary d's. In fact, d-d screening is not only done by electrons but by moving deuterons as well. Takahashi develops his previous model further and finds that, for accelerated deuterons, fusion might occur at observed rates. The acceleration might be provided by the joint movement of groups of deuterons, creating a sort of whip, or surfing, effect.} } @article{Takah1990c, author = {Y. Takahashi}, title = {After effects of the cold nuclear fusion experiments}, journal = {Kagaku (Kyoto)}, volume = {45}, year = {1990}, pages = {54--55}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {A survey of the papers following those of FPH and Jones+ (10 references). No paper reports the excess heat of FPH although some do report some neutrons or protons.} } @article{Takah1991, author = {A. Takahashi and T. Iida and F. Maekawa and H. Sugimoto and S. Yoshida}, title = {Windows of cold nuclear fusion and pulsed electrolysis experiments}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {380--390}, keywords = {Theory, screening, experimental, electrolysis, neutrons, res0}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {03/1991}, annote = {A hypothetical excitation-screening model is proposed as a possible mechanism for nuclear heating, and some experiments to confirm it, are reported. The model rules out cold fusion under stationary conditions, so nonstationary conditions are examined as well. Pd is unusual with its 10 valence electrons. An incoming deuteron will be surrounded by many free electrons, resulting in strong screening. As more and more d comes in, the probablity of a d-d meeting increases, while electron screening decreases. At a certain loading, the fusion rate will be at a maximum. At full charging, screening is very weak; no more fusion. This might explain some of the observed results. Some rough estimations using the excitation model indicate the feasibility of observed fusion rates. An experiment using biased pulsed electrolysis current was then run, involving two different neutron detectors (a Bonner (3)He thermal neutron detector, and a NE-213 one) and simple cell temperature measurement. No definite emissions were detected, although there were some slight increases over the background. Nevertheless, the authors say that cold fusion exists, and encourage further work, including that with "crazy ideas".} } @article{Takah1992a, author = {A. Takahashi and T. Iida and T. Takeuchi and A. Mega}, title = {Excess heat and nuclear products by D2O/Pd electrolysis and multibody fusion}, journal = {Int. J. Appl. Electromagn. Mater.}, volume = {3}, year = {1992}, pages = {221--230}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, excess heat, res+}, submitted = {05/1992}, annote = {A detailed description of a series of electrolysis experiments, in which both cell temperature and neutron emission were monitored, cell temp. by a single thermistor between the cathode and a cooling coil, and neutrons by an method described elsewhere. The cathodes were Pd plates, 25*25 mm$^2$ by 1 mm thick, mounted between two polyethylene insulators, which was wound with the Pt anode at a pitch of 5 mm. This allowed a loading of close to 1, believe the authors. The cell temperature (mixing) time constant was measured at about 15 min, and a rough calibration of power output vs cell temperature was made. The applied (controlled) current was either ramped or pulsed at around 1A/cm$^2$, for long periods, with topping up of D2O every 4-8 days. Several anomalous excess heat events were observed, in one instance an accumulated excess of 160 MJ over a week. Some neutron events were seen, but correlated somewhat negatively with excess heat events. Neutron flux was generally higher for high current, however. Also, neutron flux remained low for 1-2 days after one D2O topping up. The authors present their theory to explain the dearth of neutrons. At high loadings, 3-body and 4-body fusions might take place, some producing no neutrons or tritons, but alpha particles instead.} } @article{Takah1992b, author = {A. Takahashi}, title = {Cold fusion research: Recent progress}, journal = {Kaku Yugo Kenkyu}, volume = {68}, number = {4}, year = {1992}, pages = {360--367}, keywords = {Review}, submitted = {07/1992}, annote = {Review of three years' accumulated cold fusion work, observing weak neutron emission, tritium generation with anomalous n/t ratios, charged particle emission with anomalies, (4)He generation, excess heat, and anomalous D/Pd loading. Some of these suggest a nuclear process, but the relationship between excess heat and nuclear products is not yet clear. 14 refs.} } @article{Takah1993a, author = {A. Takahashi}, title = {Production of neutron, tritium and excess heat}, journal = {Oyo Butsuri}, volume = {62}, year = {1993}, pages = {707--709}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Review}, submitted = {03/1993}, annote = {Chemical Abstracts (119:280105) calls this a review but it is limited in this respect, with only 11 refs. largely to Japanese work. Storms. The figures are taken from Takahashi's own work, and show neutron counts going up with electrolysis current, a neutron peak at 2.5 MeV, a figure with a large number of points showing excess heat increasing with D/Pd loading.} } @article{Takah1993b, author = {A. Takahashi}, title = {Cold fusion research: present status}, journal = {Koon Gakkaishi}, volume = {19}, number = {5}, year = {1993}, pages = {179--185}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {Chem. Abstr. 120:87961 (1993): "A review with 11 refs. is presented with the emphasis on the important exptl. results and theor. model". The review seems to be up to date to the symposium ICCF3, and shows the familiar graphs of the dependence of excess heat on the D/Pd loading and on current density, mentions surface layers, radiation measurements, He detection.} } @article{Takah1995, author = {A. Takahashi and T. Iida and H. Miyamaru and M. Fukuhara}, title = {Multibody fusion model to explain experimental results}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {27}, year = {1995}, pages = {71--85}, keywords = {Theory, multibody, res+}, submitted = {09/1993}, published = {01/1995}, annote = {The authors address the main problems posed by experimental evidence of CNF: weak neutron emission; some proton emission; some tritium but not sufficient to match excess heat; high levels of 4He, in line with excess heat; high levels of excess heat. These are linked, and may be explained by clusters of 2, 3 or 4 deuterons, fusing as such and leading to excited 4He, 5Li, 6Li, 7Be, etc. Such clusters would have enhanced fusion cross sections. The paper then discusses expected decay channels at length. Finally, some experimental support is mentioned. The clusters are thought to form by transients acting on deuterons getting close to each other at tetra- and octahedral sites in highly loaded PdDx.} } @article{Takah1996, author = {A. Takahashi}, title = {Recent results and activities on the new hydrogen energy ("cold fusion")}, journal = {Suiso Enerugi Shisutemu}, volume = {21}, year = {1996}, pages = {39--44}, keywords = {Sm. review.}, note = {In Japanese, Eng. abstr.} annote = {This is a smallish roundup with only 11 references, most of them to conference proceedings. From the abstract it is clear that the author believes that CNF has been demonstrated, excess heat found but without fusion taking place; and that some unconfirmed reports claim helium-4 and should be repeated. The key is to pin down the nuclear or chemical origin of excess heat.} } @article{Takah1998a, author = {A. Takahashi and H. Fukuoka and K. Yasuda and M. Taniguchi}, title = {Experimental study on correlation between excess heat and nuclear products by D2O/Pd electrolysis}, journal = {Int. J. Soc. Mat. Eng. Resources}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, year = {1998}, pages = {4--13}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, excess heat, helium, tritium, neutrons, res0, no FPH/Jones refs.}, submitted = {07/1997}, annote = {Both open- and closed-cell electrolyses were run, monitoring for excess heat and the nuclear products helium, tritium and neutrons, using the Takahashi Pd plate cathode. In several cases out of > 20 runs, clear signs of excess heat were observed; but no x-rays or fast neutrons as expected. Some runs showed a little 4He associated with heat, but not enough; no tritium was found.} } @article{Takah1998b, author = {A. Takahashi and K. Maruta and K. Ochiai and H. Miyamaru and T. Iida}, title = {Anomalous enhancement of three-body deuteron fusion in titanium-deuteride with low-energy D+ beam implantation}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {34}, year = {1998}, pages = {256--272}, keywords = {Experimental, ion beam, Ti, res+}, submitted = {02/1998}, published = {11/1998}, annote = {Previously, the authors have observed some features, but not all that are required, of their hypothesised three-body fusion reaction in Ti targets of a deuteron beam. They found about 7.9 MeV alphas, but not the partner at 15.9 MeV. Here they repeat the experiment, using a 5-100 uA d-beam at 150 keV and a precharged TiD target, kept cool to prevent unloading. A SSB detector measured the charged particles given off, giving a broad spectrum of 0.3-20 MeV. A highly enhanced rate of 3-particle fusion was indeed found and also some 4-body fusion. The former's products, tritons and 3He, were detected. The ultimate aim would be, say the team, the promotion of the four-body reaction for clean energy.} } @article{Takah1999, author = {A. Takahashi and K. Maruta and K. Ochiai and H. Miyamaru}, title = {Detection of three-body deuteron fusion in titanium deuteride under the stimulation by a deuteron beam}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {255}, year = {1999}, pages = {89--97}, keywords = {Experimental, deuteron beam, Ti target, cps, res+}, submitted = {07/1998}, published = {05/1999}, annote = {Triple collisions are very rare events by nature, but can occur in two steps. Takahashi has proposed such a mechanism for ddd fusion: d+d->4He; 4He+d->6Li, for example. No neutrons would be emitted. If ddd fusion does occur, then tritons at 4.75 MeV and/or 3He at the same energy should be observed, so this was looked for. Highly D-preloaded Ti was the target of a deuteron beam at 150 keV in vacuum, and detectors detected particles emitted and measured their energies. Some 4.75 MeV particles were found, and taken as evidence of triple collision fusion events, roughly 10$^{-4}$ as frequent as dd fusion events.} } @article{Takat1989, author = {N. Takata and H. Kaneko and K. Nozaki and K. Sakuta and M. Tanimoto}, title = {A preliminary attempt to measure neutrons from cold fusion}, journal = {Denshi Gijutsu Kenkyusho Iho}, volume = {53}, year = {1989}, pages = {1438--1447}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, neutrons, res-}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {Electrolysis experiment. A neutron detector near the cell was matched by another 6 m away, both of the (3)He type. Loadings of Pd with D of 0.79, 0.83 and even 1.2 were achieved with various electrolytes but in none of these were any neutron emissions observed. The upper limit for neutrons was $10^{-25}$/pair/s or 2 orders of magnitude smaller than Jones+.} } @article{Take1989, author = {T. Takeda and T. Takizuka}, title = {Fractofusion mechanism}, journal = {J. Phys. Soc. Jpn}, volume = {58}, year = {1989}, pages = {3073--3076}, keywords = {Theory.}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {Fractofusion can explain observed fusion rates. The authors also seem to suggest (unless I misunderstand) that the accelerated deuterons, apart from fusing, release energy (kinetic, one assumes) about $10^8$ times that released by the fusion itself - thereby seeming to explain excess heat found by some people. This is wrong, since this would be part of the non-nuclear energy balance for the electrolysis/crack formation etc. They conclude that if CNF is fractofusion, it is not of practical use.} } @article{Take1991, author = {T. Takeda}, title = {Theory of room temperature nuclear fusion}, journal = {Genshiryoku Kogyo}, volume = {37}, number = {4}, year = {1991}, pages = {40--48}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {"A review with 42 refs. is given on 2-body collision nuclear fusion by the shielding of the Coulomb field, collective nuclear reaction, and apparent room temp. nuclear fusion". (Quoted from CA 115:58486 (1991)).} } @incollection{Tale2010, author = {R. P. Taleyarkhan and C. D. West and R. T. {Lahey Jr.} and R. I. Nigmatulin and R. C. Block and J. S. Cho and Y. Xu}, title = {Recent advances and results in acoustic inertial confinement bubble nuclear fusion}, booktitle = {{Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook (Vol. 2)}}, year = {2010}, editor = {J. Marwan and S. Krivit}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Washington, USA}, volume = {2}, pages = {139--157}, ISBN = {9780841224544}, annote = {"This paper provides an update on developments (1,2,3,4,5,6) since the first announcement of the discovery in 2002 of acoustic inertial confinement (a.k.a bubble) nuclear fusion. A theoretical foundation for the supercompression of acoustically driven deuterated bubble clusters has been developed and published (4). Initially, bubble fusion experiments used external neutron sources for nucleating bubble clusters, and despite compelling evidence (2), lingering doubts remained because of the use of external neutrons to maintain neutron production. This was overcome using a self-nucleation method (5). In those novel experiments, seeding of nanometer bubbles was accomplished using nuclear-decay recoils from dissolved uranyl nitrate. Bubble fusion experiments have been replicated successfully, and confirmatory results were reported at least five times since 2005 (7,8,9,10, 11,12). Moreover, speculations and controversies about the discovery related to our bubble fusion experiments (13,14) have now been conclusively addressed, rebutted, and dismissed (15,16,17)." (Abstract reproduced from the book)} } @article{Tama1990, author = {J.~M.~M. Tamayo and J.~M. Rivas and B.~Z. Celis and F.~P.~R. Garcia and O.~N. Penaloza}, title = {Experiments on cold fusion at IMP}, journal = {Rev. Inst. Mex. Pet.}, volume = {22}, year = {1990}, pages = {42--47}, note = {In Spanish}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, gama, tritium, excess heat, res0}, annote = {A number of experiments on cold fusion were run at the Mexican Petroleum Institute IMP, to prove or disprove the effect. IR spectra were measured for both H2O and the D2O used; the latter showed no H2O peak, but some HDO impurity. LiOD was prepared by electrolysis from LiCl in D2O. Gamma radiation background was measured over 24 hours with NaI, and during electrolysis runs. Tritium was also monitored. No significant radiation was detected, although there was, upon magnification, a very small gamma peak at 2.224 MeV. No heat was observed. Some tritium increases, roughly in line with electrolysis time, was observed. No conclusions as to the reality of cnf are drawn.} } @article{Tana1992, author = {M. Tanaka}, title = {Parametric enhancement of the tunneling transmission through a potential barrier}, journal = {J. Nucl. Sci. Technol.}, volume = {29}, year = {1992}, pages = {1129--1132}, keywords = {Theory}, submitted = {06/1992}, published = {12/1992}, annote = {On the basis of a simple model, it is shown that an auxiliary potential in parametric resonance with incident particles may effectively modify the tunneling transmission of particles through a potential barrier. This might explain neutron bursts observed by some cold fusion workers.} } @article{Tani1989, author = {R. Taniguchi and T. Yamamoto and S. Irie}, title = {Detection of charged particles emitted by electrolytically induced cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Jap. J. Appl. Phys.}, volume = {28}, year = {1989}, pages = {L2021--L2023}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, cps, res+}, submitted = {08/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {Point out three problems with neutron detection: \begin{enumerate} \item low detection efficiency; \item low signal/noise ratio, due to large determination volume \item problems of neutron/gammma discrimination. \end{enumerate} Charged particles might be a better bet. They used a favourable geometry and a charged-particle detector with high efficiency and low background sensitivity, as well as to gammas. The electrode was a thin foil at the cell bottom, with the detector just underneath. Out of 30 runs with D2O, or about 3900 hours total, 6 runs showed proton counting rates of up to 100 times those in plain H2O. These rates did not commence until after 6-12 days (!), although the electrodes were only 10 microns thick and presumably would be fully loaded long before this. The authors do not draw firm conclusions; the spectra are not clear, protons may have been slowed down.} } @article{Tani1990a, author = {N. Taniguchi and S. Baba and K. Kawamura and T. Gamo}, title = {Conditions for cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Nippon Kagaku Kaishi}, year = {1990}, number = {9}, pages = {992--998}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, Ti, electrolysis, neutrons, gammas, res+}, annote = {Used a pulse shape discriminator to measure neutrons and gammas in electrolysis experiments with palladium, and D2 experiments with titanium. The counting equipment was able to detect fusion at a rate of $10^{-22}$ fusions/atom/s and found nothing in either setup, except when D2 was released from Ti, where a signal at 30-600 times the background was detected, presumed to be due to gamma emission from a p-d reaction.} } @article{Tani1990b, author = {R. Taniguchi and T. Yamamoto and S. Irie}, title = {Fine structure of the charged particle bursts induced by D2O electrolysis}, journal = {Bull. Univ. Osaka Prefect., Ser A}, volume = {39}, number = {2}, year = {1990}, pages = {233--240}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, cps, res+}, submitted = {11/1990}, annote = {The authors join others in pointing out that low-level neutron measurement is more difficult than that of charged particles, also expected from cold fusion. The sensitivity is one order of magnitude better and the background is lower by two. A thin foil Pd cathode, plated onto a Cu backing was placed at the bottom of the cell, close to the SSB detector. A video recorder recorded the signals obtained on a video screen. Some abnormal counts, at ten times the background, were recorded. This fixes the fusion rate at about $10^{-23}$ fus/pair/s, in agreement with Jones+. Some burst-like emissions were seen, and the fine structure of one such burst analysed. It was found to consist of a number of very short bursts. An energy spectrum was obtained also, and show that the bursts cannot be due to the simple d-d fusion reaction. They have some features in common with the Ti + D2 heat cycle experiments.} } @article{Tani1990c, author = {R. Taniguchi and T. Yamamoto}, title = {High sensitivity measurement of charged particles using a silicon surface barrier detector}, journal = {Hoshasen}, volume = {16}, year = {1990}, pages = {29--35}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, cps, res+}, annote = {"A Si surface barrier detector (Si-SSD, charged particle detector), is rather insensitive to background radiation. The detection of a few charged particles emitted in electrolytically induced cold nuclear fusion was attempted using the Si-SSD attached near to the thin foil Pd cathode which formed the bottom of an electrolysis cell. Using the pulsed electrolysis technique, the background and foreground data were measured alternately. The expt. results, counting rate and the energy spectrum suggested that the some [sic] species of nuclear reaction occurred in the cathode. The reaction rates were 2 orders of magnitude lower than that reported by S.E. Jones et al (1989)." (Quoted from CA 115:17193 (1991))} } @article{Tate1991, author = {H. Tateno and Y. Iwashita}, title = {An attempt to observe nuclear fusion in titanium by internal friction}, journal = {Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Suppl.}, volume = {30--31}, year = {1991}, pages = {41--42}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, gas phase, internal friction, res-}, submitted = {01/1991}, annote = {The internal friction and resonant frequency of oscillation of Ti charged with deuterium from the gas phase were measured, and compared with those using hydrogen. The Ti was degassed at 600 C and loaded at liquid nitrogen temperature. Upon warming up, there were changes in internal friction and resonant frequency and some differences between deuterium and hydrogen; however, nothing was observed at the temperature at which other workers reported neutron emissions.} } @article{Tayl1989, author = {K. Tayler}, title = {Fusion of 1947?}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {339}, year = {1989}, pages = {346}, keywords = {Remark}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {Refers to a 1947 paper by Lord Rayleigh who allowed ionised O, N and H in a discharge tube to impinge on metal wires (among them Pd) and measured a "surprising amount of energy" as a result. This was commented on in 1957 by Burgess and Robb. I doubt that this has much to do with anything but read the papers and draw your own conclusions.} } @article{Tayl1991, author = {C.~A. Taylor}, title = {Defining the scientific community: A rhetorical perspective on demarcation}, journal = {Commun. Monogr.}, volume = {58}, year = {1991}, pages = {402--420}, keywords = {Soc/sci}, published = {12/1991}, annote = {A scholarly paper by a science sociologist/philosopher on how science defines its borders; cold fusion is used as a case study. The idea is propagated here, that Big Science, i.e. hot fusion, felt itself under attack and reacted. Reaction focussed on the errors committed by cold fusion researchers, and on the lack of universality (reproducibility), a clear criterion for the demarcation of what is science from what is not.} } @ARTICLE{Tenn2013, author = {E. Tennfors}, title = {On the idea of low-energy nuclear reactions in metallic lattices by producing neutrons from protons capturing "heavy" electrons}, journal = {Eur. Phys. J. Plus}, volume = {128}, year = {2013}, issue = {2}, note = {Article 15}, pages = {1--4}, submitted = {07/2012}, published = {02/2013}, doi = {10.1140/epjp/i2013-13015-3}, annote = {"The present article is a critical comment on Widom and Larsens speculations concerning low- energy nuclear reactions (LENR) based on spontaneous collective motion of protons in a room temperature metallic hydride lattice producing oscillating electric fields that renormalize the electron self-energy, adding significantly to the effective electron mass and enabling production of low-energy neutrons. The frequency and mean proton displacement estimated on the basis of neutron scattering from protons in palladium and applied to the Widom and Larsens model of the proton oscillations yield an electron mass enhancement less than one percent, far below the threshold for the proposed neutron production and even farther below the mass enhancement obtained by Widom and Larsen assuming a high charge density. Neutrons are not stopped by the Coulomb barrier, but the energy required for the neutron production is not low." (Direct cite of the Abstract)} } @article{Tesc1990, author = {S. Tesch}, title = {Yet again 'cold' nuclear fusion.}, journal = {Radio. Fernsehen Elektro. (East Ger.)}, volume = {39}, year = {1990}, pages = {53--54}, note = {In German}, keywords = {Commentary}, annote = {The author brings us up to date with the latest results of experiments attempting to duplicate the Fleischmann and Pons demonstration in March 1989 of cold fusion during the electrolysis of deuterium on palladium electrodes (by claiming to have detected neutrons, gamma radiation and tritium). As a background, he summarises the F and P experiment and describes various known methods of nuclear fusion. He then brings the subject up to date (1.9.1989) by commenting on the results of a few experiments (largely in the German-speaking world) attempting to reproduce F and P's discovery. Finally, he mentions the damage caused by the attendant media publicity.} } @article{Thac1995, author = {B. Thacker and J.~E. Stratman}, title = {Transmuting common substances. The cold fusion controversy and the rhetoric of science}, journal = {J. Business Tech. Commun.}, volume = {9}, year = {1995}, pages = {389--424}, keywords = {Sci-soc comment}, annote = {The authors, using science-sociolology specialist language, show by using three important cnf papers as examples, how the three kinds of rhetoric are employed in this field. These are: forensic (establishment of 'facticity', definition), deliberative (implications) and epideictic (laying blame, giving praise) (all definitions due to Aristotle). The papers of F\&P-89, Lewis et al 89 and Williams et al 89 are all examined for these, and they are found.} } @article{Thom1990, author = {D.~T. Thompson}, title = {A report from the meeting in Salt Lake City}, journal = {Platinum Metals Rev.}, volume = {34}, year = {1990}, pages = {136--141}, keywords = {Comment}, annote = {Thompson, of Johnson Matthey Technology Centre, went to the "First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion" in Utah, March 1990, and here reports. The 200 strong audience was active, responsive to the generally high quality talks. Most of these came from the USA but also from India, Japan and some European countries such as Russia [sic] and Italy. Many speaker referred to Johnson and Matthey palladium, notes Thompson. Positive calorimetric results were reported again by Pons, as well as by Murphy (TAM), Hutchinson (Oak Ridge) and Scott (Oak Ridge). Tritium was discussed, and some positive results reported by Iyengar (Babha), Bockris (TAM) and Storms (LANL) and some correlation between heat and tritium was claimed, albeit with puzzling ratios; the same holds for the neutron:tritium branching ratio which should be about unity but seems to be far from this. The possible role of lithium, particularly (6)Li, was discussed. At least one theoretical paper (Andermann, Hawaii) was given. Fleischmann summed up the conference on a positive note and was given a standing ovation.} } @article{Thom1991, author = {K.~I. Thomassen}, title = {What do we know? What do we think?}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {10}, year = {1991}, pages = {123--124}, keywords = {Panel Discussion}, published = {03/1991}, annote = {The author took part in a panel discussion on cold fusion, later published in this journal. After two months of intense international focus on cold fusion, including experimmnts at the LLNL, it was possible to come to some understanding of the phenomena. The author considers that cold fusion is unlikely to yield useful power, but is interesting as a scientific curiosity. He believes that excess heat and neutron emissions are not connected. Although it is possible that cold fusion is an error, there are sufficient positive results that it may not be. Thom1990, contained in Rees1990.} } @article{Tian1992, author = {Z.~Q. Tian}, title = {A proposal for a cold fusion study in the Ti/D system}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {21}, year = {1992}, pages = {92--94}, keywords = {Comment, suggestion}, submitted = {06/1991}, published = {01/1992}, annote = {Three conditions are required for cold fusion to take place: (1) a high deuterium loading; (2) triggering the system to a nonequilibrium state and (3) capturing the reaction products to sufficient sensitivity. Point (2) is often overlooked, says the author. The most promising system is the Ti/D system. The use of a special electrolysis method would ensure high loading, and triggering might be done by passing a high current through the sample. Electrolysis can, for example, be carried out at low temperatures in methanol or other nonaqueous electrolytes. Surface treatment, to control oxide layers, is also important.} } @article{Tima1989, author = {S.~F. Timashev}, title = {Possible mechanisms for nuclear-chemical transformations in a palladium matrix during heavy water electrolysis}, journal = {Russ. J. Phys. Chem.}, note = {Orig. in: Zh. Fiz. Khim 63 (1989) 2283 (in Russian)}, volume = {63}, year = {1989}, pages = {1258--1259}, keywords = {Comment, suggestion, bineutron}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {A description of what might be happening inside PdD(x). The possibility of a bineutron, formed from electron capture capture of a deuteron, reacting with a deuteron, is discussed. This would release neutrinos and neutrons.} } @article{Tima1995, author = {S.~F. Timashev}, title = {Nuclear-chemical transformations in the condensed phase}, journal = {Zh. Fiz. Khim.}, volume = {69}, year = {1995}, pages = {1396--1400}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Theory, electron capture, dineutrons, res+}, annote = {The author here describes, rather than derives, his theory of cold fusion. Two mechanisms are suggested: the formation of virtual dineutrons by electron capture by deuterons, and three-particle processes like d + p + e -> t + nu (nu being an energy quantum) or d + d + e -> t + n + nu, apparently suggested in 1969 by Bahcall as p + p + e -> d + nu. Other support comes from high energy electrons emitted by the rupture of adhesive contacts, discovered by Deryagin and Krotov, and cluster impact fusion (CIF, in fact now disproved).} } @article{Tise1993a, author = {Yu.~A. Tisenko}, title = {Possible ways to achieve cold fusion. I}, journal = {Sov. Phys. J.}, volume = {36}, year = {1993}, pages = {764--768}, keywords = {Comment, suggestion}, submitted = {11/1991}, published = {08/1993}, annote = {An attempt to find conditions (alloys) in which deuterons are close enough to each other for fusion. Indeed, some alloys do cause a reduction in the d-d distance, but not enough. } } @article{Tise1993b, author = {Yu.~A. Tisenko}, title = {Possible ways to achieve cold fusion. II}, journal = {Sov. Phys. J.}, volume = {36}, year = {1993}, pages = {769--773}, keywords = {Comment, suggestion}, submitted = {11/1991}, published = {08/1993}, annote = {In this paper, thought is given to making practical use of cold fusion (e.g. generation of 2.45 MeV neutrons) and the possibility of stimulating it, by mechanically causing vibrational standing waves in single crystal TiD rods.} } @article{Tise1994, author = {Yu.~A. Tisenko}, title = {Possible ways to achieve cold fusion. III}, journal = {Russ. Phys. J.}, volume = {37}, year = {1994}, pages = {590--592}, keywords = {Theory, glow discharge, res+}, submitted = {04/1992}, published = {06/1994}, annote = {Continuing his series of speculative calculations on how to bring forth 'cold fusion', T here proposes charging small (0.1 mm) PdD particles to MV voltages, and then exposing them to a low-pressure deuterium atmosphere. This would cause a glow discharge and deuteron ions, which might then accelerate towards the particle and, hitting it, lead to some d-d fusion. T then does some rough calculations of the mimimum particle radius required for this to happen, from several different models, which roughly agree with each other. T concludes that the idea is feasible.} } @article{Toki2000, author = {H. Toki and K. Sugimoto}, title = {Deuteron-alpha Bose-Einstein condensation for coherent deuteron fusion in Pd double structure cathode}, journal = {Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B}, volume = {76}, number = {3}, year = {2000}, pages = {35--40}, keywords = {Theory, res+, no FPH/Jones refs}, submitted = {03/2000}, annote = {The authors theorise on the results of Arata \& Zhang's double structure cell, and propose a Bose-Einstein condensate and coherent deuterons, so that fusion rates are controlled by trapped deuterons in the Pd powder in the bottle. This explains a number of observations.} } @article{Toma1989, author = {P. Tomas and S. Blagus and M. Bogovac and D. Hodko and M. Krcmar and D. Miljanic and V. Pravdic and D. Rendic and M. Vajic and M. Vukovic}, title = {Deuterium nuclear fusion in metals at room temperature}, journal = {Fizika Zagreb}, volume = {21}, year = {1989}, pages = {209--214}, keywords = {Experimental, Pt, electrolysis, neutrons, surface analysis, res-}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {Starts with an interesting historical introduction on cosmic ray mesons and discussions of 1947 and thereafter. This team tried to reproduce the FPH electrolysis experiment. X-ray fluorescence after long electrolysis showed Pt deposition of the Pd. A (6)Li-glass scintillation (NE 912) counter was used to used to detect neutrons. The experiment took place in an underground lab, and no neutrons above the low background were seen. The authors promise results from tritium analysis of both the electrolyte and palladium, as well as from proton measurements, to be done.} } @article{Tome1990, author = {M. Tomellini and D. Gozzi}, title = {On the possibility for local oversaturation of deuterium in palladium}, journal = {J. Mater. Sci. Lett.}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {836--838}, keywords = {Comment, suggestion}, submitted = {10/1989}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {Some explanations of cold fusion require an overload of deuterium in the Pd. The authors look at the possibility of this happening, by considering the key role of both the electrode internal structure and and the non-equilibrium conditions imposed by electrolysis. Some effects are locally high current density (at, e.g., dendrites), and point- and line-defects; perhaps even their combined action, although improbable, could be put to work.} } @article{Toum1996, author = {C.~P. Toumey}, title = {Conjuring science in the case of cold fusion}, journal = {Public Understand. Sci.}, volume = {5}, year = {1996}, pages = {121--133}, keywords = {Sci-phil-soc polemic}, annote = {Anthropologist Toumey looks at the behaviour of scientists, here in the cold fusion field. The history of the affair is recounted (with some evidence for the author's lack of feel for the science of the subject) and the social behaviour of the scientists involved is remarked on. Hyperbole and the public's feeling that they understood cold fusion acted to make the subject popular. Toumey also notes that while confirmations received publicity but null findings tend not to, thus distorting the picture. He repeats the (exaggerated) claim by people such as Storms that CNF workers are denied access to scientific journals, and the myth that CNF became an argument between chemists (pro) and physicists (con). He concludes that the public understanding of cold fusion is "a kind of mischief with images ... the business of the conjurer".} } @article{Tran1990, author = {D.~N. Tran and D.~T. Tran and T.~A. Truong and T.~H. Phi and V.~V. Tran}, title = {Investigation of nuclear fusion at the normal temperature}, journal = {Tap Chi Vat Ly}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, year = {1990}, pages = {29--32}, note = {In Vietnamese}, keywords = {Experimental, gas phase, heat, gammas, neutrons, tritium, res-}, annote = {At the Center for Nuclear Physics, an experiment was performed, both the Fleischmann-Pons electrolysis, and a gas-phase experiment with an applied electric field. No heat, gamma or tritium were found, and neutrons were not found reproducibly.} } @article{Tsar1990, author = {V.~A. Tsarev}, title = {Cold fusion}, journal = {Sov. Phys. Usp.}, volume = {33}, number = {11}, year = {1990}, pages = {881--910}, keywords = {Review}, submitted = {01/1990}, published = {11/1990}, annote = {A review of cold fusion, written in Jan-90, i.e. 8 months into the affair. 131 references are given, many of which, perforce, are to preprints and talks given at conferences. Clearly a physicist, Tsarev makes a number of good points. Like other physicists, he points to the necessity of x-ray emissions from any proposed nuclear process taking place in the metal lattice. A thorough discussion of all the issues (emissions, calorimetry, theories) is followed by one on the Soviet view of cold fusion - which can be said to date back to 1986 - i.e. fractofusion. Fairly, Tsarev points out that these results all come from a single laboratory (Klyuev et al) and need to be confirmed by others (in the meantime they have, and have also been refuted). The biggest problem with fractofusion is the conductivity of palladium deuteride, and Tsarev suggests that at high loadings and under nonequilibrium conditions, the material might become a dielectric, making this mechanism possible. He makes a number of suggestions for future work, both practical and fundamental.} } @article{Tsar1991a, author = {V.~A. Tsarev and P.~I. Golubnichii}, title = {Geological manifestations of cold fusion}, journal = {Sov. Phys. - Lebedev Inst. Rep.}, year = {1991}, number = {3}, pages = {22--24}, note = {Orig. in: Kratk. Soobshch. Fiz. (1991) 24}, keywords = {Comment, geological, fracto}, submitted = {01/1991}, annote = {The actual role of cold fusion in the Earth is not yet clear, since we do not yet fully understand the cold fusion mechanism, write the authors. But the geological level of fusion suggested by Jones is far too high, and dd fusion contributes more than pd fusion. One problem with any scenario is that steady fusion rates over long periods are required, whereas experiments with Pd or Ti show that the effect dies away after some time. This can be understood in terms of fractofusion, first demonstrated in 1986 by Soviet workers. This reasoning also has importance to geological tritium and (3)He.} } @article{Tsar1991b, author = {V.~A. Tsarev and D.~H. Worledge}, title = {New results on cold nuclear fusion: a review of the conference on anomalous nuclear effects in deuterium/solid systems, Provo, Utah, October 22-24, 1990}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {484--508}, keywords = {Report, comment}, submitted = {06/1991}, published = {12/1991}, annote = {It all started with the Jones group in Utah, say the authors (clearly defining their loyalties) and this is where this conference was held. The most important conclusion was that there is a body of quality evidence for the phenomenon, although it is sporadic and has little to do with nuclear fusion as understood up to now; hence also the conference name. The paper then outlines the successful detection of neutrons, charged particles, tritium, and some correlations (acoustic/electromagnetic radiation (emr), neutrons/acoustic, protons/emr. The geological evidence, which is the driving force behind the Jones group's work, is reiterated, such as "natural" tritium, anomalous ratios of (3)He/(4)He etc. In summary, the phenomena are not normal d-d fusion; the theory is not yet in line with experiment; the quality of experiments is going up; widely varying experiments are giving much the same results; the field deserves wider support.} } @article{Tsar1992a, author = {V.~A. Tsarev and V.~A. Chechin}, title = {On the nonstationary quantum-mechanical nature of anomalous nuclear effects in a solid}, journal = {Kratk. Soobshch. Fiz.}, year = {1992}, number = {9--10}, pages = {47--52}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Suggestion, theory}, submitted = {11/1992}, annote = {A model of nuclear fusion enhancement in a solid matrix is proposed, in which Coulomb barrier penetration is increased by the breaking of the stationary state of deuterons in the crystal lattice. This effect is said to be well known, and confirmed. Roughly, the argument hinges on the tails of energy distributions, and some mathematics such as Joost functions, Fourier transforms and ikonal functions are invoked to support this.} } @article{Tsar1992b, author = {V.~A. Tsarev and D.~H. Worledge}, title = {Cold fusion studies in the USSR}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {22}, year = {1992}, pages = {138--155}, keywords = {Review}, submitted = {10/1991}, published = {08/1992}, annote = {This sums up cold fusion work in the (former) USSR up to mid-1991, mainly drawing on the first Soviet National Conferencue on Cold Nuclear Fusion, in March 1991. There is very modest support for cnf research in the USSR [sic], at about 0.5 million roubles. Some thorough work has been done, but little on calorimetry. "Mechanofusion", normally called fractofusion in the West, is given the prominence it deserves. Ten research institutes in the USSR [sic] are named as places where cnf research is being done. Of the 59 references given, 30 are unresolved (unpublished or conferences), although known to others (e.g. contained in this bibliography).} } @article{Tsar1992c, author = {V.~A.~Sov. Tsarev}, title = {Anomalous nuclear effects in solids ("cold fusion"): questions still remain}, journal = {Sov. Phys. Usp.}, note = {Orig. in: Usp. Fiz. Nauk 162 (1992) 63; this journal now goes under the new name of Physics Uspekhy in translation.}, volume = {35}, year = {1992}, pages = {842--856}, keywords = {Comment, res0}, submitted = {04/1992}, published = {10/1992}, annote = {A short history of LTF (low temperature fusion, as the Russians call it) mentions the quick succession of surprise and demise, and some juicy quotes are given. Tsarev writes that the hard words are justified. LTF enthusiasts are inclined to acknowledge as fully reliable all positive results, and call their critics the scientific mafia; again, a few quotes. Tsarev draws no conclusions from all this, but turns to recent experimental data, which is summarised compactly. Theories are classified into exotic or more natural models; the acceleration model (fractofusion) falls into the latter class, although Tsarev points out problems here as well. No conclusion is drawn.} } @article{Tsuc1991, author = {K.~I. Tsuchiya and Y.~H. Ohashi and K. Ohashi and M. Fukuchi}, title = {Interaction between two neighboring deuterium atoms in palladium}, journal = {J. Less-Common Met.}, volume = {172-174}, year = {1991}, pages = {1371--1374}, keywords = {Theory, res0}, published = {09/1991}, annote = {Again an approach to the feasibility of cold fusion in terms of the possible close approach of two d's in the lattice. Here, electron screening is looked at, to see whether it could allow a closer approach than previously thought. In principle, there might be sufficient space for an extra deuterium atom between lattice sites. The jellium model is invoked, and potentials are calculated. The potential well is broad and flat, with a minimum at about 0.66 A, which is closer than the D2 gas value of 0.74 A. No conclusions are drawn as to whether this might explain cold fusion.} } @article{Tsuc1995, author = {K.~I. Tsuchiya and K. Ohashi and M. Fukuchi}, title = {A possible mechanism for nuclear reactions in solids}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {27}, year = {1995}, pages = {452--457}, keywords = {Theoretical, Boson clusters, res+}, submitted = {05/1993}, published = {07/1995}, annote = {The authors improve on the model of Bush and Eagleton, proposing Boson clusters as the mechanism for CNF. Electronic screening may reduce the mutual deuteron repulsion, which would otherwise prevent clustering. The model tries direct Coulomb screening, Thomas-Fermi screening, and other theory, and concludes that F\&P-level CNF is feasible, i.e. about 10 W/cm$^3$.} } @article{Tsuc2004, author = {K. Tsuchiya}, title = {Quantum states of deuterons in Pd}, journal = {Int. J. Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {29}, year = {2004}, pages = {1513--1519}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {02/2004}, published = {11/2004}, annote = {The authors examine the energy states of deuterons interacting with the electron in a Pd lattice, using the equivalent linear two-body (ELTB) method. They conclude that fusion rates can be as large as those observed, by Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC).} } @article{Tsve1993, author = {S.~A. Tsvetkov and N.~B. Bondarenko and I.~L. Bel'tyukov and A. Varaksin and A.~A. Zhivoderov}, title = {Molecular-dynamics calculation of phase transitions in the Pd-D system and cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Phys. Metals Metallogr.}, volume = {76}, year = {1993}, pages = {399--401}, keywords = {Theory, calculation, phase transition, PdD, res+, no FPH/Jones refs.}, submitted = {11/1992}, published = {10/1993}, annote = {This team has previously proposed that phase transitions may play a role in initiating cold fusion, and have developed some models. Here, they attempt by means of molecular dynamics to find the optimum conditions. The beta-alpha transition in palladium deuteride in particular was considered. Microcrystallites with free boundaries containing $10^3$ Pd atoms were the basis for the MD calculations, at temperatures 300, 350 400 and 450 K. The results of computer runs are that both energetic deuterons, and favourable d-d approach are possible, optimum at about 300K. This agrees with some experimental results (Zelenskii et al 1990).} } @article{Turn1989, author = {L. Turner}, title = {Thoughts unbottled by cold fusion}, journal = {Physics Today}, year = {1989}, number = {September}, pages = {142.}, keywords = {Comment, suggestion}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {Turner muses that a possible effect, that has been missed by such theorists as Van Siclen and Jones, or Koonin and Nauenberg, is the enhanced transmission of deuterons through the Coulomb barrier because of resonances on the atomic scale. With deuterons in the interstitial sites of the Pd lattice, a diffusing deuteron may have a de Broglie wave length that permits resonance in the wells formed between the ascending walls of neighbouring Coulomb barriers. This adds another factor to any theories of cold fusion, which so far have focussed on two-body (d-d) interaction. Turner does not develop the argument here but suggests it to future theorists.} } @article{Turn1990, author = {L. Turner}, title = {Peregrinations on cold fusion}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {447--450}, keywords = {Comment}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Peregrination: journey, travel. Have deuteron, will travel? Turner turns to thoughts of potential barriers in PdD lattices, and resonance effects to enhance d-d tunnelling. The many-body nature of the lattice make resonance effects possible, and thus cold fusion, maybe. Just as an electron going through a double slit makes an interference pattern, so deuterons moving through the lattice might do so, in a complicated manner. Cold fusion might result from the interference, and one should perhaps look for patterns of fusion sites. The walk through these musings ends on a careful note; cold fusion has not been verified but if it is, this theory might help.} } @article{Uchr1995, author = {J. Uchrin and R. Uchrin and K. {Gerasimsov [sic]} and O. Lomovski}, title = {Reactions of titanium and niobium deuterides under intensive mechanical treatment}, journal = {Mater. Sci. Forum}, volume = {179-181}, year = {1995}, pages = {389--390}, keywords = {Experimental, fractofusion, ball mill, Ti, Nb, mass spec, res0, no FPH/Jones refs.}, annote = {This is one of a number of papers on the mechanical treatment in a ball mill of bits of TiDx and (in this case) NbDx, deuterated in the gas. Mass spectrometry was applied to the gas phase during treatment. Species of mass 1, 2, 3 and 4 were found, as expected, as well as 5 and 6. Mass 5 increased by 30\% the initial level and is attributed to HT+ [sic], while mass 6 is not identified but is said to be 15\% less than mass 5. These might be the result of cold fusion, the authors write.} } @article{Uhm1991, author = {H.~S. Uhm and W.~M. Lee}, title = {High concentration of deuterium in palladium from plasma ion implantation}, journal = {Phys. Fluids B}, volume = {3}, year = {1991}, pages = {3188--3193}, keywords = {Comment, suggestion}, submitted = {03/1991}, published = {11/1991}, annote = {The authors propose plasma ion implantation, in order to obtain high loadings of D/Pd for cold fusion and other experiments where this is of interest. A plasma of up to $10^{12}$/cm$^3$ and an electron temperature of up to 10 eV is generated by either rf, glow discharge or thermionic filaments. The Pd sample may be presoaked with deuterium, to about 0.6 loading. A negative charge applied to the Pd sample will then lead to the plasma deuterons making their way into the sample. If the surface is coated with a material in which deuterons are not highly mobile, their escape will be largely prevented; a good candidate here is 60\% Fe+40\% Ni. The barrier does not prevent ingress of the ions during charging. Calculations predict that the loading could be three times the normal 0.6 - but only if the lattice is not deformed. In any case, high loadings can be expected from this method.} } @article{Uhm1992, author = {H.~S. Uhm and W.~M. Lee}, title = {High concentration of deuterium in palladium}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {21}, year = {1992}, pages = {75--81}, keywords = {Comment, suggestion}, submitted = {07/1991}, published = {01/1992}, annote = {A high ratio D/Pd is required for solid state fusion, say the authors, as well as being interesting for other electrochemical studies. At beyond 1, the substance PdD2 forms, with a d-d distance of only 0.94 A. New schemes for high loading are presented here. One is plasma ion implantation into a Pd rod coated with a diffusion-barrier layer. Parameters are found for which large loadings are possible. The other scheme is the use of a temperature gradient, with the D-loaded Pd rod placed into a snugly fitting steel tube; a portion of the Pd is heated, which leads to high concentrations in some regions. Both proposed techniques can increase the D/Pd ration to several times the usually obtained values.} } @article{Ulma1990, author = {M. Ulman and J. Liu and J. Augustynski and F. Meli and L. Schlapbach}, title = {Surface and electrochemical characterization of Pd cathodes after prolonged charging in LiOD + D2O solutions}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {286}, year = {1990}, pages = {257--264}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, surface analysis, deposits, poisoning}, submitted = {04/1990}, published = {06/1990}, annote = {Long electrolysis leads to accumulation of impurities on the Pd cathode, and the hydrogen evolution reaction (better: hydrogen production) is known to be very sensitive to these. One effect observed is that for a given current, the overvoltage becomes higher with time. This is clearly seen in a comparison between a 220 hour electrolysis in an untreated electrolyte with one for 16 h in a preelectrolysed solution (removes some of the impurities): in the latter case, lower overvoltages are seen. The team performed surface analysis after electrolysis, using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Apart from large values for carbon and oxygen, platinum, lead, zinc, chromium and in some cases copper, calcium, magnesium and sodium were found, differing in concentrations according to conditions. Particularly Pb and Zn will increase the overvoltage. The Ca and Mg came from the D2O used, as did Cu and Cr (note that we are talking about ultratrace bulk amounts, which accumulate at the surface during electrolysis). There were differences between LiOD made up from LiOH + D2O, and from Li metal + D2O (the metal contains some Ca and Mg). The point emerges that even relatively short electrolysis leads to deposits. Zn is particularly bad, increasing the overvoltage; codeposited Pt (from the anode) cannot counteract the Zn. The poisoning by Zn opens the way to secondary reactions, among them the incorporation of Li into Pd and Zn and possibly the formation of ZnD2 and LiD. All this causes a pronounced blocking of the electrode surface and this, in turn, causes local strong electric fields.} } @article{Upad2000, author = {C.~S. Upadhyay}, title = {Some views on spin relativity and its impact on science}, journal = {Ind. J. Theo. Phys.}, volume = {48}, year = {2000}, pages = {149--160}, keywords = {Theoretical, experimental, res+, no FPH/Jones refs.}, submitted = {01/1999}, annote = {The author feels that spin relativity plays an important role in science and leads to cold fusion. He carried out an experiment with distilled water to which he applied 300-500 V and measured the resulting magnetic field. The results, and his theory, show that ionic velocities up to $10^7$ m/s are achieved, and the curvature focussing leads to cold nuclear fusion.} } @article{Urut2000, author = {L.~I. Urutskoev and V.~I. Liksonov}, title = {Experimental detection of 'strange' radiation and transformations of chemical elements}, journal = {Prikl. Fiz.}, year = {2000}, number = {4}, pages = {83--100}, note = {Russian, Engl. abstr.}, keywords = {Experimental, transformation. Res+, no FPH/Jones refs.}, published = {04/2000}, annote = {The authors zapped foils of mainly Ti, but also tried other metals like Zr, with large voltages in the KV range. They had radiation monitors to detect x-, gamma-rays and neutrons. X-ray films were placed nearby. The foils disintegrated into powder, which was analysed by MS. In the case of Ti, the main isotope, the (main) 48Ti fraction was found to be lowered and some new elements not previously present were found, such as Al, Si, Fe among others. No radiation was detected but the photographic film showed strange tracks that cannot be explained, hinting at GeV energies.} } @article{Vaid1989a, author = {S.~N. Vaidya and Y.~S. Mayya}, title = {The role of combined electron-deuteron screening in deuteron-deuteron fusion in metals}, journal = {Pramana}, volume = {33}, year = {1989}, pages = {L343--L346}, keywords = {Theory, screening, res+}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {08/1989}, annote = {The resident electrons and introduced deuterons in combination can cause sufficient screening to cause cold fusion rates found experimentally.} } @article{Vaid1989b, author = {S.~N. Vaidya and Y.~S. Mayya}, title = {Theory of screening-enhanced D-D fusion in metals.}, journal = {Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2 Lett.}, volume = {28}, year = {1989}, pages = {2258--2260}, keywords = {Theory, res0}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {12/1989}, annote = {WKB treatment. The enhancement in d-d fusion rates in metals brought about by the combined screening of electrostatic interactions by the conduction electrons and mobile deuterons, is investigated using the jellium model. It is assumed that under electrolytic conditions, deuterium exists as itinerant deuterons in metals such as palladium. The authors derive an expression for the screening constant treating electrons as fermions and deuterons as bosons. The screening by charged bosons is a novel concept and is found to be sensitively dependent upon the temperature. E.g., at 150K, a fusion rate of about $10^{-21}$ /pair/s is calculated, although the smaller mobile deuteron fraction at this temperature might work against this. The d-d fusion rate is found to increase substantially when the electron-deuteron screening of the Coulomb barrier is incorporated. The authors give a figure for the diffusion coefficient of D in Pd at 300K of $10^{-6}$ cm$^2$/s, without a reference.} } @article{Vaid1991, author = {S.~N. Vaidya}, title = {On the possibility of coherent deuteron-deuteron fusion in a crystalline Pd-D lattice}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {481--483}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {05/1991}, published = {12/1991}, annote = {The author proposes that in the PdD lattice with its periodic fields, there may be coherent interaction between this lattice and the wave-propagated deuterons, and that this interaction might enhance d-d fusion rates greatly. The condition for this is that the de Broglie wavelength of the deuterons are equal to the lattice spacing. This may be the case only sporadically in polycrystalline Pd and thus may explain the sporadic nature of cold fusion. Resulting fusion rates are in the observed range. The theory opens the possibility of optimising the process.} } @article{Vaid1993, author = {S.~N. Vaidya}, title = {Comments on the model for coherent deuteron-deuteron fusion in crystalline Pd-D lattice}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {24}, year = {1993}, pages = {112--114}, keywords = {Theory, suggestion}, submitted = {05/1992}, published = {08/1993}, annote = {This builds on earlier work by the author, here trying to estimate the limits of d-d fusion enhancements, and to address a problem with the transmission resonance model of Bush. In Vaidya's approach (quoting him), "only the deuterons that meet the transmission resonance criterion are considered to be fully itinerant and to form a band state". Coherent interactions between these can occur. The theory predicts that fusion enhancement can be increased by the application of ultrasonics. An experiment is suggested.} } @article{Vaid1996, author = {S.~N. Vaidya}, title = {Deuteron screening, nuclear reactions in solids, and superconductivity}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {29}, year = {1996}, pages = {405--408}, keywords = {Theory, screening, superconductivity, Bose condensates, res+}, submitted = {07/1994}, published = {05/1996}, annote = {The author considers, besides PdD, substances other than Pd, i.e. mixed metal oxides that are superconducting, and looks at deuteron mobility as a means of enhanced screening to promote both d-d fusion and superconductivity. Results appear encouraging and might also explain the anomalous isotope effect in PdD.} } @article{Vaim1989, author = {L.~A. Vaiman and A.~N. Valiev and A.~Ya. Ketko and E.~V. Kiseleva and B.~G. Skorodumov and V.~G. Ulanov and I.~O. Yatsevich}, title = {Observation of reactions in cold fusion during sorption or desorption of deuterium from palladium from the gas phase}, journal = {Izv. Akad. Nauk UzSSR, Ser. Fiz.-Mat. Nauk}, year = {1989}, number = {6}, pages = {62--63}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, gas phase, cps, neutrons, res-, no FPH/Jones refs.}, submitted = {09/1989}, annote = {A possibility was considered of observing cold nuclear fusion during the absorption or desorption of D2 in Pd from the gaseous phase. Pd black was electrodeposited on a thin Pd plate. The plate was situated in vacuum in a duralumin chamber. At the chamber window, there was an Si detector (thickness 100 microns) coupled through an amplifier to an amplitude analyzer. Its purpose was to detect the energy spectrum of p from the interaction d+d-> p+t. The spectrometric device was calibrated with the help of a (242)Am alpha-particle source. This made it possible to measure the spectra at 0-3 MeV. The peak of p from the above mentioned interaction was expected at about 3 MeV. The background was about 6 counts, which were distributed in 40 channels of the analyzer. The measurements were based on 10-min exposures after the application of the D2 gas into the chamber at a pressure of 1.5 atm. No differences from the background value were obsd. in 12 exposures. The 2nd expt. was aimed at a possible detection of n from the interaction d+d->n +(3)He. In this case, the chamber was situated in the SNM-18 ring-shaped source. The processes of the Pd satn. with D2 up to highly concd. beta-phase with its subsequent desorption did not result in cold nuclear fusion.} } @ARTICLE{Vala2015, author = {M. Valat and R. Hunt and B. Greenyer}, title = {{Martin Fleischmann Memorial Project status review}}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {108}, year = {2015}, pages = {614--618}, published = {02/2015}, annote = {"Two years have passed since the Martin Fleischmann Memorial Project started developing and operating experiments openly on the Internet. This article recaps the results which the project has been able to nail down so far. Two main aspects of the research were conducted in multiple laboratories - the first one was the replication of the experiments conducted by Francesco Celani on his sub-micrometric featured constantan wires, and the second one dealt with nickel nano-powders inspired by the work of Brian Ahern. Both systems are hydrogen gas in heated environment above Curie temperature."} } @article{VanS1986, author = {C. DeW. {Van Siclen} and S.~E. Jones}, title = {Piezonuclear fusion in isotopic hydrogen molecules}, journal = {J. Phys. G: Nucl. Phys.}, volume = {12}, year = {1986}, pages = {213--221}, keywords = {Theory, suggestion, high pressure}, annote = {Asks the question whether high pressure of the order of $10^6$ atm, as obtainable from a diamond anvil can significantly increase the natural fusion rate of hydrogen isotope atoms. There is a lot of theory but no real conclusion, because some experimental data is needed.} } @article{VanV2000, author = {R.~J.~A.~R. {Van Veen}}, title = {Koude fusie}, journal = {Ned. Tijdschr. Natuurkd.}, volume = {66(4)}, year = {2000}, pages = {132--135}, note = {In Dutch}, keywords = {Short critical review}, published = {04/2000}, annote = {A rather critical review of the cold fusion field.} } @article{Vand1990, author = {P. D. T. {Van der Merwe}}, title = {Enhanced fusion induced by affiliated muons}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {696--698}, keywords = {Theory, muons}, submitted = {11/1989}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {Highly theoretical paper, looking at the possibility and the consequence of muon pairs cooperating in assisting d-t fusion. The rough result is that a pair of muons leads to about 10 times the fusion rate for d-t, d-t and p-d fusions. The paper gives little indication of why the muons should associate, being repelled from each other, beyond the statement that in the hydride crystal lattice, something might push them together.} } @article{Vara1991, author = {A.~N. Varaksin and A.~A. Zhivoderov and N.~B. Bondarenko and V.~F. Shipitsin}, title = {Computer modelling of phase transitions in deuterised palladium (possible mechanism of low-temperature nuclear fusion)}, journal = {Fiz. Metal. Metalloved.}, year = {1991}, pages = {30--34}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Theory, modelling, res+}, submitted = {12/1990}, annote = {A cubic microcrystallite of 500 Pd and 250 D atoms was simulated by molecular modelling on a computer; open boundaries were assumed, and 450K. Results show that up to 10eV can be achieved for D atoms arising from the beta-alpha transition, and D-D distances down to 0.07 nm. In vacuum, this is not enough to cause fusion but in a metal lattice, maybe, what with potential barrier heights of about 10-20 eV. In reality, there might be even more energetic and close DD pairs, and fusion rates up to $10^{-21}$ fus/pair/s. This does not apply to the alpha-beta transition. The suggested mechanism is: (1) formation of high-energy (>10eV) D atoms and pairs; (2) formation from such pairs of metastable D-D which, with collective interaction with electrons from the palladium might fuse by tunnelling.} } @article{Vase1989, author = {M. Vaselli and M.~A. Harith and V. Palleschi and G. Salvetti and D.~P. Singh}, title = {Screening effect of impurities in metals: a possible explanation of the process of cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. D}, volume = {11}, year = {1989}, pages = {927--932}, keywords = {Theory}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {After dismissing theories that rely on high effective electron mass for coulombic screening of deuterons, the authors invoke the presence of the electrons around the deuterons for screening effects, and arrive (without any rigorous theory) at a possible fusion enhancement in a metal lattice by this effect. The word "impurity" in the title refers to the impurity of H or D in the metal.} } @article{Vele1990, author = {O.~A. Velev and R.~C. Kainthla}, title = {Heat flow calorimeter with a personal-computer-based data acquisition system}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {18}, year = {1990}, pages = {351--355}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, heat, res+}, submitted = {04/1990}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {Here, a calorimeter system essentially like that used by FPH, was used, for 24 cells simultaneously. A PC did all the work. Accuracy was about 3\% and recombination of gases was possible. Although constant values for the thermoneutral electrolysis potentials were used (which can lead to spurious excess heat observations), no excess heat within the 3\% limits, was detected in most cases, for experiments during 7 months and using 27 electrodes. In only four cases, some excess heat, at a level of 15-25\%, was seen, as reported by Kainthla et al in 1989. The authors conclude that their system is a good one.} } @ARTICLE{Vern2015, author = {G. Verner and Mitchell Swartz and P. Hagelstein}, title = {{Summary report: 'Introduction to Cold Fusion' – IAP course at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA}}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {108}, year = {2015}, pages = {653--654}, published = {02/2015}, annote = {"For three years running now, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), USA, has offered the introductory cold fusion course during its Independent Activities Period (IAP), designed for students to engage in topics outside-of-the-normal-curriculum; enrollment is open with permission from the instructor, and there is no advance registration required. IAP at MIT, for those not familiar with it, is a special four-week programme where students can choose from a vast array of non-credit and for-credit short course- work offered only during January of each year. CF- 101 is a non-sign up, non-credit introductory course, open to MIT and non-MIT students alike, as well as the public. Peter Hagelstein, Professor of electrical engineering at MIT has been teaching the course with Mitchell Swartz, from JET Energy, Inc. In some years the CF/IAP classes extended over two weeks; at other times over several days."} } @article{Viel1991, author = {W. Vielstich and T. Iwasita and H. {von Buttlar} and K. Farzin and K. Uebelguenn}, title = {Search for neutrons from controlled deuterium concentrations in palladium}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {303}, year = {1991}, pages = {211--220}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {08/1990}, published = {03/1991}, annote = {Basically, a FPH(89) experiment with careful neutron detection, and using a cell divided with a membrane, so that the evolved gases do not mix (why is not everybody doing this, being standard electrochemistry?). Three separate cells were used, the cathodes being rather thin Pd plates, which can be fully charged in a conveniently short time. Loading was measured by reversing the current and integrating it. Some deuterium is lost as bubbles but results indicate that a loading of about 0.85 was achieved. Neutrons were measured with a single high-efficiency (43\% at 2.5 MeV) NE-213 detector; pulse-shape discrimination separated neutron from gamma detection very well. Shielding was by 44 cm block of paraffin (more for the second experiment); the authors note that metals like Pb or Fe lower the gamma background, but raise that of neutrons. The three experiments gave three different upper limits for the cold fusion rate; the best of these, with the largest Pd cathode and the heaviest shielding, gave about $10^{-25}$ fus/s/pair, or about 1/50 that claimed by Jones+(89).} } @article{Vigi1996, author = {J.~P. Vigier}, title = {On cathodically polarized Pd/D systems}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, volume = {221}, year = {1996}, pages = {138--140}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {03/1996}, published = {09/1996}, annote = {Vigier points out that the proposal of Szpak et al in the same journal A210 (1996) 382 is significant for cold fusion and in fact in line with his (Vigier's) own previous theories, as well as others. Essentially, "tight" Bohr orbits are proposed, with attendant implications.} } @article{Viol1997, author = {V. Violante and A. {De Ninno}}, title = {Lattice ion trap: a possible mechanism inducing a strong approach between two deuterons in condensed matter}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {31}, year = {1997}, pages = {219--227}, keywords = {Theoretical, no FPH/Jones refs, res0}, submitted = {05/1995}, published = {03/1997}, annote = {A lot of theory of the past 40 years treats charged particles contained electrodynamically, and this is applied here to the case of hydrogen in palladium. Computer simulations were carried out for deuterons in the lattice and it was found that minumum approach distances down to $<$ 0.1 A, small enough to account for fusion, are possible. The model is not, however, intended to prove cold fusion.} } @article{Viol1998, author = {V. Violante and A. Torre and G. Dattoli}, title = {Lattice ion trap: classical and quantum description of a possible collision mechanism for deuterons in metal lattices}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {34}, year = {1998}, pages = {156--162}, keywords = {Theory, Schroedinger, res+, no FPH/Jones ref}, submitted = {12/1997}, published = {09/1998}, annote = {The quantum mechanics of deuterons' interaction within the PdD lattice is examined in a preliminary way, using numerical solution of the Schroedinger equation. The results are not so different from those arising from classical models; both can result in rather high interaction energies. Cold fusion is not mentioned but appears to be hovering in the background.} } @article{Viol2001, author = {V. Violante and A. Torre and G. Selvaggi and G.~H. Miley}, title = {Three-dimensional analysis of the lattice confinement effect on ion dynamics in condensed matter and lattice effect on the d-d nuclear reaction channel}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {39}, year = {2001}, pages = {266--281}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {02/2000}, published = {03/2001}, annote = {This paper looks at charge oscillations within PdD and calculates numerically excess heat expected from fusion events for different energies. It concludes that claimed excess heats up to 10 kW/cm$^3$ might be feasible and the theory also explains x-ray emissions observed (e.g. by Iwamura et al 1998). The dynamics of such oscillations can lead to close d-d approach.} } @ARTICLE{Viol2015, author = {V. Violante and E. Castagna and S. Lecci and F. Sarto and M. Sansovini and A. Torre and A. {La Gatta} and R. Duncan and G. Hubler and A. {El Boher} and O. Aziz and D.Pease and D. Knies and M. McKubre}, title = {{Review of materials science for studying the Fleischmann and Pons effect}}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {108}, year = {2015}, pages = {540--558}, published = {02/2015}, annote = {"Fleischmann and Pons effect (FPE) is the production of excess power during electrochemical loading of deuterium in palladium. This effect has the following features: (1) It is a threshold effect (loading D/Pd > 0.9). (2) It is unobserved when electrochemical loading is performed with hydrogen from light water. (3) It is unexplainable as a chemical effect. (4) It occurs only if the involved materials have specific characteristics. The present article will review aspects concerning the occurrence of FPE related to materials science, a field considered to be a key to define the effect and a research approach has been conceived to find correlations with the material status. Metallurgy, crystallographic orientation and surface morphology all together are the necessary conditions to observe the phenomenon. In general, these features affect the deuterium adsorption/absorption in palladium cathodes. On the other hand, crystal orientation seems not to be crucial for PdRh alloy. A preliminary study, based on galvanostatic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, has been carried out to investigate the status of the electrochemical interface during the effect. Results point in the direction of a significant change in the equivalent circuit at the electrode interface, as the electrode is active."} } @article{Vokh1992, author = {O.~M. Vokhnik and B.~I. Goryachev and A.~A. Zubrilo and G.~P. Kutznetsova and Yu.~V. Popov and S.~I. Svertilov}, title = {Search for effects related to nuclear fusion in the optical breakdown of heavy water}, journal = {Sov. J. Nucl. Phys.}, volume = {55}, number = {12}, year = {1992}, pages = {1772--1773}, keywords = {Experimental, laser beam, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {04/1992}, published = {12/1992}, annote = {Going by the accelerator (fracture) model of cold fusion, this team reasoned that laser breakdown of water, resulting in strong cavitation, laser sparking and acoustic signals, should produce similar results. A ruby laser with pulses of 20-30 mJ energy was used; the cell was placed in a 130-L fast neutron scintillation detector. No neutrons beyond the background were detected.} } @article{Vyso1994, author = {V.~I. Vysotskii and R.~N. Kuz'min}, title = {Nonequilibrium Fermi condensate of deuterium atoms in microvoids of crystals and the problem of barrier-free cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Tech. Phys.}, volume = {39}, number = {7}, year = {1994}, pages = {663--666}, keywords = {Theory, microvoids in PdD, res+}, submitted = {10/1993}, published = {07/1994}, annote = {A new mechanism for 'cold fusion' is described here. It is based on the suppression of all forms of local electromagnetic interaction in a Fermi condensate of deuterium atoms in microvoids in a metal deuteride. One outcome of the theory is that thermal cycling is a requirement for fusion; this has not been understood before. The presence of microchannels and -cracks or -cavities make all this possible, as evidencd by the Kamiokande results with deuterated concrete and some Russian results.} } @incollection{Vyso2008, author = {V. I. Vysotskii and A. B. Tashhyrev and A. A. Kornilova}, title = {Experimental observation and modeling of {Cs}-137 isotope deactivation and stable isotopes transmutation in biological cells}, booktitle = {{Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook (Vol. 1)}}, year = {2008}, editor = {J. Marwan}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Washington, USA}, volume = {1}, pages = {295--309}, ISBN = {9780841269668, 0841269661}, annote = {Experiments with microbiological cultures resultet in the observation of new isotopes in the Fe region and the fast deactivation of radioactive Cs-137.} } @ARTICLE{Vyso2009a, author = {V. I. Vysotskii and A. A. Kornilova}, title = {Nuclear transmutation of isotopes in biological systems (history, models, experiments, perspectives)}, journal = {J. Sci. Explor.}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {496--500}, published = {10/2009}, keywords = {res+}, annote = {* The Kervran assertions examined. "One-line" bacterial cultures were grown and the elements analysed by M{\"o}ssbauer MS. Transmutation took place but at low intensity, i.e. Mn-55 + d-2 --> Fe-57 and Na-23 + P-31 --> Fe-54 and Cs-134 + p --> Ba-143. The low efficiency is explained in terms of non-optimal conditions. Further experiments with mixed cultures produced better results, producing Fe-57. Another experiment was the growth of cultures in the presence of the essential elements K, Ca, Na, Fe, Mg and P, as well as radioactive Cs-137. The decay of the Cs was speeded up by Ca (no explanation provided)} } @ARTICLE{Vyso2009b, author = {V. I. Vysotskii and A. A. Kornilova}, title = {Physical model and direct experimental observation of water memory and biophysical activity of magnetic-activated water}, journal = {J. Sci. Explor.}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {500--505}, published = {10/2009}, keywords = {res+}, annote = {* Water was "activated" by the action of "nonionizing Molecular Resonance Effect Technology (Vysotskii et al 2005). Parameters were varied, and after activation, the water's dielectric permittivity increased 200\%. At the low temperature of 5 degrees, water memory increased to 5-7 days, measured by the rate of relaxation of of dielectric permittivity and conductivity. Viscosity and Ph characteristics were also affected. All this can have impact on treatment of some cancers.} } @ARTICLE{Vyso2013, author = {V. I. Vysotskii and M. V. Vysotskyy}, title = {{Coherent correlated states and low-energy nuclear reactions in non stationary systems}}, journal = {Eur. Phys. J. A }, volume = {49:99}, year = {2013}, pages = {1--12}, DOI = {10.1140/epja/i2013-13099-2}, submitted = {01/2013}, published = {06/2013}, annote = {"Abstract. In this paper the universal mechanism of optimization of low-energy nuclear reactions on the basis of coherent correlated states of interacting particles is discussed. The formation of these states is the result of the special nonstationary low-energy action to any one of these interacting particles. We have considered the peculiarities and investigated the efficiency of the creation of a correlated state under monotonous or periodic action on the particle that is situated in the parabolic potential. This method is shown to lead to the rapid formation of a strongly correlated particle state that provides an almost complete clearing of the potential barrier even for a narrow range of oscillator frequency variations. The successful low-energy fusion experiment based on the use of correlated states of interacting particles at laser irradiation is discussed."} } @ARTICLE{Vyso2015a, author = {V. I. Vysotskii and M. V. Vysotskyy}, title = {{Coherent correlated states of interacting particles - the possible key to paradoxes and features of LENR}}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {108}, year = {2015}, pages = {524--530}, published = {02/2015}, annote = {"In this article, the universal mechanism of optimization of low energy nuclear reactions (LENR) on the basis of coherent correlated states (CCS) of interacting particles is discussed. Formation of these states is the result of special nonstationary low energy action to parameters of potential well containing interacting particles. It was shown that in real nuclear-physical systems usage of CCS leads to sharp growth (up to 1030-10100 and more) of Coulomb barrier penetrability at very low energy of interacting particles. Several successful LENR experiments based on CCS are discussed."} } @ARTICLE{Vyso2015b, author = {V. I. Vysotskii and A. A. Kornilova and A. O. Vasilenko}, title = {{Observation and investigation of anomalous X-ray and thermal effects of cavitation}}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {108}, year = {2015}, pages = {608--613}, published = {02/2015}, annote = {"The anomalous X-ray and thermal processes associated with cavitation of fast liquid jet in a narrow channel and in free space outside the channel are considered. It has been found that the output of the channel and the initial part of the free jet are sources of intense X-rays, generation of which is connected with shock waves. The energy of X-rays ($\hbar \omega \approx$ 0.7-5.0 keV) depends on the type of atoms on the radiating surface. Formation of shock waves and X-rays is accompanied by generation of undamped high-frequency thermal waves."} } @ARTICLE{Vyso2015c, author = {V. I. Vysotskii and A. A. Kornilova}, title = {{Microbial transmutation of Cs-137 and LENR in growing biological systems}}, journal = {Curr. Sci.}, volume = {108}, year = {2015}, pages = {636--640}, published = {02/2015}, annote = {"This article presents the results of long-term investigations of stable and radioactive isotopes transmuta- tion in growing microbiological cultures. It is shown that transmutation during growth of microbiological associations is 20 times more effective than the same process in the form of 'clean' microbiological culture. In this work, the process of controlled decontamination of highly active reactor isotopes (reactor waste) through the process of growing microbiological associations has been studied. The most rapidly increasing decay rate of Cs$^{137}$ isotope, which occurred with the 'effective' half life $t^* \approx$ 310 days (involving an increase in rate and decrease in half life by a factor of 35) was observed in the presence of Ca salt in closed flask with active water containing Cs$^{137}$ solution and optimal microbiological association. "} } @article{Waan1990, author = {F.~B. Waanders and J.~J.~A. Smit}, title = {Koue kernsmelting (Cold fusion)}, journal = {Spectrum}, volume = {28}, year = {1990}, pages = {46--47}, note = {In Afrikaans}, keywords = {Discussion}, annote = {This is an early report and discussion of 'cold fusion' by a pair of physicists in South Africa. There is the usual mention of the close d-d approach required for d-d fusion, and an exposition of the normally expected products of such fusion. As well, the rise in price of Pd after the news of 'cold fusion' is mentioned, and the simplicity of F\&P's setup as reported in 1989. The authors remarks that F\&P made some great errors in their calculations and that some corrections are seen in their final paper (FP89). They are also critical of the press conference given by F\&P, prior to publication. They conclude by saying that it is not, at the time of writing, certain whether 'cold fusion' is real or not.} } @article{Wada1989, author = {N. Wada and K. Nishizawa}, title = {Nuclear fusion in solid}, journal = {Jap. J. Appl. Phys.}, volume = {28}, year = {1989}, pages = {L2017--L2020}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, gas phase, discharge, neutrons, res+}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {Pd rods were "well soaked" with D2 gas in closed glass bulbs, and stimulated with a high-voltage discharge between the rods. This brought forth neutron bursts $2\times 10^4$ higher than background, but not with Pd rods soaked with H2. No neutrons were emitted during the soaking. The authors theorise that heating due the discharge causes local bubble nucleation in the Pd, with locally high D concentration and thus fusion.} } @article{Wada1990, author = {N. Wada}, title = {Possibility of room temperature nuclear fusion}, journal = {Suri Kagaku}, volume = {330}, year = {1990}, pages = {69--71}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {A review with no refs. is given. (Cited from Chem. Abstr. 114:193695 (1991)).} } @article{Wagn1990, author = {F.~T. Wagner and T.~E. Moylan and M.~E. Hayden and U. Naerger and J. L. Booth}, title = {A comparison of calorimetric methods applied to the electrolysis of heavy water on palladium cathodes}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {295}, year = {1990}, pages = {393--402}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, calorimetry, res-}, submitted = {05/1990}, published = {11/1990}, annote = {Two kinds of calorimeters were compared in a number of electrolysis runs with water and heavy water in open and recombination cells. One was cooled by a cooling tube going through it (the "inverse labyrinth water flow calorimeter" ILWFC, described in another paper) and so keeps a low temperature during the run; the other was the isoperibolic type used by FPH, where the temperature is measured at some points in a cell in which there is a significant temperature gradient, and a heater is used to calibrate the measurement. The ILWFC type worked very well, with an excess heat of about zero, $\pm$0.4\% or so, calculated on the basis of the thermoneutral electrolysis potential. The isoperibolic one gave apparent excess heats, because heating by the calibrator lowered this thermoneutral potential and therefore more power went into heating rather than into the electrolytic reaction, than might be assumed. Clearly, this is a major error source. Temperature fluctuations in a cold fusion cell need to be accounted for, and the electrolysis potential used for the calculation needs to be adjusted as a function of this temperature. Other experiments showed that the isoperibolic method is capable of good results if used properly but the accuracy is never as good as with the ILWFC. Another factor leading to erratic results is the lowering electrolyte level during electrolysis.} } @article{Waka1990, author = {S. Wakao and K. Ozeki and H. Sawa}, title = {Gamma-ray emission from hydrogen-absorbing metal cathodes in D2O}, journal = {J. Adv. Sci.}, volume = {2}, number = {3}, year = {1990}, pages = {149--152}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, Ti, TiNi alloys, ZrV \& ZrNi alloys, gamma, res+}, submitted = {11/1989}, note = {In Japanese, Engl. abstr.}, annote = { Several metals and alloys (Pd, Ti, TiNi0.5, TiNi, ZrV1.8Ni0.2 and ZrV1.5Ni0.5) were electrolysed in D2O containing LiOD or D2SO4, as well as the corresponding normal hydrogen mixtures. During electrolysis, gamma emissions were monitored by a survey gamma meter. All metals emitted some gammas, and those that have a higher hydrogen absorbing capacity emitted more. The emission flux did not much depend on the loading, therefore the fusion rate decreased (as fus/pair/s) with increasing loading. This allows the conclusion that fusion happens in a deuterium diffusion layer, at phase change boundaries or in micro-cracks.} } @article{Wall1989, author = {C. Walling and J. Simons}, title = {Two innocent chemists look at cold fusion}, journal = {J. Phys. Chem.}, volume = {93}, year = {1989}, pages = {4693--4697}, keywords = {Discussion, res+}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {An explanation of why it's possible. They work out that He, but few neutrons, should be produced.} } @article{Wang1989, author = {X.~W. Wang and S.~G. Louie and M.~L. Cohen}, title = {Hydrogen interactions in PdHn ($1 \le n \le 4$)}, journal = {Phys. Rev. B}, volume = {40}, year = {1989}, pages = {5822--5825}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {Use local-density approximation with the Hedin-Lundqvist form of the exchange-correlation potential to calculate the named interactions. The total energy of absorption of hydrogen into the Pd hydride is also wanted. The Born- Oppenheimer approximation is used. As a comparison, calculations are first done for the beta phase, where H is in the octahedral sites; this works. All phases other than the beta phase (PdH) are unstable and in all, H-H distances are much greater than in H2 gas. So no hope for cold fusion.} } @article{Wang1990, author = {R. Wang}, title = {Remarks on the possibility of cold fusion}, journal = {Commun. Theor. Phys. (China)}, volume = {13}, year = {1990}, pages = { 549--556}, keywords = {Theory, branching ratio, res-}, submitted = {02/1990}, annote = {Looks at some possible explanations. The suggested (4)He + gamma branch is dismissed, because the fusion reaction takes place within a space about $10^{-13}$ cm across, so the Pd atoms, with their $10^{-8}$ cm spacing, cannot affect it; the usual neutron/proton branch is expected. This is supported by some quantitative theory. Another explanation is the group of solid state, plasma, nonequilibrium thermal and electrochemical effects. None of these will do. Nor can Thomas-Fermi screening help. Palladium crystal dislocations might do it but only with the help of a new screening effect. Finally, heavy electrons might do it, but where are they to come from, except as muons? Wang concludes that cold fusion is not possible without muons.} } @article{Wang1993, author = {D. Wang and S. Chen and Y. Li and R. Liu and M. Wang and Y. Fu and X. Zhang and W. Zhang}, title = {Neutrons, gamma-rays and x-rays in a gas discharge}, journal = {Chin. J. Atomic Mol. Phys.}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, year = {1993}, pages = {2789--2794}, note = {In Chinese}, keywords = {Experimental, gas phase, discharge, neutrons, x-rays, res+}, annote = {An anomalous phenomenon in a metal loaded with D was studied by using the gas-discharge method, and ca. $10^4$ n/s were detected. The prodn. of n is controllable and repeatability is 100\%. Neutrons at energies of 1.0-3.0 MeV were measured by the NE213 detector. Anomalous x-rays of av. energy (27.6 $\pm$2.1) keV were measured. Anomalous gamma-rays of energy ca. 470 keV were measured (Direct quote from CA 120:228892 (1994)).} } @article{Wang1995, author = {D. Wang and S. Chen and Y. Li and M. Wang and Y. Fu}, title = {Research and progress of nuclear fusion phenomenon at normal temperature}, journal = {Trends Nucl. Phys.}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, year = {1995}, pages = {31--32}, keywords = {Analysis, neutrons, x-rays, res+}, published = {12/1995}, annote = {This looks like a roundup of the work of others. The abstract mentions work with deuterium (electrolysis and gas phase) and claims that neutrons and x-rays at 27 keV have been found, with 100\% reproducibility.} } @article{Wang1996, author = {X. Wang and P. Tang and W. Zhang and H. Liu and Z. Chen and Z. Li and C. Zhou and R. Zhu and D. Ding}, title = {Time distribution of neutron burst in thermal D/soiled system}, journal = {Chin. Sci. Bull.}, volume = {41}, number = {1}, year = {1996}, pages = {73--78}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, D2 gas, neutrons, ress+, no FPH/Jones ref.}, submitted = {05/1995}, published = {01/1996}, annote = {This is an Italian-style CNF experiment, i.e. Ti chips loaded from gaseous D2 (at about 60-80 atm pressure), and neutrons counted, using 18 3He tubes arranged around the chamber. Some neutron bursts were seen, with remarkable time distributions, impossible to explain in terms of background or cosmic infall.} } @article{Wass1992, author = {A. Wasserman}, title = {Electrochemical method of reducing aluminum oxide and producing additional energy}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {21}, year = {1992}, pages = {168--169}, keywords = {Discussion, suggestion}, submitted = {05/1991}, published = {03/1992}, annote = {W has, for a long time, observed that when aluminium is used as the cathode to clean the surface of oxides, ready for plating, more heat is produced than is put in. This has been a puzzle for 35 years, until the appearance of the FPH paper, suggesting an explanation. Heat production was never accompanied by weight loss of the Al cathode, so cannot be due to dissolving metal. W writes that the oxide layer is not reducible by hydrogen, except at high temperatures, so such high temperatures must be produced at the sample. He does not suggest an origin of this heat.} } @article{Wei1990a, author = {S.~H. Wei and A. Zunger}, title = {Instability of diatomic deuterium in fcc palladium}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {367--370}, keywords = {Theory, res0}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {(fcc = face centred cubic). Using the all-electron full-potential semirelativistic linearized augmented plane wave (LAPW) method, including interelectronic Coulomb and exchange-correlation interactions (I am quoting), an accurate solution to the electronic Schroedinger problem for a static periodic atomic configuration of the combined (Pd,H) system is obtained. The question is: what is more stable in the (Pd,H) system, H2 molecules or H+ ions? What is the d-d distance? The answer is that H2 does not form in the lattice, being very unstable, and d-d distance is much greater than in D2 gas. Therefore, explanations of cold fusion do not lie in diatomic deuterium but elsewhere; perhaps conditions at grain boundaries or defects.} } @article{Wei1990b, author = {S.~H. Wei and A. Zunger}, title = {Stability of atomic and diatomic hydrogen in fcc palladium}, journal = {Solid State Commun.}, volume = {73}, year = {1990}, pages = {327--330}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {02/1990}, annote = {Another attempt to calculate the bond distances of D-D within the PdD(x) lattice. Like others, the authors find that these are greater than in D2 gas, for a wide range of loadings x.} } @article{Welb1991, author = {V. Welborn}, title = {The cold fusion story: A case study illustrating the communication and information seeking behavior of scientists}, journal = {Sci. Technol. Librarian}, year = {1991}, number = {Spring}, pages = {51--60}, keywords = {Library science}, annote = {Biologist and librarian Victoria Welborne is concerned with the refereeing process, and finds fault with the haste with which the cold fusion story was made public, without proper refereeing, initially. A cold fusion chronology, based largely on newspaper and magazine articles (but also the FPH-89 and Jones+89 papers) is given. The extreme brevity of the FPH-89 paper and its lack of detail are criticised, somewhat unfairly, as most electrochemists knew some of what was left out. VW concludes that this affair has clarified the role of the referee in scientific publication.} } @article{Wenz1989, author = {H. Wenzl}, title = {Fruitless experiments to prove 'cold nuclear fusion'}, journal = {Phys. Bl.}, volume = {45}, year = {1989}, pages = {408--409}, note = {In German}, keywords = {Polemic}, submitted = {10/1989}, annote = {Negative polemic on FPH's paper. It gives a graphic diagram of fusion rates, comparing different processes on an order-of-magnitudes scale. So far, attempts to reproduce the FPH effect have been unsuccessful. Wenzl notes that the term "cold fusion" has in the past been applied to muon-catalysed fusion.} } @article{Werl1989, author = {H. Werle and G. Fieg and J. Lebkuecher and M. Moeschke}, title = {Trials to induce neutron emission from a titanium-deuterium system}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, pages = {391--396}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, gas phase, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {07/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {An attempt to reproduce the Frascati experiments, using a highly sensitive (10\%) thermal neutron monitor and two different degassed Ti samples. During the 20-day experiment, the neutron emission from these Ti-D systems was $<$1.7 (first 8 days) and 0.6 n/s (last 12 days), averaged over 100-minute intervals.} } @article{Whal1990, author = {K.~B. Whaley}, title = {Boson enhancement of finite-temperature coherent dynamics for deuterium in metals}, journal = {Phys. Rev. B}, volume = {41}, year = {1990}, pages = {3473--3481}, keywords = {Theory, res0}, submitted = {10/1989}, published = {02/1990}, annote = {Unusual isotopic anomalies observed in tungsten/hydrogen systems suggest that at high concentrations, collective effects may obtain. Whaley presents a theory, using a generalised Hubbard Hamiltonian model acting on spin -1/2 states (fermions) for H and T, and -1 spin (bosons) for D. Results: for PdD, no good, but possibly for PdD2, but under special conditions. Boson screening is of interest.} } @article{Whit1990, author = {C.~T. White and B.~I. Dunlap and D.~W. Brenner and R.~C. Mowrey and J.~W. Mintmire}, title = {Limits of chemical effects on cold fusion}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {363--366}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, published = {09/1990}, annote = {The authors examine theoretically the idea that d-d fusion can occur at the sort of d-d distances seen in the PdD lattice. They detail here their local density functional (LDF) theory. Solution of the relevant differential equation allowed the calculation of the total energy of the cluster formed by a pair of deuterons plus the immediately surrounding Pd atoms. These calculations rule out cold fusion as an explanation of the Jones+(89) or FPH(89) results.} } @article{Whit1991, author = {C.~T. White and D.~W. Brenner and R.~C. Mowrey and J.~W. Mintmire}, title = {D-D (H-H) interactions within the interstices of Pd}, journal = {Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Part 1}, volume = {30}, year = {1991}, pages = {182--189}, keywords = {Theory, res-}, submitted = {05/1990}, published = {01/1991}, annote = {Over a period of one year, the authors have examined several different theoretical models, to examine d-d and p-p interactions within the Pd deuteride lattice. They report on three: a) the bulk embedded-atom method gave good agreement with known facts like bulk expansion upon hydriding, and the migration energy; it showed that if you try to squeeze deuterons together by chemical or other forces, you only cause lattice expansion instead. b) the cluster local-density-functional, and Hartree-Fock methods showed that for all cases considered, there is strong d-d repulsion with resulting large d-d distances. c) they also looked at what happens at 0.1 Bohr d-d distance, a la Koonin and Nauenberg, but still found nothing promising. They conclude that neither squeezing deuterons together, nor electron screening, can account for cold fusion.} } @ARTICLE{Wido2006, author = {A. Widom and L. Larsen}, title = {Ultra low momentum neutron catalyzed nuclear reactions on metallic hydride surfaces}, journal = {Eur. Phys. J. C}, volume = {46}, year = {2006}, pages = {107--111}, keyword = {low momentum neutrons, electron capture}, submitted = {10/2005}, published = {04/2006}, annote = {This paper does not mention cold fusion as such but is clearly relevant to it, describing a scenario that might explain some observations made by cold fusion workers, such as the production of 4He. Widom and Larsen propose the capture of electrons by protons (and presumably deuterons) in metal hydride, resulting in low momentum neutrons. These can induce a cycle of reactions starting with a neutron combining with 6Li, ending with 4He and energy emission at 26.9 MeV. The process ends with the production of 6Li again, plus energy at 2.95 MeV. The authors comment that the production of 4He thus does not necessarily indicate d-d fusion in these systems} } @article{Wies1990, author = {H. Wiesmann}, title = {Examination of cathodically charged palladium electrodes for excess heat, neutron emission, or tritium production}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {17}, year = {1990}, pages = {350--354}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, heat, neutrons, tritium, res-}, submitted = {10/1989}, published = {03/1990}, annote = {An attempt at a FPH reenactment, monitoring for temperature, neutrons and tritium in the electrolyte and using palladium plates. No evidence for cold fusion was found.} } @article{Wilh1990, author = {Z. Wilhelmi and Z. Szeflinski and J. Tarasiuk and A. Turowiecki and J. Zlomanczuk}, title = {Search for neutron emission in the deuterium-palladium system}, journal = {Nukleonika}, volume = {35}, number = {7-9}, year = {1990}, pages = {175--186}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, neutrons, gammas, res-}, annote = {This Polish team of physicists carried out an electrolysis experiment at a $10\times 50$ mm$^2$ Pd rod, in 0.1M LiOD, while monitoring for neutrons and gammas, using two scintillation detectors with pulse shape discrimination. The cell was replaced with one containing H2O as a control. The authors remark that the cold fusion phenomenon, if it exists, is highly capricious, and that the time structure of any neutron emissions must be looked at; background neutrons follow a Poisson distribution. In the event, there was no deviation from this distribution, nor differences between the experiment and the control, over long periods of electrolysis, setting the upper limit for cold fusion at about $10^{-26}$ neutrons/deuteron/s, three orders of magnitude lower than the results of Jones et al.} } @article{Will1989, author = {D.~E. Williams and D.~J.~S. Findlay and D.~H. Craston and M.~R. Sene and M. Bailey and S. Croft and B.~W. Hooton and C.~P. Jones and A.~R.~J. Kucernak and J.~A. Mason and R.~I. Taylor}, title = {Upper bounds on 'cold fusion' in electrolytic cells}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {342}, year = {1989}, pages = {375--384}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, heat, neutrons, tritium, res-}, submitted = {08/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {Perhaps the most thorough piece of work in this field. They used three different calorimetric designs, three different neutron meters, an accurate gamma meter and accurate analysis of the electrode composition at the end of the experiment, including tritium. To avoid the problem of cosmic radiation background variation with time and place, they swapped the electrolytically active cells (i.e. with current on) with inactive cells at 5-min intervals in the radiation-measuring gear, and measured the difference between the two. They found nothing. They did, however, find noise from neutron counters, cosmic radiation variation and calorimetry errors which could easily have mislead others into assuming positive results. Another factor that varied - and could mislead - was the tritium enrichment, due to the electrolysis. A little smugly they conclude that future work on 'cold fusion' ought to observe the same standards of experimentation set in this work, before making claims.} } @article{Will1993, author = {F.~G. Will and K. Cedzynska and D.~C. Linton}, title = {Reproducible tritium generation in electrochemical cells employing palladium cathodes with high deuterium loading}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {360}, year = {1993}, pages = {161--176}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, tritium, res+}, submitted = {01/1993}, published = {11/1993}, annote = {Reproducible generation of tritium during the electrolysis of heavy water is reported here; it takes place when loading ratios D/Pd near unity are achieved. A closed cell design is used, with gas recombination, and the head space analysed for tritium before and after electrolysis. A light water cell in series with the heavy water cell was run every time as a control; there were also Pd controls. A glass frit was used to physically separate the liquid cathode and anode compartments. The electrolyte was 0.5 M D2SO4, to avoid alkali leaching of the cell walls by LiOD. Cathodes were 1 and 2 mm cold-drawn Pd wire, and 2x0.5 mm cold-rolled ribbon Pd alloyed with 5\% Li. To achieve high loading, repeated charging and discharging at low current densities were required (described in a patent appl.). Only the 2 mm Pd wires produced T, and none was produced in the control cells. Enhancement factors, that is T(after)/T(before) of up to 50-60 were found in the four successful runs, and amount to around $10^5$ T atoms/cm$^2$/s, or of the order of $10^{11}$ atoms/cm$^2$ over the whole run; a survey of previous work by others (10 groups) shows a range of $10^9 - 10^{15}$ T/cm$^2$. Most of the T is in the liquid phase; but the four Pd wires that were successful also had more tritium inside the PdD after the experiment than before, so this must have a nuclear origin.} } @article{Will1997, author = {F. Will}, title = {Hydrogen + oxygen recombination and related heat generation in undivided electrolysis cells}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {426}, year = {1997}, pages = {177--184}, keywords = {Theory, recombination, res0}, submitted = {03/1996}, published = {04/1997}, annote = {Will quantitatively examines the claim of Jones et al (backed by experiments) that observed excess heat in CNF electrolysis can be explained by recombination of hydrogen and oxygen in the cell. Jones et al used only currents up to 8 mA. Will shows by a mathematical analysis that recombination decreases with current density and at levels of, resp., 10\%, 4\% and 2\% at 10, 100 and 1000 mA/cm$^2$. Thus excess heats at these higher current densities cannot be explained in these terms. Also, if there no bare metal in the cell head space, what is called recombination is not that of the dissolved gases, but rather the reduction of oxygen at the cathode, which process has the same effect. Jones et al were therefore incorrect in their postulates.} } @article{Wiln1989, author = {B. Wilner}, title = {No new fusion under the sun}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {339}, year = {1989}, pages = {180.}, keywords = {Comment, Tandberg and Wilner}, annote = {Bertil Wilner, the son of T. Wilner, who worked together with Tandberg, who was inspired by the (short-lived) results of Paneth and Peters in 1926, reporting the production of new helium from electrolysis of water at a palladium cathode. Paneth and Peters soon withdrew their claim, having discovered the source of the helium (ambient), but Tandberg, assisted by Wilner, experimented for years in the 1930's in their Swedish Electrolux laboratory, mostly trying to compress deuterium by strong electric currents passed through loaded palladium. This never succeeded either, but was an attempt at (fairly) cold fusion, some decades before F\&P or Jones.} } @article{Wils1992, author = {R.~H. Wilson and J.~W. Bray and P.~G. Kosky and H.~B. Vakil and F.~G. Will}, title = {Analysis of experiments on the calorimetry of LiOD-D2O electrochemical cells}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {332}, year = {1992}, pages = {1--31}, keywords = {Analysis, experimental, Pd, electrolysis, heat, neutrons, tritium, res-}, submitted = {06/1991}, published = {08/1992}, annote = {This paper is in two parts. The first is a detailed analysis of the calorimetry and data treatment of Fleischmann, Pons et al (1990) (FPALH-90). The authors conclude that FPALH-90 overestimated their excess heat, by neglecting some crucial factors such as evaporation at high temperatures, and overestimated the cell's heat transfer coefficient. Also the errors in the FPALH work are likely to be in the 5-10\% range, which brings most of the excess heats, when correctly calculated, within the error. Further, the correlation between excess heat and current reported in FPALH disappears upon correct calculation. Short-term excess heat excursions remain apparently valid, however. In a smaller part of the paper, the authors' own calorimetric experiments are described. Several kinds of cells were used and a number of palladium cathodes, including ones as used by FPALH, with and without pretreatment, using open and closed cells. All of these experiments resulted in zero excess heat, i.e. excess heat within the error band, fluctuating above and below the zero line. A manganese nitrate solution was used to capture any possible neutrons, and none were found; nor was any tritium, beyond that from electrolytic enrichment.} } @article{Wolf1990, author = {K.~L. Wolf and N.~J.~C. Packham and D. Lawson and J. Shoemaker and F. Cheng and J.~C. Wass}, title = {Neutron emission and the tritium content associated with deuterium-loaded palladium and titanium metals}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {105--113}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, Ti, electrolysis, neutrons, tritium, res+}, published = {07/1990}, annote = {Presumably submitted to the journal shortly after the conference, of which this was one of the papers, this predates Wolf's tritium retraction of June 1990. Here, neutron emission is sporadically seen at the Jones+ level, as well as tritium. Neutron detection was by a NE-213 time-of-flight detector, and backed up with calculations of the expected energy/intensity function. This confirmed some weakly positive results, though in a rather indirect manner. The tritium results would be significant (a rise to a plateau by 3 orders of magnitude over a period of 4 hours upon bumping the current) if it were not for Wolf's later retraction. Bockris, however, still accepts these results and rejects the retraction. The paper does present very clean background values, with small inter-batch fluctuations, and the increase is not explicable in terms of electrolytic enrichment. It might be thought strange that tritium, originally present in the palladium, should appear in the electrolyte so quickly. Wolf et al do in fact carefully consider the possibility of contamination from various sources, including the electrodes. They sent some of these for analysis but results were still pending. No neutron/tritium/heat correlations were observed.} } @article{Wu1989, author = {C.~K. Wu and Y.~T. Yao and C.~W. Wang and E.~K. Lin}, title = {Experimental observation of lack of room temperature fusion between palladium and heavy water}, journal = {Hua Hsueh}, volume = {47}, number = {2}, year = {1989}, pages = {139--141}, note = {In Chinese}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, calorimetry, gamma, res-}, annote = {The authors did an early verification experiment, using KHSO4 in D2O as electrolyte, with a current of 50 mA/cm$^2$. Gamma emissions were detected with NaI. The abstracter cannot read the Chinese but the title says that they found nothing.} } @article{Wu1991, author = {B. Wu and S. Jin and F. Shang and D. Yao and Y. Ding and J. Yao and P. Yao}, title = {The SEM observation of palladium-deuterium system after the gas discharge process}, journal = {Gaojishu Tongxin}, volume = {1}, number = {9}, year = {1991}, pages = {1--5}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, gas discharge, surface analysis, res+}, note = {In Chinese, Engl. abstr.}, annote = {"The palladium-deuterium system after the gas discharge process was observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A species of round hole 1-200 micron in diameter with a melting boundary was found on the cross section of the sample on which the nuclear track had been detected by CR-39 detector. This phenomenon may be the trace of a high temperature and high pressure burst caused by some anomalous localised nuclear process under certain experimental conditions" (Direct quote from the English abstract).} } @article{Xiao1999, author = {J. Xiao and P. Li}, title = {The possibilities for initiation of the cold fusion of the deuterons in the hydrogen storage materials}, journal = {Int. J. Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {24}, year = {1999}, pages = {741--746}, keywords = {Review, discussion.}, annote = {The authors run through some features of cold fusion that might take place in materials that absorb hydrogen (or deuterium). Fusion is described, as well as reactions with the material. The Russian idea of acceleration across cracks is mentioned, and also screening models. They conclude by suggesting more research in this area.} } @article{Yagi1989a, author = {M. Yagi and Y. Shiokawa and S. Suzuki and M. Hara and I. Satoh and K. Masumoto and T. Mitsugashira}, title = {Measurement of neutron emission from a titanium-deuterium system}, journal = {J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.}, volume = {137}, year = {1989}, pages = {411--420}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, gas phase, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {12/1989}, annote = {A high-resolution liquid scintillation detector was used to detect neutrons from D(d,n)3He fusion on or in Ti metal or sponge, and a mixture of Ti powder and trapped D2 at about 1 atm. 11 samples were subjected to a wide variety of conditions, including temperature changes from that of liquid N2 to 350 deg. There were observed "two types of neutron emission": those from samples cooled down to liq. N2 and back up to room temp, and from those warmed up to 350 degC and back down. "Possibly the n emission reactions are closely related to to the D trapped in the surface of Ti metal"; emissions were at the customary 3 sigma level from the single detector.} } @article{Yagi1989b, author = {M. Yagi and T. Mitsugashira and I. Satoh and M. Hara and Y. Shiokawa and K. Inoue and K. Masumoto and S. Suzuki}, title = {Measurement of neutron emission from a SiO2-D2 system}, journal = {J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett.}, volume = {137}, year = {1989}, pages = {421--429}, keywords = {Experimental, quartz, gas phase, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {12/1989}, annote = {During previous experiments with the Ti-D system, where that team observed neutron emission, they became aware of neutron emission from quartz-D interaction; quartz was used for the ampoule for the experiment. Here, various forms of quartz were tried, such as crushed quartz glass, sands, glass wool, anhydrous silica and silica gel. D2 gas was adsorbed onto the samples at -196 degC and generally, between $10^{-5}$ and $10^{-6}$ mol(D2)/g(sample) was adsorbed. The neutron detector, calibrated as having a 0.13\% efficiency, then detected neutron emissions similar to those for the Ti-D system, about 3 times the background. Emissions from blank samples were negligible.} } @article{Yagu1990, author = {A.~R. Yague}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion and its history}, journal = {Metal. Electr. (Spain)}, volume = {54}, number = {618}, year = {1990}, pages = {134--136}, note = {In Spanish}, keywords = {History of CNF}, annote = {A run-through of the history of cold fusion, starting with Paneth and Peters, through Frank's and Sakharov's ideas of the 1940's, Alvarez's discovery of muon catalysed fusion (which got the name "cold fusion", in 1957), Rafelski and Jones's work along the same lines, a thumbnail sketch of the background to the Jones \& FPH relationship, publication problems and world-wide attempts to reproduce the phenomenon. The breadth of all this is, unfortunately, not matched by the reference list, which is skimpy, referring mostly to what appear to be Spanish popular science publications.} } @article{Yama1998, author = {H. Yamada and T. Fujiwara}, title = {Neutron emission from palladium point electrode in pressurised deuterium gas under DV voltage application}, journal = {Int. J. Soc. Mat. Eng. Resources}, volume = {6(1)}, year = {1998}, pages = {14--21}, keywords = {Experimental, electric discharge, Pd, gas phase, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {08/1997}, annote = {Two types of chamber cells, both with a Pd needle as cathode, were used to make discharge sparks between the Pd and brass anodes, in D2 at 2 atm. The Pd was found to be loaded to a ratio of 0.6 D/Pd. In one cell, a flashover was caused by a high voltage spike of 10 kV on a base of 4.5kV. In the other, a glow discharge was caused by 4 and 8 kV. Neutrons were measured using a 3He proportional counter. Neutron bursts above the background were detected for D-loaded Pd in both D2 and H2, but not for H-loaded Pd. Carbon was seen at the electrode tips, presumably from a nuclear reaction.} } @article{Yama2001, author = {H. Yamada and K. Uchiyama and N. Kawata and Y. Kurisawa and M. Nakamura}, title = {Producing a radioactive source in a deuterated palladium electrode under direct-current glow discharge}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {39}, year = {2001}, pages = {253--259}, keywords = {Experimental, discharge, gas phase, Pd, gamma, isotopes, res+, no FPH/Jones refs.}, submitted = {10/1999}, published = {03/2001}, annote = {A Pd foil was placed in a chamber under D2 gas at about 3 Torr pressure, and a glow discharge applied with 500-1600 V. Gammas were recorded by NaI, and after the experiment, radiographic film placed close to the treated Pd foil to detect gamma and x-rays. The gamma spectrum showed an anomalous peak at about 106 keV, not seen in a control without the discharge. Also, the film was blackened by the Pd foil, and weakly so without the discharge (the control). Post-run SIMS analysis showed the presence of newly formed 56Fe, and 63Cu, sometimes possibly some Al. The results indicated that 56Fe and 63Cu were formed in a thin surface layer, by a nuclear reaction.} } @article{Yama2002, author = {T. Yamamura and Y. Shiokawa and A. Inoue and Y.~C. Zhang and Y. Arata}, title = {Neutron activation analysis of Pd atom clusters caused pycnonuclear fusion}, journal = {J. High. Temp. Soc.}, volume = {28}, year = {2002}, pages = {144--149}, keywords = {Experimental, nano-sized Pd, electrolysis, neutron activation, res+}, submitted = {05/2002}, annote = {Nano-sized Pd particles, which had been inside Arata's double-structure Pd bottles and exposed to hydrogen or deuterium from electrolysis, and then irradiated afterwards with neutrons, were found to have different isotopic products due to the neutron activation. A possible explanation is nuclear fusion between two PD atoms during the activation, aided by the deuterium.} } @article{Yamag1990, author = {E. Yamaguchi and T. Nishioka}, title = {Cold fusion induced by controlled out-diffusion of deuterons in palladium}, journal = {Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Part 2}, volume = {29}, year = {1990}, number = {4}, pages = {L666--L669}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, gas phase neutrons, res+}, submitted = {01/1990}, published = {04/1990}, annote = {The authors observed a "gigantic neutron burst" and inferred intense heat effects, at a Pd plate charged with D2. One side of the 1mm Pd plate was coated with a thin film of Au, which blocks outgassing of D2 on that side. The key process on the other side is then the "formation of D accumulation layers by controlling the D-atom out-diffusive transport with heterostructures". This is done by coating that side with a < 100 A layer of something containing Mn and O (no more is said about it). The idea is that the Au-covered side is - after loading under 0.5 atm D2 - in the alpha phase and the other side, at least during outgassing (I think) in the beta form. The paper is not 100\% explicit about the steps. After D-loading for 24 hours, the samples were placed in a chamber which was evacuated, and a BF3 neutron counter placed near it, as well as a Varian TPS-451S leak detector for gases of mass number < 6. Three hours after evacuation, a 2-3 sec burst of neutrons at an intensity of 0.1-0.2 mSv/h, simultaneously with "explosive release of gas from the samples" and biaxial bending of all the plates due to the uniform expansion of the surfaces with the Mn-O film. Also, the Au film was gone, from which a temperature of at least 1064 degC is inferred. D2 was reintroduced, followed by re-evacuation and this time, there was another neutron burst of 0.06-0.09 mSv/h after 150 s (they don't mention whether they reapplied the Au film). Then they introduce 1 atm of nitrogen [sic] and evacuated. Again, the same neutron emission and gas release after 150 s. 20 more separate experiments did not show any of these events. Other experiments using H2 gave no explosive release nor neutrons. The authors legitimise their BF3 counter by calibrating with a D+ beam experiment (self targeting) and got the correct measurements. They calculate that if the observed event is at 2.45 MeV, then 0.1 mSv/h corresponds to 72 n/s/cm$^2$ or about $1-2 \times 10^6$ n/s from their plate. This is about $2.5-5 \times 10^6$ larger than that reported by Jones et al and 25-50 larger than FPH's. Also, the gas evolved must have been D2, because the leak detector showed a mass of 4, as well as some of mass 3 ("slightly detected"). The heat could come from decomposition of PdD(0.6), as suggested by Pauling. The authors then go on to some speculations about the origin of the explosive outgassing, to do with lattice strain under bending, the Gorsky effect and "degradations of the Pd crystals".} } @article{Yamag1993a, author = {E. Yamaguchi and T. Nishioka}, title = {Helium-4 production and its correlation with heat evolution}, journal = {Oyo Butsuri}, volume = {62}, number = {7}, year = {1993}, pages = {712--714}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, gas phase, helium, MS, res+}, annote = {The Chem. Abstracts translation (CA 119:280106 (1993) has: "A review with 8 refs. Using the authors' 'in vacuo' method with a heterostructure of deuterated Pd(Pd-D) at low temps. < 300C, the authors have detected in situ 4He prodn. The real-time observation has been performed by high-resoln. quadrupole mass spectroscopy (0.001 amu at 4 amu). The signal attributable to 4He prodn. appeared when the samples exhibited a sudden increase in temp. The system of H-loaded Pd(Pd-H) heterostructure, on the other hand, produced no 4He. A new class of nuclear fusion occurred in condensed matter". The paper's Fig. 1 shows a mass spectrogram and shows a clear distinction between 4He and D2, the major peak. Fig. 2 shows a 4He peak appearing at a time where the temperature rose from about 120C by about 10C. The peak lasts about 100 m.} } @article{Yamag1993b, author = {E. Yamaguchi and T. Nishioka}, title = {Helium-4 production from deuterated palladium}, journal = {Kakuyuogo Kenkyo}, volume = {69}, number = {7}, year = {1993}, pages = {743--751}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, MS, helium, res+}, submitted = {04/1993}, annote = {Another paper describing the heterostructures arising in Pd coated on one side with an oxide film and with gold on the other. High resolution quadrupole mass spectroscopy showed the production of 4He at 4.0026 amu, distinct from the peak due to D2. The authors rule out contamination from the air, and conclude that a new type of nuclear fusion is the cause.} } @article{Yamam1990a, author = {T. Yamamoto and T. Oka and R. Taniguchi}, title = {In-situ observation of deuteride formation in palladium electrochemical cathode by x-ray diffraction method}, journal = {Annu. Rep. Osaka Prefect. Radiat. Res. Inst.}, volume = {30}, year = {1990}, pages = {79--82}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, x-ray diffraction, loading study}, annote = {In conjunction with their cold fusion experiment, the team used x-ray diffraction to determine the deuterium loading of the Pd. It was about 0.73. In their other work, this was estimated higher.} } @article{Yamam1990b, author = {N. Yamamoto and T. Ohsaka and T. Terashima and N. Oyama}, title = {In situ electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance studies of water electrolysis at a palladium cathode in acidic aqueous media}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {296}, year = {1990}, pages = {463--471}, keywords = {Experimental, quartz crystal microbalance, Pd film}, submitted = {07/1990}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Another go at following the crystal oscillation frequency as a result of electrolysis under various conditions. As expected, the frequency decreases as hydrogen is loaded into the Pd film, but not (as others have found) in the way expected for simple loading; there are (not unexpectedly) structural changes in the film, affecting the frequency. There is some irreversible change, possibly due to surface roughening upon electrolysis. Future work, using D2O electrolytes, is planned.} } @article{Yamam1991, author = {T. Yamamoto and R. Taniguchi and T. Oka and K. Kawabata}, title = {In situ observation of deuteride formation in palladium foil cathode by an x-ray diffraction method}, journal = {J. Less-Common Met.}, volume = {172-174}, year = {1991}, pages = {1381--1387}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, x-ray diffraction, loading.}, published = {09/1991}, annote = {Since some theories of cold fusion focus on high deuterium loading in Pd, it is worthwhile looking at what can be achieved. The aim here was to look at the lattice constants and loadings as a function of electrolysis overpotential in 0.18M LiOD (D2O), by means of x-ray diffraction. Use of a Pd foil allowed this; the electrolyte was on one side, the x-ray equipment on the other. This showed the progression from pure Pd through a mixture of the alpha and beta phases to pure beta. Later, some alpha phase reappears. It is concluded that the maximum loading was no greater than 0.8.} } @article{Yamaz1996, author = {O. Yamazaki and Y. Watanabe and H. Yoshitake and N. Kamiya and K. Ota}, title = {Hydrogen absorption in Pd cathode in alkaline solutions}, journal = {Oyobi Kogyo Butsuri Kagaku}, volume = {64}, year = {1996}, pages = {62--68}, keywords = {Experimental, H/Pd loading}, note = {In Japanese, Engl. abstr.}, submitted = {07/1995}, published = {01/1996}, annote = {There are some who believe that the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline electrolytes involve the alkali metal ion. Various ions are tried here: K+, Na+ and Li+, and the H/Pd loading as a function of time followed. Loadings were measured by gas volumetry as well as by gravimetry. The electrolyte with Li+ gave results different in character from those with the other ions. SEM photographs of the Pd surface after electrolysis also revealed differences. So perhaps Li+ is involved, or involved in a different way from the other ions, in the HER.} } @article{Yan1989, author = {X. Yan and S. Tsai and S. Guo and Z. Zhang}, title = {Room temperature deuterium-deuterium fusion reaction rate - a strong--coupling plasma model}, journal = {Chin. Phys. Lett.}, volume = {6}, year = {1989}, pages = {343--346}, keywords = {Theory, res0}, submitted = {05/1989}, published = {08/1989}, annote = {Consider only the deuterons in palladium or titanium, as a dense plasma. The authors then use the Thomas-Fermi approximation and the WKB method, to solve for fusion rates at various plasma densities. Their results show a weak temperature dependence. Fusion rates as claimed would require plasma densities as high as $10^{25}$ deuterons/cm$^3$, which is about 2-3 orders of magnitude denser than in PdD. The authors say that "due to various reasons, such as the D-Pd correlation effects, Pd vacancies and non-equilibrium conditions, etc., the regions which has higher local density will give much more pronounced fusion rate" - which hedges their bets.} } @article{Yang1990, author = {F. Yang}, title = {On cold fusion}, journal = {Nucl. Tech. (China)}, volume = {13}, year = {1990}, number = {12}, pages = {705--707}, note = {In Chinese}, keywords = {Review}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {"The work on so-called cold fusion is reviewed. The prospects for cluster-impact fusion and the importance of studying the interactions between cluster molecules (or atoms) and solids are described. (5 refs.)". (Direct quote from Phys. Abstr. 94:101095 (1991)).} } @article{Yang1991, author = {J. Yang}, title = {A new fusion mechanism}, journal = {Hunan Shifan Daxue Ziran Kexue Xuebao}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, year = {1991}, pages = {126--132}, note = {In Chinese}, keywords = {Suggestion, theory}, annote = {"The nuclear fusion of d-d can not be accomplished at room-temp., so the phenomena of the cold fusion in expt. may be from a new fusion-mechanism. Based on 2 basic hypotheses, the author expounds to explain some exptl. phenomena that is incomprehensible in normal d-d fusion. Furthermore, the author suggests a series of expts. to check the fusion mechanism" (Direct quote from CA 115:288601 (1991)).} } @article{Yang1992, author = {J. Yang}, title = {$^2_1 H-e$ touched capturing and $^2_1 H - ^2_0 N$ fusion}, journal = {Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Norm. Hunan}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, year = {1992}, pages = {18--25}, keywords = {Theory, res0}, submitted = {05/1991}, published = {03/1992}, annote = {The two nuclei are deuterium and a dineutron, respectively. The author puts forward a theoretical model for the fusion of a deuteron and a dineutron produced by the capture of an electron by a deuteron. This would explain some of the anomalies of cold fusion, such as neutron bursts. The fusion leads to (3)He and a free neutron, plus energy; secondary processes would also take place, producing some tritium and beta and gamma emission. One of these secondary reactions is the absorption of neutrons, which would explain the anomaly of heat but few neutrons observed by FPH. Some interesting questions remain.} } @article{Yang1994, author = {J. Yang and D. Chen and G. Zhou and Q. Wu and J. Huang and L. Tang and X. Cheng and D. Xie and L. Gu}, title = {'Abnormal' nuclear phenomena and possible nuclear process}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {25}, year = {1994}, pages = {203--206}, keywords = {Discussion}, submitted = {12/1992}, published = {03/1994}, annote = {Disputes on cold fusion are based on traditional fusion theory, say the authors, and a new theoretical framework must be established to explain cold fusion, which takes place in the low energy range. This is provided by electron capture of excited deuterons, forming a dineutron, which can then fuse without difficulty with a further deuteron. This is aided by a weak interaction in the nuclear force, hitherto not believed to exist. As well as d-2n fusion, there may be other fusion reactions between the dineutron and, e.g., the Pd isotopes, leading to a number of energies of emissions. The authors have calculated expected fusion rates, and these lie around observed rates. The authors acknowledge that this model is as yet primitive but they ask others to consider it and flesh it out.} } @article{Yang1996a, author = {J. Yang and L. Tang and X. Chen}, title = {Possible nuclear process in deuterium-metal system}, journal = {J. Changsa Univ. Elec. Power (Nat. Sci.)}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, year = {1996}, pages = {289--295}, keywords = {Analysis, theoretical, dineutrons, res0}, submitted = {04/1996}, published = {08/1996}, annote = {The team looks at cold fusion claims in the light of the dineutron theory, proposed by several groups. The "hitherto unknown" process of Fleischmann et al (1989) might be one involving dineutrons. The problems of this are discussed. As well, the idea of a new particle is discussed. Some early references to dineutrons are given, back to 1950.} } @article{Yang1996b, author = {J. Yang and L. Tang and X. Chen}, title = {Dineutron model research of cold fusion}, journal = {Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Norm. Hunan}, volume = {19}, number = {2}, year = {1996}, pages = {25--29}, keywords = {Theoretical, dineutron, res+}, submitted = {04/1996}, published = {06/1996}, annote = {This paper proposes (among others) the idea of electron capture by a deuterium atom to produce a dineutron, which then eliminates the Coulomb barrier to its fusion with another deuterium nucleus and can explain other anomalies as well such as 111Ag.} } @article{Yano1989, author = {M. Yanokura and M. Minami and S. Yamagata and S. Nakabayashi and M. Aratani and A. Kira and I. Tanihata}, title = {An approach to the cold fusion through hydrogen isotopes analysis by the heavy ion Rutherford scattering}, journal = {Chem. Lett.}, year = {1989}, pages = {2197--2200}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, surface analysis, loading.}, submitted = {08/1989}, published = {12/1989}, annote = {Used argon ion beam analysis to find loading factor x in PdD(x) profiles of deuterium in Pd under some different conditions of loading. One group of electrodes (dimensions not given) were etched in sulphuric acid before electrolysis and another group was heated in vacuo, the cooled in the presence of 1 atm D2, before electrolysis. Some were kept in D2O after loading, some were exposed to a vacuum, some to air. Loadings of up to 1.5 were achieved; in vacuum or air, these decreased to about 0.7 near the surface; those kept in D2O lost less. The authors conclude that it is difficult to monitor loading during electrolysis but OK to do it afterwards. In a preliminary note (to be published) they mention that no neutrons, tritium or He-3 were found.} } @article{Yao1990, author = {Y.~D. Yao and C.~W. Wang and E.~K. Lin and J.~K. Wu}, title = {Observation of cathodic charging on a palladium electrode in heavy water}, journal = {J. Mater. Sci. Lett.}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {228.}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, heat, gammas, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {02/1990}, annote = {Did some electrolysis experiments with Pd and Pt sheet, in different electrolytes in D2O and H2O, with and without the addition of thiourea (which can suppress D2 formation from adsorbed D and so favour absorption of adsorbed H or D) and monitored for heat, gammas and neutrons. Heating effects were the same for all cells, whether Pd or Pt, H2O or D2O were used. The spectra cannot be reconciled with nuclear reactions either. Gives a value for the diffusion coefficient of D in alpha PdD as $10^{-11}$m$^2$/s, no reference; calls it large.} } @article{Yaro1989a, author = {M.~A. Yaroslavskii}, title = {Possible mechanism for the initiation of nuclear reactions during temperature changes and phase transitions in condensed materials}, journal = {Sov. Phys. Dokl.}, volume = {34}, year = {1989}, pages = {813--814}, keywords = {Theory, suggestion, biofusion}, note = {Orig. in Akad. Nauk SSSR 308 (1989) 95--97, in Russian}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {"Propose a mechanism for n-emission during cooling and heating of heavy water solutions of some salts, from liquid nitrogen to complete melting. Some experiments were done in September 1988. After correction for the efficiency of the neutron detectors (8 SN17 in parallel), the results indicate neutron bursts of 300 counts/s, with the intrinsic background at about 1/s, most prominently during melting. Y has a theory: numerous microcracks formed due to thermal stresses become ellipsoidal pores by diffusion at their vertices, in a matter of minutes. These pores, in the dielectric medium with its frozen-in electric field yield energies up to tens of keV, sufficient for fusion reactions. Of special interest to the author is 'the distinct possibility, following from these results, of controlled nuclear reactions in living organisms'".} } @article{Yaro1989b, author = {M.~A. Yaroslavskii}, title = {Nuclear reactions induced by temperature changes and phase transitions in solids}, journal = {Sov. Phys. Dokl.}, volume = {34}, number = {7}, year = {1989}, pages = {648--649}, keywords = {Experimental, fracto-, neutrons, D2O and chalk, res+}, note = {Orig. in Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 307 (1989) 600--601, in Russian}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {07/1989}, annote = {This appears to be a report preliminary to their later paper in the same journal (submitted 8 days later), describing neutron detection from frozen mixtures of D2O and "natural chalk". The mixture was brought down to liquid nitrogen temperature and slowly warmed up. Neutrons were detected by two parallel SI13H counters. Intense neutron emissions and pulses trains of up to several 100 microseconds long, containing about 1000 pulses, were detected, as well as short 10-30 mics packets of 10-100 pulses. Upon freezing, the same was observed as upon warming up. One intense pulse was observed upon melting of the sample. In another experiment, 7 cm$^3$ D2O were mixed with 0.125 cm$^3$ pentane and this, upon warming, emitted tens of pulses per s until completely melted. The author estimates that a pulse train emitted $10^6$ neutrons. Thus, for the first time, nuclear reactions were observed as a result of changes in temperature, due to phase transitions. The reaction is assumed to be d+d --> (3)He + n. Note that this paper was originally communicated in 1986 in Proc. 10th All-Union Jubilee Symp. on the Mechanical Emission and Mechanical Chemistry of Solids, Rostov-on-Don., and submitted to Doklady in '89.} } @article{Yasu1992, author = {K. Yasui}, title = {Fractofusion mechanism}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {22}, year = {1992}, pages = {400--406}, keywords = {Theory, fracto-, res+}, submitted = {01/1992}, published = {11/1992}, annote = {There is a lot of experimental and theoretical evidence for the fracture mechanism of cold fusion. Yasui addresses three important problems of this theory: the origin of the electrical field; the necessary conditions; whether cold fusion can in fact be ascribed to this effect. The first of these might be crack formation, leading to separation of crystal faces with different work functions. Considering the speed of crack formation and gas pressure within a crack, a high resistance would be required around the crack, for a discharge to occur. As well as this, cracks must form at grain boundaries with high grain angles; the cracks must form rapidly and be wide; there must be many of them. In general, cnf shows few neutrons, and these often in bursts, and the Pd is deformed at the same time. All can be explained by fractofusion, so this is a possible mechanism, roughly in line with observations, although some other mechanism might be at work simultaneously. Corrigendum: Fusion Technol. 24 (1993) 130. Equations 3, 7, 8, 9, 19, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33 and 34 are changed, and some changes indicated to Figs. 1 and 2. The conclusions are basically unchanged.} } @article{Yi1994, author = {K. Yi and D. Jiang and X. Qian and J. Lin and Y. Ye}, title = {A study of D-D fusion in TiD target induced by 197Au bombardment}, journal = {Nucl. Tech. (China)}, volume = {17}, year = {1994}, pages = {722--728}, keywords = {Experimental, ion beam, res+}, note = {In Chinese, Engl. abstr.}, submitted = {07/1993}, published = {12/1994}, annote = {A TiD target was bombarded with beams of Au ions at 1-5.2 MeV energies, and the resulting proton flux measured. The beam induces d-d fusion in the target. The abstract says that the resulting fusion can be explained by a two stage cascade collision model, indicating that the energy transfer is carried out by elastic collisions between deuterons and the Au ions. There are references to F\&P-89 as well as to Beuhler et al 89, but it is not clear to this abstracter how this might be considered cold fusion.} } @article{Yoshid1991, author = {Y. Yoshida and Y. Aradono and T. Hirabayashi}, title = {Verification of room temperature nuclear fusion. 1}, journal = {Genshiryoku Kogyo}, volume = {37}, number = {4}, year = {1991}, pages = {21--30}, note = {In Japanese}, keywords = {Review}, annote = {A review with 16 refs. Means to detect room temp. nuclear fusion (RTNF) (measurements of n, p, T, and x-ray, etc) and the reaction system for RTNF are discussed (Quoted from CA 115:58484 (1991)).} } @article{Yoshih1989, author = {K. Yoshihara and T. Sekine and T. Braun}, title = {An attempt to detect fracto-fusion during microwave irradiation of D2O loaded silica gel}, journal = {J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.}, volume = {137}, year = {1989}, pages = {333--339}, keywords = {Experimental, silica, D2O, microwave, neutrons, tritium, res-}, submitted = {09/1989}, published = {11/1989}, annote = {Dried silica gel was charged with D2O and then irradiated with microwave, in order to cause small explosions and, hopefully, sufficient compression of deuterium to cause it to fuse. Also, fracto-fusion might do the trick. A single BF3 neutron detector was used. No differences from background were observed; neither did tritium levels deviate from those before the treatment. Thus no fusion took place here, but this does not exclude the fracto-fusion phenomenon in other experiments.} } @article{Yuki1997, author = {H. Yuki and T. Sato and T. Ohtsuki and T. Yorita and Y. Aoki and H. Yamazaki and J. Kasagi and K. Ishii}, title = {Measurement of the D(d,p) reaction in Ti for 2.5 < Ed < 6.5 keV and electron screening in metal}, journal = {J. Phys. Soc. Japan}, volume = {66}, year = {1997}, pages = {73--78}, keywords = {Experimental, ion beam, Ti, screening, res0, no FPH/Jones ref}, submitted = {08/1996}, published = {01/1997}, annote = {This is a self targeting experiment, shooting a deuteron beam of a few keV at a thick Ti target, where deuterons become implanted. Soon, deuterons hit deuterons, and some fusion occurs. This is detected by measuring the flux of protons, using an SSI device in the chamber. The hypothesis is tested that at lower energies, there is some enhancement of the d-d fusion rate. The enhancement is calculated by normalising measured fusion rates to those at the fixed energy of 6.5 keV. Some slight enhancement is indeed found, but no more than about a factor of 1.2. Some theory is presented, invoking improved electron screening to explain this unexciting effect.} } @article{Yun1991, author = {K.~S. Yun and J.~B. Ju and B.~W. Cho and W.~I. Cho and S.~Y. Park}, title = {Calorimetric observation of heat production during electrolysis of 0.1 M LiOD + D2O solution}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {306}, year = {1991}, pages = {279--285}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, heat, res0}, submitted = {02/1991}, published = {05/1991}, annote = {An apparently carefully done series of experiments with electrolysis at two kinds of Pd electrodes: as supplied and annealed at 800 degC in vacuum or in D2 gas. Both kinds gave essentially the same results. The calorimeters were open and closed, with and without recombination and with small temperature rises in the electrolytes. At a rate of about 4-5 experiments out of 20, excess heat bursts were observed at times, going up to over 20\%. This level cannot be accounted for as chemical artifacts, given the calorimeters' accuracy (about 2\%). The authors draw no strong nuclear conclusions, however, noting that more experiments, particularly correlated heat and emission events are needed for this.} } @article{Zahm1990, author = {L.~L. Zahm and A.~C. Klein and S.~E. Binney and Jr. Reyes JN and J.~F. Higginbotham and A.~H. Robinson}, title = {Experimental investigations of the electrolysis of D2O using palladium cathodes and platinum anodes}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {281}, year = {1990}, pages = {313--321}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, heat, neutrons, gammas, tritium, res-}, submitted = {01/1990}, published = {03/1990}, annote = {These authors tried to reproduce as closely as possible the experiments of FPH (though not using jam jars), measuring cell temperature with thermocouples and monitoring for neutrons, gamma radiation and tritium. Oddly, they found five temperature "events" but smothered them by topping up with more D2O whenever they were observed. No evidence of tritium production or radiation above background was found.} } @article{Zak1989, author = {J. Zak}, title = {Low-temperature fusion of light nuclei in the Fleischmann-Pons reaction}, journal = {Inz. Apar. Chem.}, volume = {28(5)}, year = {1989}, pages = {3--4}, note = {In Polish}, keywords = {Discussion}, annote = {"A discussion with 3 refs is given on radiation obsd during an electrolysis of D2O with Pd cathode. The properties of D in the crystal lattice of Pd are described. The possibility of electrochem-induced cold fusion is discussed" (Cited from Chem. Abstr. 113:30258 (1990)). From the issue number, I take it this came out in May 1989.} } @article{Zakh1989, author = {V.~P. Zakharova and G.~A. Kotel'nikov}, title = {To the question of cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Atom. Tekh. za Rubez.}, volume = {9}, year = {1989}, pages = {28--31}, keywords = {Comment}, note = {In Russian}, annote = {A lengthy report of the cold fusion affair, evidently written at about the end of April (this commentator cannot find a publication date), judging from the reference list. The FPH work is described, along with the problems it raises such as branching ratios. The authors note the rush to reproduce cold fusion, all over the world but that unambiguous confirmation has not been obtained.} } @article{Zako1991, author = {W. Zakowicz}, title = {Possible resonant mechanism of cold fusion}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, pages = {170--173}, keywords = {Theory, res0}, submitted = {04/1990}, published = {01/1991}, annote = {Theoretical paper, looking for resonance effects, due to a combination of the short-range attractive nuclear interactions at close distances and the longer-range Coulombic repulsion. Solution of the Schroedinger equation yields reasonable reaction rates for d-d fusion, and shows the importance of screening. The remaining question is whether the resonance in fact exists. Inclusions and dislocations in the Pd lattice would be detrimental to this model, acting against resonance.} } @article{Zang1998, author = {Q. Zang and F. Liu and Y. Sun and L. Cheng and X. Zhou and X. Cheng}, title = {The experimental study on the 'excess heat' for deuteron absorbed in the lattice of titanium}, journal = {Chin. J. Atomic Molec. Phys.}, volume = {15}, year = {1998}, pages = {210--214}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Pd, excess heat, res+}, submitted = {12/1997}, published = {04/1998}, note = {In Chinese, Engl. abstr.}, annote = {This is an open-cell calorimetry experiment, to confirm F\&P's results. The abstract states that it is important to consider evaporation and to take care in the excess heat determination. Currents of 128 mA/cm$^2$, and LiOD at 3.9 M were used. Excess heats of $(1.6-6.9 \pm 0.3)$ W were found.} } @ARTICLE{Znid2011, author = {F. Znidarsic and G. A. Robertson}, title = {{The flow of energy}}, journal = {Phys. Procedi}, volume = {20}, year = {2011}, pages = {457--464}, keyword = {Photon; Energy; Low Level Nuclear Reactions Quantum; Planck constant; Superconductors; Gravitational Anomaly}, annote = {Abstract of paper: "In this paper, the flow of energy in materials is presented as mechanical waves with a distinct velocity or speed of transition. This speed of transition came about through the observations of cold fusion experiments, i.e., Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR) and superconductor gravity experiments, both assumed speculative by mainstream science. In consideration of superconductor junctions, the LENR experiments have a similar speed of transition, which seems to imply that the reactions in the LENR experiment are discrete quantized reactions (energy - burst vs. continuous). Here an attempt is made to quantify this new condition as it applies to electrons; toward the progression of quantized energy flows (discrete energy burst) as a new source of clean energy and force mechanisms (i.e, propulsion)."} } @article{Zele1989, author = {V.~V. Zelentsov}, title = {New but quite forgotten matters}, journal = {Koord. Khim.}, volume = {19}, year = {1989}, pages = {1296.}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Comment}, annote = {Submitted on April 27, 1989, this is a report of the paper by Fleischmann and Pons (and Hawkins). As with the ceramic superconductivity sensation, cold fusion led to many labs around the world trying to reproduce the results; At the Kharkov Physico-technical Institute, cold fusion was confirmed; they found tritium and helium (3) by deuterium ion implantation into Pd at -130 to -150 degC (no further details given). Z calls Fleischmann the erstwhile Czech scientist. He then goes on to point out that this sensation is not new, and describes the work of Paneth and Peters of 1926 (Z's only reference). Paneth apparently left for Britain in 1933, returned to Germany in 1953 but apparently never returned to his cold fusion work of the '20's. Z then muses that Nature does not distinguish between physics and chemistry, and so the future of scientific endeavour lies in a unified approach.} } @article{Zele1990a, author = {V.~F. Zelenskii and V.~F. Rybalko and A.~N. Morozov and G.~D. Tolstolutskaya and V.~G. Kulish and S.~V. Pistryak and I.~S. Martynov}, title = {Experiments on cold nuclear fusion in Pd and Ti saturated with deuterium by ion implantation}, journal = {Vopr. At. Nauki Tekh., Ser.: Fiz. Radiats. Povrezhdenii Radiats. Mater.}, year = {1990}, number = {1}, pages = {65--77}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, Ti, ion beam, neutrons, cp's, MS, fracto, res+}, submitted = {12/1989}, annote = {Pd and Ti targets were loaded with deuterium by means of a D2+ ion beam at 25 keV, 30-40 microamp, at 100K. The loaded targets were then warmed up to 1200-1300K and emissions monitored: neutrons by a boron-containing detector, charged particles (cp's) by a surface barrier detector, and gas emissions with masses 1..6 by a mass spectrometer (MS), to detect possible production of (3)He, T, protons. Another neutron monitor was placed at 4 m from the experiment, to monitor the background. Neutron emission intensity depended on the temperature: for Pd, they were max. at 100-400K and 900-1300K, for Ti at 100-300K and 600-1200K, with highs up to twice background, meaning about 100 n/s. Cp's were observed only during charging, i.e. these must have been from self-targeting. MS detected no masses in the range 1..6 during warming up. The authors conclude that dd-fusion occurred and point to fractofusion as the likely mechanism.} } @article{Zele1990b, author = {V.~F. Zelenskii and V.~P. Bozhko and V.~Ya. Golovnya and S.~N. Oleinik}, title = {Experimental investigation of cold D-D-fusion by ion implantation}, journal = {Vopr. At. Nauki Tekh. Ser., Fiz. Radiats. Povrezhdenii Radiats. Mater.}, year = {1990}, number = {1}, pages = {91--93}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, ion implantation, Pd, Ni, Ti targets, neutrons, gamma, CP's, res+}, submitted = {12/1989}, annote = {An ion (d) implantation experiment on the metals Pd, Ni and Ti. For Pd, there was a simultaneous steady increase with time of neutron, gamma and charged particle emission. In two series, positive results were obtained, giving a fusion rate of $0.8\times 10^{-22}$/s/dd, or about Jones+ levels.} } @article{Zele1991a, author = {V.~F. Zelenskii and V.~F. Rybalko}, title = {Studies of neutron emission by mechanical destruction of Ti and Pd samples, saturated with deuterium}, journal = {Vopr. At. Nauki Tekh. Ser.: Fiz. Radiats. Povredzh. Radiats. Mater.}, year = {1991}, number = {2}, pages = {46--47}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, fracto, Ti, neutrons, res-}, submitted = {06/1991}, annote = {Samples of Ti, about 40 g mass, were shot at by a high speed steel projectile, reducing them to granules. There was a group of samples with the stoichiometric D/Ti ratio at 1.8..2, and another group, at 0.3..0.8. Neutrons were detected by 2 BF3 tubes at 20 cm from the targets. Neutrons were looked for over a period up to 1500 s after each shot. Controls were run, without the Ti. Out of a number of runs, no significant neutrons were observed.} } @article{Zele1991b, author = {V.~F. Zelenskii and V.~F. Rybalko and A.~N. Morozov and S.~V. Pistryak and G.~D. Tolstolutskaya and V.~G. Kulish}, title = {Preliminary results of the second series of experiments on cold fusion}, journal = {Vopr. At. Nauki Tekh. Ser.: Fiz. Radiats. Povredzh. Radiats. Mater.}, year = {1991}, number = {2}, pages = {48--53}, note = {In Russian}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, Ti, ion beam, cp's, res0}, submitted = {06/1991}, annote = {More results from ion beam (D2+) bombardment of Pd and Ti targets, saturated from the gas phase, and one case of Ti saturated with tritium gas, with charged particle (cp) detection, greatly improved (by 2 orders of magnitude in sensitivity). Bombardment was sustained for $10^5$ s at 25 keV (20 keV for the TiT sample) and 20-30 $\mu$A/cm$^2$. Additionally, the samples were cycled in temperature down to liquid N2 and up to room temp. No cp's were found, setting an upper fusion limit at $1.5 \times 10^{-22}$ fus/dd-pair/s. Cold fusion was thus not found, but not excluded either.} } @article{Zhan1991, author = {J.~S. Zhang}, title = {The estimation of the difference between d(n,n)3He and d(d,p)T cross sections in the cold fusion}, journal = {Commun. Theor. Phys.}, volume = {16}, year = {1991}, pages = {439--442}, keywords = {Theory, branching ratio, res0}, submitted = {02/1991}, annote = {A theoretical attack on the assumption that, at low energies, the d-d fusion reaction must have the same roughly 1:1 branching ratio as at high energies. A rough approach, taking into account differences in wall transmission, angular distribution of the reaction channels and deuteron nuclear structure, show that p-t is favoured, and that the branching ratio might be as high as 100. "One should study further".} } @article{Zhan1992, author = {W.~X. Zhang}, title = {Possibility of phase transitions inducing cold fusion in palladium/deuterium systems}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {21}, year = {1992}, pages = {82--85}, keywords = {Theory, suggestion, phase transitions}, submitted = {04/1991}, published = {01/1992}, annote = {The authors believe that cold fusion is a real phenomenon, and propose a mechanism for it. There are two possibilities: (1) localised energy concentrations, giving small numbers of deuterons in the Pd lattice an energy of some 100 eV and thus enabling low-efficiency fusion; (2) muon catalysis. The latter does not agree with observations, so the local-energy mechanism must be responsible. In this paper, it is suggested that local transitions from the beta phase to a mixture of alpha- and beta- produce very high local stresses and thus cracks, which induce fusion. This leads to some of the observations, such as long charging times before something happens, irregular neutron emission, deactivation of the Pd samples, poor reproducibility, and the fact that the effect appears only in Pd and Ti.} } @article{Zhan1993, author = {F.~X. Zhang and S.~X. Jin}, title = {Effect of electron screening and ionic correlation on the fusion rate of deuterium in Pd/D system}, journal = {Chinese Sci. Bull.}, volume = {38}, number = {9}, year = {1993}, pages = {718--722}, keywords = {Theory, res0}, submitted = {02/1992}, published = {05/1993}, annote = {This team considers the strongly coupled plasma model of PdD, and tries to see if there might be fusion. They conclude that this does not seem possible, unless some effect unaccounted for, such as nonequilibrium or local high energies, cause it. 021992/051993} } @article{Zhan1995a, author = {Q. Zhang and Q. Gou and Z. Zhu and J. Luo and F. Liu and J. Sun and B. Miao and A. Ye and X. Cheng}, title = {The excess heat experiments on cold fusion in titanium lattice}, journal = {Chin. J. Atom. Mol. Phys.}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, year = {1995}, pages = {165--169}, keywords = {Experimental, electrolysis, Ti rod, heavy water, excess heat, res+}, annote = {Electrolysis experiment, using 0.1 M NaOD (or NaOH) in heavy and light water, and a Ti rod, 2 mm diameter (length not stated but apparently several cm) as cathode. Two thermocouples monitored the Ti rod's temp., two more that in the electrolyte. 250 mA/cm$^2$ was run through the cell, and the electrolyte was topped up with 1 ml D2O every 2 h. After 10 days in a mix of 10\% H2O, 90\% D2O, the temperatures were steady. After cutting up the Ti rod, it was found to have absorbed much more hydrogen than deuterium. The same experiment in pure D2O showed a remarkable temperature rise of the Ti rod, a larger rod (12 mm diameter, described earlier by Gou, Zhu \& Zhang 1990) much more (24 C) than the 2 mm rod (1.5 C). Surface sweep electron microscopy of the Ti afterward showed that the Ti had become brittle. Also, surface hardness increased after the excess heat events, due to temp. increase. From x-ray diffraction, the authors are sure that the Ti surface structure changed due to excess heat, but more work is really needed.} } @article{Zhan1995b, author = {Z. Zhang and X. Sun and W. Zhou and L. Zhang and B. Li and M. Wang and B. Yan and F. Tan}, title = {Precision calorimetric studies of H2O electrolysis}, journal = {J. Thermal Anal.}, volume = {45}, year = {1995}, pages = {99--108}, keywords = {Experimental, calorimetry, Pd, light water, res0.}, annote = {The authors ask the questions: does excess heat exist, or is it perhaps a fabrication? They report a calorimetry experiment, using a Pd cathode in NaOH in light water, using a Calvet type calorimeter, with both open and closed cells. Current densities (cd) up to about 40 mA/cm$^2$ were used. For the closed system, ratio of output to input power was close to unity (about 5\% error), while the open system showed ratios > 1 consistently, greater at smaller cd. However, using heavy water, the ratio increased (up to 12.4) with cd. The authors conclude that excess heat is a nonlinear function of cd.} } @article{Zhan1996, author = {Q. Zhang and Q. Gou and Z. Zhu and F. Liu and J. Luo and Y. Sun}, title = {The relationship of crystal structure transition of Ti-cathode and 'excess heat' on cold fusion}, journal = {Chin. J. At. Molec. Phys.}, volume = {13}, number = {3}, year = {1996}, pages = {257--261}, keywords = {Experimental, theory, phase transition, res+, no FPH/Jones ref}, submitted = {11/1995}, published = {07/1996}, note = {In Chinese, Engl. abstr.}, annote = {"This paper presents an experiment result of crystal structure transition of Ti-cathode due to "excess heat" of cold fusion. It has been found that the crystal structure of Ti-cathode is changed from hexagonal to face-centered cube structure after cold fusion with "excess heat". On the contrary if there is no "excess heat", we can not observe any change" (Direct quote of the abstract). There is a number of plots of measured lattice parameters illustrating the change from the one structure to the other.} } @article{Zhan1997a, author = {W.~S. Zhang and X.~W. Zhang and H.~Q. Li}, title = {The maximum hydrogen (deuterium) loading ratio in the Pd|H2O(D2O) electrochemical system}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {434}, year = {1997}, pages = {31--36}, keywords = {Theoretical, loading, res0}, submitted = {04/1996}, published = {08/1997}, annote = {This is a fundamental study of of hydrogen (or deuterium) loading into Pd by reduction in water, apparently inspired by F\&P's cold fusion results. The hydrogen evolution reaction is described and analysed, and a change from the Volmer-Tafel to the Volmer-Heyrovsky mechanism at some current density is asserted (again). This implies a maximum loading, independently of the overpotential; calculations suggest a maximum of about 1. The authors go on to suggest methods for optimising loading: smooth electrodes, raising pressure, use of surfactants etc.} } @article{Zhan1997b, author = {Z. Zhang and F. Liu and M. Liu and Z. Wang and F. Zhong and F. Wu}, title = {Calorimetric studies on the electrorefining process of copper}, journal = {J. Thermal Anal.}, volume = {50}, year = {1997}, pages = {89--103}, keywords = {Experimental, calorimetry, excess heat, res+}, annote = {In this work, the Chinese team use a cell and calorimeter rather like that of F\&P, and the work is motivated by F\&P CNF results. Instead of calorimetry in Pd/D2O, they applied it to copper deposition. They find that there is excess heat, roughly linear with current density, and conclude that something anomalous is going on, some unknown process; and that thermodynamics might be wrong.} } @article{Zhan1999a, author = {Q. Zhang and F. Kiu and Y. Sun and L. Chen and Q. Yang}, title = {Research of calorimeter of water electrolysis open system}, journal = {Sichuan Lianhe Daxue Xuebao, Gongcheng Kexueban (J. Sichuan Union Univ., Eng. Sci. Ed.)}, volume = {3}, number = {5}, year = {1999}, pages = {33--39}, keywords = {Comment, suggestion, experimental, calorimetry.}, submitted = {07/1998}, published = {09/1999}, note = {In Chinese, Engl. abstr.}, annote = {The authors looked at the calorimetry of F\&P and reanalysed it, taking into account evaporation and the calculation of overpotential, rather than using the measured value. They also built their own, and the results agree with calculations.} } @article{Zhan1999b, author = {Z. Zhang and Z. Zhang}, title = {A probable theoretical model on deuterion-deuterion two-body tight bound states}, journal = {Nucl. Phys. Rev.}, volume = {16}, year = {1999}, pages = {95--98}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {11/1997}, published = {06/1999}, annote = {Schroedinger equation with tightly bound states, results in energies up to 25 keV (from the abstract). So this might be the basis for a new energy source.} } @article{Zhu1989, author = {S.~B. Zhu and J. Lee and G.~W. Robinson}, title = {Kinetic energy imbalance in inhomogeneous materials}, journal = {Chem. Phys. Lett}, volume = {161}, year = {1989}, pages = {249--252}, keywords = {Theory, molecular dynamic computations, res+}, submitted = {06/1989}, published = {09/1989}, annote = {The authors focus on the relative momentum of the Pd and D atoms in PdDx. Molecular dynamic simulations are used, in two dimensions, for PdD, and show that barrier penetration is feasible and could enhance cold fusion rates by many orders of magnitude.} } @article{Zhu1990a, author = {S.~B. Zhu and J. Lee and G.~W. Robinson}, title = {Nonlinear effects on thermonuclear reaction rates}, journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, year = {1990}, volume = {144}, pages = {361--364}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {12/1989}, published = {03/1990}, annote = {Coulomb screening and nonlinear effects, together with many-body collisions, may enhance nuclear fusion rates by many orders of magnitude at low temperatures.} } @article{Zhu1990b, author = {S.~B. Zhu and J. Lee and G.~W. Robinson}, title = {Non-Maxwell velocity distributions in inhomogeneous materials}, journal = {J. Fusion Energy}, volume = {9}, year = {1990}, pages = {465--467}, keywords = {Theory, tail energy, res+}, published = {12/1990}, annote = {Physicists generally assume, say the authors, that the Maxwell distribution of gas particle velocity v, falling off exponentially with v$^2$/T (T=temp.), also applies to liquids and solids. With a supercomputer, one can examine this, and this has been in progress for some years here. They have applied their techniques to deuterons in a PdD lattice, and find a non-Maxwellian velocity function for the d's, as they move away from their potential minima. The tails of the distribution correspond to temperatures at least 10 or up to 100 times ambient, and this would enhance the fusion rate by many 10's of orders of magnitude. So how do we know, ask the authors, that Fleishman [sic], Pons and Hawkins do not have something new?} } @article{Zhu1991a, author = {R. Zhu and X. Wang and F. Lu and D. Ding and J. He and H. Liu and J. Jiang and G. Chen and Y. Yuan and L. Yang and Z. Chen and H.~O. Menlove}, title = {Measurement of neutron burst production in thermal cycle of D2 absorbed titanium chips}, journal = {Fusion Technol.}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {349--353}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, gas phase, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {02/1991}, published = {11/1991}, annote = {A Chino-USA effort to find neutrons in a Ti/D2 gas system with thermal cycling - the "Italian" mode. The experiment was done 580 m underground to minimise cosmic influx. Humidity had to be avoided, to avoid fake neutron bursts from the (3)He detectors (18 of them). The setup was not sensitive to mechanical knocks. H2 dummy batches were run to eliminate other artifacts. There were 10 D2 batches and only 3 of these showed no neutron emissions. The others showed neutron bursts of up to 535 from a burst. The burst intensity was up to 2 orders of magnitude above the carefully monitored background. The bursts occur during the first one or two thermal cycles, between -100 degC and room temperature; thereafter, the Ti seems to be inactive. They could be reactivated by vacuum degassing and reloading but the activity was lower. The controls with H2 ruled out interference effects.} } @article{Zhu1991b, author = {R. Zhu and X. Wang and F. Lu and L. Luo and J. He and D. Ding and H.~O. Menlove}, title = {Measurement of anomalous neutron from deuterium/solid system}, journal = {Yuanzineng Kexue Jishu (Atomic Energy Science and Technology)}, note = {In Chinese}, volume = {25}, year = {1991}, pages = {84--92}, note = {In Chinese}, keywords = {Experimental, Ti, gas phase, neutrons, res+}, published = {11/1991}, annote = {"A series of experiments on both D2O electrolysis and thermal cycle of deuterium absorbed Ti Turnings are designed to examine the anomalous phenomena in Deuterium/Solid System. A neutron detector containing 16 BF3 tubes with a detection limit of 0.38 n/s for two hour counting is used for electrolysis experiments. No neutron counting rate statistically higher than detection limit is observed from Fleischmann \& Pons type experiments. An HLNCC-II neutron detector equipped with 18 3He tubes and a JRS-11 shift register unit with a detection limit of 0.20 n/s for a two hour run are employed to study the neutron signals in D2 gas experiments. Different material pretreatments are selected to review the changes in frequency and size of the neutron burst production. Experiment sequence is deliberately designed to distinguish the neutron burst from fake signals, e.g. electronic noise pickup, the cosmic rays and other sources of environmental background. Ten batches of dry fusion samples are tested, among them, seven batches with neutron burst signals occur roughly at the temperature from -100 degrees centigrade to near room temperature. In the first four runs of a typical sample batch, seven neutron bursts are observed with neutron numbers from 15 to 482, which are 3 and 75 times, respectively, higher than the uncertainty of background. However, no bursts happened for H2 dummy samples running in-between and afterwards and for sample batch after certain runs" (Direct quote from the English abstract).} } @article{Zhu1993, author = {S. Zhu and X. Xiao and T. Lu and Q. Chen and Z. Que and J. Liu and H. Xie and R. Sha and F. Liu and H. Sun}, title = {An investigation of cold fusion}, journal = {Nucl. Techniques}, note = {In Chinese, Engl. abstr.}, volume = {16}, number = {8}, year = {1993}, pages = {475--478}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, neutrons, res+}, submitted = {06/1992}, published = {08/1993}, annote = {Both an electrolysis experiment (LiOD, 10-30 mA/cm$^2$) and a gas phase experiment were run. Neutron detection was by liquid scintillation and a BF3 counter, and showed much the same results, i.e. a large n burst after 90 h of electrolysis, lasting about 4 h with an intensity of 400 fus/s, with counting rates 15 times background.} } @article{Zieg1989, author = {J.~F. Ziegler and T.~H. Zabel and J.~J. Cuomo and V.~A. Brusic and G.~S. Gargill IV and E.~J. O'Sullivan and A.~D. Marwick}, title = {Electrochemical experiments in cold nuclear fusion}, journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, volume = {62}, year = {1989}, pages = {2929--2832}, keywords = {Experimental, Pd, electrolysis, cp's, gamma, neutron monitors, x-ray, diffraction, res-}, submitted = {04/1989}, published = {06/1989}, annote = {Charged particles in the energy range 1-3 MeV are easier to detect than neutrons, and the background is lower. A silicon SSB barrier detector was used, placed right next to the Pd electrode in an electrolysis. Personel gamma and neutron detectors were also placed next to the cell. X-ray diffraction was used to detect the time needed to form the beta-phase of PdD(x), x>0.6, Highest fusion rates inferred from the results are about 1/100 those claimed by Jones+ and thus about $10^{-6}$ lower than FPH's.} } @article{Zuqi1989, author = {H. Zuqia}, title = {A possible explanation of the room temperature nuclear fusion}, journal = {Beijing Shifan Daxue Xuebao. Ziran Kexueban}, volume = {2}, year = {1989}, pages = {43--44}, keywords = {Theory, res+}, submitted = {04/1989}, annote = {Proposes that the absorbed deuterium forms a sublattice in the palladium, and because of the nonequilibrium due to electrolysis, the deuterons in this lattice could be oscillating energetically. Zuqia invokes nonlinear coupling, solitons, cooperative effects, Toda lattices, and arrives at the possibility of some fusion happening. More is to be reported later.} } @article{Zywo1991, author = {A. Zywocinski and H.~L. Li and A.~A. Tuinman and P. Campbell and J.~Q. Chambers and W. A. {van Hook}}, title = {Analysis for light atoms produced in the bulk phase of a tubular palladium/ silver alloy cathode working electrode}, journal = {J. Electroanal. Chem.}, volume = {319}, year = {1991}, pages = {195--205}, keywords = {Exxperimental, Pd, electrolysis, tritium, helium, MS, res-}, submitted = {03/1991}, published = {12/1991}, annote = {This is the counterpart of the calorimetric paper by the same team. Here, the cathode was a 81:19 atom-fraction Pd-Ag alloy tube of 85 microns wall thickness, 1.6 mm outside diameter and 75 mm length; the outside of the tube acted as a cathode in D2O + LiOD, and the inside was connected to a vacuum system to withdraw gases from it. During electrolysis, tritium is expected to go through, while helium is not; He was pulled through into the vacuum system after electrolysis by heating to 870 K and pulling hydrogen through for several hours. Mass spectroscopy was used to detect the species searched for; any (4)He+ ions were distinguished from D2+, present in large excess, by removing all hydrogen species by oxidation and cold-trapping. During electrolysis, species with masses 1,2,3,4,5 and 6 were found and assigned to various HnDm+ species by the high-resolution MS used. At this stage, some (4)He was found, peaking when the current was on - but was found due to contamination of the electrode from the laboratory atmosphere. Similar results were obtained from electrolysis in H2O and LiOH. The final results for (4)He were all at about the level expected from atmospheric levels, i.e around $(1-3)\times 10^{12}$ atoms. Tritium levels, too, were not above contamination levels, being the same for controls, and initial solutions without electrolysis. The authors comment that the results of Bush et al (same journal 304 (1991) 271) are likely to be due to their not pretreating their electrodes to remove occluded helium. Such helium is degassed electrolytically.} } @article{Zywo1992, author = {A. Zywocinski and H.~L. Li and P. Campbell and J.~Q. Chambers and W. A. {van Hook}}, title = {Calorimetric measurements during long-term electrolysis of some LiOD solutions}, journal = {Thermochim. Acta}, volume = {197}, year = {1992}, pages = {277--283}, keywords = {Experimental. Pd, electrolysis, heat, res-}, submitted = {07/1991}, annote = {This team has also measured (4)He and tritium production under electrolysis in heavy water (in press), and supplements that here with calorimetry. A simple diathermal calorimeter, able to operate for long times without attendance, was used. Thermal power is exchanged with the bath at a constant rate (at equilibrium), the bath being held constant; if the temperature difference (bath/cell) is not large, then heat transfer is first order with the difference. Then the time-function of cell temperature changes is simple and parameters can be extracted by simple least-squares analysis. The accuracy appears to be a few \%. Electrodes (Pd) were a rod, 6.35 mm dia. and 25 mm length, and Ti of the same dia and 60 mm length, in 0.25 M LiOD in D2O, and 0.25 M LiOH in H2O as a control. The thermal relaxation of the system is long compared with the sampling interval, so heat bursts would be seen. Runs lasted from 2 days to 2 weeks. During 18 months of such operation, no bursts were seen and there was no excess heat at any time. Pulsed operation also showed good heat balance.} }