Åman C, Pettersson J B C and Holmlid L 1990 Field ionizable
cesium metal clusters from a foil diffusion source Chem. Phys.
147 189–97
Åman C, Petterssson J B C, Lindroth H and Holmlid L 1992 Visible
luminescence from particles on surfaces: evidence of deexcitation of Rydberg matter J. Mater. Res. 7 100–4
Andersson L, Olsson J O and Holmlid L 1986 Surface ionization at
atmospheric pressure: partial melting of alkali salt particles
Langmuir 2 594–9
Andersson M, Wang J and Holmlid L 1996 Angular resolved
desorption of potassium ions from basal graphite surfaces:
ionization of Rydberg species with and without a K beam
J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 92 4581–8
Andersson P U and Holmlid L 2010 Deuteron energy of 15 MK in a
surface phase of ultra-dense deuterium without plasma
formation: temperature of the interior of the sun Phys. Lett. A
374 2856–60
Andersson P U and Holmlid L 2011 Superfluid ultra-dense
deuterium D(−1) at room temperature Phys. Lett. A 375
1344–7
Andersson P U and Holmlid L 2012a Cluster ions DN
+ ejected from
dense and ultra-dense deuterium by Coulomb explosions:
fragment rotation and D+ backscattering from ultra-dense
clusters in the surface phase Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 310 32–43
Andersson P U and Holmlid L 2012b Fast atoms and negative chain
cluster fragments from laser-induced Coulomb explosions in a
super-fluid film of ultra-dense deuterium D(−1) Phys. Scr. 86
045601
Andersson P U, Holmlid L and Fuelling S R 2012 Search for
superconductivity in ultra-dense deuterium D(−1) at room
temperature: depletion of D(−1) at field strength >0.05 T
J. Supercond. Novel Magn. 25 873–82
Andersson P U, Lönn B and Holmlid L 2011 Efficient source for the
production of ultra-dense deuterium D(−1) for laser-induced
fusion (ICF) Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82 013503
Badiei S, Andersson P U and Holmlid L 2009 High-energy Coulomb
explosions in ultra-dense deuterium: time-of-flight mass
spectrometry with variable energy and flight length Int. J. Mass
Spectrom. 282 70–6
Badiei S, Andersson P U and Holmlid L 2010a Laser-induced
variable pulse-power TOF-MS and neutral time-of-flight
studies of ultra-dense deuterium Phys. Scr. 81 045601
Badiei S, Andersson P U and Holmlid L 2010b Production of ultradense deuterium, a compact future fusion fuel Appl. Phys. Lett.
96 124103
Badiei S and Holmlid L 2002a Rydberg Matter of K and N2: angular
dependence of the time-of-flight for neutral and ionized
clusters formed in Coulomb explosions Int. J. Mass Spectrom.
220 127–36
Badiei S and Holmlid L 2002b Neutral Rydberg Matter clusters from
K: extreme cooling of translational degrees of freedom
observed by neutral time-of-flight Chem. Phys. 282 137–46
Badiei S and Holmlid L 2004 Experimental observation of an atomic
hydrogen material with H–H bond distance of 150 pm
suggesting metallic hydrogen J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 16
7017–23
Badiei S and Holmlid L 2006 Experimental studies of fast fragments
of H Rydberg matter J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 39
4191–212
Burcham W E and Jobes M 1995 Nuclear and Particle Physics
(London: Pearson)
Cook N D 2010 Models of the Atomic Nucleus: Unification Through
a Lattice of Nucleons 2nd edn (Berlin: Springer)
Engvall K and Holmlid L 1992 Field ionization of excited alkali
atoms emitted from catalyst surfaces Appl. Surface Sci. 55
303–8
Engvall K, Kotarba A and Holmlid L 1994 Emission of excited
potassium species from an industrial iron catalyst for ammonia
synthesis Catal. Lett. 26 101–7
Engvall K, Kotarba A and Holmlid L 1999 Long-range diffusion of
K promoter on an ammonia synthesis catalyst surface—
ionization of excited potassium species in the sample edge
fields J. Catal. 181 256–64
Fröchtenicht R, Toennies J P and Vilesov A 1994 High-resolution
infrared spectroscopy of SF6 embedded in He clusters Chem.
Phys. Lett. 229 1–7
Gallagher T F 1994 Rydberg Atoms (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press)
Goyal S, Schutt D L and Scoles G 1994 Vibrational spectroscopy of
sulfur hexafluoride attached to helium clusters Phys. Rev. Lett.
73 2512
Griffiths D 2010 Introduction to Elementary Particles 2nd edn (New
York: Wiley)
Groom E, Mokhov N V and Striganov S 2001 Muon stopping power
and range tables 10 MeV–100 TeV At. Data Nucl. Data Tables
78 183–356
Guénault T 2003 Basic Superfluids (London: Taylor and Francis)
Haken H and Wolf H C 2005 The Physics of Atoms and Quanta 7th
edn (Berlin: Springer)
Hestenes D 1990 The zitterbewegung interpretation of quantum
mechanics Found. Phys. 20 1213–32
Hirsch J E 2010 Hole core in superconductors and the origin of the
Spin Meissner effect Physica C 470 635
Hirsch J E 2012 The origin of the Meissner effect in new and old
superconductors Phys. Scr. 85 035704
Hollas J M 2004 Modern Spectroscopy 4th edn (New York: Wiley)
Holmlid L 1998a Classical energy calculations with electron
correlation of condensed excited states—Rydberg matter
Chem. Phys. 237 11–9
Holmlid L 1998b Complex kinetics of desorption and diffusion.
Field reversal study of K excited-state desorption from graphite
layer surfaces J. Phys. Chem. A 102 10636–46
Holmlid L 1998c Nanosecond switching, field reversal evidence of
Rydberg atom desorption from surfaces Chem. Phys. 230
327–44
Holmlid L 2003 Rydbergsmateria—dagbok från labbet Forskning
och Framsteg 2003 14–7
Holmlid L 2004 Optical stimulated emission transitions in Rydberg
Matter observed in the range 800–14000 nm J. Phys. B: At.
Mol. Opt. Phys. 37 357–74
Holmlid L 2007 Precision bond lengths for Rydberg Matter clusters
K19 in excitation levels n = 4, 5 and 6 from rotational radiofrequency emission spectra Mol. Phys. 105 933–9
Holmlid L 2008a Rotational spectra of large Rydberg matter clusters
K37, K61 and K91 give trends in K–K bond distances relative to
electron orbit radius J. Mol. Struct. 885 122–30
Holmlid L 2008b Clusters HN
+ (N = 4, 6, 12) from condensed atomic hydrogen and deuterium indicating close-packed structures in the desorbed phase at an active catalyst surface Surf. Sci. 602
3381–7
Holmlid L 2010a Nanometer interatomic distances in Rydberg matter clusters confirmed by phase-delay spectroscopy
J. Nanopart. Res. 12 273–84
Holmlid L 2010b Common forms of alkali metals—new Rydberg Matter clusters of potassium and hydrogen J. Clust. Sci 21
637–53
Holmlid L 2011a Large ion clusters HN
+ of Rydberg Matter: stacks of
planar clusters H7 Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 300 50–8
Holmlid L 2011b High-charge Coulomb explosions of clusters in
ultra-dense deuterium D(−1) Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 304 51–6
Holmlid L 2011c Sub-nanometer distances and cluster shapes in
dense hydrogen and in higher levels of hydrogen Rydberg
Matter by phase-delay spectroscopy J. Nanopart.Res. 13
5535–46
Holmlid L 2012a Deuterium clusters DN and mixed K-D and D-H
clusters of Rydberg Matter: high temperatures and strong
coupling to ultra-dense deuterium J. Cluster Sci. 23 95–114
Holmlid L 2012b Experimental studies and observations of clusters
of Rydberg matter and its extreme forms J. Cluster Sci. 23
5–34
Holmlid L 2013a Excitation levels in ultra-dense hydrogen p(−1)
and d(−1) clusters: structure of spin-based Rydberg matter Int.
J. Mass Spectrom. 352 1–8
Holmlid L 2013b Laser-mass spectrometry study of ultra-dense
protium p(−1) with variable time-of-flight energy and flight
length Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 351 61–8
Holmlid L 2014 Ultra-dense hydrogen H(−1) as the cause of
instabilities in laser compression-based nuclear fusion
J. Fusion Energy 33 348–50
Holmlid L 2015a MeV particles in a decay chain process from laserinduced processes in ultra-dense deuterium D(0) Int. J. Mod.
Phys. E 24 1550026
Holmlid L 2015b Nuclear particle decay in a multi-MeV beam
ejected by pulsed-laser impact on ultra-dense hydrogen H(0)
Int. J. Mod. Phys. E 24 1550080
Holmlid L 2015c Heat generation above break-even from laserinduced fusion in ultra-dense deuterium AIP Adv. 5 087129
Holmlid L 2016 Leptons from decay of mesons in the laser-induced
particle pulse from ultra-dense protium p(0) Int. J. Mod. Phys.
E 25 1650085
Holmlid L 2017a Emission spectroscopy of IR laser-induced
processes in ultra-dense deuterium D(0): rotational transitions
with spin values s = 2, 3 and 4 J. Mol. Struct. 1130 829–36
Holmlid L 2017b Mesons from laser-induced processes in ultradense hydrogen H(0) PLoS One 12 e0169895
Holmlid L 2017c The solar wind proton ejection mechanism:
experiments with ultra-dense hydrogen agree with observed
velocity distributions J. Geophys. Res.—Space Phys. 122
7956–62
Holmlid L 2017d Apparatus for generating muons with intended use
in a fusion reactor Swedish Patent Application 1651504-1
submitted Patent nr SE 539684 C 2539684 C 2 granted,
published 2017-10-31
Holmlid L 2017e Neutrons from muon-catalyzed fusion and from
capture processes in an ultra-dense hydrogen H(0) generator
Fusion Sci. Technol. 74 219–28
Holmlid L 2018a Rotational emission spectroscopy in ultra-dense
hydrogen p(0) and pxDy(0): groups pN, pD2, p2D and (pD)N
J. Mol. Struct. 1173 567–73
Holmlid L 2018b Ultra-dense hydrogen H(0) as stable dark matter in
the Universe: extended red emission spectra agree with
rotational transitions in H(0) Astrophys. J. 866 107 (4pp)
Holmlid L 2019 Laser-induced nuclear processes in ultra-dense
hydrogen take place in small non-superfluid HN(0) clusters
J. Cluster Sci. 30 235–42
Holmlid L, Engvall K, Åman C and Menon P G 1993 A new
approach to loss of alkali promoter from industrial catalysts:
importance of excited states of alkali. New frontiers in catalysis
Proc. 10th Int. Congress on Catalysis ed L Guczi,
F Solymosi and P Tétényi (Akadémiai) (Budapest) pp 795–807
Holmlid L and Fuelling S R 2015 Meissner effect in ultra-dense
protium p(l = 0, s = 2) at room temperature: superconductivity
in large clusters of spin-based matter J. Cluster Sci. 26 1153–70
Holmlid L and Kotzias B 2016 Phase transition temperatures of 405-
725 K in superfluid ultra-dense hydrogen clusters on metal
surfaces AIP Adv. 6 045111
Holmlid L and Menon P G 2001 Emission and loss of potassium
promoter from styrene catalysts: studies by UHV/molecularbeam and laser techniques Appl. Catal. A 212 247–255
Holmlid L and Olafsson S 2015a Spontaneous ejection of highenergy particles from ultra-dense deuterium D(0) Int. J. Hydr.
Energy 40 10559–67
Holmlid L and Olafsson S 2015b Muon detection studied by pulseheight energy analysis: novel converter arrangements Rev. Sci.
Instrum. 86 083306
Holmlid L and Olafsson S 2016 Charged particle energy spectra
from laser-induced processes: nuclear fusion in ultra-dense
deuterium D(0) Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 41 1080–8
Hora H 2000 Plasmas at High Temperature and Density ed
S Roderer 2nd edn (Berlin: Springer)
Kaminsky M 1965 Atomic and Ionic Impact Phenomena on Metal
Surfaces (Berlin: Springer)
Klempt E, Batty C and Richard J-M 2005 The antinucleon-nucleon
interaction at low energy: annihilation dynamics Phys. Rep.
413 197
Kotarba A, Baranski A, Hodorowicz S, Sokolowski J, Szytula A and
Holmlid L 2000 Stability and excitation of potassium promoter
in iron catalysts—the role of KFeO2 and KAlO2 phases Catal.
Lett. 67 129–134
Kotarba A, Engvall K, Pettersson J B C, Svanberg M and Holmlid L
1995 Angular resolved neutral desorption of potassium
promoter from surfaces of iron catalysts Surf. Sci. 342 327–340
Kotarba A and Holmlid L 2009 Energy-pooling transitions to doubly
excited K atoms at a promoted iron-oxide catalyst surface:
more than 30 eV available for reaction Phys. Chem. Chem.
Phys. 11 4351–4359
Krane K S 1988 Introductory Nuclear Physics (New York: Wiley)
Manykin É A, Ozhovan M I and Poluektov P P 1983 Theory of the
condensed state in a system of excited atoms Sov. Phys. JETP
57 256
Manykin É A, Ozhovan M I and Poluéktov P P 1980 Transition of
an excited gas to a metallic state Sov. Phys. Tech. Lett. 6 95
Manykin É A, Ozhovan M I and Poluéktov P P 1981 On the
collective electronic state in a system of strongly excited atoms
Sov. Phys.—Dokl. 26 974
Mayer F J and Reitz J R 2012 Electromagnetic composites at the
compton scale Int. J. Theor. Phys. 51 322–330
Mayer F J and Reitz J R 2014 Thermal energy generation in the earth
Nonlinear Process. Geophys. 21 367–378
Muhler M, Schlögl R and Ertl G 1992 The nature of the iron oxidebased catalyst for dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene
2. Surface chemistry of the active phase J. Catal. 138 413
Nordling C and Österman J 1988 Physics Handbook (Lund:
Studentlitteratur)
Nyman G, Holmlid L and Pettersson J B C 1990 Surface scattering
of NO from graphite: a statistical description of energy
distributions J. Chem. Phys. 93 845–853
Olafsson S and Holmlid L 2016 Rydberg phases of hydrogen and
low energy nuclear reactions Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. http://
meetings.aps.org/link/BAPS.2016.APR.E9.9
Olofson F and Holmlid L 2012 Superfluid ultra-dense deuterium
D(−1) on polymer surfaces: structure and density changes at a
polymer-metal boundary J. Appl. Phys. 111 123502
Olofson F and Holmlid L 2014a Electron-positron pair production
observed from laser-induced processes in ultra-dense
deuterium D(−1) Laser Part. Beams 32 537–548
Olofson F and Holmlid L 2014b Time-of-flight of He ions from
laser-induced processes in ultra-dense deuterium D(0) Int. J.
Mass Spectrom. 374 33–38
Olsson B E R, Svensson R and Davidsson J 1995 A spectroscopic
investigation of the inter-electrode region in an open caesium
plasma diode J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 28 479
Patrignani C et al (Particle Data Group) 2016 Review of particle
physics Chin. Phys. C 40 100001
Pettersson J B C and Holmlid L 1989 Rydberg states of cesium in
the flux from surfaces at high temperatures Surf. Sci. 211
263–270
Pettersson J B C, Holmlid L and Möller K 1989 Alkali promotor
function in heterogeneous catalysis: possibility of interaction in
the form of Rydberg states Appl. Surf. Sci. 40 151–154
Pettersson J B C, Nyman G and Holmlid L 1988 A classical
trajectory study of inelastic scattering of NO from graphite
surfaces: rotational energy distributions J. Chem. Phys. 89
6963–6971
Reif F 1965 Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics (New
York: McGraw-Hill)
Schrödinger E 1930 Sitz.ber., Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Phys.-Math.
24 418
Silfvast W T 2008 Laser Fundamentals (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press)
Sorochenko R L 1990 Radio Recombination Lines: 25 Years of
Investigation ed M A Gordon and R L Sorochenko (Dordrecht:
Kluwer)
Stelmachowski P, Legutko P, Jakubek T, Indyka P, Sojka Z,
Holmlid L and Kotarba A 2015 Emission of highly excited
electronic states of potassium from cryptomelane nanorods
Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 17 26289–26294
Storms E 2007 The Science of Low Energy Nuclear Reaction
(Singapore: World Scientific)
Storms E 2014 The Explanation of Low Energy Nuclear Reaction
(Concord, NH: Infinite Energy Press)
Svensson R and Holmlid L 1992 Temperature studies and plasma
probing of a Rydberg matter collector in a thermionic energy
converter Proc. 27th Intersociety Energy Conversion
Engineering Conf., (IECEC) vol 3 (San Diego, 1992)
(Warrendale: Society of Automotive Engineers) pp 537–42
Svensson R, Holmlid L and Lundgren L 1991 Semi-conducting low
pressure, low temperature plasma of cesium with unidirectional
conduction J. Appl. Phys. 70 1489–1492
Taylor J B and Langmuir I 1933 The evaporation of atoms, ions and
electrons from caesium films on tungsten Phys. Rev. 44 423
Trebala M, Bieniasz W, Holmlid L, Molenda M and Kotarba A 2011
Potassium stabilization in ß-K2Fe22O34 by Cr and Ce doping
studied by field reversal method Solid State Ion. 192 664–667
Wang J, Engvall K and Holmlid L 1999 Cluster KN formation by
Rydberg collision complex stabilization during scattering of a
K beam off zirconia surfaces J. Chem. Phys. 110 1212–1220
Wang J and Holmlid L 1998 Planar clusters of Rydberg Matter KN
(N = 7, 14, 19, 37, 61) detected by multiphoton fragmentation
time-of-flight mass spectrometry Chem. Phys. Lett. 295 500–8
Wang J and Holmlid L 2000 Formation of long-lived Rydberg states
of H2 at K impregnated surfaces Chem. Phys. 261 481–8
Wang J and Holmlid L 2002 Rydberg Matter clusters of hydrogen
(H2)N
* with well defined kinetic energy release observed by
neutral time-of-flight Chem. Phys. 277 201–210
wikipedia 2018 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona#Coronal_
heating_problem (Accessed: 22 May 2018)
Winterberg F 2010a Ultradense deuterium J. Fusion Energy 29 317
Winterberg F 2010b Ultra-dense deuterium and cold fusion claims
Phys. Lett. A 374 2766
Yarygin V I 2012 Experimental studies of properties of excited states
of cesium (Rydberg Matter) in the interelectrode plasma of a
low-temperature thermal to electric energy thermionic
converter J. Clust. Sci. 23 77–93
Zewail A H 2000 Femtochemistry: atomic-scale dynamics of the
chemical bond J. Phys. Chem. A 104 5660–5694