% No. of items: 251 @misc{P.Aher1993, author = {B.~S. Ahern and K.~H. Johnson}, title = {Method of maximizing anharmonic oscillations in deuterated alloys}, year = {1993}, note = {U.S. US 5,411,654, 2-Jul-93}, annote = {"For a condensed-matter system contg. a guest interstitial species such as H or its isotopes dissolved in the condensed-matter host lattice, the invention provides tuning of the MO degeneracy of the host lattice to enhance the anharmonicity of the dissolved guest sublattice to achieve a large anharmonic displacement amplitude and a correspondingly small distance of closest approach of the guest nuclei. The tuned electron MO topol. of the host lattice creates an energy state giving rise to degenerate sublattice orbitals related to the 2nd nearest neighbors of the guest bonding orbitals. Thus, it is the nuclei of the guest sublattice that are set in anharmonic motion as a result of the orbital topol. This promotion of 2nd nearest neighbor bonding between sublattice nuclei leads to enhanced interaction between nuclei of the sublattice. In the invention, a method for producing dynamic anharmonic oscillations of a condensed-matter guest species dissolved in a condensed- matter host lattice is provided. Host lattice surfaces are treated to provide surface features on at least a portion of the host lattice surfaces; the features have a radius of curvature of <0.5 mu. Upon dissoln. of the guest species in the treated host lattice in a ratio of at least 0.5, the guest species undergoes the dynamic anharmonic oscillations". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 123:20447)} } @misc{P.Arah1992, author = {T.~Arahori}, title = {Electric generators using heavy water}, year = {1992}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 05,333,176; 02-Jun-92.}, annote = {"The chem. reaction which occurs in electrolysis of water when Pd is used as a cathode is converted into elec. energy by a semiconductor. A small, quiet elec. generator can be prepd. which is easy to carry". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 121:215637 (1994)).} } @misc{P.Arat1992, author = {Y. Arata and G. Cho}, title = {Apparatus for nuclear fusion at room temperature}, year = {1992}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 06,222,173, 01-Dec-92.}, annote = {"The title device comprises a pressure-resistant metal vessel contg. a metal powder having a high absorbtivity for D, a means of feeding D2 gas with high-pressure in the vessel, and a means to heat the vessel to an adequate temp. with the metal powder absorbing a sufficient amt. of D2. The D2 does not permeate the vessel. The vessel contg. the D2-absorbing metal powder is used as the cathode and an anode is provided, as well as an electrolyte soln." (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 121:288411 (1994)).} } @misc{P.Arat1994, author = {Y. Arata}, title = {Generation of thermal energy by cold nuclear fusion}, year = {1994}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 08 75,882 [96 75,882], Sep-94.}, annote = {"Ultrafine Pd powder is put in a stainless steel vacuum vessel, then the vessel is filled with D2 gas with pressure, the vessel is cooled with a cryostat to liquefy the D2, the liq. D2 is absorbed by the Pd until the Pd is satd. with the liq. D2, then the temp. of the vessel is raised to a proper temp. to produce thermal energy based on cold nuclear fusion. Cold fusion can be carried out in a short time". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 124:327077 (1996)).} } @misc{P.Arna1993, author = {G. Arnaud}, title = {Device for nuclear fusion of hydrogen isotopes induced by ultrasound}, year = {1994}, note = {Fr. Demande FR 2,708,779, 25-Mar-93.}, annote = {"An app. is described for the use of thermal energy released by nuclear fusion of D when heavier nuclides are produced. The device comprises a hydridable sonotrode, e.g. Ti. At its low extremity, the sonotrode is drilled to make a chamber which contains an electrode. The D is fed into the device and a dielec. coolant fluid encircles the chamber. Nuclear fusion is produced inside the sonotrode which is penetrated by the H isotope. Two combined effects are manifested upon fusion: the pressure and the relaxation of the metal provoked by the propagation of ultrasound and electromagnetic induction due to the voltage applied between the electrode and the sonotrode. The app. is completed by a liq./gas phase separator, and exhaust vent for the escape of the reaction gases and the liq. coolant reservoir". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 122:225011 (1995)).} } @misc{P.Arsh1992, author = {A.~N. Arshinov and A.~B. Burtsev and L.~K. Grigoreva and A.~L. Lisitsyn and V.~Kh. Stankov and S.~P. Chizhik}, title = {Pulsed electrochemical converter of nuclear fusion energy and its operation}, year = {1992}, note = {Russ. RU 2046464 C1, Appl. 24-Nov-92.}, annote = {Title only translated. Cited in Chem. Abstr. 124:187771).} } @misc{P.Aspe1993, author = {H. Aspen}, title = {Hydrogen-activated heat generation apparatus}, year = {1993}, note = {Brit. UK Pat. Appl. GB 2,278,491, May-93.}, annote = {"To research the generation of heat by promoting the fusion of protons or deuterons adsorbed by a host metal, the app. provides a structural configuration by which the direction of heat flow through the metal is transverse to the direction of an applied magnetic field. Thermal priming means, which may include precooling on the heat output side or elec. heating of the host metal, provide the initial temp. gradient triggering fusion. A.C. activation of the magnetic field, the intensity of which may be enhanced by using Ni as the host metal, combined with a non-uniformity of the magnetic field, and/or heat flow through the metal, assure the abnormal presence of a residual neg. electron population in the metal. Such charge nucleates the merger of pos. charge and enhances the fusion process". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 122:172413 (1995)).} } @misc{P.Assm1989, author = {H. Assmann and G. Hofer and R. Hoffmann and J. Martin}, title = {Verfahren und Einrichtung zur Fusion von leichten Atomkernen (Method and apparatus for the fusion of light nuclei)}, year = {1989}, note = {Ger. Offenl. DE 39163397 A1, 19-May-89.}, annote = {.. especially of deuterium nuclei, from an electrolyte containing these, or tritium, or lithium ions, in heavy water or superheavy water, etc. The special feature here is that the anode is made out of a material, such as Au, Pt or Pd, and is heated to over 100 degC, preferably to 1000 degC, in order to partly dissolve and deposit on the Pd cathode, so as to activate it.} } @misc{P.Bagn1990, author = {L. Bagnulo}, title = {A process, with relevant plants and devices, for the production of energy through the industrial application of plausible dynamics concerning controlled cold nuclear fusion}, year = {1990}, note = {Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 402,988 19-Dec-90.}, annote = {"...nuclear fusion in metals, esp. Pd and Ti, which readily absorb H and its isotopes. The process is based on the absorption by these metals, through electrolysis of [sic; 'or' meant?] gas-pressurising, of D or its mixts. with T or He, followed by their consequent liberation within cracks, created in the metal mass either by mech. or metallurgical means." (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 114:216542 (1991).} } @misc{P.Belt1989, author = {G.~R. Belton}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion method and apparatus}, year = {1989}, note = {PCT Int. Appl. WO 90 13,124, 21. April 1989.}, annote = {"A method and app. are described for generating thermal energy by cold fusion by increasing the activity of a monoat. D species to a level at which there is significant cold fusion. The method and the app. comprise contacting Pd or any other material capable of taking up D with a gaseous atm. comprising D and subjecting the gaseous atm. to an elec. field to generate a sufficiently high activity of the monoat. D species to achieve nuclear fusion reactions in the Pd". (Quoted from Chem. Abstr. 115:17343 (1991))} } @misc{P.Bril1994, author = {V.~L. Brilev and V.~E. Panin and Yu.~A. Khon}, title = {Production of neutrons and gamma-rays from a metal saturated with deuterium under action of a shock wave}, year = {1994}, note = {Russ RU 2,073,964, appl. 19-Sep-1994.}, annote = {No further information provided; title only translated by CA.} } @misc{P.Brum1990, author = {G. C. Brumlik and G.~C. Cvijanovich and K. Johnson}, title = {Catalyzed nuclear fusion of heavy isotopes of hydrogen}, year = {1990}, note = {PCT Int. Appl. WO 90 16,070, 27-Dec-90.}, annote = {"A nuclear fusion device and method for D or T are described having a solid/ liq. phase of noble metals in contact with another phase contg. D or T where the nuclei of D or T are moved into the lattice of the liq. or solid noble metal by means of diffusion, mech. forces, or by elec. or magnetic means to undergo temp.- and lattice-assisted nuclear fusion". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 114:216545 (1991).} } @misc{P.Case1997, author = {L.~C. Case}, title = {Coproduction of energy and helium from deuterium}, year = {1997}, note = {PCT Int. Appl. WO 9743768 A1 Nov-97.}, annote = {"Energy can be reliably produced by contacting D, in the gaseous state, with a particularly active metallic catalyst, at en elevated temp. The product of this process is 4He. Thus, the reaction appears to be D+D->4He+24MeV. Only some fraction of metallic hydrogenation catalysts are active in this process, and it was not possible to predict in advance which candidate catalysts will be active, so a simple screening test was devised to identify the specifically active catalysts. The most promising catalysts for this process may be certain types of supported Pt-group metals (PGM). Pd appears to be a favored metal, although Pt, and possibly other PGMs are also active. It is envisioned that the procedure can be scaled up to produce com.-scale energy by running steam tubes through the catalyst bed, and removing the heat produced as steam". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 128:16972 (1998)).} } @misc{P.Case2001, author = {L.~C. Case}, title = {Commercial power production by catalytic fusion of deuterium gas.}, year = {2001}, note = {U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. Cont.-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 713,302, abandoned. US 20010040935 A1 20011115.}, annote = {A new, cost-effective, process for com.-scale prodn. of power by catalytic fusion of D2 gas, under moderate conditions of temp. and pressure is developed. This process can be scaled up to any desired size, and can employ a variety of "hydrogenation" catalysts, both precious metal, and non-precious metal. Briefly, the process comprises absorbing D2 gas in or on the selected catalyst, then bringing the temp. into the range of very roughly 150.degree. to 250.degree. C., and then degassing the catalyst bed under reduced pressure. The process is necessarily run on a cyclic basis, with a multiplicity of catalyst bed entities, with one or more being in the D2-absorption mode, concurrently with one or more being in the heat-generation node. (Direct qquote from Chem. Abstr. 135:349381 (2001)).} } @misc{P.Cedz1991, author = {K. Cedzynska and D.~C. Linton and F.~G. Will}, title = {Method for consistent reproduction of high deuterium loading and tritium gereration [sic] in palladium electrodes}, year = {1991}, note = {PCT Int. Appl. WO 93 01,601, 11-Jul-91.}, annote = {"Isotopic hydrogen is electrolytically loaded into a Pd or Pd alloy electrode by alternately charging and discharging the electrode in a plurality of cycles, each cycle including charging the electrode with isotopic hydrogen approx. to a satn. level and then discharging the electrode to a predetd. retention level. The electrode can be palladized by electrodeposition of a thin coating of Pd black, then preloaded in deuterium gas at atm. pressure, and then transferred to an electrochem. cell where the alternate charging and discharging takes place for a total of 4-5 times". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 118:178707 (1993)).} } @misc{P.Chik1993, author = {T. Chikuma}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion apparatus}, year = {1993}, note = {Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 645,777, 27-Sep-93.}, annote = {"A cold nuclear fusion app. which is high in com. value is described, where the screening effect and a cooperative phenomenon are enhanced for a substance undergoing nuclear fusion after being occluded into an occlusion member to promote a nuclear fusion reaction and the time, the magnitude, etc. of the occurrence of nuclear fusion can be controlled. An excitation app. for promoting nuclear fusion of a substance occluded in a reactor in a reaction vessel from the outside is provided in close contact with a portion of the reactor. The excitation app. includes >= 1 of a battery, a magnetic flux generator, a heating unit, an ultrasonic wave generator, a laser light irradn. app. and a high-voltage discharge app. Also, a confinement app. for preventing the substance, occluded in the occlusion member and undergoing fusion, from escaping to the outside of the occlusion member is provided". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 122:250505 (1995)).} } @misc{P.Chik1994, author = {T. Chikuma}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion apparatus}, year = {1994}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 07287085, Apr-94.}, annote = {"The title app. is equipped with a means around an absorbent (such as Pd or ceramic) which absorbed a material (such as D) which starts the nuclear fusion to prevent the absorbed material from escaping from the absorbent. The means is a magnetic coil. The means may comprise an absorbent (which is a cathode), an elec. conductive layer (which is used as an anode) is formed around the absorbent via an elec. insulator, and voltage is applied. The efficiency of the nuclear fusion is improved". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 124:69504 (1996)).} } @misc{P.Chik1995, author = {T. Chikuna}, title = {Method and apparatus for collecting occluded hydrogen atomic nuclei}, year = {1995}, note = {Eur. pat. Appl. EP 724,269, Jan-95.}, annote = {"The invention provides a H at. nucleus collecting method and app. by which a high concn. of aggregated H at. nuclei after occluded into a H occluding substance can be achieved to facilitate confirmation or detection of an actually occurring phenomenon. A collecting neg. electrode is disposed in the proximity of an end portion of a H occluding substance which occludes H at. nuclei. A collecting pos. electrode is disposed spirally around the H occluding substance and cooperates with the collecting neg. electrode to produce a conical elec. field whose elec. lines of force converge from the collecting pos. electrode toward the collecting neg. electrode. By the conical elec. field, H at. nuclei occluded in the H occluding substance are collected to the end portion of the H occluding substance" (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 125:153143 (1996)).} } @misc{P.Chmi1989, author = {A.~G. Chmielewski and W. Smulek and W. Dembinski and L. Fuks}, title = {Method for conducting a controlled thermonuclear reaction}, year = {1989}, note = {Pol. PL 157,868, 06-Apr-1989.}, annote = {"The controlled thermonuclear reaction was carried out using D or T (in mixt. with neutral gas) which diffused across the Pd or its alloy membrane at elevated temp. between the pressure and vacuum chambers. The membrane could be from Pd or Pd-Ag alloy in a form of the dense of [sic] porous foil. The Pd foil was grounded or connected in series with an electrolytic cell. Diffusion was carried out at 300-1000 deg, preferable [sic] at 500-600 deg. Mixts. of D or T with H, He, Ar, N or their mixts could be used". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 119:169078 (1993)).} } @misc{P.Chub2003a, author = {T. A. Chubb}, title = {Apparatus for generating nuclear heat}, year = {2003}, note = {Application: US 2003-696645 20031030.}, annote = {A D-fueled nuclear heat source is described in which D flows out of an elec. polarized solid electrolyte layer on to a metal reactor plate and then D flows out of the metal reactor plate into a 2nd polarized solid electrolyte layer where the reactor plate contains >=1 diffusion-impeding nonmetallic layer. The diffusion-impeding nonmetallic layer is made of CaO and the metal plate may be made of Pd or Pd alloy. The solid electrolyte layer is made of polyethylene oxide contg. deuterated phosphoric acid. (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 142:453326)} } @misc{P.Chub2003b, author = {T. A. Chubb}, title = {Apparatus for generating nuclear heat}, year = {2003}, note = {Application: US 2003-696516 20031030.}, annote = {A D-fueled nuclear heat source is described in which D flows out of an elec. polarized solid electrolyte layer on to a metal reactor plate and then D flows out of the metal reactor plate into a 2nd polarized solid electrolyte layer where the reactor plate contains >=1 diffusion-impeding nonmetallic layer. The diffusion-impeding nonmetallic layer is made of CaO and the metal plate may be made of Pd or Pd alloy. The solid electrolyte layer is made of polyethylene oxide contg. deuterated phosphoric acid. (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 142:453325).} } @misc{P.Coup1990, author = {D.~R. Coupland and M.~L. Doyle and R.~J. Potter and Ir. McGill}, title = {Cold-fusion support}, year = {1990}, note = {}, annote = {"Materials are described which are effective to support cold fusion when loaded with D, e.g. Pd modified to change the local environment for D under cold fusion conditions. Particular modifications are alloys or dispersions of Pd with Ce, Ag, LaNi5, and Ti. Other modifications concern the grain size. Excess heat and T and n have been detected". (Direect quote from Chem. Abstr. 114:216546 (1991).} } @misc{P.Crou1991, author = {S. Crouch-Baker and M.~C.~H. McKubre and S.~I. Smedley and F.~L. Tanzella}, title = {Apparatus for producing heat from deuterated palladium alloys}, year = {1991}, note = {PCT Int. Appl. WO 93 00,684, 27-Jun-91.}, annote = {"An electrolysis system for generating excess heat has a d.c. source coupled between an anode and a cathode, with both electrodes immersed in an electrolyte. The source drives elec. current through the electrolyte from the anode to the cathode. The electrolyte is typically a soln. of LiOD and boric acid in heavy water. The cathode comprises primarily of Pd to become loaded with B and D, which substantially increases the efficiency of the excess heat prodn. and lowers the current threshold for excess heat generation. In an alternative version, the surface of the cathode is fabricated from an alloy of B and Pd". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 118:178706 (1993)).} } @misc{P.Crou1992, author = {S. Crouch-Baker and C.~H. McKubre and S.~L. Smedley and F. Tanzella}, title = {Apparatus for storing isotopes of hydrogen}, year = {1992}, note = {PCT Int. Appl. WO 94 15,342, Dec-92.}, annote = {"An electrolysis system for altering the storage capacity of a metal cathode for H isotopes has a d.c. source coupled between an anode and a cathode, with both electrodes at least partially immersed in an electrolyte. The current source drives elec. current through the electrolyte from the anode to the cathode. The electrolyte is typically a soln. of LiOD and H3BO3 in D2O. The metal cathode is typically Pd. The current flow through the cell causes the Pd to become loaded with B and D, which substantially increases the efficiency of excess heat generation. In an alternative version, the surface of the cathode is fabricated from an alloy of B in Pd." (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 121:189680 (1994)).} } @misc{P.Daru1993, author = {L. Daruhazi and O.~H. Pinter}, title = {Method for producing excess energy and neutron radiation in the mixture of the light atoms solved in current-carrying material immersed in electrolyte and/or of the isotopes of said atoms, respectively in the interfacial double layer of the electrolyte}, year = {1993}, note = {Hung. Teljes HU 71,652, Sep-93.}, annote = {"A claim is made for cold fusion of light atoms in the interfacial double layer of an electrolyte. The electrodes are placed at min. 10 mm and immersed in the electrolyte". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 124:326752 (1996)).} } @misc{P.Davi1990, author = {F. David}, title = {Dispositif permettant de confiner dans une phase solide des noyaux d' atomes legers}, year = {1990}, note = {Fr. Pat. FR 9006329, appl. May-90.}, annote = {To increase the voltage applied to deuterons in metals, the deuterated metal is stuck to a semiconductor (Si). and pulses are applied to this junction. Fusion is thus aided.} } @misc{P.Davi1995, author = {F. David}, title = {Procede de preparation des dechets trities en vue de traitment et dispositif de traitment}, year = {1995}, note = {Fr. Brev. d'Invention, reg. no. 95 00247, subm. Jan-95.}, annote = {This describes what amounts charging Pd with tritium (and deuterium) and thereby letting them fuse with each other, producing helium. This not only releases energy (heat) but also gets rid of tritium, a dangerous nuisance substance.} } @misc{P.Day1994, author = {R.~A. Day and K.~A. Rubinson}, title = {Hydride condensation process}, year = {1994}, note = {PCT Int. Appl. WO 96 06,434, 18-Aug-94.}, annote = {"A process is described for the generation of energy and the conversion of D into T. The above effects are achieved when a deuteride source is maintained so as to form an interface in the presence of a pos. polarized metal. Thus, LiD was added to molten Al and heated to 650 C with a thermocouple. In 20 min the cell potential rose from 0 to 1.105 V. At 650 C the ionization meter indicated evolution of T. Scintillation of the nonconducting gases by conversion to water gave a T yield of 8 nCi, and an addnl. 28.1 nCi was found by reaction of the remaining cold solid. An elec. potential may also be used to drive the reaction." (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 124: 354785 (1996)).} } @misc{P.Dies1990, author = {K.~F. Dies}, title = {Process for the generation of fusion energy by the use of Fe-(2)M alloys, which are produced by electrolysis as well as by lysis (etching)}, year = {1990}, note = {Ger. Offenl. DE 3913002 A1, 25.10.1990.}, annote = {The title has "Fe-(2)M" but the abstract has the more probable "(2)H-Fe", i.e. Fe-D compounds ("alloys"). There may be additions of such iron-group metals as Cr, Ti, Zr, Mn etc, to enhance deuteride stability. Pt or Pd can also be used. Both with electrolysis and etching in deuterated acids such as DCl, DF, DBr, D2SO4 and HNO3, the metal is infused with deuterium, and we have "etch fusion", a new word. Fe, Ni or Co rods can be used either normal or in the austenitic form.} } @misc{P.Doke1991, author = {H. Doke}, year = {1991}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 07 77,588, Apr-91.}, annote = { "A porous spnky electrode is prepd. by putting a large no. of fine particles of Pd or Ti in an electrode-shaped mold, heating with compression using radiofrequency or electromagnetism to make it undergo semi-fusion. The electrode is mech. vibrated at high speed to increase the reaction rate. The electrode area is increased from 10- to 10,000-fold, and the probability of the nuclear collision is increased 2*pi*f-fold (f = cycle no. of vibration)". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 122:301149 (1995)).} } @misc{P.Doke1992, author = {H. Doke}, title = {Cylindrical plated vibrating electrodes for room-temperature nuclear fusion}, year = {1992}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 06 18,683, 03-Jul-92.}, annote = {"A room-temp. nuclear fusion material, such as Pd or Ni, is plated onto a Ni plate which is then used as a cathode in heavy water, and it is vibrated at a high speed using magnetostriction vibration to bring about nuclear fusion. By adjusting the amplitude of the vibration, the nuclear fusion can be controlled and the output power can be controlled. The probability of room-temp. nuclear fusion is promoted". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 121:215639 (1994)).} } @misc{P.Drex1990a, author = {J. Drexler}, title = {Deuterium accumulator for energy conversion}, year = {1990}, note = {PCT Int. Appl. WO 91 18,396, 17-May-90.}, annote = {"Method and app. are described promoting electrolyte ionization of high purity heavy water (contg. (6)LiOD), thereby producing d and Li ions that are accelerated by an alternating voltage. These are swept through a matrix of suspended D absorbing and Li-absorbing particulates and collected in the interior of said particulates. The electrodes are spaced apart and immersed in the liq. with an alternating voltage between them. The matrix of suspended particulates is located between the 2 electrodes. When the D and Li ions pass through the particle matrix, a fraction of ions strike the particulates and are absorbed into them. The D and Li ions which are absorbed in the particulates may fuse or otherwise combine to produce heat energy". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 116:160964 (1992)).} } @misc{P.Drex1990b, author = {J. Drexler}, title = {Deuterium accumulation energy conversion apparatus}, year = {1990}, note = {PCT Int. Appl. WO 91 18,397, 17-May-90.}, annote = {"Method and app. are described for promoting (6)LiOD electrolyte ionization of heavy water to produce d and lithons that are accelerated by an a.c. voltage and swept back and forth through a d and lithon-permeable and absorptive accumulator and collected in the interior of the accumulator. Two elec. insulated electrodes are spaced apart and immersed in the liq. with an a.c. voltage impressed between them. The accumulator is positioned between the 2 electrodes and forms a structure through which the ions may flow, and which consists of a material that readily absorbs the D and the lithons that would otherwise flow toward the instantaneous neg. voltage electrode. The instantaneous neg. electrode is elec. insulated from the d and lithons, which cannot pick up a free e. Thus, the d and lithons are not converted to unwanted D atoms and gas. Deuterons and lithons, absorbed into the accumulator may fuse or otherwise combine to produce heat energy". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 116:160963 (1992)).} } @misc{P.Drex1990c, author = {J. Drexler}, title = {Distributed deuterium-lithium energy apparatus}, year = {1990}, note = {}, annote = {"A method and app. are described for prodn. of thermal energy through electrolyte ionization of D2O using a (6)LiOD electrolyte, with dissolved D gas in the heavy water, and pumping the ionized heavy water over a bed of Pd metal particulates, foils, or porous baffles to collect both D and (6)Li ions to facilitate ion-ion combination. No electrodes are used to achieve the fusion process. The container is a closed system such as a loop or helix to permit continuous cycling of the ionized heavy water over the Pd ion collector again and again to absorb the max. no. of ions and to reuse the kinetic energy of the pumped water flow and the thermal energy added to the heavy water. Porous or perforated baffles are used to contain the Pd accumulator structure when it is in the form of particulates or loose components. Perforated baffles made of Pd may also be used as the accumulator structure". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 116:160962 (1992)).} } @misc{P.Drex1990d, author = {J. Drexler}, title = {Deuterium energy accumulation}, year = {1990}, note = {PCT Int. Appl. WO 91 15,017, 23-Mar-90.}, annote = {"Method and app. are described for promoting electrolyte ionization of heavy water to thereby produce D ions that are accelerated by an elec. field and collected in the interior of an accumulator. Neg. and pos. electrodes, spaced apart, are immersed in the liq. with an approx. const. voltage impressed between them. An ion accumulator substantially surrounds the neg. electrode, is formed of an accumulator material through which the ions may flow, and has a metal that readily absorbs D at its surface. The accumulator material can absorb a fraction of the D ions that would otherwise flow to the neg. electrode. D ions, absorbed into the accumulator material, may produce heat energy by cold fusion therein." (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 116:115385 (1992)).} } @misc{P.Drex1991, author = {J. Drexler}, title = {Distributed accumulator for energy conversion}, year = {1991}, note = {PCT Int. Appl. WO 91 02,359, 21-Feb-91.}, annote = {"A cell is described for producing thermal energy by absorption or adsorption of D and lithon into D ion-permeable and li-ion-permeable particulates supported on a surface of an accumulator in the form of a mesh, rods, sheets, or membranes, or within a gelatin-like matrix. Deuterons and lithons are produced by electrolyte ionization in a liq. contg. high purity D2O, and net elec. charge on a D-permeable and lithon-permeable particulate is controlled by allowing neg. charged OD- radicals to accumulate on the surface of the particulates that balance out the pos. charged deuterons and lithons". (Quoted from Chem. Abstr. 114:2554494 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Drex1993, author = {J. Drexler}, title = {Self-catalyzed nuclear fusion of lithium-6 and deuterium using alpha particles}, year = {1993}, note = {PCT Int. Appl. WO 94 16,446, Jan-93.}, annote = {"A method and app. are described for nuclear fusion of 6Li and D ions at ambient temp. yielding alpha-particles and thermal energy. Ion pairs of Li and D are accumulated and densely packed into a metallic lattice, approaching each other closely or combining into LiD mols. The alpha particles are then emitted into the lattice which have [sic] an energy sufficient to cause the nuclei of the Li and D atoms to fuse by compressive interaction of their nuclei within the lattice. Upon fusion, secondary high-energy alpha-particles are emitted which cause addnl. fusions and alpha-particles [sic] emissions. In this manner, a continuous cycle of fusions and high-energy alpha-particle emissions is initiated, resulting in a self-sustaining nuclear fusion chain reaction occurring at or near room temp." (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 121:165726 (1994)).} } @misc{P.Dufo1989a, author = {J. Dufour}, title = {Energy source system}, year = {1989}, note = {S. African ZA 90 05,389, 11-Jul-89.}, annote = {"Energy is produced by: loading a body with >=1 H isotope where at least a part of the body comprises >=1 metal capable of forming a metal hydride-type lattice system; arranging the body as an electrode of a capacitor means in an elec. circuit along with another electrode connected with an externally controllable voltage supply means; operating the voltage supply means; and recovering energy produced in the body by operating the voltage supply means. The system produces energy by a process commonly known as cold fusion". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 115:242246 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Dufo1989b, author = {J.~J.~J. Dufour}, title = {Energy source}, year = {1989}, note = {Fr. Demande FR 2,655465, 01-Dec-89.}, annote = {"A method and app. for prodn. of energy by nuclear fusion is described comprising: filling a body with ions or radical of >= 1 isotopes of H, forming at least in a part of the body a metal hydride-type lattice; using the above body as a conductor of a capacitance system inside an elec. circuit, the other conductor being connected to a source of electricity; and recovering the energy produced inside the body when elec. voltage is applied". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 116:70223 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Eccl2000, author = {C.~R. Eccles}, title = {Energy generation from hydrogen and/or deuterium atoms}, year = {2000}, note = {PCT Int. Appl. WO 2000025320 A1 4 May 2000, 36 pp.}, annote = {"Methods and app. are described for releasing energy from hydrogen and/or deuterium atoms. An electrolyte is provided which has a catalyst therein suitable for initiating transitions of hydrogen and/or deuterium atoms in the electrolyte to a subground energy state. A plasma discharge is generated in the electrolyte to release energy by fusing the atoms together." (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 132:299987 (2000)).} } @misc{P.Forr1989, author = {F. Forrat}, title = {Reactor for electrolytic nuclear fusion in solid electrolyte}, year = {1989}, note = {}, annote = {"The title reactor comprises a solid electrolyte, e.g. glass, crystal, ceramics, electrolytically or chem.-vapor deposited film. An a.c. current is applied to generate fusion and heat energy is recovered by a fluid. The reactor can be used for isotope prodn." (Quoted direct from Chem. Abstr. 115:101349 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Forr1990, author = {F. Forrat}, title = {Electrolytic nuclear fusion reactor}, year = {1990}, note = {Fr. Demande FR 2,663,775, 26-Jun-90.}, annote = {"The title reactor using a solid electrolyte comprises a transparent confinement enclosure which allows transfer of energy between electrolytes, and a receptor equipped with a thermal or elec. converter. The reactor requires reduced maintenance and can be used to produce energy in the kilowatt region". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 117:99456 (1992)).} } @misc{P.Fuji1989, author = {A. Fujishima and K. Ito}, title = {Controlling cold nuclear fusion based on electrochemistry}, year = {1989}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 03 06,490, 5-Jun-89.}, annote = {"In controlling cold nuclear fusion based on electrochem., a cathode contg. a temp.-controlling device is used to adjust the temp. of the anode". (Quoted from Chem. Abstr. 115:59226 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Fuji2000, author = {R. Fujita}, title = {Apparatus and method for reduction of nuclear waste fuel}, year = {2000}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2000131489 A2 12 May 2000, 9 pp.}, annote = {"The invention relates to an app. and method for recycling a used oxide nuclear fuel by reducing to a metallic state using metal lithium according to electrolysis in a molten salt in a nuclear waste fuel container immersed in the molten salt, wherein the app. has a lithium cathode as a part of the nuclear waste fuel container. App. with nuclear waste container integrated with the lithium cathode provides the accelerated redn., the simplified app.-operating, and the improved lithium recycling efficiency". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 132:340388 (2000)).} } @misc{P.Fuka1989, author = {A. Fukami and H. Kumafuji}, title = {Lanthanum nickel cathode for electrolytic exothermic tritium formation}, year = {1989}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 03,35,193 3-Jul-89.}, annote = {"The cathode consists of Pd-coated LaNi5 alloy used in (3)H-formation by electrolyzing an electrolytic soln. contg. D2O and small amt. base with a Pt anode and a cathode to produce larger energy than required for the electrolysis. The cathode may be built in a porous Al2O3 container instead of Pd-coating. The cathode had high H absorption". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 115:80705 (1991))} } @misc{P.Fuku1995, author = {M. Fukuhara}, year = {1995}, title = {Heat generator utilizing the reaction of deuterium-containing alloy in dynamic ultrasonic wave}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Koho JP 08,194,079, 13-Jan-95}, annote = {"A D-contg. alloy (made of >= 1 of metal of Group IV or VIII elements such as Pd and/or Ti) at a temp. lower than room temp. (between room temp. and liq. N temp.) is irradiated with dynamic ultrasonic wave, thereby the alloy is brought to a state of nonequil. high-temp. and high-pressure to induce a reaction, the resulting excess heat is transported to a heat exchanger by a pressurized medium (such as pure H2O or He gas) and is circulated for using. A large amt. of heat can be generated easily and economically without air pollution and waste prodn. (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 125:259415 (1996)).} } @misc{P.Furu1992a, author = {C.~Furuya}, title = {Encapsulation of heavy hydrogen and method for cold nuclear fusion}, year = {1992}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 06,148,366; 30-Oct-92.}, annote = {"A heavy hydrogen-absorbing metallic cathode (such as Pd alloy, Ti) is used to conduct electrolysis of heavy water. After heavy hydrogen is absorbed by the cathode, a barrier layer (such as Hg, Au, Ag, Cu, Sn, In, or Zn) is deposited on the cathode by electroless or electrochem. deposition. A local temp. difference is imposed at the cathode to bring about cold nuclear fusion. A high heavy hydrogen absorption state can be maintained and the cold nuclear fusion can be brought about easily". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 121:240377 (1994)).} } @misc{P.Furu1992b, author = {C.~Furuya}, title = {Electrolysis of heavy water, cold nuclear fusion, and extraction of the energy produced from cold nuclear fusion}, year = {1992}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 06,160,560; 20-Nov-92.}, annote = {"A barrier layer which does not allow permeation of heavy H is formed on 1 side of a pipe- or plate-shaped heavy H-absorbing alloy to form a cathode. A wire- or plate-shaped Pt is used as an anode. A heat-conducting medium is passed to or in contact with the barrier layer side of the cathode, and with control of the temp. heavy H is produced and absorbed on the other side of the cathode. Cold nuclear fusion is carried out by controlling the c.d. and the temp. at the barrier layer side during electrolysis, and excess heat is generated from the cathode with absorbed heavy H. The excess energy of the cathode generated by cold nuclear fusion is extd. from the barrier layer side by using the heat-conducting medium". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 121:240380 (1994)).} } @misc{P.Furu1992c, author = {C. Furuya}, title = {Method for generating deuterium for cold nuclear fusion and for obtaining electric power}, year = {1992}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 06,171,905, 11-Dec-92.}, annote = {"A cell is formed by using a D2O soln. contg. D2SO4 as the electrolyte, a metal with a potential less noble than H as the cathode, and a gas-diffusion anode comprising (1) a gas diffusion layer with only hydrophobic pores and (2) a catalyst-deposited reactive layer with hydrophilic and hydrophobic pores. For the cathodic reaction, the metal is dissolved and for the anodic reaction D is generated from the diffusion layer side of the gas-diffusion electrode. A high-purity D2 can be manufd. efficiently and elec. power can be generated also". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 122:145163 (1995)).} } @misc{P.Gamo1990a, author = {T. Gamo and J. Niikura and N. Taniguchi and K. Hatoh and K. Adachi}, title = {Apparatus for cold nuclear fusion}, year = {1990}, note = {European Pat. Appl. EP 0 395 066 A2, 26.04.1990.}, annote = {Prepared by a German representative (patent lawyer?), this incredibly badly written patent application claims a number of "preferred embodiments" for cold fusion. One is electrolysis at a cathode of an alloy capable of occluding hydrogen isotopes, such as Ti, Zr, and the like, in an electrolyte containing a compound of hydrogen isotope and oxygen such as heavy water including alkali metal ions such as Li+, K+ and the like. "Tritiums", "noutrons" may be produced by making use of "lithiums" and by the "tonnel" effect. There is a list of example alloys for use as cathode, all having larger hydrogen occlusion ability than "Pb" and the like. An example shows that at the end of an electrolysis, 5 times the starting concentration of T is found, proving that cold fusion had taken place. Also, 500 neutrons of 2.45 MeV were detected or 10 times the background. In the second preferred embodiment, some amorphous alloys are used, not having "a crystal lattice rule of a long period", meaning (presumably) no long-range order. Some of these appear to have a rather high hydrogen uptake. Crumbling was never observed and again, excess tritiums are seen. The third embodiment uses a large (7 mm diameter) spherical cathode. In this way, the collision probability for deuterons is enhanced in the centre of the electrode and in this way, the nuclear fusion reaction was caused easily and an enormous energy was obtained (I am quoting). Two to ten times the background neutron count was detected in an example. In another example, two spherical alloy samples were charged with D2 gas, and then a high-frequency discharge passed between them. Neutrons at 1000 times the background was observed; using pure H2, the neutron flux was the same as the background. Temperature cycling was also tried, and neutrons detected.} } @misc{P.Gamo1990b, author = {K. Gamo and M. Watanabe and J. Niikura and N. Taniguchi and M. Baba and K. Kawamura}, title = {Apparatus for cold nuclear fusion}, year = {1990}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 04 93,693, 3-Aug-90.}, annote = {"In a cold-nuclear-fusion app., which has a cathode that adsorbs a H isotope (e.g. D), and an anode from a metal (or its oxide or hydroxide) immersed in an electrolyte contg. a H isotope, the cathode has a part where c.d. is locally increased. The cathode may locally contain an impurity (alkali or alk.-earth metal)". (Direct quote from 117:180351 (1992)).} } @misc{P.Gent1991, author = {H. Gentsch}, title = {Electrode system for deuterium fusion in solid and for fuel supply by electrolysis}, year = {1991}, note = {Ger. Offen. DE 4,130,276, 12-Sep-91.}, annote = {"The title system comprises a Pd alloy membrane tube sepg. a vacuum chamber and an electrolysis cell. An ion gun is placed inside the membrane tube where the tube has a pos. potential and also serves as the cathode. The cathode is placed in D2O as electrolyte. The ion gun produces d beams with high energy up to 27 keV. There is significant diffusion of D in the Pd alloy reaching a high d". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 119:58135 (1993)).} } @misc{P.Goto1994, author = {N. Goto and T. Ito and Y. Iwamura}, title = {High occlusion of hydrogen in a hydrogen-occluding metal}, year = {1994}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 08,166,478 [96,166,478], Dec-94.}, annote = {"A H-occluding metal (such as Pd or its alloy) is used as a cathode in the electrolysis of light or heavy water to occlude light or heavy hydrogen in the cathode, followed by electroplating a metal (such as Cu) on the cathode. The diffusion of light or heavy hydrogen from the inside of a metal to the outside is prevented". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 125:179818 (1996)).} } @misc{P.Grab1992, author = {K. Grabowski and J. Eridon and G. Chambers and G. Hubler}, title = {Generating high-energy nuclear reaction}, year = {1992}, note = {U.S. Pat. Appl. US 823,748, appl. 22-Jan-92.}, annote = {"In a method and app. for producing an exoergic nuclear reaction (cold nuclear fusion) a target made of solid material is positioned in a vacuum chamber contg. D gas and having an operating pressure below atm. pressure. The target is bombarded with a d ion beam produced by an electron cyclotron resonance microwave plasma source". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 118:221741 (1993)).} } @misc{P.Grue1989, author = {W. Gruendler and K.~H. Heckner and H.~J. Heidrich and A. Herbst and C. Jung and L. Mueller}, title = {Material combination for electrochemicallly or chemically induced nuclear fusion and method of its preparation}, year = {1989}, note = {Ger. (East) DD 295,939, 10-May-89.}, annote = {"The title material comprises use of a metal alloy, or intermetallic compd. in contact with a Li isotope for absorption of H or its isotopes. The combination provides improved efficiency". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 116:160965 (1992)).} } @misc{P.Gryz1989a, author = {M. Gryzinski}, title = {Method of generating soft x-rays by cold nuclear fusion in palladium}, year = {1989}, note = {POL PL 159,831, Nov-89.}, annote = {"A method is described for generating soft x-rays for medical and diagnostic radiog. The method is based on cold nuclear fusion in a Pd electrode (fabricated from a single crystal) in a heavy-water electrolysis system. D is introduced during electrolysis perpendicularly to the plane-centered Pd crystal side surface. Elec. current is supplied to the back side of the cathode and anode". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 122:172407 (1995)).} } @misc{P.Gryz1989b, author = {M. Gryzinski}, title = {Method for carrying out nuclear cold fusion in palladium}, year = {1989}, note = {POL PL 159,832, Nov-89.}, annote = {"Nuclear cold fusion in a Pd electrode using a heavy-water electrolysis system can be used as a controlled energy release source. The Pd electrode is neg. polarized and has a single-crystal structure. The plane surface of the electrode coincides with the plane-centered crystal lattice surface and is positioned in a parallel way to the anode surface. Elec. current is supplied centrally to the back side of both electrodes". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 122:172406 (1995)).} } @misc{P.Hage1990, author = {P.~L. Hagelstein}, title = {Fusion apparatus}, year = {1990}, note = {Int. Pat. Appl. WO 90/13129, 1-Nov-90.}, annote = {"Fusion apparatuses for coupling fusible material to a quantized mode in coherent fusion are provided. Method for optimization of reactor operation, control of the coherent fusion reaction and extraction of usable energy generated are provided". Some of the means of doing this are: containing the fusible material (deuterium) in an electrically conductive radially symmetric vessel and initiating fusion through coupling to plasmon modes or by radially polarizing insulating crystals, or by lining the vessel with radially disposed rod-like projections electrically connected in series with an oscillator and in series with a computer controlled variable load for extracting the energy; acoustic excitation or excitement by alpha particles or cosmic rays. The inventor's theory is given (twice), p.48 shows a letter to Florence and Sam and there are 138 claims.} } @misc{P.Hage2006a, author = {P.~L. Hagelstein}, title = {Direct generation of electrical and electromagnetic energy from materials containing deuterium}, year = {2006}, note = {Application: WO 2006-US20949 20060525.}, annote = {A method and app. comprises stimulating a material to cause reactions in the material, wherein the material comprises D. The reactions generate vibrational motion of the material. Coupling the vibrational motion to a transducer generates energy from the vibrational motion of the material. The energy is directed to an elec. device. (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 146:34662)} } @misc{P.Hage2006b, author = {P. L. Hagelstein and M. C. H. McKubre and M. D. Trevithick and F.~L.~Tanzella and K. Mullican}, title = {Methods and apparatus for energy conversion using materials comprising molecular deuterium and molecular hydrogen-deuterium.}, year = {2006}, note = {PCT Int. Appl. (2006), 154 pp. CODEN: PIXXD2 WO 2006055294 A2 20060526.}, annote = {A method and app. are described which employ processing a host material to cause mol. D and/or mol. HD to be present within the host material, and processing the host material to cause at least one of He-4 and He-3 to be present within the host material. Stimulating the host material generates reactions, and energy is withdrawn from the host material. (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 144:496901)} } @misc{P.Hase1991, author = {M. Hasegawa and N. Hosono}, title = {Process for storing hydrogen, and apparatus for cold nuclear fusion and method for generating heat energy, using the process}, year = {1991}, note = {Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 414,399, 27-Feb-91.}, annote = {"A process for storing H comprises placing a H storing member in a H gas atm. and generating a discharge in the H gas atm., thereby occluding the H in the H storing member. An app. for cold fusion by using the above process is also claimed". (Quoted from Chem. Abstr. 114:255493 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Hash1995, author = {Y. Hashimoto}, title = {Method and apparatus for cold nuclear fusion}, year = {1995}, note = {}, annote = {"A mixt. of CH2Cl2 and H2O (and optionally, surfactant) is heated (50-140C) to produce vapor of CH2Cl2 and steam, an electrode which can bring about cold fusion is put in a gas chamber which is filled with the CH2Cl2 and steam, and cold fusion is promoted. A supercrit. fluid condition is produced to induce cold fusion thereby the frequency of cold fusion is increased and the reproducibility is increased." (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 127:57025 (1997)).} } @misc{P.Hata1995, author = {T. Hatanaka}, title = {Method for nuclear fusion, nuclear fusion engine, and a mechanical system containing it}, year = {1995}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 08,313,663 May-95.}, annote = {"The method comprises the steps of (1) feeding heavy H gas to a nuclear fusion chamber contg. an electrode with mirror surface after the chamber was evacuated, (2) forming plasma of the heavy H by the discharge of the electrode, and (3) compressing the plasma by the mirror surface while heating and increasing the d. of the plasma to generate nuclear fusion reaction. The electrode is equipped with a cathode contg. nuclear fusion elements which is made of >=1 of H2-absorbing alloy and heavy fermion compd. The engine is equipped with (1) an engine housing contg. an operating chamber filled with heavy H gas, (2) a compressor which is connected to the operating chamber, (3) a nuclear fusion means which is connected to the operating chamber and the compressor and brings about nuclear fusion of the heavy H by the plasma to generate a high-pressure dynamic gas, (4) a turbine to output mech. power, and (5) a means for circulating the unreacted heavy H gas to the compressor. The mech. system comprises a machine and the nuclear fusion engine. The manufg. and running cost is low, the engine can be operated for a long time, and no environmental pollution is generated" (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 126:123816 (1997)).} } @misc{P.Hayd1990, author = {A. Hayd and P. Meinke and M. Eckert and K. Koller}, title = {Method and apparatus for controlled nuclear fusion}, year = {1990}, note = {Ger. Offenl. DE 4,032,824, 16-Oct-90.}, annote = {"The title method comprises addn. of an unconditioned polymer with moderator in a cold nuclear fusion process. The moderator may be a Ni salt". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 117:78500 (1992)).} } @misc{P.Here1990, author = {L.~A. Heredy}, title = {Electrostatically promoted cold fusion process}, year = {1990}, note = {PCT Int. Appl. WO 92 08,232, 2-Nov-90.}, annote = {"In the title process D gas is introduced and maintained under pressure in a reactor contg. a relatively large no. of electrode pairs sepd. from each other by thin-walled insulator members, connected to a variable high voltage d.c. power source. At least one set of electrode pairs comprises a transition metal, such as Pd, which is capable of forming a deuteride. Sufficient voltage is applied to the electrodes to trigger a nuclear fusion reaction in the D which is absorbed in the transition metal electrodes and excess heat of the reaction is captured by suitable heat exchangers operatively assocd. with the reactor. Both sets of the electrodes may comprise a transition metal and both are preferably provided in a powder form to increase surface. The polarity of the electrodes is reversed periodically to maintain or promote the fusion reaction and the powd. electrodes are agitated from time-to-time to bring fresh transition metal powder in contact with the insulator membranes". (Quoted direct from Chem. Abstr. 117:180353 (1992)} } @misc{P.Hora1990, author = {H. Hora and G.~H. Miley}, title = {Verfahren und Anordnung zu Kernverschmelzungsreaktionen bei tiefen Temperaturen (Method and apparatus for nuclear fusion reactions at low temperatures)}, year = {1990}, note = {Ger. Offenl. DE 3810806 A1, 11.10.1990}, annote = {Professors Hora and Miley (editor of Fusion Technology) write that the electrolytic charging of Pd or Ti with deuterium leads to surface contamination. This is avoided by charging with deuterium gas under pressure, which is one of their inventions here laid bare. The 9 claims widen this concept to include any metallic element in "the eighth group of the periodic table" being exposed to H2, D2 or T2 gas, temperature control during such a process, absorption of neutrons, alpha or beta emission, the admixture of such isotopes as (11)B, (6)Li and (7)Li to the metals, attainment of high hydrogen isotope concentration in the metal, the use of electric discharge towards this end, the use of high-surface forms of the metals or mixtures thereof, control of the metal hydrides' compressibility and finally, the use of these processes for initiating an explosive nuclear fission [sic] reaction. Since this is an Offenlegungsschrift and not (yet) a full patent, no details are given of how all this is implemented.} } @misc{P.Hora1996, author = {H. Hora}, title = {Energy production by nuclear reactions.}, year = {1996}, note = {Ger. Offen. DE 19641471, 9 Oct 1996.}, annote = {"A method of generating nuclear energy comprises concg. high levels of H or its isotopes in natural Th, and fission or internal conversion of Th into Pa-233. The concn. of H isotopes in Th surface can be carried out by contacting the Th with an org. polymer or a metal with high H soly. such as Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt, Mn, Cr, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Lanthanides, as well as actinides. The reaction can be controlled by variation of concn. of H or temp. of Th." (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 128:314196(1998)).} } @misc{P.Hoso1990a, author = {N. Hosono}, title = {Thermal-energy generators based on cold nuclear fusion}, year = {1990}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 03,215,785, 19-Jan-90.}, annote = {"A thermal-energy generator based on cold nuclear fusion, contains: (1) a container of D gas; (2) a pair of electrodes, at least 1 of which is formed of a H-storing metal; (3) a means to apply voltage on the electrodes to cause elec. discharge in the presence of D gas between them; (4) a thermal conductor to transfer heat generated at the electrodes to a coolant; and (5) a converter, to heat, of the kinetic energy of n generated by cold nuclear fusion on the H-storing metal". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 116:12355 (1992)).} } @misc{P.Hoso1990b, author = {N. Hosono}, title = {Apparatus for on cold nuclear fusion using solar energy}, year = {1990}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 03,215,786, 19-Jan-90.}, annote = {"The app. contains: (1) a solar-energy-based elec. generator; (2) a means to generate D by electrolysis of heavy H2O using electricity from the generator; (3) a means to adsorb D using a metal; (4) a means to contain D generated by (2); (5) a cold-nuclear-fusion device in (4), which comprises a pair of discharge electrodes, at least 1 of which is made of the H-adsorbing metal; and (b) [sic] a device to apply voltage to the electrodes to cause elec. discharge". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 116:12356 (1992)).} } @misc{P.Hoso1990c, author = {N. Hosono}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion and thermal-energy generators}, year = {1990}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 04,212,092, 09-Mar-90.}, annote = {"Voltage is alternately applied between a pair of discharge electrodes, >= 1 of which is made of a H-adsorbing material (e.g. Pd), which sandwich a dielec. material and are immersed in heavy H2O, to create elec. discharge across the dielec. material. A thermal-energy generator based on the cold nuclear fusion exts. heat produced on the discharge electrode through silicone, and converts n kinetic energy into thermal energy by the silicone". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 118:156533 (1993)).} } @misc{P.Hots1992, author = {M. Hotsuta}, title = {Heat-generating apparatus using Pons-Fleischmann cold nuclear fusion effect}, year = {1992}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 06,167,585; 30-Nov-92.}, annote = {"The title app. comprises (1) a means to adsorb O with the generation of excess heat from the Pons-Fleischmann cold nuclear fusion effect by electrolysis of a heavy water-contg. electrolyte in an electrolytic cell contg. an O-adsorbing structure, a Pt or Ni anode, and a H-absorbing metal such as a Pd or Ti plate, 1 side of which is a cathode. The D2 which is generated is absorbed by the H-absorbing metal and (2) a means is provided for generating excess heat by the Pons-Fleischmann cold nuclear fusion effect by forming a vacuum vessel at another side of the H-absorbing metal plate and colliding accelerated charged particles on the surface of the H-absorbing metal to bring about the Pons-Fleischmann cold nuclear fusion effect of the D2 in the H-absorbing metal. A large amt. of heat can be obtained stably with good reproducibility, and the wasteful loss of D2 can be prevented". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 121:240381 (1994)).} } @misc{P.Igar1989, author = {M. Igarashi}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion and apparatus}, year = {1989}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 02,280,086, appl. 21-Apr-89.}, annote = {"In cold nuclear fusion based on the electrolysis of heavy H2O, an ionic conductor placed between anode and cathode contains D+, and the cathode is formed of a material (e.g. Li) which can store H. The ionic conductor may also contain T+". (Quoted from Chem. Abstr. 115:37282 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Igar1993, author = {K. Igarashi and Y. Yamamoto and H. Kajama and M. Mitsuya and T. Myake and S. Ogawa and K. Eto and I. Ootake}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion}, year = {1993}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 06,249,983, 02-Mar-93.}, annote = {"In cold nuclear fusion which uses an electrolytic cell, an ion conductor comprising heavy hydrogen ions (D or T ions) between an anode and a cathode facing the anode is described. The cathode can be used to store H isotopes. The isotopic ratio of 7Li in the cathode is >=93\%. Cold nuclear fusion can be conducted efficiently in such an arrangement". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 122:40940 (1995)).} } @misc{P.Ikeg1990, author = {H. Ikegami}, title = {Apparatus and method for utilizing heat generated owing to Pons-Fleischmann effect}, year = {1990}, note = {Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 477,018 20-Sep-90.}, annote = {App. and method for efficiently utilizing heat generated owing to so-called cold fusion comprises a metal rod, heat pipe, or the like directly connected to a cathode in which excess heat is generated owing to the Pons-Fleischmann effect, to deprive the cathode of heat. The heat is used to perform elec. or mech. work. Depriving the cathode of heat also contributes to maintenance of the performance of the cathode". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 117:15849 (1992)).} } @misc{P.Ikeg1991, author = {H. Ikegami and K. Mori}, title = {Palladium for cold nuclear fusion}, year = {1991}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 04,301,790, 29-Mar-91.}, annote = {Pd used as a D absorber in cold nuclear fusion based on, e.g., electrolysis, gas absorption, or elec. discharge, is hardened Pd which is cold-worked to decrease cross section by >= 70\%". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 118:243215 (1993)).} } @misc{P.Ikeg2001, author = {H. Ikegami}, title = {Method and apparatus for nuclear fusion.}, year = {2001}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho (2001), JP 2001349971 A2 20011221 Application: JP 2000-2000173524 20000609}, annote = {"The title method and app. are characterized in that the nuclear fusion is induced by the localized high d. plasma generated in the neighbor of an electrode interface in a melted ionic hydride, such as LiH, LiBH4, etc." (Direect from Chem. Abstr. 136:44447 (2001)).} } @misc{P.Ishi1993, author = {R. Ishii}, title = {Low-temperature nuclear fusion apparatus}, year = {1993}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 06,337,294, 27-May-93.}, annote = {"The app. uses a microwave irradn. of a vessel contg. H-absorbing substance of powd. Pd, etc and D2O" (direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 122:117207 (1995)).} } @misc{P.Ishi1989, author = {A. Ishikawa and M. Katsumi}, title = {Power generation by cold nuclear fusion}, year = {1989}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 03 78,691, 23-Aug-89.}, annote = {"Thermal energy is generated by implanting D in a substance (e.g. Pd) to cause cold nuclear fusion, and the thermal energy is converted into elec. power by thermoelec. means". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 116:47853 (1992)).} } @misc{P.Ishi1990a, author = {Y. Ishikawa and H. Ogata and N. Saho and Y. Mihara}, title = {Nuclear fusion at room temperature}, year = {1990}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 02,276,990, 13-Nov-90.}, annote = {"In the nuclear fusion based on the electrolysis of heavy H2O, a D-absorbing cathode has a porous structure. To increase the absorption rate of O [sic], small amt. of As, CN-, S2- and/or Cl- is added to the heavy H2O". (Quoted from Chem. Abstr. 114:255488 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Ishi1990b, author = {Y. Ishikawa and H. Ogata and N. Saho and Y. Mihara}, title = {Deuterium absorption in nuclear fusion}, year = {1990}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 02,276,992, 13-Nov-90.}, annote = {"In nuclear fusion, D is absorbed, in vapor phase, by a neg.-biased material (e.g. Pd). The material may be a film formed by chem.-vapor or sputter deposition in a D atm." (Quoted from Chem. Abstr. 114:255487 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Ish1993, author = {M. Ishizawa and K. Takeno and T. Take and M. Mino and T. Koyashiki and T. Masashiro}, title = {Cold fusion and apparatus for achieving it}, year = {1993}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 06,265,662, 10-Mar-93.}, annote = {The title app. involves the following: (1) laminating a thermoelec. semiconductor layer with low diffusion coeff. of D and a D-occluded Pd or Ti plate, (2) applying current from both sides to cool the interface, and (3) generating a temp. gradient in the Pd or Ti plate. The thermoelec. semiconductor may contain Fe-Si, B4C, or SiC. The method is applied for achieving fusion at <= 1000 C". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 122:18698 (1995)).} } @misc{P.Ito1994, author = {T. Ito and Y. Iwamura and N. Goto}, title = {Apparatus for study of nuclear reaction of deuterium within a solid material (such as palladium) for elucidating the reaction mechanism in cold fusion}, year = {1994}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 08,166,477 [96,166,477], Dec-94.}, annote = {"The app. is equipped with (1) an electrolysis cell, (2) a vacuum vessel and an exhaust system, (3) a means (such as a charged particle detector or x-ray detector) in the vacuum vessel for detecting nuclear reaction products, and (4) a cathode which partitions the electrolytic cell and the vacuum vessel. The spaces between the electrolytic cell, the vacuum vessel, and the cathode are airtight and nuclear reaction products are detected while the electrolysis is carried out. The mechanism of the nuclear reaction of deuterium within a Pd cathode can be elucidated". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 125:179610 (1996)).} } @misc{P.Ito1999, author = {T. Ito and Y. Iwamura and N. Goto}, title = {Electrode material for nuclear reactor}, year = {1999}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 11038169 A2 12 Feb 1999 Heisei, 5 pp.}, annote = {"The electrode is made of a Ca-contg. hydrogen-absorbing alloy substrate. A CaO-hydrogen absorbing alloy mixed layer of the electrode contacts an electrolytic bath. The hydrogen-absorbing alloys are Pd-based alloys. The generation of x rays and excess heat was obsd. and the reprodn. of the nuclear reaction is 100 \%" (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 130:188459 (1999)).} } @misc{P.Itsu1992a, author = {M. Itsuhonmatsu and M. Suzuki}, title = {Palladium electrodes used for cold nuclear fusion}, year = {1992}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 06,160,559; 20-Nov-92.}, annote = {"The greater part of the surface of a Pd electrode is coated (by electro- deposition or vapor deposition) with a material (such as >=1 of Zn, Cd, Ni, Hg, and their alloys) whose H-generating activity is lower than that of Pd. The D/Pd ratio in the electrode is increased and the heat presumably generated from nuclear fusion is increased sharply". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 121:240379 (1994)).} } @misc{P.Itsu1992b, author = {M. Itsuhonmatsu and M. Suzuki and T. Sogi}, title = {Acceleration of cold nuclear fusion and palladium electrode for it}, year = {1992}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 06,180,382; 11-Dec-92.}, annote = {"In the acceleration, Pd contg. an alpha-decay-inducing nuclide absorbs D. The radionuclide may be 190Pt or 147Sm. The electrolysis showed high efficiency for heat generation". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 121:215644 (1994)).} } @misc{P.Itsu1993, author = {M. Itsuhonmatsu and M. Suzuki and T. Sogi}, title = {Manufacture of palladium deuteride by electrolysis}, year = {1993}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 06,293,985, 07-Apr-93.}, annote = {"After D is absorbed in Pd at a temp. >= 10C lower than a specified electrolysis temp. the temp. is raised to the specified temp. The rate of the rising of the temp. is 10-100C/min. Pd deuteride with a high D/Pd ration can be obtained even at a high temp., so that cold fusion can be accelerated and high energy can be obtained" (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 122:40948 (1995)).} } @misc{P.Iwama1989a, author = {S. Iwamatsu}, title = {Method of cold fusion}, year = {1989}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 02,297,093, appl. 11-May-89.}, annote = {"A cathode consisting of a Pd container or Pd tube contg. pressurized D2 is exposed to D+ ions or D plasma atm. or subjected to accelerated driving of D. Thus, an elec. current is applied to a Pt anode and a Pd pipe cathode contg. pressurized D gas, then cold fusion occurs at a high probability at the surface or inside of the Pd pipe cathode. The same effect can be achieved by exposing the Pd cathode to D2O or D plasma gas and accelerated driving of D ions." (Quoted from Chem. Abstr. 115:37284 (1991))} } @misc{P.Iwama1989b, author = {S. Iwamatsu}, title = {Nuclear fusion reactor}, year = {1989}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 02,298,891, 15-May-89.}, annote = {"A nuclear fusion reactor includes (1) a compartment for forming a plasma from O2O [sic] or D, (2) a compartment for accelerating D ions in the plasma, (3) a compartment for projecting this D ion beam toward a metal target (e.g. Pd), and (4) a target support as well as a heat exchanger." (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 115:80698 (1991))} } @misc{P.Iwama1989c, author = {S. Iwamatsu}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion based on heavy-water electrolysis}, year = {1989}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 02,304,393, 18-May-89.}, annote = {"Cold nuclear fusion is based on the electrolysis of D2O and uses cathodes from Ni or a Ni-Pd alloy". (Quoted from Chem. Abstr. 115:59228 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Iwama1989d, author = {S. Iwamatsu}, title = {Method of cold fusion}, year = {1989}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 02,306,192, appl. 19-May-89.}, annote = {"At least the cathode plate to be immersed in heavy water is of Ti material. The electrodes can be an alternative to precious metal electrodes. Thus, a Ti plate, preferably porous Ti cathode and a Ti plate of Pt-plated Ti plate anode are immersed in heavy water, and elec. current is applied to the electrodes to cause cold fusion at the cathode. The cathode can be a Pd-plated Ti plate". (Quoted from Chem. Abstr. 115:37287 (1991))} } @misc{P.Iwama1989e, author = {S. Iwamatsu}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion based on heavy-water electrolysis}, year = {1989}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 02,306,193, 19-May-89.}, annote = {"In cold nuclear fusion based on D2O electrolysis, a cathode bar from a H absorbing metal (and Pd) is used, and a Pt coated Ti anode plate is placed around the cathode bar" (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 115:122213 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Iwama1989f, author = {S. Iwamatsu}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion based on heavy-water electrolysis}, year = {1989}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 02,307,093, 22-May-89.}, annote = {"In cold nuclear fusion, pressured O or its plasma is introduced into a container made of Pt, Ti or a Pd-Ti alloy. Nuclear fusion is caused on the inner wall of the container. Alternatively, the container is filled with a powder of Pt, Ti, or the Pd-Ti alloy before the introduction of D or its D plasma. Voltage may be applied to the D plasma, forming D ions". (Quoted from Chem. Abstr. 115:59227 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Iwama1990a, author = {S. Iwamatsu}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion reactors}, year = {1990}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 03,274,487, 24-Mar-90.}, annote = {"A cold nuclear fusion reactor contains Pd, Ti, or a H-adsorbing alloy which is covered by a high-strength material such as steel. The fusion reactor has improved efficiency". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 116:223521 (1992)).} } @misc{P.Iwama1990b, author = {S. Iwamatsu}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion reactors}, year = {1990}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 03,274,488, 24-Mar-90.}, annote = {"A cold nuclear fusion reactor consists of a container of D2, and an anode and a cathode inserted in the container, and elec. discharge is conducted between the electrodes". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 116:223522 (1992)).} } @misc{P.Iwama1990c, author = {S. Iwamatsu}, year = {1990}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion by ion implantation}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 04 72,593, 13-Jul-90.}, annote = {"The fusion is performed by implanting accelerated D- to H-occluding metal or alloy. The fusion may also be performed by implanting electron beam to H-occluded or H-occluding metal." (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 117:35367 (1992)).} } @misc{P.Iwama1990d, author = {S. Iwamatsu}, title = {Method of cold fusion}, year = {1990}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 02,311,792, 27-Dec-90.}, annote = {D2 gas or plasma state D or ionized D gas is absorbed into a H2-absorbing alloy. Pd may be loaded inside and/or on the surface of the alloy. The method does not necessarily require electrolysis. Thus, a H2-absorbing alloy is exposed to D2 gas to absorb as much as 1000 times the vol. of the alloy, to cause cold nuclear fusion The heat evolved by the cold fusion can be extd. via heat exchangers". (Quoted from Chem. Abstr. 114:255498 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Iwamo1990a, author = {E. Iwamoto}, title = {Neutron radiographic apparatus based on cold nuclear fusion}, year = {1990}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 03,237,397, 14-Feb-90.}, annote = {"An n radiog. app., which contains an n source, and a film on which n from the source is projected across the sample target, uses a cold-nuclear-fusion device as the n source". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 116:93662 (1992)).} } @misc{P.Iwamo1990b, author = {E. Iwamoto}, title = {Radioactivation analyzer using cold-nuclear-fusion apparatus as neutron source}, year = {1990}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 03,237,398, 14-Feb-90.}, annote = {"A radioactivation analyzer which is equipped with an n source and a radiation detector, is characterized in that the n source is a cold-nuclear-fusion app.". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 116:93661 (1992)).} } @misc{P.Iwamu1994, author = {Y. Iwamura and N. Goto and T. Ito}, title = {In-solid induction of nuclear reaction using hydrogen-storage metal (alloy) and apparatus for it}, year = {1994}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 08,166,476 [96,166,476], Dec-94.}, annote = {"The title method comprises induction of nuclear reaction at room temp. by heating a sample obtained by storage of light or heavy H in a hydrogen-storing solid, e.g. Pd (alloy) and Ti (alloy), etc., in a vacuum container to mobilize the H in solid. The app. for the method is also claimed. Trigger of the nuclear fusion can be intentionally given by the method". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 125:153144 (1996).} } @misc{P.Iwamu1999, author = {Y. Iwamura and T. Ito and N. Goto}, title = {Method for induced nuclear reaction}, year = {1999}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 11231081 A2 27 Aug 1999 Heisei, 4 pp.}, annote = {Nuclear reaction is induced by diffusion of heavy H in a material made of Pd (alloys), H-absorbing metals (e.g.Ti), or H-absorbing alloys. Pressure of heavy H on 1 side of the material is made high and the other side of the material is vacuumized or controlled to make the heavy H pressure to be lower. Electrolytic nuclear reaction is induced by use of the material as an electrode. The process is suitable for cold fusion". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 131:176016 (1999)).} } @misc{P.Iwamu2001, author = {Y. Iwamura and T. Itoh and M. Sakano}, title = {Nuclide transmutation device and nuclide transmutation method.}, year = {2001}, note = {Eur. Pat. Appl. (2002), EP 2001-402812 20011030.}, annote = {"This small-scale device transmutes long-lived nuclear waste to short-lived waste or stable nuclides and transforms abundant elements to rare earth elements. The device has a body that is plate-shaped and made of Pd or palladium alloy, or another metal that absorbs hydrogen e.g. Ti or a Ti alloy. The material to be transmuted is laminated on one surface of this body and at that side there is a high deuterium pressure due to gas pressure or electrolysis, while on the other side there is a low deuterium pressure. A flow of deuterium is induced in the body and nuclide transmutation is carried out by a reaction between the deuterium and the material." (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 136:347353 (2002)).} } @misc{P.John1992, author = {K.~H. Johnson}, title = {Enhanced d-d interaction overlap for fusion and neutron generation}, year = {1992}, note = {PCT Int. Appl. WO 94 06,112, 28-Aug-92.}, annote = {"A metal deuteride and process for its formation are described, in which the deuteride atoms are loaded or stored in Pd to a level which induces a Jahn-Teller degeneracy effect, resulting in a symmetry breaking of the lattice structure that places selected D atoms in sufficiently close approxn. to create usable levels of fusion as an energy and/or neutron source. The Pd is placed in an environment in which D atoms are loaded into the Pd cell by electrolysis, implantation or diffusion technologies, to a loading ratio of 1 or slightly above, at which point a symmetry breakage occurs from the degeneracy resulting from the existence of matched electron orbital energies in a D-D bonding relationship, in which the orbitals assume different energy levels. This shift is coupled to the D nuclei, forcing them into closer assocn. as a part of the symmetry breaking effect". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 120:309615 (1994)).} } @misc{P.Jone1989, author = {S.~E. Jones and E.~P. Palmer and J.~B. Czirr and J. Rafelski and R. Price}, title = {Piezonuclear fusion}, year = {1989}, note = {PCT Int. Appl. WO 90 13,125, 26. April 1989.}, annote = {"Several methods of loading a host material with D and promoting nuclear cold fusion either by elec. current or heating and cooling are claimed. The loading methods include electrolysis of D2O, exposure to D, thermal cycling of host material under D, catalytic infusion etc". (Quoted from Chem. Abstr. 115:17342 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Josh1989, author = {A.~V. Joshi}, title = {Electrolytic apparatus for dissociation of compounds containing hydrogen isotopes}, year = {1989}, note = {PCT Int. Appl. WO 90 13,127 18-Apr-89.}, annote = {"An improved app. is described for high temp. electrolytic decompn. of compds. contg. H isotopes, e.g. D. The app. includes a solid state electrolyte capable of conducting O, H+, Li or Na ions, an anode porous to O adherent to one surface of the solid state electrolyte, and a H-absorbing cathode such as Fe, Ti, Mg, Ni, Pd or their alloy, adherent to another surface of the solid state electrolyte. The app. is placed in a H isotope medium and 1-2 V of d.c. passed through the electrodes. Upon application of this voltage D2 is absorbed in the cathode. Once the satn. of D2 in cathode occurs fusion begins to take place, thus releasing heat energy. A cold fusion process using a molten electrolyte is also claimed". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 115:80697 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Kale2000a, author = {F.~H.~G.~A. Kaleski}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion}, year = {2000}, note = {Fr. Demande FR 2786020 A1 19 May 2000,64 pp.}, annote = {"A cold nuclear fusion device is described comprises a very high energy particle emitter from superposition of the high energy forces [sic] and/or elec. current, sum total of which exceeds the speed of light. The emitter emits the particle on a cold fusion cell comprising an electrolysis cell bombarded by a wave from a wave emitter and put under a magnetic field". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 132:353898 (2000)).} } @misc{P.Kale2000b, author = {F. Kaleski}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion device.}, year = {2000}, note = {Fr. Demande (2001), FR 2809224 A1 20011123.}, annote = {The title device comprises a very high energy particle emitter formed by superposition of the elec. currents whose sum is greater than the speed of light. The particle emitter emits the particles on a cold fusion cell. The cell comprises an electrolysis cavity bombarded by the waves coming from a wave emitter and subjected to a magnetic field. (Direect quote from Chem. Abstr.136:75982 (2002)).} } @misc{P.Kann1989, author = {Y. Kanno}, title = {Acceleration of cold nuclear fusion by ultrasound}, year = {1989}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 02,281,185, appl. 21-Apr-89.}, annote = {"Cold nuclear fusion based on electrolysis of D2O is accelerated by applying ultrasound to D2O" (quoted from Chem. Abstr. 115:37283 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Kasa1989a, author = {M. Kasahara and H. Negishi}, title = {Power generators based on cold nuclear fusion}, year = {1989}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 03 53,194, 21-Jul-89.}, annote = {"A power generator based on cold nuclear fusion utilizes heavy H2O, a Pt anode, a Pd cathode, and an elec. power source, is characterized in that the Pd cathode is porous". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 115:192159 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Kasa1989b, author = {M. Kasahara and H. Negishi}, title = {Power generators based on cold nuclear fusion}, year = {1989}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 03 53,195, 21-Jul-89.}, annote = {"A power generator based on cold nuclear fusion, which utilizes heavy H2O, a Pt anode, a Pd cathode, and an elec. power source, is characterized in that the Pd cathode is porous, and it is under vibration". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 115:192158 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Keen2001, author = {F.~W. Keeney and A.~C. Johnson and S.~E. Jones}, title = {Cold Nuclear Fusion Under Non-Equilibrium Conditions}, year = {2001}, note = {Pat. Appl. WO0163979, 2001-08-30}, annote = {"A method of producing cold nuclear fusion and a method of preparing a fusion-promoting material for producing cold nuclear fusion are disclosed. The method of producing fusion includes selecting a fusion-promoting material, hydriding the fusion-promoting material with a source of isotopic hydrogen, and establishing a non-equilibrium condition in the fusion-promoting material. The method of producing fusion may include cleaning the fusion-promoting material. The method of producing fusion may also include heat-treating the fusion-promoting material. The method of preparing a fusion-promoting material for producing fusion includes selecting a fusion-promoting material and hydriding the fusion-promoting material with a source of isotopic hydrogen. The method of preparing a fusion-promoting material for producing fusion may include cleaning the fusion-promoting material. The method of preparing a fusion-promoting material for producing fusion may also include heat-treating the fusion-promoting material". Source: esp@cenet data base l2} } @misc{P.Khud1990, author = {B.~M. Khudenko}, title = {Method and apparatus for nuclear fusion}, year = {1990}, note = {PCT Int. Appl. WO 91 14,267, 13-Mar-90.}, annote = {"The present invention relates to a method and app. for cold nuclear fusion in which fusionable particles located within an electrolyte are accelerated by local electromagnetic fields in a migrational transport layer. This migrational transport layer can be induced either by creating a cementation system, applying an outside source of current to an electrode system, or a combination of both". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 116:115386 (1992)).} } @misc{P.Kirk1992, author = {V.~A. Kirkinsky}, title = {Cold-fusion method and apparatus for producing energy, tritium, helium, and free neutrons}, year = {1992}, note = {PCT Int. Appl. WO 94 03,902, 3-Aug-92.}, annote = {"A method for producing energy, based on the phenomenon of cold nuclear fusion with sorption-desorption of D in metals, is characterized by the use, as the metals, of elements or alloys forming 2 cryst. phases with different content of D existing in equil. within a certain temp. and pressure range and mutually isostructural, e.g. Pd, Nb, V, rare earth elements, and the intermetallic compds. TiFe and TiCr2. The metal is prepd. as powder (with particle size <0.1 mm), thin foil, a film on a substrate, a wire, or compact mass with pores and microcracks with the largest possible surface. The techniques for prepn. of the metal and for carrying out the method are elaborated. Sorption is carried out at a D pressure exceeding that of 3-phase equil. of the isostructural phases with the gas at a given temp. which is below the crit. temp., whereas desorption is carried out under conditions of 2-phase equil. of the cryst. phase with the gas at a pressure which is below the crit. pressure of the equil. of the isostructural phases. The cycle is continuously repeated. The method makes it possible to accelerate the process of cold nuclear fusion by several orders of magnitude". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 120:309614 (1994)).} } @misc{P.Knot2002, author = {D.~J. Knott}, title = {Chemically and electrically inducted nuclear cold fusion system.}, year = {2002}, note = {PCT Int. Appl. (2002), WO 0225669.}, annote = {"Generally, cold fusion is viewed as an erroneous concept. However, presented cold fusion system is a focused and practical invention that recognizes the logic of the complementary unity of the forces of nature by applying the opposite attraction in nature. The nuclear cold fusion system is manufd. within the atm. of a suitably regulated kiln by sepg. at. fission from metals and the said manufg. agents by thermal, chem., elec. and atm. attraction. Using heat, oxygen, electrostatic, charcoal atoms and temp. redn. as an activating, sepg., purifying, condensing, congealing and hardening medium within the atm. of the kiln. Continuous recycling of the volatile, org., molten and polar-elec. concoction until it has been completely vaporised, ionised, purified, congealed and hardened to manuf. my chem. and elec. inducted nuclear cold fusion system." (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. AN 2002:241121).} } @misc{P.Koba1992, author = {S. Kobayashi}, title = {Tritium treatment apparatus for a nuclear fusion reactors [sic]}, year = {1992}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 05,232,293, 25-Feb-92.}, annote = {"The app. contains a means to accelerate the oxidn. of H isotopes, a means to condense and liquefy the regenerate vapor treated by the oxidn.- acceleration means, and a means to recover and store the H2O produced by the condensation and liquefying means". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 120:202690 (1994)).} } @misc{P.Kore1996, author = {A. Koreeda}, title = {Exhaust device in analytical apparatus for proving cold fusion}, year = {1996}, note = {Jpn Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,257,973, 21-Mar-96.}, annote = {"The gas formed in an ambient-temp. reactor is fed through a connecting tube into a mass anal. tube evacuated by a tube mol. pump and a rotary pump connected in series with it, and the change of He gas in the gas is detected. A nonevaporating getter pump is interposed in the connecting tube. The nonevaporating getter pump has a heated active adsorption surface made of Zr-Al alloy thin film. The change of He gas can be detd. accurately when cold fusion is carried out in a reactor". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 127:352285 (1997)).} } @misc{P.Koya1993, author = {N. Koyama and H. Hirasawa and K. Kunimatsu}, title = {Generation of excess heat by ac electrolysis of heavy water}, year = {1993}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 07,146,387, 25-Nov-93.}, annote = {"In a method using a H isotope-occluding metal as the cathode and occluding the D generated from the electrolysis of heavy water at the cathode to generate excess heat, a sine-wave a.c. having a fixed amplitude is superimposed on the d.c. applied during electrolysis so that the D occlusion ratio (D/Pd) is continuously varied. Excess heat can be generated in a stable manner over a long time" (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 123:125393 (1995)).} } @misc{P.Kubo1992, author = {H. Kubota}, title = {Room-temperature nuclear fusion materials for fusion reactors}, year = {1992}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 06,138,269; 27-Oct-92.}, annote = {"The title material is obtained by coating a compact film (e.g. Au) uniformly on the entire surface of a H-absorbing metal (e.g. Pd) contg. highly absorbed heavy hydrogen (e.g. D). The reactor conprises a heater, the material, and a heating medium in a vessel. Heating efficiency is very high". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 121: 240378 (1994)).} } @misc{P.Kubo1993, author = {H. Kubota}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion devices}, year = {1993}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 07 84,076, 15-Sep-93.}, annote = {"Substances having catalytic action, such as Pt, Ni, Ti, or Pd, are used as a cathode and an anode. A D-diffusion layer is installed between the 2 electrodes, which are placed in a reactor vessel contg. D gas, and elec. current is passed between the electrodes. Without using an H-absorbing metal and by the synergistic effect of a Pt catalyst and the catalytic action of the elec. current, the nuclear fusion of D is realised". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 122:324649 (1995)).} } @misc{P.Kuma1989, author = {H. Kumafuji and A. Fukami}, title = {Uranium cathode for electrolytic exothermic tritium formation}, year = {1989}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 03,35,192 3-Jul-89.}, annote = {"The cathode consists of Pd-coated U used in (3)H-formation by electrolyzing an electrolytic soln. contg. D2O and small amt. base with a Pt anode and a cathode to produce larger energy than required for the electrolysis. The cathode may be built in a porous Al2O3 container instead of Pd-coating. The cathode had high H absorption". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 115:80704 (1991))} } @misc{P.Kuni1990, author = {K. Kunimatsu}, title = {Energy generators based on cold fusion}, year = {1990}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 05,302,988, Oct-90.}, annote = {"In a cold-fusion-based energy generator, which applies voltage between an anode and a cathode from an H-adsorbing [sic] metal (e.g. Pd) or its alloy in D2O contg. an electrolyte, a O gas is supplied to the anode to cause the reaction D2 --> 2D+ + 2e-. The applied volatage [sic] can be substantially low" (direct from Chem. Abstr. 120:282768 (1994)).} } @misc{P.Kuni1991, author = {K. Kunimatsu and M. Kawai and H. Fukatsu and S. Takagi}, title = {Pons/Fleischmann cold fusion effect apparatus}, year = {1991}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 06 75,072; 24-Jun-91.}, annote = {"The title app. comprises an electrolyte (KCl, LiCl, and LiD molten salts) in a pressure container, an anode made from a D2-absorbing metal immersed in the molten salt, a cathode made from a porous catalyst such as Pd immersed partly in the molten salt, and a space above the molten salt surface. Compressed D2 gas is fed into the space and contact [sic] part of the cathode, and a power source is connected to both electrodes. The electrolyte is a molten salt so that it can be operated at high temp., the energy efficiency is high, and it is unnecessary to replace the cathode". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 121:240370 (1994)).} } @misc{P.Kuwa1989, author = {Y. Kuwano and K. Nasako and S. Fujitani and T. Yonezaki and A. Furukawa and I. Yonezu and K. Moriwaki and S. Kameoka and T. Saito and S. Furukawa}, title = {Systems for cold nuclear fusion, heat transport, and thermoelectric cells}, year = {1989}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 02,280,088, 20-Apr-89.}, annote = {"In a cold-nuclear-fusion-system, in which an anode from an O-generating metal (e.g. LaNi5), and a H-absorbing cathode are placed in electrolyte-contg. D2O: (1) the cathode is formed of a H-occluded alloy; and (2) an elec. field is applied between the electrodes. A D-compd. (e.g. D2S) may be added to the electrolyte. A heat-transport system uses heat generated by the cold-fusion system, and the H gas adsorbed [sic] and released by the H-occluded alloy is employed as a heat-transfering [sic] medium. A thermoelec.-cell system comprises the cold fusion system and a thermoelec. cell". (Quoted from Chem. Abstr. 115:59220 (1991))} } @misc{P.Lich1997, author = {A.~N. Lichtchouk and E.~Y. Mourishev}, title = {Device to obtain heat energy, working medium and electrodes to be used in this device, material for working medium and electrodes.}, year = {1997}, note = {PCT Int. Appl. WO 9904401 97-IB864 14 Jul 1997.}, annote = {"The invention relates to the branch of energetic to the methods of obtaining and conversion of heat and other types of energy. A device to obtain heat energy contains a working chamber and at least one electrode located in it made bulk and including the elements located with the possibility of contact with each other. According to the invention the elements have a shape different from spherical one. The elements of the bulk electrode can have the shape with the external surface contg. at least one plane. In particular, the elements of the bulk electrode may have the shape of a polyhedron or a cone, for example the shape of a prism, or a trigonal, tetragonal, ditetragonal, hexagonal, dihexagonal pyramid or dipyramid. The device may contain a medium structuring block connected with a working chamber. The medium structuring blocks contain at least one configurator to provide stable regular resonance structuring of the medium. The inlet of the working chamber is connected with the outlet of the configurator. A working medium to be used in the device to obtain heat energy contains at least one melt base and/or at least one melt salt. A working medium may contain also a satd. or supersatd. soln. of at least one salt and/or base of a metal of subgroups 1a or 2a, or of Al, or of Zn. A working medium may contain also a vapor-gaseous mixt., including H isotopes components. A material for the working medium and electrodes including at least one 1st metal absorbing H isotopes and at least one 2nd metal. The 2nd metal forms a solid soln. with at least one 1st metal." (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 130:130901 (1999)).} } @misc{P.Lich1998a, author = {A.~N. Lichtchouk and E.~Y. Mourishev}, title = {Device to obtain heat energy, working medium and electrodes to be used in this device, material for working medium and electrodes, and method to obtain this material}, year = {1998}, note = {PCT Int. Appl. WO 9849688}, annote = {"The invention relates to a branch of energetics, to the methods of btaining and conversion of heat and other types of energy by way of nuclear fusion. A device to obtain heat energy contains a working chamber , elements to input the working medium , elements to output the fusion reaction products and electrodes. According to the invention the device has a block of medium structuring and contains at least one pair of electrodes thereby at least one electrode of this pair is located in the working chamber. A material for the working medium and electrodes include at least one 1st metal absorbing H isotopes and at least one 2nd metal. According to the invention at least one 2nd metal forms a solid soln. with at least one 1st metal. The 1st metal may be, for example, Ti, and the 2nd metal may be the metal selected from the group including ferrum, Co, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zr, Ce. A method to obtain the working medium and electrodes includes the deformation of the metal alloy. According to the invention, under the deformation, the structuring of the alloy is being carried out, the alloy including at least one 1st metal absorbing H isotopes and at least one 2nd metal forming the solid soln. with at least one 1st metal carrying out shearing strain along the crystal planes of sliding at the temps. higher than the phase change of the alloy in a solid state, but lower than the temp. of a liq. phase creation." (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 129:322570 (1998)).} } @misc{P.Lich1998b, author = {A.~N. Lichtchouk and E.~Y. Mourishev}, title = {Method and device to obtain heat energy}, year = {1998}, note = {PCT Int. Appl. WO 9849689}, annote = {"The invention relates to a field of energetic, to the methods and devices for obtaining and conversion of heat and other types of energy. This device and method may be effectively used in the autonomic power devices in various ranges of capacities. A method to obtain heat energy includes fusion reaction with preliminary prepn. of the working medium. According to the invention, the prepn. of the working medium is carried out via hydrodynamic macrostructuring; after that, microstructuring of the medium mols. of near and far row is carried out as well as excitation of the electronic levels of the working medium via external effects. Then nuclear fusion is accomplished by the phase conversion in the structured working medium. The hydrodynamic medium macrostructuring may be made by configurators with the corresponding collection of their shape and dimensions. A device to obtain heat energy contains the working chamber , inputting elements for the working medium, outputting elements for fusion reaction products and electrodes. According to the invention, the device has the configurators providing stable regular resonance structuring of the medium. The working chamber is made with an expanding canal. The chamber inlet is connected with the configurator outlet. The device contains at least 3 pairs of electrodes. At least one pair of electrodes is placed in the configurator , at least one pair of electrodes is located at the inlet of the working chamber and at least one pair of electrodes is located in the working chamber. The heat collector may be connected with the outlet of working chamber. The configurators may be made in the shape of a pyramid." (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 129:322571 (1998).} } @misc{P.Hoep1998, author = {R. Hoepfl and H. Harz and F.~P. Boody}, title = {Plasma-technical layer preparation for nuclear reaction.}, year = {1998}, note = {Ger. Offen. DE 19649511 A1 4 Jun 1998, 4 pp.}, annote = {"A method for nuclear transmutation of long-lived isotopes from radioactive wastes into short-lived or stable isotopes comprises introduction of a high concn. of p, d, t in the waste metal. The metals react with the H isotopes through an exothermic reaction similar to cold fusion and gets transmuted into a short-lived or stable isotopes." (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 129:59764 (1998)).} } @misc{P.Long1992, author = {H. Long}, title = {High-efficiency reaction vessel for studying the anomalous effect in a metal-deuterium system}, year = {1992}, note = {Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu CN 1,077,816, 29-Sep-92.}, annote = {"The title reaction vessel comprises a couple of metal electrodes in a closed container made from insulating material; the metal layer lines the inner wall of the container which is sepd. from the electrodes; and an outlet exiting to air is provided". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 121:20677 (1994)).} } @misc{P.Mars1993, author = {J. Marshall}, title = {Glow discharge apparatus and methods providing prerequisites and testing for nuclear reactions}, year = {1993}, note = {PCT Int. Appl. WO 95 12,883, 01-Nov-93.}, annote = {"A method and app. are given for experimenting and testing cold fusion or other solid state nuclear reaction processes by means of achieving high pressures of solubilized light fusion elements in solid metal lattices from the gas phase. The app. uses an anode and cathode positioned in a chamber receptive of the fusion element gases to produce controlled conditions compatible with postulated cold fusion for lab. and reactor purposes. Two electrode embodiments are disclosed for use in a glow discharge mode of operation. The electrodes are thoroughly scrubbed of impurities by heating and sputtering prior to experimenting on cold fusion processes. The results of cold fusion experimentation are then monitored and controlled". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 123:154810 (1995)).} } @misc{P.Mart1990, author = {J. Martin}, title = {Process and apparatus for the uptake of hydrogen in a solid}, year = {1990}, note = {Ger. Offenl. DE 3915153 A1, 15.11.1990}, annote = {Expressed very generally, this invention is about the uptake of hydrogen isotopes in a solid that is capable of taking it up. This could be, for example, a palladium cathode in a cold fusion arrangement, or a hydrogen storage material in a vehicle. The essence of the invention is to solve the problem of an active layer, that enables hydrogen uptake; such a layer is here generated continuously by means of, e.g., a dilute palladium salt in the electrolyte (causing Pd deposition in a spongy, active form), or by means of surface radiation treatment of the material. Various other means are covered.} } @misc{P.Mast1995, author = {U. Mastromatteo}, title = {Solid fuel for cold nuclear fusion reactors}, year = {1995}, note = {PCT Int. Appl. WO 97 20,319, 30-Nov-95.}, annote = {"This invention relates to a solid fuel for cold nuclear fusion reactors. A reactor suitable for such fuel comprises a quantity (MA) of an absorbing material capable of absorbing H, and of generating in consequence thermal energy, has the form of a cyclindrical container and comprises a quantity (CO) of a fuel capable of releasing H put in touch with the inner walls of container (MA), and comprises a thermal element (ET) located in the inside and in touch with fuel (CO) to heat it. The fuel according to this invention is constituted by a solid compn. including at least 1 of the chem. elements belonging to the groups III, IV, V or [sic] the periodic system, or at least a compd. obtained by combining to 1 another at least 2 of such elements, and including an effective quantity of H". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 127:100892 (1997)).} } @misc{P.Mats1991a, author = {T. Matsumoto and H. Harada}, title = {Energy generation by cold nuclear fusion}, year = {1991}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 05,107,376, 14-Oct-91.}, annote = {"In the process, H2O contg. an electrolyte decompd. through electrolysis using Pd (or its alloy) heated at >= 800C in vacuum as a cathode and Pd as an anode to cover the surface of the cathode material with H atoms so that nuclear fusion, with the H atoms as a catalyst, is caused on the surface of and/or inside the cathode" (direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 120:176068 (1994)).} } @misc{P.Mats1991b, author = {T. Matsumoto and H. Harada}, title = {Creation of elements from water by nuclear fusion}, year = {1991}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 05,134,098 15-Nov-91.}, annote = {"In the process, D2O electrolytically dissolved using a Pd (or its alloy) cathode heated >= 80 degC vacuum, and a Pt anode, the cathode is surrounded by atoms to induce cold nuclear fusion on and/or inside the cathode with the D atoms as a catalyst, and the nuclear fusion creates various useful elements". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 119:258256 (1993)).} } @misc{P.Maye1990, author = {F.~J. Mayer}, title = {Resonant direct nuclear reactions for energy and tritium production}, year = {1990}, note = {PCT Int. Appl. WO 91 17,546, 09-May-90.}, annote = {"An app. is described comprising: means for energizing a 1st nucleus to an energy of <= 3 keV; means for contg. a 2nd nucleus therein; means for contacting the energized nucleus with the 2nd nucleus, whereby an n transfer reaction occurs between the nuclei under conditions wherein the energy of the energized nucleus is substantially below the Coulomb barrier energy for the reaction and the reaction generates products having a kinetic energy substantially in excess of the energy of the energized nucleus, which is dissipated to the reactor as thermal energy; and means for withdrawing thermal energy from the reactor". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 116:115385 (1992)).} } @misc{P.McKu1991a, author = {M.~C.~H. McKubre and R.~C. Rocha-Filho and S.~I. Smedley and F.~L. Tanzella and S. Crouch-Baker and T.~O. Passell and J. Santucci}, title = {Method for producing heat from deuterated palladium}, year = {1991}, note = {PCT Int. Appl. WO 92 22,905, 11-Jun-91.}, annote = {"Methods are described for producing heat from the interaction of D in a metal (e.g. Pd) having a crystal lattice with roughly polyhedral spaces. Deuterium is loaded into the metal and an elec. current is provided in the metal to supply energy to the loaded D and allowed the interaction to occur. The at. ratio of D to metal should be >= 0.8". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 118:156537 (1993)).} } @misc{P.McKu1991b, author = {M.~C.~H. McKubre and S.~I. Smedley and F.~L. Tanzella}, title = {Methods for cleaning cathodes}, year = {1991}, note = {PCT Int. Appl. WO 92 22,906, 11-Jun-91.}, annote = {"Methods for cleaning cathodes immersed in electrolytes, esp. electrolytes contg. ambient D from D2O. The cathode is 1st driven with a pos. voltage and current is drawn until O evolution begins to dominate D oxidation. Then, a neg. voltage is impressed on the cathode and several mA/cm$^2$ c.d. are drawn for at least a day to reform the surface of the cathode. For Pd cathodes, the purity of the surface is further improved by heating it in a vacuum furnace, cooling it in a D atm., etching the cooled surface in aqua regia, and rinsing with D2O". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 118:156538 (1993)).} } @misc{P.McKu1991c, author = {M.~C.~H. McKubre and R.~C. Rocha-Filho and S.~I. Smedley and F.~L. Tanzella and S. Crouch-Baker and J. Santucci}, title = {Methods for forming films on cathodes}, year = {1991}, note = {PCT Int. Appl. WO 92 22,907, 11-Jun-91.}, annote = {"A method is described for forming a film on the surface of a cathode to facilitate the loading of D into the cathode. The cathode and an anode are immersed in an electrolyte contg. D and conducting ions, and the electrodes are connected to a current source. The conducting ions may be formed by inclusion of LiOD in the electrolyte. The addn. of other elemental species or compds. to the electrolyte further promotes the film formation and enhances the loading of D into the cathode". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 118:156539 (1993)).} } @misc{P.McKu1991d, author = {M.~C.~H. McKubre and S.~I. Smedley and F.~L. Tanzella and R.~C. Rocha-Filho}, title = {Apparatus for producing heat from deuterated palladium}, year = {1991}, note = {PCT Int. Appl. WO 92 22,908, 11-Jun-91.}, annote = {"App. is described for producing heat from the interaction of D in a metal (e.g. Pd) having a crystal lattice with roughly polyhedral interior spaces. Deuterium is loaded into the metal and an elec. current is passed through the metal to stimulate the heat-producing interaction. The loading of D can be enhanced by increasing the concn. of D at the metal surface through the use of a metal container for holding electrolyte in the presence of pressurized D gas, or through use of a thin film cathode sandwiched between 2 gas permeable membrane anodes. Loading can also be facilitated by the formation of a film on the surface of a metal through the use of additive species in the electrolyte such as Al, Si, and B". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 118:156540 (1993)).} } @misc{P.McKu1991e, author = {M.~C.~H. McKubre and S. Crouch-Baker and F.~L. Tanzella and S.~I. Smedley and J. Santucci and R.~C. Rocha-Filho}, title = {Apparatus for producing heat from deuterated film-coated palladium}, year = {1991}, note = {PCT Int. Appl. WO 93 00,683, 27-Jun-91.}, annote = {"An electrolysis system for generating excess heat has a d.c. source coupled between an anode and a cathode. The electrolyte is typically a soln. of LiOD in heavy water. The cathode has a surface layer that is comprised primarily of Pd. The current flow through the cell causes the Pd to become loaded with D. The surface layer is at least partially coated with a film that enhances the loading of D into the layer. The film is comprised of hydrated metal oxide-based cmpds., where the metal may be Al, Si, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, Li, Mg, Ni, Sc, Ti, V, Y, or Zr. The film is formed from material in the electrolyte by the current flow. In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the film is preformed on the surface of the cathode before immersion into the electrolyte". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 118:178705 (1993), but correcting "ba" to "Ba").} } @misc{P.McKu1992, author = {M.~C.~H. McKubre and R.~C. Rocha-Filho and S.~I. Smedley and F.~L. Tanzella and S. Crouch-Baker and J. Santucci}, title = {Methods for forming films on cathodes}, year = {1992}, note = {PCT Int. Appl. WO 94 14,163, 10-Dec-92.}, annote = {"A method is described for forming a film on the surface of a cathode to facilitate the loading of a H isotope into the cathode. The cathode and an anode are immersed in an electrolyte contg. a H isotope and conducting ions, and the electrodes are connected to a current source. The conducting ions may be formed by inclusion of LiOH, LiOD or LiOT in the electrolyte. The addn. of other elemental species or compds. to the electrolyte further promotes the film formation and enhances the loading of the H isotope into the cathode". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 121:120002 (1994)).} } @misc{P.Mend2000, author = {J. {Mendez-Vigo Barazona}}, title = {Process and apparatus for cold fusion using electric treatment of palladium electrode and/or titanium with gold electrode}, year = {2000}, note = {Pat. Application: ES 97-9700596 (2000).}, annote = {"Process and app. for cold fusion using elec. treatment of palladium electrode and/or titanium with gold electrode during water electrolysis is described" (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 135:113334 (2001)).} } @misc{P.Mika1989, author = {A. Mikami and K. Kuroki and S. Furukawa and K. Nasako and I. Yonezu and K. Moriwaki}, title = {Apparatus for cold nuclear fusion and heat-transport system}, year = {1989}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 02,306,194, 19-May-89.}, annote = {"The app. consists of a cathode-comprising tank from a H-absorbing metal, D2O contg. an electrolyte, and a cathode immersed in the D2O, while elec. insulated from the tank. Nuclear fusion of D is conducted in the cathode with the application of an elec. field between the electrodes. A heat-transport system is based on the absorption and releasing of H (heat-transfering medium) by the H-absorbing metal". (Quoted from Chem. Abstr. 115:59223 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Mill1989, author = {R.~L. Mills}, title = {Energy/matter conversion methods and structures}, year = {1989}, note = {PCT Int. Appl. WO 90 13,126 Nov. 1990; US Appl. 341,733, 21-Apr-89.}, annote = {"A method and app. for releasing energy comprise: selecting a 1st and a 2nd atom; detg. the resonance orbital shrinkage nergy levels of the e orbitals of the 2 atoms; providing 2 energy holes substantially equal to each of the shrinkage energy levels of the atoms; and juxtaposing the atoms and energy holes to produce nuclear fusion of the atoms. The cold fusion takes place when the energy is removed from the electron orbitals of atoms by the energy holes permitting redn. of the at. orbitals and attractive nuclear forces to act. The energy holes can be provided by using a catalytic ion-pair, each ion having ionization energy close to the resonance orbital shrinkage energy of one of the ions. A table of numerous such ion-pairs is also presented." (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 114:173685 (1991)} } @misc{P.Mino1993, author = {M. Mino and T. Koyashiki and M. Ishizawa and K. Takeno and T. Take and T. Masashiro}, title = {Manufacture of hydrogen-storing materials}, year = {1993}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo JP 06,256,986, 08-Mar-93.}, annote = {"When hydrogen-generating voltage is applied to an anode and a cathode in a soln. contg. Pd ions, H ions or D ions, or both H and D ions, Pd in which H2 or D2 or both H2 and D2 are absorbed is deposited on the cathode. Pd absorbed with H2 and/or D2 can be prepd. efficiently and when such a Pd is used for cold nuclear fusion the amt. of heat generated is higher than when conventional samples are used". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 121:310417 (1994)).} } @misc{P.Miya1990a, author = {S. Miyanaga}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion based on electrochemistry in ultrasound field}, year = {1990}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 03,226,694, 01-Feb-90.}, annote = {"In cold nuclear fusion, in which elec. energy is applied between a pair of electrodes immersed in a heavy-H2O-filled tank, to cause reaction between the electrode surface and D, the whole reaction system is placed in an ultrasound field. The method can improve the efficiency of cold nuclear fusion". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 116:70226 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Miya1990b, author = {S. Miyanaga and S. Yamazaki}, title = {Nuclear fusion using atmospheric pressure glow discharge}, year = {1990}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 03,276,095, 27-Mar-90.}, annote = {"In a gas-phase plasma reaction using an electrode coated with a material for nuclear fusion in a reactor, nuclear fusion is done by discharging in a He-D mixt. using a pair of D-adsorbing metal electrodes to generate overvoltage at the electrode surface, and supplying D to the electrode or its vicinity". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 116:160967 (1992)).} } @misc{P.Mizu1990, author = {T. Mizugai}, title = {Nuclear fusion employing heavy fermion effect within a solid material}, year = {1990}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 02,271,288, 6-Nov-90.}, annote = {"Deuterium ((2)D, or (2)D and (3)T) is made to be absorbed by a heavy fermion compd. or a composite of the heavy fermion compd. and a H-storing material, to cause nuclear fusion. The method uses electrons with extraordinary heavy mass due to the heavy fermion effect in solid state to shield elec. charge of the deuteron to cause nuclear fusion with a small unit". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 114:216547 (1991).} } @misc{P.Mizu1991, author = {T. Mizuno and H. Ikegami}, title = {Continuous generation of extraordinary heat by cold nuclear fusion}, year = {1991}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 05 27,062, 23-Jul-91.}, annote = {"In continuous generation of extraordinary heat by cold nuclear fusion, a Pd electrode used for P2O [sic] electrolysis is pretreated to have a D-absorption-release cycle" (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 118:262644 (1993)).} } @misc{P.Mizu1993a, author = {T. Mizuno}, title = {Cold fusion and metal material for fusion}, year = {1993}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 06,265,663, 15-Mar-93.}, annote = {"Pd with a Li-alloyed surface for electrolysis of Li-contg. electrolyte is claimed for the material. The method is characterized by (1) using the metal material as a cathode, (2) electrolyzing Li-contg. D2O soln. in a catalyst-equipped sealed cell, and (3) recombining generated D2 and O for reclamation of formed D2O. H isotope-induced embrittlement of the Pd cathode is prevented". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 122:18699 (1995)).} } @misc{P.Mizu1993b, author = {T. Mizuno}, title = {Reaction apparatus for generating cold fusion by using heavy hydrogen-containing gas}, year = {1993}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo JP 07,104,080, 5-Oct-93.}, annote = {"The reaction app. contains a proton conductor. The reaction app. is manufd. by sintering a mixt. of powd. metal oxides to form a proton conductor, and an electrode layer is formed on it. An a.c. is applied to the reaction body in a heavy hydrogen-cntg. atm. to bring about cold fusion. Cold fusion can be initiated and run continuously with high efficiency and good controllability" (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 123:42842 (1995)).} } @misc{P.Mizu1994, author = {T. Mizuno}, title = {Manufacture of metal electrodes for nuclear cold fusion from electrolysis of light or heavy water}, year = {1994}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 06,299,206, 14-Apr-94.}, annote = {"The manuf. involves the following steps: (1) shaping a metal powder not forming hydrides, (2) sintering the compact in a vacuum, and (3) anodically dissolving the compact in an acid or alkali soln. to remove the inactive surface film. Alternately, an alloy or a metal forming hydrides is hydrided, pulverized, and compacted in the above method. Thus, manufd. metal is useful for an electrode in cold fusion from water". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 122:66670 (1995)).} } @misc{P.Mizu1999, author = {T. Mizuno}, title = {Reactor for producing energy and neutrons by electrolytic reaction in light- or heavy-water solution.}, year = {1999}, note = {PCT Int. Appl. WO 9949471 A1 30 Sep 1999}, annote = {"A reactor for producing energy and neutrons by electrolytic reaction in a light- or heavy-water soln. comprises a base made of a refractory metal and a metal layer formed on the base and active against hydrogen. The reactor to serve as a cathode is immersed in an electrolyte together with an anode. Current is made to flow between the cathode and anode to cause an electrolytic reaction. Thus, thermal energy and neutrons are produced." (direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 131:234699 (1999)).} } @misc{P.Mome1990, author = {A.~M. Momenthy}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion thermal generator}, year = {1990}, note = {Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 461,690, 13-Jun-90.}, annote = {"An app. for conducting cold fusion comprises an elec. conductive anode; an elec. conducting cathode comprised of a constituent for selectively adsorbing H and releasing larger nuclei, and B or Li; a vessel for contg. the electrodes; an electrolyte; means to vent gaseous reaction products; and means to carry away the heat generated by the fusion. A method of producing heat energy comprises the steps of immersing an anode and a cathode in an ionic aq. soln. in an electrolytic cell; applying an elec. current across the electrodes such that H+ ions are produced and H nuclei are adsorbed by the cathode; fusing the adsorbed H with B in the cathode; and withdrawing heat from the cell". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 116:160961 (1992)).} } @misc{P.Moto1990, author = {T. Motomiya}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion}, year = {1990}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 02,293,692, 04-Dec-90.}, annote = {"Cold nuclear fusion includes: (a) introducing a D gas (ca. 1E-03 Torr) into a vacuum chamber contg. a planar or curved cathode plate from an elec. conductor (e.g., P2) which is likely to form a hydride, and a needlelike anode from a refractory elec. conductor; (b) applying d.c. to form an elec. field of ca. 30 V/Angstrom between the electrode tips for the ionisation of D; and (c) accelerating D ions toward the cathode plate; so that the plate absorbs and enriches D ions". (Quoted from Chem. Abstr. 114:255491 (1991))} } @misc{P.Mura1994, author = {N. Murakami and M. Nagai and H. Tajima and T. Setoguchi}, title = {Method of heat generation}, year = {1994}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 07253488, Oct-94.}, annote = {"In an electrolytic cell using heavy hydrogen as a reactant and a proton-conductive ceramic as an electrolyte, elec. potential is applied to conduct electrolysis, thereby effective heat is generated. Effective heat can be generated from D, no CO2 is generated, more heat than fossil fuel can be generate, heat as high as >= 300 C can be recovered, thus hot water for heating a house and power generation can be obtained". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 124:69822 (1996)).} } @misc{P.Mura1993, author = {Y. Muraoka}, title = {Apparatus and method for cold nuclear fusion}, year = {1993}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 06,265,664, 11-Mar-93.}, annote = {"The app. comprises (1) a casing of any shape made of nonelec.conductive material, (2) 2 water-permeating plates to divide the inside of the casing into 3 parts, (3) an electrolyte soln. (such as D2O contg. LiOH) in the space between the 2 water-permeating plates (i.e. center space), (4) anode particles (such as Pt) filled in 1 of the side spaces formed by the water-permeating plates, (5) D2-absorbing cathode particles (such as Pd) filled in another side space, (6) electrode plates (such as Cu-Zr alloy), and (7) an app. for supplying elec. current to the electrode plates. An app. for producing a magnetic field can be installed between the inner and the outer walls of the casing for promoting the cold nuclear fusion. The electrode particles have a large surface area so that cold nuclear fusion can be carried out rapidly". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 122:40941 (1995)).} } @misc{P.Myak1994, author = {M. Myake}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion apparatus}, year = {1994}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 07,244,176, 04-Mar-94}, annote = {"The app. is composed of putting D-absorbing Pd in a D bath and highly heat conductive Cu is connected to it" (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 123:352883 (1995)).} } @misc{P.Naka2002, author = {T. Nakamura}, title = {Lithium deuteride electrolysis apparatus for nuclear reaction.}, year = {2002}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho (2002), JP 2002062389}, annote = {"The invention relates to an electrolysis app. for LiD soln. to produce thermal energy due to cold fusion, comprising a Pd cathode and a Pt anode, wherein the porous C/Pt catalyst is placed on one side of the Pd cathode and the heated H2 gas is contacted to the Pd cathode through the catalyst for insuring the heat generation." (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 136:223135).} } @misc{P.Naka1990, author = {F. Nakanishi and M. Tatsumi and K. Tada}, title = {Power generator based on cold nuclear fusion}, year = {1990}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 02,287,289, 27-Nov-90.}, annote = {"A power generator based on cold nuclear fusion which involves electrolysis of D2O is characterized in that D and O generated by the electrolysis are burned back to D2O, which is returned to the electrolysis tank". (Quoted from Chem. Abstr. 114:255490 (1991))} } @misc{P.Naka1989, author = {H. Nakano}, title = {Deuterium-absorbing materials in cold nuclear fusion}, year = {1989}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 03 02,690, 31-May-89.}, annote = {"A D-absorbing material (e.g. Pd) used in cold nuclear fusion has an amorphous structure. Nuclear fusion of D atoms has increased efficiency". (Quoted from Chem. Abstr. 115:59224 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Nara2006, author = {B. Naranjo and J. Ginzewski and S. Putterman}, title = {Method and apparatus for generating nuclear fusion using crystalline materials}, year = {2006}, note = {Application: WO 2006-US113 20060103.}, annote = {"Gently heating a pyroelec. crystal in a deuterated atm. can generate fusion under desktop conditions. The electrostatic field of the crystal is used to generate and accelerate a d beam (>100 keV and >4 nA), which, upon striking a deuterated target, produces a n flux over 400 times the background level. The presence of neutrons within the target is confirmed by pulse shape anal. and p recoil spectroscopy. Several elements of the system may be modified, including the configuration of the crystal or crystals, the compn. of the surrounding environment and the target, the use of multiple probe tips, and the compn. of the probe tip". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 145:237080)} } @misc{P.Neeb1991, author = {K.~H. Neeb and R. Hoffmann and J. Martin}, title = {Method and apparatus for fusion of light particles in solid getter}, year = {1991}, note = {Ger. Offen. DE 3,920,312, 3-Jan-91.}, annote = {"The title method of fusion of H and/or its isotopes in a solid getter comprises an electrode, e.g. Pd, a center electrode, and an electrolyte where the getter and the light particles are irradiated and/or bombarded with radiation and/or particles, e.g., n, alpha-particles, or (3)He ions. One of the ways to implement the above process is incorporating an alpha-emitting nuclei [sic] in the cathode material. The above process increases cold fusion probability". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 114:216543 (1991).} } @misc{P.Nish1990, author = {T. Nishioka and E. Yamaguchi}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion and apparatus}, year = {1990}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 04 24,595 21-May-90.}, annote = {"An app. consists of alternately laminated 1st layers from Pd or Ti, and 2nd layers from a material (e.g. Si) which reacts with the 1st-layer material and forms an eutectic. Cold nuclear fusion is achieved by allowing the 1st-layer material to adsorb D or T, and by heating the laminar app. to form an eutectic of the 1st- and 2nd-layer materials". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 117:15848 (1992)).} } @misc{P.Nish1993, author = {T. Nishioka and E. Yamaguchi}, title = {Method and apparatus for generating heat by electrolysis}, year = {1993}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 06,221,689, 21-Jan-93.}, annote = {"When an electrochem. is formed or after its formation, by making contact of a 1st material comprising Pd or Ti with a 2nd material comprising an alloy contg. >=50\% of Y, Fe, or Ni, a gas comprising H, D, or T or their combination is absorbed by the cell components. The 1st material is used as an anode and the 2nd material is used as a cathode. An elec. current is passed through the cell, and a temp. gradient is produced in such a way that the temp. at the 1st material is higher than the temp. at the 2nd material side. An effective heat source can be thus provided" (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 122:18692 (1995)).} } @misc{P.Nish1989, author = {I. Nishiyama and Y. Nanbu}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion apparatus}, year = {1989}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 03 51,794, 19-Jul-89.}, annote = {"The app., equipped with a device for heavy-H2O electrolysis, is characterized in that the cathode of the device is formed at a graphite-alkali-metal interlayer compd. (e.g. C8K)" (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 115:217010 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Nobu1989a, author = {H. Nobunaga}, title = {Method for hydrogen nuclear fusion}, year = {1989}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 02,297,094, appl. 11-May-89.}, annote = {"In cold fusion by applying elec. voltage between a pair of electrodes immersed in heavy water, an elemental metal selected from alkali metal, alk. earth metal, rare earth elements, Sc, V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Nb, Hf and Ta is used as the cathode material. Thus, a Au anode and a La cathode are set in a container holding heavy water contg. a metal salt. When 20 V const. potential was applied between the electrodes, H2 (sic) bubble appeared on the cathode surface in several minits [sic] suggesting initial sorption of D+ ions within the cathode, and emission was obsd. of n, gamma-rays and heat. When Mn was used as the cathode, bubbles appeared immediately, but no n and gamma-emission were obsd. Metals capable of forming hydrides seemed to be able to cause cold fusion". (Quoted from Chem. Abstr. 115:37285 (1991), including '(sic)' but not '[sic]').} } @misc{P.Nobu1989b, author = {H. Nobunaga}, title = {Method for hydrogen nuclear fusion}, year = {1989}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 02,297,095, appl. 11-May-89.}, annote = {"In nuclear fusion by applying elec. voltage between a pair of electrodes immersed in heavy water to cause cold fusion at the cathode, an alloy contg. >=1 of rare earth elements, Mg, Ni, Co, Fe and Ti is used as the cathode material. Thus, a Au anode and a LaNi5 cathode are set in a container holding heavy water contg. a metal salt. When 20 V const. potential was applied, H bubbles appeared on the LaNi5 cathode surface suggesting initial sorption of D+ ions in the cathode, and emission was obsd. of n, gamma-rays and heat. No n and gamma-rays were obsd. with a stainless steel (SUS 304) cathode. Metal capable of forming hydrides seemed to be able to cause cold fusion". (Quoted from Chem. Abstr. 115:37286 (1991).} } @misc{P.Noni1989, author = {V. Noninski and Kh. Noninski}, title = {Method and device for the determination of the obtained energy during electrolytic processes}, year = {1989}, note = {PCT Int. Appl. WO 91 01,493, 20-Jul-89.}, annote = {"A method and app. for use in detg. the quantity of energy obtained during electrolytic processes is disclosed. The app. includes a Dewar vessel contg. a measured quantity of H2O. An electrolyte cell is hermetically sealed in the vessel. A plurality of thermocouples is positioned within the vessel for purposes of measuring temps. within the vessel. A magnetic stirrer is mounted in the bottom of the vessel. The app. can be used in cold fusion exts.". (Quoted from Chem. Abstr. 114:2554496 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Noto1992, author = {R. Notoya}, title = {Cold fusion from light water by electrolysis}, year = {1992}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 06,317,686, 13-Oct-92.}, annote = {"The method involves electrolyzing an aq. electrolyte soln. (H2O) with a porous anode (porosity 0.3-35 vol\%) of a transition metal, Al, Sn, or a stainless steel". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 122:117483 (1995)).} } @misc{P.Noto1993, author = {R. Notoya}, title = {Porous metal cathode for cold fusion chain reaction, its manufacture, and electrolyte for reaction}, year = {1993}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 07,174,878, Oct-93.}, annote = {"The cathode consists of a porous metal (voids 0.5-80 vol.\%) selected from a transition metal, Al, Sn, and stainless steel. The cathode is manufd. by shaping a metal powder with grain size 10 nm-100 microm at room temp. or high temp. and high pressure or shaping and heating. The electrolyte comprises a hydroxide, carbonate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, halide, perchlorate, and/or B compd. of an alkali metal, alk. earth metal, Group IIIB elements or transition metals" (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 123:299712 (1995)).} } @misc{P.Noto1995, author = {R. Notoya}, title = {Electrodes for cold fusion and methods for manufacturing radioactive and nonradioactive elements and noble metals using the nuclear transitions}, year = {1995}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,197,077, Nov-95.}, annote = {"Materials which can bring about nuclear transitions are used as the electrode materials. The electrode materials contain >=1 element whose at. no. is in the vicinity of rare elements (elements whose amt. in the natural world is very little) and noble metals. Examples of the element whose at. no. is in the vicinity of rare elements include W, Mo, Tc, Re, Ag, Cd, Hg, In, Tl, Sn, and Pb. The electrodes contain radioactive elements. Electrodes which contain materials which can bring about nuclear transitions are used to manufg. noble metals or rare elements. Compared with nuclear reactors and charged particle accelerators, the present method can manuf. the desired materials with much more accuracy and easiness." (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 127:168014 (1997)).} } @misc{P.Noto1996, author = {R. Notoya}, title = {Manufacture of positron-emitting isotopes by an electrolytic system using cold fusion reaction.}, year = {1996}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10039096 Jul-96.}, annote = {"The isotopes, useful as positron sources for positron annihilation, are manufd. by using electrolytic cold fusion chain reaction system (claimed in JP07-174878) from M(A + 1), M(A + 2) and rarely M(A + 3) to M(A), from M(A - 1, Z - 1) to M(A, Z), from M(A - 1, Z) to M(A, Z), from M(A, Z + 1) to M(A, Z), or from M(A + 1, Z + 1) to M(A, Z) (A = mass no.; Z = at. no.). The source substances of the above method are manufd. by the same electrolytic system as the above. The electrolytic condition is precisely controlled to give isotopes efficiently." (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 128:222750 (1998)).} } @misc{P.Ofuk1989, author = {E. Ofuku}, title = {Method for nuclear fusion}, year = {1989}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 02,285,283, 26-Apr-89.}, annote = {"To bring about a nuclear fusion reaction by electrolysis of heavy water, a H2-storing alloy comprising >=2 elements is used as the cathode. Typical alloys include La alloys (LaNi5, LaCo5, etc), Fe alloys (FeTi, Fe(1-x)Be(x)Ti, etc), Cr alloys (Cr(1.8)Ti), Mg alloys (Mg2Cu, Mg2Ni, etc), Cu alloys (Cu(x)Ti(1-x)), Mm (misch metal) alloys (MmNi5, MmNi(5-x)Al(x), etc), Ti alloys (TiCox, etc) and Ni alloys (Ni5Ca etc). An alloy with a higher H2-storing capacity is preferably used. Solvent heavy water purity >=90\% is desirable. An electrolyte to be added to the solvent includes DCl, DNO3, D2SO4, DClO4, LiCl, LiNO3, NaCl, NaNO3, etc. Preferred electrode potential is 2-20 V, and desirable elec. current is 10 mA/cm$^2$ - 1A/cm$^2$". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 116:160959 (1992)).} } @misc{P.Ogat1989, author = {H. Ogata and N. Saho and Y. Ishikawa and Y. Mihara}, title = {Apparatus for nuclear fusion at room temperature}, year = {1989}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 02,276,989, 5-Apr-89.}, annote = {"The app. comprises a container for heavy H2O, electrodes placed in the heavy H2O, an elec. power source, a means to circulate the heavy H2O between the container and a heat exchanger, and a system of a heating medium, which comments [sic] the heat exchanger and a power-extn. compartment". (Quoted from Chem. Abstr. 115:59218 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Ogin1989a, author = {S. Ogino}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion apparatus}, year = {1989}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 03,194,493, 22-Dec-89.}, annote = {"The app. comprises an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte bath contg. heavy H2O, where the cathode is formed of V, Sr, Y, Nb, Hf or Ta, and adsorbs D produced by the electrolysis of heavy H2O". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 115:289488 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Ogin1989b, author = {S. Ogino}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion apparatus}, year = {1989}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 03,194,494, 22-Dec-89.}, annote = {"The app. comprises an anode, a cathode, an electrolyte bath, and a means to expose cathode metal, where the electrolytic bath contains heavy H2O, the cathode is formed of a D-adsorbing metal, and the means keeps active the surface of the cathode metal". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 115:289489 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Ojir1989, author = {H. Ojiri and M. Nakamura}, title = {Apparatus for cold nuclear fusion}, year = {1989}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 03,150,284, 20-Sep-89.}, annote = {"An app. for cold nuclear fusion includes: (a) a chamber with a means to guide a D-contg. gas into it, and a exhaust means; (b) a plasma-generating means; and (c) a reactive substrate on which is a H-absorbing metal (e.g., Pd). Nuclear fusion is caused by contacting a plane of the gas with the reactive substance". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 115:242242 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Olen2000, author = {O.~L. Olendskii and A.~Yu. Terez}, title = {Low-temperature nuclear fusion reaction process in heavy fermion systems}, year = {2000}, note = {Application: RU 97-97110878 19970620 (2000).}, annote = {"Low-temp. nuclear fusion reaction process in heavy fermion systems is described. The low-temp. nuclear fusion reactions occur during satn. of crystal lattice of compd. with deuterium and tritium nuclei. Nuclear reaction is accelerated by using compds. with heavy fermions in which active mass of electrons grows tens-fold with the result that deuterium and tritium nuclei can draw together at distance required for fusion reaction. Proposed process implies that nuclear reactions proceed within entire vol. of specimen" (direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 135:38236 (2001)).} } @misc{P.Omor1989, author = {T. Omori}, title = {Apparatus for cold nuclear fusion}, year = {1989}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 03,105,494, 07-Nov-89.}, annote = {"The app., which includes a reaction tank contg. D2O, a pair of discharge electrodes in the tank, and a power source to apply pulsed voltage on the electrodes, and which causes nuclear fusion based on D ion generation by pulsed voltage, and a pressure wave produced by underwater plasma discharge, is equipped with a partition structure around the plasma-discharge area, which controls the pressure of the wave". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 115:242243 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Onch1989, author = {M. Onchi and H. Tarui and K. Kuroki}, title = {Cooker based on cold nuclear fusion}, year = {1989}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 03 07,113, 5-Jun-89.}, annote = {"The title cooker comprises an outer container and an inner container for cooking materials, where the space between the 2 containers is filled with D2O. An anode (e.g. Pt) to generate O and a cathode from a H-absorbing material (e.g. Pd) are placed in the D2O, close to the inner container, and an elec. field is applied between the 2 electrodes to cause the electrolysis of D2O". (Quoted from Chem. Abstr. 115:59225 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Oota1993, author = {A. Oota}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion}, year = {1993}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 07,113,885, 17-Oct-93.}, annote = {"Cold fusion comprises the steps (1) nonuniform occlusion of heavy hydrogen in a material made of different elements and (2) collision of neutrons with the material at ordinary temp. The different elements are made of <= 1 mu particles. A.C. is applied to the material. A temp. difference is established at 2 ends of the material. Cold fusion can be generated with the prodn. of a large amt. of heat". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 123:125391 (1995)).} } @misc{P.Oyab1998, author = {Y. Oyabe and Y. Kamitani and S. Terasawa and T. Sano}, title = {Electrolytic method for increasing the amount of hydrogen absorbed in a palladium electrode and maintaining the hydrogen absorption in the electrode for a long time.}, year = {1998}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10018070 Jan 1998.}, annote = {"The method comprises (1) a process for establishing voltage for the electrolysis and (2) a process for increasing the amt. of hydrogen absorbed in a palladium cathode and maintaining the hydrogen absorption in the electrode for a long time. In the 1st process, const.-voltage electrolysis is carried out, the specific resistance (R/R0) of the Pd electrode with respect to electrolysis time is measured, and the const. voltage obtained after the specific resistance reach a max. is measured. In the 2nd process, const.-voltage electrolysis is carried out using the thus obtained const. voltage under the same conditions as those used in the 1st process except the voltage, for increasing the amt. of hydrogen absorbed in the palladium electrode and maintaining the hydrogen absorption in the electrode for a long time. The object of the invention can be attained by using a simple method." (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 128:107686(1998)).} } @misc{P.Patt1999, author = {J.~A. Patterson and G.~H. Miley}, title = {Low temperature electrolytic nuclear transmutation}, year = {1999}, note = {PCT Int. Appl. WO 9919881 A1 22 Apr 1999,66 pp.}, annote = {"A method for producing low temp. nuclear transmutations by electrolysis in an aq. media. New elements produced by transmutation are identified as having discrete peaks in occurrence by at. no. (Z) and by at. mass (A). New complex nuclei produced by transmutation are identified as having existed based upon the nature and occurrences of fission transmutation elements produced. The electrolytic cell includes a nonconductive housing having an inlet and an outlet and spaced apart 1st and 2nd conductive grids positioned therein. A plurality of cross-linked polymer nonmetallic cores each having a uniform conductive exterior metallic surface formed of a high H absorbing material form a bed of conductive beads closely packed within the housing in elec. contact with the 1st grid adjacent the inlet. An elec. power source in the system is operably connected across the 1st and 2nd grids". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 130:288304 (1999)).} } @misc{P.Phil1990, author = {K. Philberth}, title = {Process for hydrogen fusion for peaceful purposes}, year = {1990}, note = {Ger. Offen. DE 4,024,515, 02-Aug-90.}, annote = {"The title process comprises fusion of H nuclei in contact with microclusters of 3-100,000 atoms contg. >= 1 Group B element. The microclusters can be obtained by cooling fine particles at high temp. The microclusters are deposited on an electrode surface which is used in electrolysis of a liq. contg. H." (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 116:243662 (1992)).} } @misc{P.Phil1992, author = {K. Philberth and B. Philberth}, title = {Cold fusion of hydrogen nuclei}, year = {1992}, note = {Ger. Offen. DE 4,203,094, 04-Feb-92.}, annote = {"The title process comprises formation of microclusters or materials in presence of D and carrying out fusion under strong charge where the strong charge also allows measurement for fusion products. The microclusters are produced by evapg., e.g., Pd in presence of D and cooling where the microclusters contain 3-100,000 atoms of the component" (direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 120:176069 (1994)).} } @misc{P.Pons1990, author = {S. Pons and M. Fleischmann and C.~T. Walling and J.~P. Simons}, title = {Method and apparatus for power generation}, year = {1990}, note = {World Pat. Appl. WO 90/10935. 12 March 1990.}, annote = {about 100 pp.; it starts off by naming 7 earlier US pat. applications, going back to March 13, 1989, of specific claims such as heat generation, neutron beam method, power generation. This one combines all of these, and "relates to methods and apparatuses for generating heat, neutrons, tritium or electrical power, and in one illustration, to an apparatus which utilises heat produced by compressing low atomic weight nuclei in a metal lattice under conditions which produce excess heat, possibly involving nuclear fusion". A number of materials, preferably palladium or other metals, are suggested, as well as deuterium, to produce heat, tritium and "neutron beams" by collimation; these can then be used for neutron radiography, - diffraction, - activation, etc. In all, 50 claims are made. New ideas, not previously exposed in the authors' publications, are the formation of the isotopic hydride by transfer from another hydride (LiD etc) to the metal; and the use of radioactive dopants in order to knock the PdD lattice with neutrons, alpha or beta particles.} } @misc{P.Preu2000, author = {H. Preussker}, title = {Heat engine with deuterium as fuel}, year = {2000}, note = {Ger. Offen. DE 19845223 A1 6 Apr 2000.}, annote = {"The process consists of using Xe as the operating gas in an engine, injecting D in the compressor chamber, cause cold fusion of D with Xe as catalyst, use the heat generated from the fusion reaction to drive the engine, and finally remove the fusion product, He, from the gas mixt." (Direct quotation from Chem. Abstr. 132:243090 (2000)).} } @misc{P.Rabi1990a, author = {M. Rabinowitz and D.~H. Worledge}, title = {Enhancing nuclear fusion rate in a solid}, year = {1990}, note = {Int. Pat. Appl. WO 90/13128, 1-Nov-90.}, annote = {Methods for increasing the collision rate of light isotopes in a carrier (i.e. deuterium in Pd, Ti etc). One way is to constrain the isotope to one- dimensional motion by making the carrier in the form of thin filaments, or by providing thin channels, or thin layers, within it. This is done by a number of techniques such as vapour deposition, sputtering and ion bombardment or by using material that has such channels or layers naturally. The use of heavy fermion material will yield electrons with large effective mass, which will aid in overcoming the Coulomb barrier between deuterons and the like. Other suggestions are made. 21 claims are made.} } @misc{P.Rabi1990b, author = {M. Rabinowitz and J. Santucci and D.~H. Worledge}, title = {Isotope deposition, stimulation, and direct energy conversion for nuclear fusion in a solid}, year = {1990}, note = {Int. Pat. Appl. WO 90/14670, 29-Nov-90.}, annote = {The invention provides techniques for deposition of light isotopes in a hydrogen absorbing solid and their stimulation to accelerate their fusion, in various embodiments such as a metal with planar, channel construction, thermal (laser) stimulation to produce high hydrogen isotope concentration, laser ablation to produce a shock wave, and the use of ultrasonics for aiding with the loading and stimulation. Techniques for the conversion of the energy to electricity are included. The metal is loaded by alternate vapour deposition of metal, deuterium, metal, etc, in thin layers. 16 claims.} } @misc{P.Rate1993, author = {H. Ratenhaus}, title = {Methods for cold fusion of hydrogen nuclei in a self-excited process}, year = {1993}, note = {Ger. Offen. DE 4,307,693, Mar-93.}, annote = {"Methods for fusion of hydrogen nuclei in metal lattices entail carrying out the fusion as a self-excited potential hydrogen fusion (PHF) process to generate charged highly energetic end products which, in turn, produce electron cascasdes in the host lattice of electrons having high kinetic energies which can initiate further PHF reactions. The host metal may have a large neg. charge applied to it while the PHF reaction proceeds" (direct from Chem. Abstr. 120:282765 (1994)).} } @misc{P.Sado1991, author = {D.~R. Sadoway}, title = {Media for solid state fusion}, year = {1991}, note = {PCT Int. Appl. WO 91 06,959, 16-May-91.}, annote = {"Apps. for electrochem. as well as thermochem. fusion are provided. Material systems consisting of D storage intermetallic compd., transition metal/rare earth metal intermetallic compd. and elemental material cathodes are combined with compatible electrolytes including solid deuteride electrolytes, cryogenic electrolytes, and supercrit. D in electrochem. fusion app. wherein a magnetic field may be provided to enhance fusion initiation in the cathodes. The invention enables the operation of these electrochem. and thermochem. fusion apps. over a wide range of temps. and pressures which may be adjusted to optimise the efficiency of the solid state fusion reaction". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 115:192160 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Saho1989, author = {N. Saho and H. Ogata and Y. Ishikawa and Y. Mihara}, title = {Apparatus for nuclear fusion at room temperature}, year = {1989}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 02,276,991, 5-Apr-89.}, annote = {"The app. which comprises a heavy-H2O container, electrodes placed in the container, and an elec. power source, is characterized in that: (1) a coolant fills the cathode interior; and (2) the coolant-circulation system includes means to condense the coolant vapor, and to ext. power. The b.p. of the coolant may be set lower that that of heavy H2O". (Quoted from Chem. Abstr. 115:59219 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Saka1990, author = {M. Sakawa and R. Takagi and H. Numata}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion}, year = {1990}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 04 115,188, 6-Sep-90.}, annote = {"In cold nuclear fusion, coal is heated in the presence of a pressurised D gas". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 117:180352 (1992)).} } @misc{P.Samg1993, author = {A.~L. Samgin and A.~N. Baraboshkin and V.~S. Andreyev and I.~V. Murigin and V.~P. Gorelov and S.~V. Vakarin and S.~A. Tsvetkov}, title = {Methods and apparatus for producing neutrons from proton-conductive solids}, year = {1993}, note = {PCT Int. Appl. WO 95 15,563, 03-Dec-93.}, annote = {"App. and methods for producing neutrons at relatively low temps. from a heterostructure based upon solid electrolytes are described. The methods involve selecting a solid proton-conducting electrolyte material which under predet. conditions exhibits a phenomenon of nonlinear transport and distribution of diffused hydrogen isotopes. Generally, one of the conditions involves raising the material in the form of a solid electrolyte mass to a predet. temp. where nuclear reactions take place under predictable situations. The methods and app. also involve applying a voltage across the solid electrolyte mass by means of an anode and a cathode disposed across opposite faces of the solid electrolyte mass to construct a reactor element. At least the anode and facing of mass assocd. with the anode are made to be permeable to the flow of isotopic hydrogen. The reactor element is disposed in a vacuum chamber which is serviced by a vacuum pump and source of hydrogen isotope. A thermo-heater is used to control the operating temp. of the mass, and a power supply is connected across an anode and cathode to provide the desired voltage and current". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 123:181584 (1995)).} } @misc{P.Sard1990, author = {C.~G. Sardin}, title = {Electrochemical nuclear reactors based on hybrid (H,D) cold fusion in a solid matrix}, year = {1990}, note = {Span. ES 2,037,628; Aug-90.}, annote = {"The cathode of the reactors is charged with H formed by the electrolysis of water, and contains a cavity into which pressurized D, obtained by electrolysis of heavy water and stored in a receiver, is injected. The tube, connecting the receiver for D with the cavity in the cathode serves also as elec. conduit. The metal of the cathode consists of Ti, Th, V, Zr, Pd, Nb, Ta, or of alloys with each other or other metals. Preferably the cathode consists of Ti, Pd or Pd alloyed with Ag, and may be coated with a material that is impervious to H. The H is used as the combustible material, and the D as combustion-inducing agent". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 120:89078 (1994)).} } @misc{P.Sasa1991, author = {N. Sasao and H. Funasaka and N. Uehara}, title = {Manufacture of hydrogen-absorbing metal body}, year = {1991}, note = {Jpn Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 04,311,542, 11-Apr-91.}, annote = {"The body is manufd. by shaping Pd, Ti, or U micrograins (<= 10 microns) with a rubber pressing app. and sintering the compact in a nonoxidizing atm. The metal body mayb eused as a D-absorber for "cold nuclear fusion" studies". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 118:156595 (1993)).} } @misc{P.Sato2003, author = {S. Sato}, title = {Three-phase alternating-current cold fusion}, year = {2003}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho (2003), JP 2003185773.}, annote = {"The invention relates to a three phase a.c. cold fusion based on water electrolysis, wherein three electrodes appropriately placed in an electrolysis system are provided with single phase a.c. derived from a three-phase alternating-current source. The electrode surface may comprise vanadium, nickel, chromium, iron, tin, copper, and their combinations." (Direct quote from CAS).} } @misc{P.Scar1990, author = {F. Scaramuzzi and A. {De Ninno} and S. Podda and A. Frattolillo and G. Lollobattista and M. Martone and L. Mori and L. Martinis}, title = {A system for producing neutrons and heat by nuclear fusion in a gas absorbed on a metal}, year = {1990}, note = {Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 0 394 204, 11-Apr-90.}, annote = {A system, and "an equipment" for pressurised gas-phase deuterising of metals, and temperature cycling, so as to produce cold fusion. Some neutron emission results are shown.} } @misc{P.Scho1989, author = {G.~J. Schoessow}, title = {Electrochemical nuclear process and apparatus for producing tritium, heat, and radiation}, year = {1989}, note = {PCT Int. Appl. WO 91 02,360, 30-Jun-89.}, annote = {"A process for the prepn. and recovery of T, heat energy, and radiation energy by electrolysis of a liq. medium contg. D2O in an electrolytic cell having a cathode of Pd, or certain other elements by operating the process at ca. 10-300 degC and an app. for this process are described the cathode comprises a central solid geometrical mass and the anode is an open top cup-shaped vessel positioned adjacently below and encircling the cathode". (Quoted from Chem. Abstr. 114:2554497 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Seel1989, author = {D. Seeliger}, title = {Arrangement for cold fusion in electrochemical cell}, year = {1989}, note = {Ger. (East) DD 293,147, 12-May-89.}, annote = {"The title arrangement comprises a D-contg. electrochem. fusion cell with a D-oxidizing anode. The evolved gases from the cathode are fed into the anode where D and O recombine to form D2O. This arrangement reduces the loss of heavy water during the electrolytic fusion of D". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 116:70224 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Shaf1989, author = {G. Shaffer}, title = {Chemo-nuclear fusion methods}, year = {1989}, note = {PCT Int. Appl. WO 91 01,037, 13-Jul-89.}, annote = {"A method of causing D mols. to combine to become He atoms in the presence of a Pd catalyst comprises providing a reactor chamber contg. D2O and a Pd catalyst, introducing controlled amts. of D into the chamber so that the D mols. are absorbed by the Pd catalyst where the Pd catalyst executes a simultaneous shift of 2 electrons, leaving 2 stripped D nuclei trapped in single Pd clathrate cages. The juxtaposed D nuclei in a single cage and having the effect of the absorption energy exerting tremendous compressive forces collapse to form an alpha-particle and release relativistic energy as gamma-ray or kinetically as heat. Finally, the evolved heat is transferred to perform useful work". (Quoted from Chem. Abstr. 114:2554492 (1991))} } @misc{P.Shin1993, author = {A. Shin}, title = {Method for improving the efficiency of cold nuclear fusion}, year = {1993}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 06,273,552, 15-Mar-93.}, annote = {"A H-absorbing electrode is placed in a magnetic field, thereby directivity is imparted to the H atoms in the electrode so that the d. of H atoms is raised which facilitates cold nuclear fusion". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 122:66446 (1995)).} } @misc{P.Shir1993, author = {K. Shiraishi}, title = {Radiation-induced nuclear fusion in a solid and energy generation}, year = {1993}, note = {Jpn Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 06,258,469, 04-Mar-93.}, annote = {"Radiation-induced title fusion is described. The method may involve electrolysis of D2O, T2O, or their mixt., by occluding generated H isotopes of in a cathode, and by then irradiating the cathode. The cathode may be Pd or Ti. The energy is generated from fusion by heat-exchange of the heated electrolyte". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 122:18697 (1995)).} } @misc{P.Stei1989, author = {C. Steinert}, title = {Fusion reactor}, year = {1989}, note = {Ger. Offenb. DE 3,923,468, 15-Jul-89.}, annote = {"A nuclear fusion reactor concept based on cold fusion is described. The reactor comprises a series of fusion chambers sepd. by expansion chambers. Electrodes serve as hydrodynamic seals for the entrance and outlet of electrolytes from the fusion chambers. The fusion chambers also connected to each other, e.g. by capillary tubes. The expansion rooms have pressure-sensitive windows for irradn. with laser beams, surrounding the fusion chambers is moderator". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 115:146547 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Stor2003, author = {E. K. Storms}, title = {Electrolytic heat source}, year = {2003}, note = {Application: US 2003-647774 20030825.}, annote = {"An electrolytic cell with electrodes on which special materials are deposited to produce heat energy in excess of input energy supplied in the form of elec. power. Heat producing deposits are deposited on a cathode before it is placed in the heat-producing cell. In preferred embodiments palladium and gold particles in any combination are applied to a platinum cathode. These prepd. cathodes produce excess power when electrolyzed within an electrolytic cell contg. heavy water in which LiOD is dissolved. This specification describes how the energy amplification conditions can be created at will, with complete reproducibility. The process results in excess power very soon after elec. power is applied to the device as compared to prior art expts. in which the excess power is detected only after a long period of electrolysis". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 142:227592).} } @misc{P.Taka1989, author = {A. Takahashi}, title = {Nuclear fusion device}, year = {1989}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 03 06,491, appl. 04-Jun-89.}, annote = {"Ti or Pd adsorbed H, D or T is irradiated with electromagnetic wave, or exposed to an elec. field or magnetic field to cause nuclear fusion. Thus, a cyclindrical cathode composed of Au or Pt is covered with a light-transmitting cover such as heat-resistant glass, and sealed with a heat-resistant bottom plate. The anode consisting of Ti or Pd is placed in an environment mainly composed of H, D or T. D.c. is applied to the electrodes. D2 evolved by the electrolysis is adsorbedinto the anode, and compacted among the elemental lattices up to a level of 10**2, and when irradiated at the specific condition, causes nuclear fusion producing (3)He and n". (Quoted from Chem. Abstr. 115:37288 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Takag1992, author = {M. Takagi}, title = {Room-temperature nuclear fusion heat generating apparatus, steam-generating apparatus, and power generating plants}, year = {1992}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 06 34,776; 15-Jul-92.}, annote = {"In a fusion heat-generating app. having a power source circuit for electrolysis connected between the anode and the cathode in D2O and absorbing D2 at the cathode, generating by applying a voltage to generate excess heat, a power circuit for excitation is installed sep. from the power source for electrolysis to increase the c.d. of the cathode to promote the absorption of the D2. In the same vessel, an electrolytic chamber and a steam-generating chamber are sepd. by a partition, the electrolysis chamber is sealed and contains D2O inside it, an anode and a cathode are immersed in the D2O and connected to the power source circuit for electrolysis. The steam-generating chamber accomodates light water and there is a water-supply port at its lower part and a steam outlet at its upper part and at least part of the partition is in the cathode to form a heat-exchange wall of the 2 chambers. Sep. from the power source circuit for electrolysis, a power source circuit for excitation is connected to the cathode to form the steam-generating app. The plant comprises (1) the steam-generating app., (2) a steam turbine connecting the water-supply port and a steam outlet at the steam-generating chamber via steam pipes and condensing pipes, and (3) a power generator operated by the steam turbine. Heat can be generated efficiently". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 121:215643 (1994)).} } @misc{P.Taka1992a, author = {A. Takahashi and T. Iida}, title = {Method for anomalous generation of heat}, year = {1992}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 06 34,777; 17-Jul-92.}, annote = {"In injecting D into a Pd cathode plate by the electrolysis of an aq. soln comprising heavy water and/or light water, low c.d. electrolysis is carried out alternatively with high c.d. electrolysis to uniformly inject D into both the front and rear sides of the Pd plate to conc. D in the Pd metal lattice. It provides a method for generating abnormal heat with good reproducibility". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 121:215642 (1994)).} } @misc{P.Taka1992b, author = {A. Takahashi and H. Ikegami}, title = {Method for generating anomalous heat}, year = {1992}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 06,186,363, 18-Dec-92.}, annote = {"Heavy hydrogen is injected into a Pd cathode plate by electrolysis of heavy water and/or light water soln. A low-c.d. electrolysis and a high-c.d. electrolysis were alternately carried out to inject D ions uniformly from both sides of a Pd cathode plate with D2 gas shielding membranes on both sides of the cathode plate (which shield D2 gas but are permeable toward D ions so that only D ions are absorbed) to conc. the D2 in the lattice of the Pd metal. Thereby anomalous heat is generated. The method can be used for open or closed electrolytic cells, and the reproducibility of the generation of the anomalous heat is good". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 121:266206 (1994)).} } @misc{P.Taka1993, author = {A. Takahashi}, title = {Ordinary temperature nuclear fusion}, year = {1993}, note = {Jpn Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 06,249,982, 25-Feb-93.}, annote = {"The method involves electrolysis in D2O by using Pd electrodes wound by Pt wire electrodes via polyethylene or teflon plates by applying interrupted current in the initial step for 1 h and applying pulse current to accelerate nuclear reaction and to generate extraordinary heat". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 122:18695 (1995)).} } @misc{P.Taken1993, author = {K. Takeno and T. Take and M. Mino and T. Koyashiki and M. Ishizawa and T. Masashiro}, title = {Power-generator using cold fusion}, year = {1993}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 06,258,468, 03-Mar-93.}, annote = {"The power-generator has a cold fusion unit consisting of a layer of H isotope-occluded substance sandwiched with (1) a substance having a low diffusion coeff. for H isotopes and (2) a substance which reacts with the H-occluded substance to form a solid soln. The fusion is accomplished at < 1500 C". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 122:18696 (1995)).} } @misc{P.Takeu1995, author = {T. Takeuchi}, title = {Apparatus for generating heat by occluding heavy hydrogen in hydrogen-occluding metal}, year = {1995}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo JP 07,120,574, 26-Oct-93.}, annote = {"The app. contains a means to detect the quantity of heavy hydrogen occluded in the hydrogen-occluding metal. Optionally, the app. may contains [sic] a means to detect >=1 of radiation and nonradioactive particles generated from the surface of the metal. The heat-generating reaction can be carried out stably". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 123:95815 (1995)).} } @misc{P.Tana1989, author = {M. Tanaka and S. Hattori}, title = {Power generator and heater based on cold nuclear fusion}, year = {1989}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 02,278,189, 19-Apr-89.}, annote = {"A power generator based on cold nuclear fusion comprises: (1) a device for electrolysis of D2O; (2) a steam generator utilizing hot D2O; (3) a steam turbine; (4) a steam condenser; (5) a pump to send H2O from the condenser to the steam generator; (6) a means to burn D with O; (7) A steam heater; and (8) a pump to send D2O from the steam generator and the steam heater to the electrolysis device. A heater based on cold nuclear fusion comprises: (1) a device for electrolysis of D2O; (2) a 1st means to heat a fluid with hot D2O or D2O steam from the electrolysis device; (3) a means to burn D with O; (4) a 2nd means to heat the fluid or a 2nd fluid requiring higher temp., with the D2O steam from the combustion means; and (5) a pump to send D2O from the 1st and 2nd heating means to the electrolysis device" (Quoted from Chem. Abstr. 114:255489 (1991))} } @misc{P.Tana1992, author = {Y. Tanaka}, title = {Electrolysis-type low-temperature nuclear fusion reactors}, year = {1992}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 07318672 A2, Appl. 26-Mar-92.}, annote = {"In a water electrolytic cell, a hydrogen-absorbing material such as Pd or Ti is used as a cathode, permanent magnets or electromagnets are arranged inside or outside the electrolytic cell so the lines of magnetic force can pass through the cathode. A small quantity of light water is added to the heavy water or only light water is used for electrolysis. Excess heat can be continuously generated." (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 124:158512 (1996)).} } @misc{P.Tani1989, author = {N. Taniguchi and K. Gamo and J. Niikura and K. Adachi}, title = {Apparatus for cold nuclear fusion}, year = {1989}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 03,107,791, 21-Sep-89.}, annote = {"The app. includes a cathode to adsorb (in crystal lattices or on the surface) a H isotope(s), an anode from a metal, its oxide, or its hydroxide, and an electrolyte contg. at least a H isotope. The electrodes are film-shaped. Nuclear fusion is caused based on the electrolysis of the electrolyte." (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 115:289486 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Tani1990, author = {N. Taniguchi and K. Gamo and M. Baba and J. Niikura and K. Hado and K. Kawamura}, title = {Cold-nuclear-fusion apparatus}, year = {1990}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 04 84,797 26-Jul-90.}, annote = {"A cold nuclear-fusion app. is based on moving and reacting a H isotope (e.g. D) between an alpha phase (in which movement of an H isotope is easy) and beta phase (in which movement of H isotope is difficult) in all the H-isotope-adsorbing substances (e.g. Pd)." (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 117:120298 (1992)).} } @misc{P.Toku1989, author = {H. Tokunaga}, title = {Preliminary treatment of hydrogen holder}, year = {1989}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 03 69,504, 04-Aug-89}, annote = {"Before adsorbing D (for cold nuclear fusion), a H holder (e.g. Pd) is either heated or placed in vacuum. The process can ext. H from the H holder, and adsorb highly pure D". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 115:217011 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Tosa1991, author = {S. Tosaka}, title = {Laminated electrode structure for cold fusion}, year = {1991}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 03,33,687 13-Feb-91.}, annote = {"The electrode consists of >= 1 Pd layer and >= 1 Pt layer via a continuous pore-having porous elec. insulating layer. The Pd layers may be connected with outer electrode layers. The electrode had wide Pd area for high-efficiency cold fusion". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 115:80703 (1991))} } @misc{P.Tsud1989, author = {S. Tsuda and N. Nakamura and S. Nakano}, title = {Apparatus for cold nuclear fusion using solid bodies}, year = {1989}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 02,302,693, 17-May-89.}, annote = {"The app. comprises a solid body contg. a large amt. of D, and a means to supply excitation energy to the body. The solid body may be of C, Si, Ge, Sn or Pb. The energy may be supplied by heating, elec.-field application, electromagnetic-wave application, and/or supersound application". (Quote from Chem. Abstr. 115:59221 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Tsve2000, author = {S. A. Tsvetkov}, title = {Nuclear fusion method and device}, year = {2000}, note = {Application: RU 97-97120419 19971210 (2000).}, annote = { "Method and device for processing nuclear fusion reaction is proposed. In this method prior to satg. work piece with gaseous deuterium, the latter is mixed up with atm. air whose proportion in gas mixt. is to be 0.1 to 4.09\% of total vol. For satg. work piece with gaseous deuterium and initiating nuclear fusion, gaseous deuterium mixed up with air in mentioned proportion is supplied to reactor chamber at rate sufficient for heating work piece 3 to 50-2000/s in the course of satn. Device implementing this method has means for evacuating reactor chamber, whose inlet pipe connection communicates with space of reactor chamber through first valve means for heating and cooling work piece in reactor chamber, instruments for measuring temp. of work piece and pressure, as well as source of working medium incorporating gaseous deuterium and atm. air. The method permits to improve radiation power, heat energy output, and reproducibility of nuclear fusion reactions" (direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 135:38237 (2001)).} } @misc{P.VanN1989, author = {P. J. {Van Noorden}}, title = {Process and apparatus, and the use of the apparatus in electrolysis-nuclear fusion}, year = {1989}, note = {Neth. Appl. NL 89 02,962, 01-Dec-89.}, annote = {"The process comprises the application of a magnetic field. The app., comprising an electrolytic cell equipped with 2 electrodes, addnl. comprises means for generating a magnetic field in the electrolytic cell. The use of the app. comprises filling the cell with an electrolyte comprising LiD dissolved in heavy water. The use of the magnetic field increases the rate at which the alleged cold fusion occurs in the D-loaded Pd electrodes. The electrodes (Pt anodes and Pd and Ti cathodes) are connected to one elec. source, and the means for generating the magnetic field, i.e., a cooled, hollow coil, is connected to another elec. source, i.e. a battery". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 115:242244 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Vand1989, author = {J. {Van den Bogaert}}, title = {Energy production by nuclear fusion}, year = {1989}, note = {Belg. BE 1,002,781, 5-Jun-89.}, annote = {"In this process, in which a fusible material is absorbed in the crystal lattice of a H-absorbing material that has a neg. elec. polarity, the fusible material is, or is being, absorbed by a H-absorbing material in the form of individual particles having a neg. electrostatic charge, after which the polarity of the particles is changed from neg. to pos. This process is esp. aimed at the controlled fusion of D, optionally mixed with T, in the crystal lattice of the H-absorbing material, at high efficiency. The H-absorbing material is a metal or alloy consisting of, or contg., >=1 element selected from, Pd, Ti, Zr, V, Th, Nb, Ta, Ni and Fe. A turbulent aerosol or suspension of colloidal or cryst. particles (av. particle size 0.1-0.001 mu) in D is supplied in an upflow through a vertical quartz tube internally coated with an elec. conductive coating or metal foil, e.g., Al or Cu, connected to the neg. electrode of a d.c. source. A cooled pos. charged plate (anode) is located above the tube, the polarity of the particles contg. the absorbed D is changed upon contact with the anode, and the pos. ions, e.g. triton, formed by nuclear fusion are then expelled from the Pd particles. The ions then flow downwards, are neutralised at the cathode in the conical bottom of the reactor, and the Pd particles are then sepd. from the aerosol in, e.g., a hydrocyclone. The Pd particles may be elec. charged in an insulating oil, e.g. a silicone oil. The heat generated by the fusion is removed by the heat transfer medium with which the anode is cooled". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 116:12357 (1992)).} } @misc{P.Vigi1990, author = {J.~P. Vigier and M. Rambaut}, title = {Method and apparatus for producing fusion energy from heavy water}, year = {1990}, note = {Fr. Demande FR 2,661,033, 17-Apr-90.}, annote = {"The title process and app. comprises a combustion chamber, a tube ending in the chamber, means for introducing heavy water in the tube by. e.g., a water-arc gun, ejecting simultaneously 2 clusters in opposite directions, means for applying a pulsed elec. discharge on water to produce an electrodynamic pressure and to accelerate the clusters to a hypervelocity and eject them outside the tube into the combustion chamber, means for placing fusible material on the trajectory of the accelerated clusters, and means of recovering fusion energy". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 116:160966 (1992)).} } @misc{P.Wada1989a, author = {N. Wada}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion in solids, and apparatus therefor}, year = {1989}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 03 160,395, 18-Nov-89.}, annote = {"The process includes: (a) evaluating a reaction chamber; (b) activating a solid body (e.g. Pd) which adsorbs a nuclear-fusion-causing gaseous material (e.g. D); (c) supplying a predetd. amt. of the gaseous material; and (d) allowing the body to adsorb the gaseous material close to satn. The surface of the solid body may be cleaned in short time by glow discharge. An app. for the process includes means to take out heat caused by the nuclear fusion". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 115:217014 (1991) ).} } @misc{P.Wada1989b, author = {N. Wada}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion in solids}, year = {1989}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 03 160,396, 18-Nov-89.}, annote = {"The process includes: (1) allowing a solid to adsorb a nuclear-fusion- -causing material (as an eutectic element) to almost satn.; and (2) exciting the solid (by, e.g., elec. discharge) to cause sudden supersatn., which creates high local concn. of the material". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 115:217013 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Wada1989c, author = {N. Wada}, title = {Forming elements by cold nuclear fusion in solids}, year = {1989}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 03 160,397, 18-Nov-89.}, annote = {"The process includes: (a) evacuating a reaction chamber; (b) activating a gas-adsorbing body (e.g. Pd) in the vacuum chamber; (c) supplying a nuclear-fusion-causing gaseous material into the chamber; (d) allowing the body to adsorb the gaseous material to satn.; (e) causing nuclear fusion by the material adsorbed in the body; and (f) recovering the fusion product". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 115:217012 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Wada1992, author = {N. Wada and T. Goto}, title = {Room-temperature nuclear fusion}, year = {1992}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 06 88,887; 20-Apr-92.}, annote = {"The process comprises the steps of (1) prepg. a D2-absorbing material, (2) positioning the material, (3) activating the surface of the material, (4) adhering a substance which can trigger room-temp. nuclear fusion on the activated surface, and (5) placing the material in a container and filling up the container with D2 to carry out room-temp. nuclear fusion. The trigger substance contains Si (such as Si, SiC, or silicone grease). The efficiency of room-temp. nuclear fusion is improved". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 121:240372 (1994)).} } @misc{P.Wads1989, author = {M.~E. Wadsworth and J.~G. Byrne and J. Li}, title = {Method of preparing electrodes for use in heat-generating apparatus}, year = {1989}, note = {Can. Pat. Appl. CA 2,023,216, 15-Aug-89.}, annote = {"An improved method of treating material for use in a heat-generating method involving the absorption of H isotope into the material comprises treating the material to substantially remove impurities in the surface region and then depositing a thin film of a substance capable of absorbing on the surface of the material. An optional addnl. treatment is to substantially remove H already absorbed in the material, then heat the material in an atm. of H isotope to percharge the material with the H isotope. A method of producing electrode and method of enhancing absorption are also claimed". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 115:100641 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Wais1991, author = {J.~L. Waisman}, title = {Producing heat from a solute and crystalline host material}, year = {1991}, note = {PCT Int. Appl. WO 93 05,516, 28-Aug-91.}, annote = {"A method and app. for prodn. of heat comprises injecting a solute contained in a loading fluid into a host material, the solute being selectively D or T, selecting the host material to include a cryst. structure capable of absorbing the solute, maintaining the solute contg. the loading fluid and the host at a concn., temp. and pressure for a time sufficient to insure diffusion into the host material, and enabling the host material to produce heat consequent to the introduction of the solute into the host material, the rate of heat prodn. being at a controllable, effective intensity". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 119:212758 (1993)).} } @misc{P.Wais2003, author = {J. L. Waisman and R. H. Summerl}, title = {"Deuterium heat generator"}, year = {2003}, note = {U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. (2003), 38 pp., Cont.-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 348,142, abandoned. US 2003053579}, annote = {"This invention is a reactor and system with a method for contg. and controlling a D nuclear fusion reaction in a Pd host metal lattice, now generally referred to as solid state fusion. The reactor is designed for high temp. operation at moderate D gas pressures and is operable over a temp. range of 400 to >1400 Deg. The solid state fusion reaction is enabled and controlled by providing specific combinations of reactor temps. and D gas pressures. The invention is capable of generating heat densities that are suitable for com. applications. The highest heat densities are produced at higher temps. and moderate pressures where the system is most efficient and cost effective." (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 138:211812).} } @misc{P.Wang1993, author = {J. Wang}, title = {Induced cold nuclear fusion}, year = {1993}, note = {Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu CN 1,077,563, 24-Apr-93.}, annote = {"The title technique comprises energy transmission from the inducing particle to the fusion material by collision. The following particles or their combination can be used as the inducing particle: alpha-particle, neutron, proton, ion electron, and muon". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 120:333539 (1994)).} } @misc{P.Wata1990a, author = {M. Watanabe and M. Baba}, title = {Electrodes for cold nuclear fusion}, year = {1990}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 04,157,395, 19-Oct-90.}, annote = {"An electrode for cold nuclear fusion consists of a D-adsorbing metal or alloy, and a metal or alloy which has a different quality (e.g. hardness or thermal-expansion coeff.). Examples of the metals are Pd and stainless steel". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 118:111708 (1993)).} } @misc{P.Wata1990b, author = {M. Watanabe and A. Takahashi and K. Sumita}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion apparatus}, year = {1990}, note = {Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 0 394 980, 31-Oct-90.}, annote = {First, a metal must be used that can absorb deuterium to high concentrations; then, the deuterium's harmonic oscillation energy in the metal must be raised, preferably "by discharge of deuterium gas, optical irradiation or supersonic energy". In another embodiment, a pair of parallel metal plates are subjected to pulsed voltages to induce gas charge and discharge, so as to enhance cold fusion.} } @misc{P.Wata1992, author = {M. Watanabe and A. Takahashi and T. Iida}, title = {Apparatus for cold nuclear fusion}, year = {1992}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 05,203,775, 24-Jan-92.}, annote = {"In the app., in which an anode and a cathode from an H-adsorbing [sic] metal are immersed in a D2O-contg. electrolyte, and nuclear fusion is caused by current flow, the anode consists of >=2 parallel plates with a const. interval between them, and thin cathode plates are plated [sic] in between. In carrying out nuclear fusion by the app., D is expelled from the cathode during electrolysis". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 120:202689 (1994)).} } @misc{P.Wies1989, author = {K. Wiesener and D. Seeliger and D. Ohms and D. Rahner and A. Meister and R. Schwierz and P. Wuestner}, title = {Arrangement for cold fusion in electrochemical cell}, year = {1989}, note = {Ger. (East) DD 293,148, 12-May-89.}, annote = {"The title arrangement comprises a D-contg. electrochem. fusion cell and a D-O-fuel cell. The evolved gases from the fusion cell are fed into the fuel cell where D and O recombine to form D2O. The thus produced D2O is fed back to the fusion cell so that there is no loss of D2O during electrolytic fusion of D". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 116:70225 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Yabu1992, author = {R. Yabuno and T. Terasawa and T. Ooi}, title = {Excess heat-generating materials, manuf. of electrodes and app. for electrolysis of heavy water, apparatus for measuring and utilizing the excess heat}, year = {1992}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 06,207,993, 20-Nov-92.}, annote = {"The excess heat-generating material is Pd or a Pd base alloy having fine pores within it. The electrode is made of Pd or Pd alloy having uniform pores running from the outer surface of the electrode to a finite length within it. When the Pd or Pd alloy is melted to cast it into a definite shape, voids are formed and the formed metal is subjected to plastic forming to manuf. the electrode. App. for electrolysis of heavy water comprises (1) a vessel contg. a heavy water electrolyte soln., an anode, and a cathode made from Pd or a Pd alloy having a d. of 11.5-11.9 g/cm$^3$. The app. can generate excess heat and serve as an elec. power source to apply elec. current to the electrodes. The app. for measuring the excess heat contains a heater for calibration, a temp. sensor inserted in the electrolyte soln, and a calculator to calc. the excess heat generated by the cathode from the output of the temp. sensor, based on the heat coeff. The app. for utilizing the excess heat contains a heat-utilizing app. in the cathode. Excess heat which is more than what was input can be generated, cracking of the electrodes can be suppressed, and the excess heat can be measured accurately". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 121:266209 (1994)).} } @misc{P.Yamag1989a, author = {E. Yamaguchi and T. Nishioka}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion}, year = {1989}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 03,20,696 19-Jun-89.}, annote = {"D ions are generated in vacuum (<= 1E-4 torr), accelerated at >= 1 keV, and projected at a fixed target contg. Pd, Ni, Ti, graphite and/or B nitride so that nuclear fusion of D is caused at <= 1000 degC. An app. for cold nuclear fusion contains means to generate and accelerate D ions and a fixed target". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 115:80700 (1991))} } @misc{P.Yamag1989b, author = {E. Yamaguchi and T. Nishioka}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion process}, year = {1989}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 03,183,987 14-Dec-89.}, annote = {"In the process, pressure gradient is applied across a Pd or Ti plate which is covered, on one side, with a thin film (e.g. Au) having a small D-atom diffusion coeff., so that D pressure on films becomes greater than the other, accumulating D atoms at the interface of the plate and the film." (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 115:289487 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Yamag1989c, author = {E. Yamaguchi and T. Nishioka}, title = {Cold nuclear fusion process}, year = {1989}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 03,183,988, 14-Dec-89.}, annote = {"The process includes: (1) placing in a container a D-adsorbed [sic] Pd or Ti plate, which is covered on 1 side, with a 1st film (e.g. Si oxide) having a small D-atom diffusion coeff., and on the other side, with a 2nd film (e.g. Au), having a large D-atom diffusion coeff., and (2) decreasing the pressure inside the container to increase D concn. at the interface of the plate and the 1st film". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 115:265199 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Yamaz1990a, author = {S. Yamazaki}, title = {Electrochemical nuclear fusion method}, year = {1990}, note = {Euro. Pat. Appl. EP 0 392 324, 3-Apr-1990.}, annote = {Yamazaki (working for the Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Japan) starts by summarising what is wrong with the way Jones+(89) carry out electrolytic cold fusion. The use of atmospheric pressure reduces the probability of cold fusion; the reaction tends to occur at a localised section of the electrode from the rise in temperature at that point; poisoning of the cathode leads to side reactions and product decomposition, and the deuterium ends up in the atmosphere, so the amount used for fusion is small; says Y. The invention describes a pressurised cell, with the evolved gases (which are kept separate) providing the pressure. A heat exchanger removes the excess heat, thus keeping the cell temperature down. The cathode is either Pd or Ti, the electrolyte being a mixture not unlike that of Jones+(89). Neutrons are measured by a detector; nuclear fusion "is obviously accelerated when the reaction at the cathode is implemented under high pressure". Up to 200 atm can be used. The neutrons released can cause subsequent nuclear fusion by breeding, so there is some danger of an atomic explosion, which can be prevented by controlling the extent of electrolysis. This is done by pulsing the current, to a level not exceeding the critical nuclear fusion value. Two example experiments showed that the neutron flux is proportional to the pressure, and can be controlled by the duty ratio of the pulsed current. Excess heat was also observed.} } @misc{P.Yamaz1990b, author = {S. Yamazaki}, title = {Electrochemical nuclear fusion method}, year = {1990}, note = {Euro. Pat. Appl. EP 0 392 325, 3-Apr-1990.}, annote = {This appears to be the same as EP 0 392 324, but phrased a little more formally. Note that Chem. Abstr. has this under the name Shunpei, Yamazaki; this is probably because the inventor's name is given as "Shunpei Yamazaki" here, as opposed to "Yamazaki, Shunpei" in the other patent application.} } @misc{P.Yamaz1990c, author = {S. Yamazaki and A. Miyanaga and K. Wakaizumi and Y. Takemura}, title = {Plasma nuclear fusion method}, year = {1990}, note = {Eur. Pat. Appl. 0 393 461, 09.04.90}, annote = {This patent sets out to solve several problems with "conventional" cold fusion apparati and thereby give us reliable cold fusion. These problems are: a) the use of "solusion", allowing little chance for cold fusion; b) creation of deuterons in the same place as that in which they are to fuse; c) poisoning of the Pd, leading to no more deuteride; d) much deuterium is wasted as D2 gas and not used for fusion. The invention produces a dense plasma (10-1000 times as dense as plasma formed by high frequency fields) from gaseous D2, and then accelerates the deuterons towards the Pd target by means of a voltage field. The plasma is generated by resonance of microwave and magnetism. The gas is >= 98\% pure D2 plus a little H2 and He. There are further details of heat exchange for the heat produced, prevention of overheating of the magnets etc.} } @misc{P.Yamaz1990d, author = {S. Yamazaki}, title = {Electrode for nuclear fusion and method for using the same}, year = {1990}, note = {Eur. Pat. Appl. 0 393 463, 09.04.90}, annote = {This patent, as the previous patent of the same inventor (with others) tries to provide reliable cold fusion. Here, instead of microwave resonance with magnetism, a high frequency electric field ("500 KHz to 500 MHz, for example 13.56 MHz") produces the plasma, again beaming it at the Pd (or Ti) target.} } @misc{P.Yamaz1990e, author = {S. Yamazaki and A. Miyanaga and Y. Takemura}, title = {Apparatus for plasma nuclear fusion}, year = {1990}, note = {Eur. Pat. Appl. 0 393 464, 09.04.90.}, annote = {This patent appears to this abstractor to concern the same invention as Pat. Appl. 0 393 461 of the same day, same inventors (+ one), but with a more detailed and more carefully expressed description.} } @misc{P.Yamaz1990f, author = {S. Yamazaki and A. Miyanaga and Y. Takemura}, title = {Method for producing plasma nuclear fusion}, year = {1990}, note = {Eur. Pat. Appl. 0 393 465, 09.04.90}, annote = {This patent appears to this abstractor to concern the same invention as Pat. Appl. 0 393 463 of the same day, same inventors (-2), but with a more detailed and more carefully expressed description.} } @misc{P.Yana1989, author = {N. Yanagihara and S. Noya}, title = {Heating by heavy water electrolysis and apparatus therefor}, year = {1989}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 03 35,194 30-Jun-89.}, annote = {"The app. comprises: (A) a cathode from a metal or alloy which absorbs D; (B) an anode from alk.-resistive metal; (C) a porous separator placed between (A) and (B); (D) an electrolysis cell contg. (A)-(C) in D2O contg. an electrolyte; (E) a heat-exchanger for extg. the heat of D absorption and that of cold fusions generated in (A); and a flow loop for circulating the electrolyte sol. between the (A) subcell and (E)". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 117:15847 (1992)).} } @misc{P.Ying1992, author = {N.~L.~L. Ying and C.~W. {Schults III}}, title = {Energy production from the control of probabilities through quantum level induced interactions}, year = {1992}, note = {Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 576,293, 26-Jun-92}, annote = {"A cold fusion reaction is initiated on demand in a cell contg. D2O in which electrolysis occurs between a Pt and a Pd electrode. The Pd electrode collects D ions which are then caused to fuse by incident radiation from gamma and alpha radiation sources" (direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 120:119147 (1993)).} } @misc{P.Yone1993a, author = {H. Yonezawa and Y. Ishii}, title = {Method and apparatus and method for nuclear fusion of hydrogen}, year = {1993}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 06,214,068, 18-Jan-93.}, annote = {"More than two kinds of metal (1 of which is Pd) having different capacity for absorbing H or its isotopes are laminated, and the H or an isotope of H is absorbed by each metal. The sample is heated to transfer the H or its isotope to the metal having the higher absorption capacity to enrich it in the metal for nuclear fusion (<= 1000C). The probability of nuclear fusion can be improved by this simple procedure". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 121:266208 (1994)).} } @misc{P.Yone1993b, author = {H. Yonezawa and K. Kano and T. Shigematsu and E. Yamaguchi}, title = {Apparatus and method for verification of nuclear fusion of hydrogen at < 1000C}, year = {1993}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 06,214,069, 20-Jan-93.}, annote = {"In the app. comprising a vacuum chamber, a D-satd. metal sample, and a heater to heat the sample, the periphery of the vacuum chamber is shielded with a metal, >=1 window for transmitting gamma-rays in the vacuum chamber, and >=1 gamma-ray detector in the outside vicinity of the windows. The occurrence of nuclear fusion can be detected effectively and easily". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 121:266207 (1994)).} } @misc{P.Yosh1989, author = {S. Yoshimura}, title = {Energy converters based on electrochemical nuclear fusion}, year = {1989}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 03 82991, 25-Aug-89.}, annote = {"The app. contains an electrolytic cell comprising a cathode from an alkali-metal-doped pi-electron-type compd., a noble-metal anode, heavy H2O, and an electrolyte contg. a support material, where the cathode and anode are immersed in the electrolyte". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 115:242241 (1991)).} } @misc{P.Yosh2003, author = {N. Yoshino}, title = {Cold cathode discharge tube}, year = {2003}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho (2003), JP 2003187739.}, annote = {"[Machine Translation of Descriptors]. Like the back light illuminant of liquid crystal display when long time, it makes light up, when cathode the whole cold with discharge becomes the homogeneous high temperature state, it reaches the point where it occurs on the side of the cold cathode which is vertical place other than the surface where arc spot is opposed the cold cathode, vis-a-vis the surface which for example is opposed. Then as for purpose of this invention, being long-lived, there are times when it offers the cold cathode discharge tube which radiation operation stabilizes. Being the discharge tube which possesses the cold cathode in the point of the lead-in wire which the seal equipment is done in the end of the glass tube which encloses the inert gas and the mercury, titanium the point of the lead-in wire does not expose the cold cathode which consists of the high fusion point metal, the sea urchin it installs when it is covered, furthermore forms the acute section desirably on the surface of discharge space side of the cold cathode." (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 139:59438).} } @misc{P.Yuha1995, author = {T. Yuhara and H. Futami}, title = {Method for identifying nuclides that can be produced in cold nuclear fusion}, year = {1995}, note = {Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09 15,210, Jun-95.}, annote = {"To make it easy to discriminate chem. species whose mass nos. are very close, chem. species contg. the nuclide to be identified is irradiated with a characteristic wavelength of light for selective ionization, thereby the nuclide thus produced is identified. The ionized species is then further processed for identification". (Direct quote from Chem. Abstr. 126:192094 (1997)).} }